JP2554984B2 - Internal gear forming method - Google Patents
Internal gear forming methodInfo
- Publication number
- JP2554984B2 JP2554984B2 JP5225153A JP22515393A JP2554984B2 JP 2554984 B2 JP2554984 B2 JP 2554984B2 JP 5225153 A JP5225153 A JP 5225153A JP 22515393 A JP22515393 A JP 22515393A JP 2554984 B2 JP2554984 B2 JP 2554984B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- internal gear
- molding
- drum
- boss
- die
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
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- Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
Description
【0001】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は自動車の自動変速装置等
において、潤滑油が充填された器筐内に収納され、回動
にて器筐内の油を内外に流通するようになした内歯車に
係わり、この内歯車を軽量に、かつ容易に製作する内歯
車の成形方法に関するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an automatic transmission for an automobile, etc., which is housed in a container case filled with lubricating oil and is adapted to circulate the oil inside the container case by rotation. The present invention relates to a method for forming an internal gear, which is related to a gear and is lightweight and easily manufactured.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】自動車の自動変速機(トルクコンバー
タ)、その他の機器において、器筐内に充填した潤滑油
または油圧制御用油を内歯車の回動により撹拌し、かつ
内歯車の内外間を自由に流通するようにした内歯車が使
用されている。このような作用をする内歯車は慣性を少
なくするために、更にエネルギーロスを少なくするため
に軽量に製作することが望ましい。このため、所要の大
きさに切断された鋼材を所要温度に加熱し、これを熱間
または温間鍛造にておおむね内歯車の形状に成形し、次
いでこの素材の内周面に内歯を機械加工にて切削して完
成品としている。あるいはボス部とドラム部とを個別に
製作し、その後両部材を溶接により接合して一体として
いる。2. Description of the Related Art In an automatic transmission (torque converter) of an automobile and other equipment, lubricating oil or hydraulic control oil filled in a casing is agitated by rotation of an internal gear, and an internal gear and an external gear are agitated. Internal gears are used that are freely distributed. It is desirable that the internal gear that acts in this way be made lightweight in order to reduce inertia and further reduce energy loss. For this reason, the steel material cut to the required size is heated to the required temperature, hot or warm forged into a roughly internal gear shape, and then internal teeth are machined on the inner peripheral surface of this material. The finished product is cut by processing. Alternatively, the boss portion and the drum portion are separately manufactured, and then both members are joined by welding to be integrated.
【0003】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】従って従来の加工方法
では熱間または温間鍛造に要する温度にまで素材を加熱
する必要があり、しかも加工工程においても鍛造、機械
両加工を要し、さらには機械加工後、製品の高強度化を
図るために別途に熱処理工程が必要となり製造工程数が
多くなるとともに使用鋼材の歩溜りが悪い等の問題があ
る。また、個別に成形したボス部とドラム部とを溶接に
より接合する方法では熱影響にて歪みが発生し、スピニ
ング成形による精度の維持が困難となっている。さらに
は軽量化にも限度があり、極端な軽量化を図ることがで
きない。Therefore, in the conventional processing method, it is necessary to heat the material to a temperature required for hot or warm forging, and further, forging and mechanical processing are required in the processing step. After machining, a separate heat treatment process is required to increase the strength of the product, resulting in an increase in the number of manufacturing processes and a poor yield of the used steel material. Further, in the method of joining the boss portion and the drum portion, which are individually formed, by welding, distortion occurs due to the heat effect, and it is difficult to maintain the accuracy by spinning forming. Furthermore, there is a limit to weight reduction, and it is not possible to achieve extreme weight reduction.
【0004】本発明は異種又は同種のボス部材とドラム
部材とを機械的に接合すると共にドラム部にスピニング
により所要の歯型を高精度に成形し、かつ軽量化を図る
ことを目的とする。It is an object of the present invention to mechanically join a boss member of a different type or the same type to a drum member, and to form a desired tooth mold with high precision on the drum portion by spinning and to reduce the weight.
