JP2555679B2 - Electromagnetic actuator - Google Patents
Electromagnetic actuatorInfo
- Publication number
- JP2555679B2 JP2555679B2 JP63078093A JP7809388A JP2555679B2 JP 2555679 B2 JP2555679 B2 JP 2555679B2 JP 63078093 A JP63078093 A JP 63078093A JP 7809388 A JP7809388 A JP 7809388A JP 2555679 B2 JP2555679 B2 JP 2555679B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- suction
- piece
- coil core
- coil
- electromagnetic actuator
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Landscapes
- Shutters For Cameras (AREA)
- Electromagnets (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 〔産業上の利用分野〕 この発明はカメラ等の精密小型機器に使用する電磁ア
クチエイターに関する。TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an electromagnetic actuator used for precision small equipment such as a camera.
従来の電磁アクチエイターは、１個のコイル芯に対し
て１個の吸着片を備えているから、当然のことながら、
吸着片によって操作される機器類の操作部材も１個であ
る。したがって、電磁アクチエイターを用いて複数の操
作部材を操作しようとするときは、操作部材の数だけの
電磁アクチエイターを必要としていた。Since the conventional electromagnetic actuator is equipped with one adsorption piece for one coil core, of course,
The number of operating members of the equipment operated by the suction piece is also one. Therefore, when attempting to operate a plurality of operating members using the electromagnetic actuator, the electromagnetic actuators are required in the number corresponding to the number of operating members.
カメラ等の小型の精密機械のように、多数の操作部材
をもつ装置において、それらの操作部材を電磁アクチエ
イターで操作するには、操作部材と同数の電磁アクチエ
イターを装備することになるが、これは装置の小型化を
阻害する原因の１つとなっていた。In a device having a large number of operating members, such as a small precision machine such as a camera, in order to operate those operating members with an electromagnetic actuator, the same number of electromagnetic actuators as the operating members will be equipped. This has been one of the causes of hindering the miniaturization of the device.
［問題点を解決するための手段］ この発明は上記問題点を解決するもので、磁性体から
なるコイル芯と、前記コイル芯の周りに捲回されたコイ
ルと、前記コイル芯に平行に配置された磁性体からなる
ヨークと、前記コイル芯の一端に対向する位置に配置さ
れ、前記コイル芯に吸着される吸着位置及び前記吸着位
置から離れた離反位置の間を移動する磁性体からなる第
１吸着片と、前記コイル芯の他端に対向する位置に配置
され、前記コイル芯に吸着される吸着位置及び前記吸着
位置から離れた離反位置の間を移動する磁性体からなる
第２吸着片と、前記第１吸着片の移動により駆動される
第１操作部材と、前記第２吸着片の移動により駆動され
る第２操作部材と、前記コイル芯により第１吸着片を吸
着する吸着動作により前記第１操作部材を駆動する前
に、第２吸着片を吸着位置に位置させ保持するように第
２吸着片を付勢する付勢手段とを備えたことを特徴とす
る。[Means for Solving Problems] The present invention is to solve the above problems, and includes a coil core made of a magnetic material, a coil wound around the coil core, and arranged in parallel with the coil core. A yoke made of a magnetic material, and a magnetic material that is disposed at a position facing one end of the coil core and that moves between a suction position at which the coil core is attracted and a separation position away from the suction position. (1) a second attracting piece, which is arranged at a position facing the other end of the coil core, and which moves between an attracting position attracted to the coil core and a separating position away from the attracting position; A first operation member driven by the movement of the first suction piece, a second operation member driven by the movement of the second suction piece, and a suction operation of sucking the first suction piece by the coil core. The first operation member Before driving, the urging means for urging the second suction piece so as to position and hold the second suction piece at the suction position is provided.
［作 用］ 電磁アクチエイターの１個のコイルに対して配置され
た磁性体からなる第１吸着片及び第２吸着片は、それぞ
れ第１及び第２操作部材に対向しており、コイルへの通
電及び通電の遮断により第１及び第２操作部材を操作す
ることができる。[Operation] The first attracting piece and the second attracting piece made of a magnetic material, which are arranged for one coil of the electromagnetic actuator, face the first and second operating members, respectively, and The first and second operation members can be operated by energization and interruption of energization.
