JP2022016536A - Material for treating excreta - Google Patents
Material for treating excreta Download PDFInfo
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- JP2022016536A JP2022016536A JP2021185868A JP2021185868A JP2022016536A JP 2022016536 A JP2022016536 A JP 2022016536A JP 2021185868 A JP2021185868 A JP 2021185868A JP 2021185868 A JP2021185868 A JP 2021185868A JP 2022016536 A JP2022016536 A JP 2022016536A
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- Housing For Livestock And Birds (AREA)
- Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本発明は、木質薄片を主成分とする糞尿処理用資材に関する。 The present invention relates to a material for manure treatment containing wood flakes as a main component.
牛舎、豚舎、厩舎等で家畜を飼育する際に、またマウス、ラット等の実験動物をケージ内で飼育する際に、床面に敷料（敷床、床敷ともいわれる）が用いられる。敷料は、クッション又は保温材として動物に快適な環境を提供するだけでなく、動物から排出される糞尿を吸収して飼育環境を衛生的に保つこと等を目的として使用される。 When raising livestock in cowsheds, piggery, stables, etc., and when raising experimental animals such as mice and rats in cages, bedding (also called bedding or bedding) is used on the floor. The bedding is used not only as a cushion or a heat insulating material to provide a comfortable environment for animals, but also for the purpose of absorbing manure discharged from animals and keeping the breeding environment hygienic.
敷料としては、稲わら、麦桿、オガ粉、籾殻、木材チップ、バーク、樹皮、紙、ヤシ殻チップ、リサイクル堆肥、砂、パルプスラッジ等が通常用いられる。特に、オガ粉やチップ等の林産資源を加工した木質系資材が敷料として多用される。 As the bedding, rice straw, wheat rod, ogre flour, rice husks, wood chips, bark, bark, paper, coconut husk chips, recycled compost, sand, pulp sludge and the like are usually used. In particular, wood-based materials processed from forest resources such as ogre flour and chips are often used as bedding.
しかし、飼育環境を衛生的に保つことを目的の一つとして使用される敷料も、糞尿で汚染された後では、敷料自体が雑菌の温床となり、特に家畜に対して***炎、下痢症等の感染症を誘発する場合がある。そのため、汚染された敷料はなるべく短期間に新しい敷料と交換する必要があるが、それは結果として交換作業の負担増と、糞尿で汚染された大量の廃棄物をもたらすこととなる。 However, the bedding itself, which is used for the purpose of keeping the breeding environment hygienic, becomes a hotbed of germs after being contaminated with manure, and especially for livestock, mastitis, diarrhea, etc. May induce infectious diseases. Therefore, the contaminated bedding needs to be replaced with a new bedding in the shortest possible time, which results in an increased burden of replacement work and a large amount of waste contaminated with manure.
また、オガ粉に代表される木質系資材は、従来から慢性的な供給量不足という問題を抱えていたが、平成１１年に施行された「家畜排せつ物の管理の適正化及び利用の促進に関する法律（通称：家畜排せつ物管理法）」の下で糞尿の適切な管理と利用が求められるようになり、糞尿に十分量の木質系資材を混合して固形物にする需要が増加した結果、必要量の確保がさらに難しくなっている。加えて、近年の建造物需要の増大等による木材価格の高騰が木質系資材の価格を押し上げている。このような木質系資材の供給不足及び価格上昇は、短期間での敷料交換の妨げとなり、感染症等の問題を増大させるおそれがある。 In addition, wood-based materials such as oga flour have traditionally had the problem of chronic shortage of supply, but the "Act on the Appropriate Management and Promotion of Utilization of Livestock Excretion" that came into effect in 1999. (Commonly known as the Livestock Excretion Management Law) ”has been required to properly manage and use manure, and as a result of the increased demand for mixing manure with a sufficient amount of wood-based materials to make solids, the required amount. It is even more difficult to secure. In addition, soaring timber prices due to increased demand for buildings in recent years are pushing up the prices of wood-based materials. Such a shortage of supply of wood-based materials and an increase in price hinder the exchange of bedding in a short period of time, and may increase problems such as infectious diseases.