【0005】[0005]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は上記目的を達成
するためになしたもので、所要の強度と形状を有するボ
ス部材と、このボス部材に成形する内歯車の質量から板
状素材より得た所要の円盤状をしたドラム部材とを重
ね、これを所要回転数にて回転しかつ外周面に歯型を有
する成形用金型と押型にて挟持し、この成形用金型の回
転中心と同心的に環状に配列した複数の成形ローラをボ
ス部材に押圧しつつ、該金型にそって移動せしめて冷間
塑性加圧によりドラム部内周面に歯型を成形し、ボス部
材とドラム部材とを一体とすると共に、この成形工程に
て発生する内部応力を用いてドラム部の高強度化を図る
ようになしたことを要旨とする。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made to achieve the above-mentioned object, and is made from a plate-shaped material by considering a boss member having a required strength and shape and a mass of an internal gear to be formed in the boss member. The obtained disc-shaped drum member is overlaid, and it is rotated at the required number of revolutions and is clamped by a molding die having a tooth mold on the outer peripheral surface and a pressing die, and the center of rotation of this molding die While pressing a plurality of molding rollers concentrically arranged in an annular shape against the boss member and moving the mold roller along the mold to form a tooth mold on the inner peripheral surface of the drum portion by cold plastic pressure, the boss member and the drum The gist is that the member is integrated with the member and the internal stress generated in this molding process is used to increase the strength of the drum portion.
【0006】[0006]
【作用】予め成形したボス部と板状のドラム部部材とを
成形用金型と押型間にて圧接挟持し、この状態で予め定
めた回転数で回転させつつ、この外周部より複数の成形
用ローラを押圧し、かつ成形用金型の長手方向にそって
移動させる。これにより円盤形のドラム部材は冷間塑性
加工される。この加工時発生する内部応力にて素材が高
強度化されるとともに両部材間は互いに圧着されて一体
となる。従って溶接工程がないので熱の影響による歪み
が発生せず、高精度にて製作することができる。また溶
接不能な材質を用いても製作できる。The preformed boss portion and the plate-shaped drum portion member are pressed and sandwiched between the molding die and the pressing die, and in this state, a plurality of moldings are performed from the outer peripheral portion while rotating at a predetermined rotational speed. The pressing roller is pressed and moved along the longitudinal direction of the molding die. As a result, the disk-shaped drum member is cold plastically worked. The internal stress generated during this processing increases the strength of the material, and the two members are pressure-bonded to each other to be integrated. Therefore, since there is no welding process, distortion due to the influence of heat does not occur, and high precision manufacturing is possible. It can also be manufactured using a material that cannot be welded.
【0007】[0007]
【実施例】以下本発明内歯車の成形法を図示の実施例に
もとづいて説明する。図において1は本発明の方法にて
成型された内歯車で、これは所要の径と厚さ及び内周面
に歯型を有する環状形のドラム部2と、このドラム部の
一端側面に所要径のボス孔を穿孔したボス部3とより成
り、この異種又は同種のボス部とドラム部とを冷間塑性
加工にて一体に製作する。この内歯車1のドラム部2の
成形のための板状をしたボス部素材Wの厚さは3〜15
mm、成形可能な内歯車の外径を80〜200mmと
し、その範囲内で適当に定められるが、このボス部素材
の板厚、歯車外径は上述の範囲に必ずしも限定されるも
のではない。EXAMPLES A method for forming an internal gear of the present invention will be described below with reference to the illustrated examples. In the figure, reference numeral 1 denotes an internal gear molded by the method of the present invention, which is an annular drum portion 2 having a required diameter and thickness and a tooth profile on the inner peripheral surface, and one end side surface of the drum portion. The boss portion 3 has a boss hole having a diameter, and the boss portion and the drum portion of the same kind or different types are integrally manufactured by cold plastic working. The thickness of the plate-shaped boss material W for molding the drum portion 2 of the internal gear 1 is 3 to 15
mm, the outer diameter of the moldable internal gear is 80 to 200 mm, and is appropriately determined within the range, but the plate thickness of the boss material and the gear outer diameter are not necessarily limited to the above range.