付勢部材は、初期状態において第２吸着片がコイル芯
の端部に付勢され保持されるように付勢する。これによ
りヨークと第２吸着片との間には磁路の磁気抵抗を増大
させるギヤツプが形成されないから、コイルが励磁され
て第１吸着片を吸引するとき従来の１個の吸着片を備え
た電磁マグネツトと同一吸引力で第１操作部材を操作す
ることができる。また、このとき第２吸着片は吸着状態
にあるから、第２操作部材は操作されることなく、その
位置に留まる。The urging member urges the second suction piece to be urged and held by the end of the coil core in the initial state. As a result, no gear is formed between the yoke and the second attraction piece to increase the magnetic resistance of the magnetic path. Therefore, when the coil is excited to attract the first attraction piece, one conventional attraction piece is provided. The first operating member can be operated with the same attraction force as the electromagnetic magnet. Further, at this time, since the second suction piece is in the suction state, the second operating member remains at that position without being operated.
以下、この発明の実施例について説明する。 Examples of the present invention will be described below.
第１図はこの発明を実施した電磁アクチエイターの分
解図である。図において、１は磁性材料からなるコイル
芯、２はコイルであって、コイル芯１の一端には大径の
吸着部1aが形成され、他端は細径突起1b′が形成され、
コイル芯１にコイル２を挿入した後、細径突起1b′に吸
着部1bが挿入され溶接等により固定される。３は電磁石
の磁路の一部を形成するヨーク、４及び５は吸着片であ
って、それぞれ下方が細く絞り込まれ、先端部4a,5aを
形成している。また、吸着片４の上部には２個の切欠4b
が形成され、吸着片５の上部には２個の切欠5bが形成さ
れ、吸着片4,5をヨーク３の端部3c,3dと回動可能に係止
する。FIG. 1 is an exploded view of an electromagnetic actuator embodying the present invention. In the figure, 1 is a coil core made of a magnetic material, 2 is a coil, and a large-diameter suction portion 1a is formed at one end of the coil core 1 and a small diameter protrusion 1b 'is formed at the other end.
After inserting the coil 2 into the coil core 1, the suction portion 1b is inserted into the small diameter protrusion 1b 'and fixed by welding or the like. Reference numeral 3 is a yoke forming a part of the magnetic path of the electromagnet, and 4 and 5 are adsorption pieces, which are narrowed down at their lower portions to form tip portions 4a, 5a. In addition, two notches 4b are provided on the top of the suction piece 4.
Is formed, and two notches 5b are formed in the upper portion of the suction piece 5, and the suction pieces 4 and 5 are rotatably locked to the end portions 3c and 3d of the yoke 3.
６は板ばねであって、ヨーク３の上に位置し、左右の
端部には吸着片４の抜け出しを防ぐ係止部6e,吸着片５
の抜け出しを防ぐ係止部6fが設けられ、吸着片4,5がヨ
ーク３に係止した状態にあるとき、板ばねの係止部6e,6
fはそれぞれ吸着片4,5の上部に設けられた切欠4d,5dに
係合する。また、板ばね６の係止部6e,6fの左右にはば
ね片6c,6dが設けられ、第２図に拡大して示すように吸
着片4,5の切欠4b,5bの上面の半分未満に当接して、吸着
片4,5を上方に力Ｆで付勢する。これにより吸着片4,5は
内側、即ちコイル芯１の吸着部1a,1bに向う回転モーメ
ントＭを受け、吸着部1a,1bに当接する。Reference numeral 6 denotes a leaf spring, which is located on the yoke 3 and has locking portions 6e for preventing the suction piece 4 from slipping out at the left and right ends and a suction piece 5
When the attraction pieces 4 and 5 are in a state of being locked to the yoke 3, a locking portion 6f is provided to prevent the leaf spring from coming off, and the locking portions 6e and 6e of the leaf spring are
The f is engaged with the notches 4d and 5d provided on the upper portions of the suction pieces 4 and 5, respectively. Further, spring pieces 6c, 6d are provided on the left and right of the engaging portions 6e, 6f of the leaf spring 6, and as shown in an enlarged view in FIG. 2, less than half of the upper surfaces of the cutouts 4b, 5b of the attraction pieces 4, 5. And the suction pieces 4 and 5 are urged upward by force F. As a result, the suction pieces 4, 5 receive the rotation moment M toward the inside, that is, the suction portions 1a, 1b of the coil core 1, and contact the suction portions 1a, 1b.