敷料の価格を抑える手段として、木材をその軸方向に対し斜めにスライスすることによって得たカール状の削り片をさらに破砕することによって製造したウッドチップを敷料として利用することが提案されている（特許文献１）。かかるウッドチップを利用することで、利用可能な樹木の種類の範囲が広がり、敷料の価格を抑えることができるとされている。しかし、かかるウッドチップについての雑菌繁殖の抑制効果は不明である。 As a means of reducing the price of bedding, it has been proposed to use wood chips produced by further crushing curled shavings obtained by slicing wood diagonally with respect to its axial direction as bedding (). Patent Document 1). By using such wood chips, it is said that the range of types of trees that can be used is expanded and the price of bedding can be suppressed. However, the effect of suppressing the growth of various germs on such wood chips is unknown.
また、雑菌繁殖を防ぐための抗菌性を有する敷料も提案されている。そのような敷料として、例えば、コーヒー抽出粕と水分含量が２０％以下のオガ粉とを含有する家畜飼育用敷料（特許文献２）、敷料基材にキトサンと抗菌性銀とを含浸させた動物飼育用消臭抗菌敷料（特許文献３）等が提案されている。 In addition, bedding having antibacterial properties to prevent the growth of germs has also been proposed. As such bedding, for example, a bedding for livestock breeding containing coffee extract lees and bedding having a water content of 20% or less (Patent Document 2), and an animal in which the bedding base material is impregnated with chitosan and antibacterial silver. Deodorant antibacterial bedding for breeding (Patent Document 3) and the like have been proposed.
このような抗菌性の付与は、雑菌繁殖を防止する一方で、別の問題を生じさせる。通常、糞尿で汚染された敷料は堆肥化され、作物の栽培等に再利用される。堆肥化において、敷料には、糞尿処理用資材として、処理物の水分を調整する機能及び微生物による発酵を促進させる機能等を有することが求められるが、上記の抗菌性の付与は堆肥化における微生物発酵の妨げとなるおそれがある。加えて、抗菌性の付与は敷料の価格を高める原因ともなり得る。 While imparting such antibacterial properties prevents the growth of germs, it causes another problem. Normally, bedding contaminated with manure is composted and reused for crop cultivation and the like. In composting, the litter is required to have a function of adjusting the water content of the processed product, a function of promoting fermentation by microorganisms, and the like as a material for manure treatment. It may interfere with fermentation. In addition, imparting antibacterial properties can also increase the price of bedding.
木質系資材の需要増大及び価格高騰という問題は、木質系の糞尿処理用資材を使用するコンポストトイレ（バイオトイレと呼ばれることもある）の普及にも影響を与えている。コンポストトイレは、オガ粉を主とする木質系の糞尿処理用資材に糞尿を吸収させ、微生物の力を利用して糞尿を木質系資材ごと分解処理して堆肥化するものである。コンポストトイレは、先進国においては山岳地域や国定自然公園等の水の供給が困難な場所で、また下水道に関するインフラ整備が不十分ないわゆる開発途上国では日常生活圏において、利用が期待されている。特に開発途上国でのコンポストトイレの普及は、木質系の糞尿処理用資材に対して相当な需要をもたらすが、先に述べた木材原料の不足と価格の高騰が障害となり得る。 The problems of increasing demand for wood-based materials and soaring prices are also affecting the spread of compost toilets (sometimes called bio-toilet) that use wood-based manure treatment materials. In compost toilets, manure is absorbed by wood-based manure treatment materials, mainly ogre powder, and manure is decomposed together with the wood-based materials using the power of microorganisms to compost. Compost toilets are expected to be used in mountainous areas and national natural parks where water supply is difficult in developed countries, and in so-called developing countries where infrastructure for sewerage is inadequate in daily living areas. .. The spread of compost toilets, especially in developing countries, brings considerable demand for wood-based manure treatment materials, but the shortage of wood raw materials and soaring prices mentioned above can be obstacles.