【0008】次に所要外径の内歯車を、ボス部を鉄、ド
ラム部をアルミニウムにて、しかもドラム部として板状
素材を用い、冷間塑性加工にて成形する場合について説
明する。ボス部3は鉄板をプレス加工又は鍛造にて予め
所要のボス部形に成形する。これは成形する内歯車の外
形と同径又はこれより少し小径としたフランジ31の外
周に短管状の鍔32を一体に形成する。そしてこのボス
部のフランジ31に、ドラム部の部材2を重ねる。この
時両部材の中心を一致させる。Next, a case will be described in which an internal gear having a required outer diameter is formed by cold plastic working using iron as the boss, aluminum as the drum, and a plate-shaped material as the drum. The boss portion 3 is formed by pressing or forging an iron plate into a desired boss portion shape in advance. In this, a short tubular collar 32 is integrally formed on the outer circumference of a flange 31 having the same diameter as the outer diameter of the internal gear to be molded or a diameter slightly smaller than that. Then, the member 2 of the drum portion is overlaid on the flange 31 of the boss portion. At this time, the centers of both members are aligned.
【0009】このドラム部の部材は成形する内歯車の質
量から算出した所定の板厚と径を有する円盤状に製作す
る。勿論、ドラム部の部材径はボス部の径よりも大であ
る。そしてボス部とドラム部とが押圧成形のみで堅固に
圧着固定されるようにボス部側に例えばボス部のフラン
ジ外周面に窪みまたは突起を複数形成しておくものとす
る。この窪み又は突起の形状及びその数は両部材間が一
体となってトルクを十分伝達されるようにして適当に定
められるものとする。The member of the drum portion is manufactured into a disk shape having a predetermined plate thickness and diameter calculated from the mass of the internal gear to be molded. Of course, the member diameter of the drum portion is larger than the diameter of the boss portion. A plurality of depressions or projections are formed on the boss side, for example, on the outer peripheral surface of the flange of the boss so that the boss and the drum are firmly pressed and fixed only by pressure molding. The shape and the number of the depressions or protrusions are appropriately determined so that the torque can be sufficiently transmitted between both members integrally.
【0010】次にこのボス部とドラム部の両部材をスピ
ニング成型用の成形用金型10と押型20との間にて強
く挟持する。この成形用金型10は成形する内歯車の
径、大きさとを有し、かつその型外周面には所要の歯形
Hが形成されている。この歯形Hは図1に詳示するよう
に内歯車内に嵌合されて噛合する外歯歯車(図示せず)
と円滑にその歯形部が互いに噛合して回動するように外
歯歯車の径及び歯数に合わせた歯数を有する。Next, both the boss portion and the drum portion are strongly sandwiched between the molding die 10 for spinning molding and the pressing die 20. The molding die 10 has the diameter and size of an internal gear to be molded, and a required tooth profile H is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the mold. This tooth profile H is an external gear (not shown) that is fitted in and meshes with the internal gear as shown in FIG.
And the number of teeth corresponding to the diameter and the number of teeth of the external gear so that the tooth profile portions mesh with each other and rotate.
【0011】押型20は成型用金型10の平面部と共同
して、ボス部のフランジ部分を挟圧して支持するもの
で、しかも両金型10、20を同一回転軸上に配設し、
成型用金型よりも小径である。そして両金型10,20
間に前記成形用のボス部とドラム部の両部材を挟持する
圧力は押型10を回転させて成形素材を成形ローラにて
冷間塑性加工を施す際にも強固に支持されるようにして
定められる。The pressing die 20 cooperates with the flat surface portion of the molding die 10 to support the flange portion of the boss portion by sandwiching it, and furthermore, the both dies 10 and 20 are arranged on the same rotary shaft,
It has a smaller diameter than the molding die. And both molds 10, 20
The pressure for sandwiching both the molding boss portion and the drum portion member therebetween is determined so as to be firmly supported even when the pressing die 10 is rotated and the forming material is subjected to cold plastic working by the forming roller. To be
【0012】また成型用金型10の外周位置には2乃至
複数個の成形ローラ30がほぼ等間隔又は任意位置に配
設される。この各成形ローラ30,30・・・はすべて
同形・同サイズとするか、若しくは異形とし、成型用金
型10の放射方向に、かつ型10の回転中心より任意間
隔になるよう配設され、回動自在に支持される。At the outer peripheral position of the molding die 10, two to a plurality of molding rollers 30 are arranged at substantially equal intervals or at arbitrary positions. All the molding rollers 30, 30 ... Have the same shape and the same size or different shapes, and are arranged in the radial direction of the molding die 10 and at an arbitrary interval from the center of rotation of the die 10. It is rotatably supported.