７はマグネツトホルダーで、ヨーク取付部7aにはビス
孔7b,ボス孔7cが設けられ、ヨーク３及びその上に位置
する板ばね６がヨーク３に設けたボス3eとビス孔3fに螺
着するビス８によって固定される。マグネツトホルダー
７の後方には下方に向う延長部7dがあり、ここから左右
にコイル芯保持部7e,7fが前方に延び、その先端部には
コイル芯を保持するそれぞれ２本の指7g及び7hを有する
開孔7l,7mがあり、コイル芯１の左右の吸着部1a,1bの内
側を挟持する。マグネツトホルダー７の延長部7dには、
取付板９に固定するビス孔7p,ボス孔7qがあり、取付板
９に設けられたボス9cとビス孔7pに螺着するビス10で固
定することができる構成となっている。A magnet holder 7 has a screw hole 7b and a boss hole 7c in the yoke mounting portion 7a, and the yoke 3 and the leaf spring 6 located on the yoke 3 are screwed into the boss 3e and the screw hole 3f provided in the yoke 3. It is fixed by screw 8 At the rear of the magnet holder 7, there is an extending portion 7d facing downward, from which the coil core holding portions 7e and 7f extend forward and to the left and right, and two fingers 7g for holding the coil core and two fingers 7g for holding the coil core are provided at the tips thereof. There are openings 7l, 7m having 7h, and the insides of the left and right suction parts 1a, 1b of the coil core 1 are sandwiched. In the extension 7d of the magnet holder 7,
There are screw holes 7p and boss holes 7q that are fixed to the mounting plate 9, and the boss 9c provided on the mounting plate 9 and screws 10 that are screwed into the screw holes 7p can be used for fixing.
11は吸着片４によって作動される第１作動レバー、12
は吸着片５によって作動される第２作動レバーであり、
それぞれ吸着片4,5の内側に配置されている。11 is a first operating lever operated by the suction piece 4, 12
Is a second operation lever operated by the adsorption piece 5,
They are arranged inside the adsorption pieces 4 and 5, respectively.
次に、コイル芯の先端の吸着部1a,1bの形状について
説明する。Next, the shapes of the suction portions 1a and 1b at the tip of the coil core will be described.
吸着部の表面1a,1bは第３図（ｂ）に示すように曲率
の小さなゆるやかな球面、あるいは頂角のきわめて大き
い円錐面などからなる***面とし、その頂点Ｑを吸着片
4,5のヨーク３に対する支点Ｓからみて、コイル芯の中
心点より外側の位置としてある。As shown in FIG. 3 (b), the surfaces 1a and 1b of the suction part are raised surfaces composed of a gentle spherical surface having a small curvature or a conical surface having an extremely large apex angle, and the apex Q thereof is a suction piece.
Seen from the fulcrum S of the yokes 4 and 5 with respect to the yoke 3, the positions are outside the center of the coil core.
これにより、吸着片4,5が吸着部1a,1bに吸着されたと
き、接触点は***面の頂点Ｑとなるから、吸着片の支点
Ｓからの距離が一定となる。また、表面がゆるやかな球
面あるいは頂角がきわめて大きい円錐面であるので吸着
片4,5と吸着部1a,1bとの空隙が小さく、磁気抵抗が小さ
くなる。As a result, when the suction pieces 4 and 5 are sucked by the suction portions 1a and 1b, the contact point is the apex Q of the raised surface, so that the distance from the fulcrum S of the suction pieces is constant. Further, since the surface is a gentle spherical surface or a conical surface with an extremely large apex angle, the gap between the adsorption pieces 4, 5 and the adsorption portions 1a, 1b is small, and the magnetic resistance is small.