本発明は、低コストで製造することが可能な木質系の糞尿処理用資材を提供することを目的とするものである。 An object of the present invention is to provide a wood-based manure treatment material that can be produced at low cost.
本発明者らは、木材表面の仕上げ加工として知られているカンナ掛けによって生じる木質薄片（カンナ屑ともよばれる）であって、特定の厚み及び大きさを有するものが、糞尿処理用資材として望ましい特性を有することを見出し、以下の発明を完成させた。 The present inventors have desirable properties as a material for manure treatment, that is, wood flakes (also called plane scraps) produced by planing, which is known as finishing of the surface of wood, and having a specific thickness and size. And completed the following invention.
（１）厚さ０．０５～０．５ｍｍ、長さが１ｃｍ～３０ｃｍ及び幅が１ｃｍ～３ｃｍの木質薄片を主成分とする糞尿処理用資材。
（２）敷料として利用される、（１）に記載の糞尿処理用資材。
（３）水分調整材として利用される、（１）に記載の糞尿処理用資材。
（４）コンポストトイレで利用される、（１）に記載の糞尿処理用資材。
（５）厚さ０．０５～０．５ｍｍ、長さが１ｃｍ～３０ｃｍ及び幅が１ｃｍ～３ｃｍの木質薄片を主成分とする木質資材と糞尿を混合する工程、及び混合物を発酵させて堆肥化する工程を含む、堆肥の製造方法。
（６）厚さ０．０５～０．５ｍｍ、長さが１ｃｍ～３０ｃｍ及び幅が１ｃｍ～３ｃｍの木質薄片を主成分とする木質資材と糞尿を混合する工程、及び混合物を発酵させる工程を含む、糞尿の処理方法。
(1) A material for manure treatment mainly composed of wood flakes having a thickness of 0.05 to 0.5 mm, a length of 1 cm to 30 cm, and a width of 1 cm to 3 cm.
(2) The manure treatment material according to (1), which is used as a bedding.
(3) The manure treatment material according to (1), which is used as a moisture adjusting material.
(4) The manure treatment material according to (1), which is used in compost toilets.
(5) A step of mixing manure with a wood material mainly composed of wood flakes having a thickness of 0.05 to 0.5 mm, a length of 1 cm to 30 cm and a width of 1 cm to 3 cm, and composting the mixture. A method of producing compost, including the process of composting.
(6) Includes a step of mixing manure with a wood material mainly composed of wood flakes having a thickness of 0.05 to 0.5 mm, a length of 1 cm to 30 cm and a width of 1 cm to 3 cm, and a step of fermenting the mixture. , How to treat manure.
本発明の糞尿処理用資材は、嵩密度が低くかつ木材からの歩留まり率が高い木質薄片を主成分とすることから、低コストの敷料、水分調整材又はコンポストトイレ用の糞尿処理材として利用することができる。また、糞尿との混合前後で水分活性の変動が少なく、敷料として使用したときの雑菌繁殖の抑制に効果的であることに加えて、糞尿と共に堆肥化するときの効率性が優れるという利点を有する。 Since the material for manure treatment of the present invention is mainly composed of wood flakes having a low bulk density and a high yield rate from wood, it is used as a low-cost litter, a moisture control material, or a manure treatment material for compost toilets. be able to. In addition, the water activity does not fluctuate much before and after mixing with manure, which is effective in suppressing the growth of germs when used as a bedding, and also has the advantage of excellent efficiency when composting with manure. ..
本発明の第１の態様は、厚さ０．０５～０．５ｍｍ、長さが１ｃｍ～３０ｃｍ及び幅が１ｃｍ～３ｃｍの木質薄片を主成分とする糞尿処理用資材に関する。 A first aspect of the present invention relates to a material for manure treatment containing wood flakes having a thickness of 0.05 to 0.5 mm, a length of 1 cm to 30 cm, and a width of 1 cm to 3 cm as a main component.