【0013】次にこの成形ローラ30を所定の圧力で金
型10の外周面に押圧するが、これは金型10の回転に
対し直角方向となし、かつドラム部の部材の種別に適し
た圧力で押圧される。そして両金型10,20間にて挟
持された成形用の部材を所要回転数で、例えば毎分50
0〜1000回転にて回転させつつ、成形ローラ30,
30・・・を成形用金型10の上端外周部位置より毎分
所要の送り速度で成型用金型の長手方向に沿って移動さ
せる。Next, the molding roller 30 is pressed against the outer peripheral surface of the mold 10 with a predetermined pressure, which is perpendicular to the rotation of the mold 10 and which is suitable for the type of the member of the drum part. Pressed with. The molding member sandwiched between the molds 10 and 20 is rotated at a required rotation speed, for example, 50 minutes per minute.
Forming roller 30, while rotating at 0 to 1000 revolutions,
.. are moved along the longitudinal direction of the molding die 10 from the outer peripheral position of the upper end of the molding die 10 at a required feed rate per minute.
【0014】このように両金型間に挟持された成形用部
材の回動と成形ローラの押圧移動との組み合せによりド
ラム部の部材に冷間塑性加工を行い、カップ状に連続的
に成形する際、成形用金型外周面形状に従って環状部の
内周面に一定間隔毎に内歯が同時に成形されると共にボ
ス部の鍔に形成された窪み又は突起が押圧されるドラム
部の部材の塑性により圧着一体とされる。この時、成形
ローラの加圧力は一定に保ち、かつ内歯車の外周形状を
整えるためにNC制御によりコントロールされ、この成
形ローラ30は素材の回動に追従しているため成形ロー
ラと金型外周面にて成形される成形素材外周面の周速度
は等しくなり、この周速度は毎分300〜550mが適
当である。As described above, the member of the drum portion is subjected to cold plastic working by the combination of the rotation of the molding member sandwiched between the two dies and the pressing movement of the molding roller to continuously mold it into a cup shape. At this time, according to the shape of the outer peripheral surface of the molding die, the inner teeth are simultaneously formed on the inner peripheral surface of the annular portion at regular intervals, and the depressions or projections formed on the flange of the boss portion are pressed, and the plasticity of the member of the drum portion is pressed. Is integrated by crimping. At this time, the pressing force of the forming roller is kept constant and is controlled by NC control to adjust the outer peripheral shape of the internal gear. Since the forming roller 30 follows the rotation of the material, the outer periphery of the forming roller and the die is The peripheral speeds of the outer peripheral surface of the forming material formed by the surfaces are equal, and the peripheral speed is suitably 300 to 550 m / min.
【0015】このようにして冷間塑性加工にて内歯車を
高強度化を図りつつ冷間鍛造にて成形するが、上記両金
型間による素材の挟持力、回転速度及び成形ローラの押
圧力並びに移動圧力等は成形素材の種別、また成形品の
大きさ、形状等により適宣選定されるものである。ま
た、このようにボス部とドラム部との二部材を機械的に
接合しているので、熱による歪みが発生することがな
く、高精度にて製作できると共に両部材が同種であって
も又は異種部材さらには溶接不可能の材質であっても同
様に簡易に製作できる。In this way, the internal gear is formed by cold forging while enhancing the strength by cold plastic working, and the clamping force of the material between the two molds, the rotation speed and the pressing force of the forming roller are used. In addition, the moving pressure and the like are appropriately selected depending on the type of molding material and the size and shape of the molded product. In addition, since the two members of the boss portion and the drum portion are mechanically joined in this way, distortion due to heat does not occur, and it is possible to manufacture with high precision and both members are of the same type or Even different kinds of materials and even materials that cannot be welded can be easily manufactured.