第３図（ａ）は吸着部1bと吸着片５とが片当りして１
点Ｐで接触している状態を示し、第３図（ｃ）は吸着部
1bの曲率が大きい場合を示し、いづれも空隙が大きく、
吸引力が小さくなってしまう例である。In FIG. 3 (a), the suction portion 1b and the suction piece 5 are in a one-sided contact with each other.
FIG. 3 (c) shows a state in which they are in contact with each other at a point P.
It shows the case where the curvature of 1b is large, and in each case the void is large,
This is an example in which the suction force becomes small.
次に、本発明の電磁アクチエイターの動作について説
明する。Next, the operation of the electromagnetic actuator of the present invention will be described.
第４図は初期状態を示すもので、コイル２には通電さ
れていない。また、図面で左側の第２作動レバー12は図
示してない本電磁アクチエイターを適用した装置の係止
機構により、図面に示す位置に係止され、吸着片５と接
触していないから吸着片５は吸着部1bに当接している。
一方、図面で右側の第１作動レバー11は、これも図示し
ない本電磁アクチエイターを適用した装置により時計方
向に付勢され、図面に示す位置で停止している。この付
勢力は板ばね６のばね片6cによって吸着片４に付勢され
ている反時計方向の付勢力よりも大きいから、吸着片４
は吸着部1aから離れた状態にある。FIG. 4 shows the initial state, and the coil 2 is not energized. Further, the second actuating lever 12 on the left side of the drawing is locked at the position shown in the drawing by the locking mechanism of the device to which the present electromagnetic actuator is applied (not shown), and is not in contact with the suction piece 5, so the suction piece 5 Reference numeral 5 is in contact with the suction portion 1b.
On the other hand, the first actuating lever 11 on the right side in the drawing is biased in the clockwise direction by a device to which the electromagnetic actuator (not shown) is applied, and is stopped at the position shown in the drawing. Since this urging force is larger than the counterclockwise urging force urged by the spring piece 6c of the leaf spring 6 to the suction piece 4, the suction piece 4
Is in a state of being separated from the adsorption portion 1a.
この状態で、コイル２に電流を流すと、コイル芯、吸
着部、吸着片、ヨークで磁路が形成され、第５図に示す
ように吸着片４は吸着部1aに吸着され、第１作動レバー
11を反時計方向に回動する。一方、吸着片５は吸着部1b
に当接しているから変化はない。When a current is applied to the coil 2 in this state, a magnetic path is formed by the coil core, the adsorption portion, the adsorption piece, and the yoke, and the adsorption piece 4 is adsorbed by the adsorption portion 1a as shown in FIG. lever
Turn 11 counterclockwise. On the other hand, the suction piece 5 is the suction portion 1b.
There is no change because it is in contact with.
第１作動レバー11が反時計方向に回動すると、図示し
てない本電磁アクチエイターを適用した装置の係止機構
が解除されて、第６図に示すように、左側の第２作動レ
バー12は反時計方向に回動するよう付勢される。しか
し、この時点ではコイルには通電されているから、吸着
片５は吸着部1bに吸着されており、第２作動レバー12は
吸着片５に当接し、それ以上の回動を阻止される。When the first actuating lever 11 rotates counterclockwise, the locking mechanism of the device to which the electromagnetic actuator (not shown) is applied is released, and as shown in FIG. 6, the second actuating lever 12 on the left side is released. Is biased to rotate counterclockwise. However, since the coil is energized at this point, the adsorption piece 5 is adsorbed by the adsorption portion 1b, and the second operating lever 12 contacts the adsorption piece 5 and is prevented from rotating further.
更に、コイル２への通電を断つと、第７図に示すよう
に吸着片５は解放され、第２作動レバー12は図示しない
装置の付勢力により反時計方向に回動し、また、第１作
動レバー11は時計方向の付勢力により回動する。Further, when the coil 2 is de-energized, the adsorption piece 5 is released as shown in FIG. 7, the second actuating lever 12 is rotated counterclockwise by the urging force of a device (not shown), and The operating lever 11 is rotated by the urging force in the clockwise direction.
図示しない装置の係止機構が操作されることによって
第２作動レバー12は吸着片５と当接しない位置に係止さ
れ、第４図に示す初期状態に復帰する。By operating the locking mechanism of the device (not shown), the second actuating lever 12 is locked at a position where it does not contact the suction piece 5, and the initial state shown in FIG. 4 is restored.
第５図に示すように、左右の吸着片4,5が吸着部1a,1b
に吸着すると磁路が閉じて磁気抵抗が減少し、磁束密度
が増大して飽和するに至る。これは無駄な電力を消費す
ることになるので、吸着片が吸着したことを作動レバー
11に連動する図示してないスイツチ、あるいはコイルに
生ずる逆起電流によって検知し、コイルに流れる電流を
減らす。第８図は、その制御回路の一例で、検出信号を
マイコンに入力し、検出信号が吸着片が吸着したことを
示したとき、マイコンの出力ポートに接続されたトラン
ジスタQ1,Q2の一方をOFF状態としてコイル２に流れる電
流を減らすものである。As shown in FIG. 5, the left and right suction pieces 4 and 5 are attached to the suction portions 1a and 1b.
When it is adsorbed on, the magnetic path is closed, the magnetic resistance is reduced, the magnetic flux density is increased, and saturation is reached. Since this consumes useless power, it is necessary to confirm that the adsorption piece is adsorbed.
A switch (not shown) interlocking with 11 or a counter electromotive current generated in the coil is detected to reduce the current flowing in the coil. FIG. 8 shows an example of the control circuit. When a detection signal is input to the microcomputer and the detection signal indicates that the adsorption piece has been adsorbed, one of the transistors Q 1 and Q 2 connected to the output port of the microcomputer. Is turned off to reduce the current flowing through the coil 2.
以上の構成においては、電磁アクチエイターの２枚の
吸着片4,5のうち、吸着片５を吸着部1bに当接させた状
態でコイル２に通電し、吸着片４を吸引するから、２枚
の吸着片があるにしても、それによって作動時に磁路の
磁気抵抗を増大させる空隙が２倍になることはなく、１
枚の吸着片をもつ従来の電磁アクチエイターと同じ吸引
力を発揮することができる。In the above configuration, the coil 2 is energized and the attraction piece 4 is attracted while the attraction piece 5 of the two attraction pieces 4 and 5 of the electromagnetic actuator is in contact with the attraction portion 1b. Even if there is a single piece of suction, it does not double the air gap that increases the magnetic resistance of the magnetic path during operation.
It is possible to exert the same attraction force as a conventional electromagnetic actuator having a single piece of attraction.
［発明の効果］ 以上説明したとおり、この発明の電磁アクチエイター
は、１個のコイルに対して２の操作部材をそれぞれ操作
する第１の吸着片と第２の吸着片を備えてたもので、初
期状態においては、付勢部材により第２吸着片がコイル
芯の端部に付勢され保持され、ヨークと第２吸着片との
間には磁路の磁気抵抗を増大させるギヤツプが形成され
ないから、コイルが励磁されて第１吸着片を吸引すると
き従来の１個の吸着片を備えた電磁マグネツトと同一吸
引力で第１操作部材を操作することができる。また、こ
のとき第２吸着片は吸着状態にあるから、第２操作部材
は操作されることなく、その位置に留まる。そして、コ
イルの励磁を解除したときの第２吸着片の解放で第２操
作部材を操作することができる。[Effects of the Invention] As described above, the electromagnetic actuator of the present invention includes the first attraction piece and the second attraction piece that operate the two operation members for one coil. In the initial state, the biasing member biases and holds the second attracting piece toward the end of the coil core, and no gear cup is formed between the yoke and the second attracting piece to increase the magnetic resistance of the magnetic path. Therefore, when the coil is excited to attract the first attraction piece, the first operating member can be operated with the same attraction force as that of the conventional electromagnetic magnet having one attraction piece. Further, at this time, since the second suction piece is in the suction state, the second operating member remains at that position without being operated. Then, the second operation member can be operated by releasing the second adsorption piece when the excitation of the coil is released.