【0016】さらにボス部材にその中央に筒状のボスを
一体に成形した鍛造品においては筒状ボスの外周面に突
設したフランジ側面に板状のドラム部材を沿わせて同様
に一体に成形することもできる。Further, in a forged product in which a cylindrical boss is integrally formed in the center of the boss member, a plate-shaped drum member is formed along the flange side surface protruding from the outer peripheral surface of the cylindrical boss, and similarly formed integrally. You can also do it.
【0017】なお、上記実施例は内歯車の成形について
説明したが、本発明による成形は成型用金型の形状を変
えることにより内歯車の他、グローブ成形法前工程素
材、単純ドラム成形等にも応用できる。Although the above embodiment has described the molding of the internal gear, the molding according to the present invention can be applied to the internal gear, the pre-process material for the globe molding method, the simple drum molding, etc. by changing the shape of the molding die. Can also be applied.
【0018】[0018]
【発明の効果】本発明内歯車の成形法は、所要の強度と
形状を有するボス部材と、このボス部材に成形する内歯
車の質量から板状素材より得た所要の円盤状をしたドラ
ム部材とを重ね、これを所要回転数にて回転しかつ外周
面に歯型を有する成形用金型と押型にて挟持し、この成
形用金型の回転中心と同心的に環状に配列した複数の成
形ローラをボス部材に押圧しつつ、該金型にそって移動
せしめて冷間塑性加圧によりドラム部内周面に歯型を成
形し、ボス部材とドラム部材とを一体とするため、熱に
よる歪みなどの影響を受けることなく精度の維持が容易
に行われる。さらに両部材の種別に関係なく、しかも溶
接不能な材質間でも接合が可能である等の利点を有す
る。The internal gear forming method of the present invention comprises a boss member having a required strength and shape, and a required disk-shaped drum member obtained from a plate-shaped material from the mass of the internal gear formed on the boss member. Are overlapped with each other, are rotated at a required number of revolutions, and are sandwiched by a molding die having a tooth mold on the outer peripheral surface and a pressing die, and a plurality of annularly arranged concentrically with the center of rotation of the molding die. While pressing the molding roller against the boss member, the mold is moved along the mold to form a tooth mold on the inner peripheral surface of the drum portion by cold plastic pressure, and the boss member and the drum member are integrated, so The accuracy can be easily maintained without being affected by distortion or the like. Further, there is an advantage that it is possible to join materials that cannot be welded to each other regardless of the types of both members.
【図1】本発明内歯車の一部破断した外観斜視図であ
る。FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway external perspective view of an internal gear of the present invention.
【図2】本発明内歯車の製造工程を示す説明図である。FIG. 2 is an explanatory view showing a manufacturing process of an internal gear of the present invention.
【図3】異なる実施例の成形工程を示す説明図である。FIG. 3 is an explanatory view showing a molding process of another embodiment.
【図4】内歯車のスピニング加工成形図である。FIG. 4 is a spinning forming diagram of an internal gear.
1 内歯車 2 ドラム部 3 ボス部 31 フランジ 32 鍔 10 成形用金型 20 押型 30 成形ローラ DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Internal gear 2 Drum part 3 Boss part 31 Flange 32 Tsuba 10 Mold for molding 20 Stamping mold 30 Molding roller
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (56)参考文献 ***国特許出願公開3931599(DE, A) 機械工学便覧 改訂第6版 日本機械 学会編(昭和54年7月20日発行)第17編 第64〜66頁 図解機械用語事典 工業教育研究会編 日刊工業新聞社発行(昭和50年7月30日 発行)第355頁 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (56) Bibliography West German patent application publication 3931599 (DE, A) Mechanical Engineering Handbook Revised 6th Edition The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (Published July 20, 1979) 17th edition 64- Page 66 Illustrated Machine Term Encyclopedia, Industrial Education Study Group, Published by Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun (Published July 30, 1975) Page 355
Claims (1)
このボス部材に成形する内歯車の質量から板状素材より
得た所要の円盤状をしたドラム部材とを重ね、これを所
要回転数にて回転しかつ外周面に歯型を有する成形用金
型と押型にて挟持し、この成形用金型の回転中心と同心
的に環状に配列した複数の成形ローラをボス部材に押圧
しつつ、該金型にそって移動せしめて冷間塑性加圧によ
りドラム部内周面に歯型を成形し、ボス部材とドラム部
材とを一体とすると共に、この成形工程にて発生する内
部応力を用いてドラム部の高強度化を図るようになした
ことを特徴とする内歯車の成形法。1. A boss member having required strength and shape,
A molding die having a required disk-shaped drum member obtained from a plate-shaped material by superposing the mass of the internal gear to be molded on this boss member, rotating the drum member at a required number of revolutions, and having a tooth mold on the outer peripheral surface. And a pressing die, and while pressing a plurality of molding rollers arranged annularly concentrically with the center of rotation of the molding die against the boss member, move along the die and apply cold plastic pressure. A feature is that a tooth mold is molded on the inner peripheral surface of the drum part, the boss member and the drum member are integrated, and the internal stress generated in this molding process is used to increase the strength of the drum part. Internal gear forming method.
Priority Applications (1)
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JP5225153A JP2554984B2 (en) | 1993-08-17 | 1993-08-17 | Internal gear forming method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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JP5225153A JP2554984B2 (en) | 1993-08-17 | 1993-08-17 | Internal gear forming method |
Publications (2)
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JPH0751781A JPH0751781A (en) | 1995-02-28 |
JP2554984B2 true JP2554984B2 (en) | 1996-11-20 |
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JP5225153A Expired - Lifetime JP2554984B2 (en) | 1993-08-17 | 1993-08-17 | Internal gear forming method |
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Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2700308B2 (en) * | 1995-05-08 | 1998-01-21 | 株式会社ゴーシュー | Manufacturing method of internal gear |
DE19532519C2 (en) * | 1995-09-02 | 1998-09-24 | Leifeld Gmbh & Co | Process for producing a rotationally symmetrical metallic workpiece |
JP2756942B2 (en) * | 1996-02-05 | 1998-05-25 | 株式会社カネミツ | Forming method of sheet metal internal gear |
JPH09206870A (en) * | 1996-02-05 | 1997-08-12 | Kanemitsu:Kk | Method for forming internal gear made of sheet metal and internal gear made of sheet metal |
JP2837128B2 (en) * | 1996-03-11 | 1998-12-14 | ▲高▼松建設株式会社 | Construction method of cast-in-place concrete pile |
CN100346896C (en) * | 2005-07-21 | 2007-11-07 | 华南理工大学 | Gear spin pressure forming method and its device |
US7458765B2 (en) * | 2005-09-23 | 2008-12-02 | Fraunhofer Usa | Diamond hard coating of ferrous substrates |
KR101295006B1 (en) * | 2011-05-30 | 2013-08-09 | 경창산업주식회사 | Method of Forming Drum Component of Automatic Transmission |
JP7269068B2 (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2023-05-08 | 日本スピンドル製造株式会社 | Bonded structure, method for manufacturing bonded structure |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3931599A1 (en) | 1989-08-25 | 1991-02-28 | Wf Maschinenbau Blechformtech | Internal teeth prodn. in cut-shaped workpiece - by pressing circular blank against toothed tool by rollers |
-
1993
- 1993-08-17 JP JP5225153A patent/JP2554984B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3931599A1 (en) | 1989-08-25 | 1991-02-28 | Wf Maschinenbau Blechformtech | Internal teeth prodn. in cut-shaped workpiece - by pressing circular blank against toothed tool by rollers |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
図解機械用語事典工業教育研究会編日刊工業新聞社発行(昭和50年7月30日発行)第355頁 |
機械工学便覧改訂第6版日本機械学会編(昭和54年7月20日発行)第17編第64〜66頁 |
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JPH0751781A (en) | 1995-02-28 |
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