これにより、１個のコイルの通電と通電の遮断で２個
の操作部材の操作が可能であり、且つ、初期状態におい
ては磁路の磁気抵抗を増大させるギヤツプが１つだけで
あるから、従来の電磁アクチエイターよりも、操作部材
をより強い力で操作できる電磁アクチエイターを提供す
ることができる。As a result, two operating members can be operated by energizing and interrupting energization of one coil, and in the initial state, there is only one gear which increases the magnetic resistance of the magnetic path. It is possible to provide an electromagnetic actuator capable of operating the operation member with a stronger force than the electromagnetic actuator of.
第１図は本発明に係る電磁アクチエイターの分解図、第
２図はヨークと吸着片の係合状態を説明する拡大断面
図、第３図はコイル芯の先端吸着部の形状説明図、第４
図乃至第７図は電磁アクチエイターの動作説明図、第８
図はコイルの通電制御回路図である。 1:コイル芯、1a,1b:吸着部、2:コイル、3:ヨーク、4,5:
吸着片、6:板ばね、7:マグネツトホルダー。FIG. 1 is an exploded view of an electromagnetic actuator according to the present invention, FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating an engagement state of a yoke and an attraction piece, and FIG. 3 is a shape explanatory view of a tip attraction portion of a coil core. Four
Figures 7 to 7 are explanatory views of the operation of the electromagnetic actuator,
The figure is a coil energization control circuit diagram. 1: Coil core, 1a, 1b: Adsorption part, 2: Coil, 3: Yoke, 4,5:
Adsorption piece, 6: leaf spring, 7: magnet holder.
Claims (1)
と、 前記コイル芯の一端に対向する位置に配置され、前記コ
イル芯に吸着される吸着位置及び前記吸着位置から離れ
た離反位置の間を移動する磁性体からなる第１吸着片
と、 前記コイル芯の他端に対向する位置に配置され、前記コ
イル芯に吸着される吸着位置及び前記吸着位置から離れ
た離反位置の間を移動する磁性体からなる第２吸着片
と、 前記第１吸着片の移動により駆動される第１操作部材
と、 前記第２吸着片の移動により駆動される第２操作部材
と、 前記コイル芯により第１吸着片を吸着する吸着動作によ
り前記第１操作部材を駆動する前に、第２吸着片を吸着
位置に位置させ保持するように第２吸着片を付勢する付
勢手段と、 を備えたことを特徴とする電磁アクチエイター。1. A coil core made of a magnetic material, a coil wound around the coil core, a yoke made of a magnetic material arranged in parallel with the coil core, and facing one end of the coil core. A first attracting piece made of a magnetic material that is disposed between the attracting position and the attracting position that is attracted to the coil core and a separating position away from the attracting position, and a position that is opposite to the other end of the coil core. And a second suction piece made of a magnetic material that moves between a suction position to be attracted to the coil core and a separation position away from the suction position, and a first operating member driven by the movement of the first suction piece. A second operation member driven by the movement of the second suction piece; and a second operation piece that is sucked before the first operation member is driven by a suction operation of suctioning the first suction piece by the coil core. Position and hold An electromagnetic actuator comprising: a biasing unit that biases the second adsorption piece.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP63078093A JP2555679B2 (en) | 1988-04-01 | 1988-04-01 | Electromagnetic actuator |
| US07/330,450 US5025239A (en) | 1988-04-01 | 1989-03-30 | Electromagnetic actuator for cameras and the like |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP63078093A JP2555679B2 (en) | 1988-04-01 | 1988-04-01 | Electromagnetic actuator |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH01253212A JPH01253212A (en) | 1989-10-09 |
| JP2555679B2 true JP2555679B2 (en) | 1996-11-20 |
Family
ID=13652248
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP63078093A Expired - Lifetime JP2555679B2 (en) | 1988-04-01 | 1988-04-01 | Electromagnetic actuator |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2555679B2 (en) |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58140609U (en) * | 1982-03-18 | 1983-09-21 | 株式会社白金製作所 | magnetic drive device |
-
1988
- 1988-04-01 JP JP63078093A patent/JP2555679B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH01253212A (en) | 1989-10-09 |
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