本発明における木質薄片は、いわゆるカンナ屑のような、樹木、特に幹の部分である木材を面状に切削して得られる薄い切削片である。その厚さは０．０５～０．５ｍｍ、好ましくは０．０５ｍｍ～０．３ｍｍ、より好ましくは０．０５ｍｍ～０．２ｍｍである。また長さは１ｃｍ～３０ｃｍ、好ましくは１ｃｍ～２０ｃｍ、より好ましくは２ｃｍ～１５ｃｍであり、幅は１ｃｍ～３ｃｍである。また、形状は概ね正方形～長方形であることが好ましいが、これらには限定されず、また不揃いであってもよい。 The wood flakes in the present invention are thin slices obtained by cutting a tree, particularly wood which is a part of a trunk, into a surface shape, such as so-called plane scraps. The thickness is 0.05 to 0.5 mm, preferably 0.05 mm to 0.3 mm, and more preferably 0.05 mm to 0.2 mm. The length is 1 cm to 30 cm, preferably 1 cm to 20 cm, more preferably 2 cm to 15 cm, and the width is 1 cm to 3 cm. Further, the shape is preferably generally square to rectangular, but is not limited to these, and may be irregular.
本発明における木質薄片は、切削片の厚みが前述の範囲となるように刃先を調節した市販の超仕上げかんな盤を用いて木材を削ることで得られる切削片をそのまま利用してもよく、又は例えば裁断機を用いて切削片を所定の大きさに整えることで作製することができる。木材としては、１ｃｍ～３ｃｍ幅の角材、又は予め１ｃｍ～３ｃｍ間隔で切れ目を入れた角材を用いることが好ましいが、これには限定されない。 For the wood flakes in the present invention, the cutting pieces obtained by cutting wood using a commercially available super-finishing planer whose cutting edge is adjusted so that the thickness of the cutting pieces is within the above range may be used as it is, or For example, it can be produced by adjusting the cut pieces to a predetermined size using a cutting machine. As the wood, it is preferable to use a square timber having a width of 1 cm to 3 cm, or a square timber in which cuts are made in advance at intervals of 1 cm to 3 cm, but the wood is not limited to this.
木材の種類に特に制限は無いが、好ましい例としては、トドマツ、ミズナラ、樫、ヒノキ、イチイ、栂、ケヤキ等の比較的硬めもの、又はカラマツを挙げることができる。特に好ましい木材は、トドマツ、ミズナラ又はカラマツである。 The type of wood is not particularly limited, but preferred examples include relatively hard wood such as Abies sachalinensis, Quercus crispula, oak, cypress, Japanese yew, hemlock, and larch, or larch. Particularly preferred woods are Abies sachalinensis, Quercus crispula or Larch.
本発明における木質薄片は、その水分活性が０．８０以下、好ましくは０．７５以下、特に好ましくは０．７以下であることが望ましい。水分活性の下限値は、０より大きい値であれば制限はない。水分活性（Ｗａｔｅｒ Ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ、ｗａ）は、一般的には食品中の自由水の割合を表す数値であるが、本発明においては、木質薄片中の自由水の割合を意味し、木質薄片を入れた密閉容器内の水蒸気圧（Ｐ）とその温度における純水の蒸気圧（ＰＯ）の比すなわちＰ／ＰＯで定義される値として表される。水分活性が０．８０以下である場合、ほとんどの細菌、酵母及びカビは生育不可能となる。本発明における木質薄片の水分活性は、木材から削り出された切削片を常温常湿の環境下に放置しておくだけで０．８０以下となるが、特に湿った木材等を削って切削片を調製したときは、オーブン等で熱乾燥したり、又は風乾したりすることで、上記の値となるように調節してもよい。 It is desirable that the wood flakes in the present invention have a water activity of 0.80 or less, preferably 0.75 or less, and particularly preferably 0.7 or less. The lower limit of water activity is not limited as long as it is larger than 0. Water activity (wa) is a numerical value generally representing the ratio of free water in food, but in the present invention, it means the ratio of free water in wood flakes, and wood flakes are added. It is expressed as the ratio of the vapor pressure (P) in the closed container to the vapor pressure (PO) of pure water at that temperature, that is, a value defined by P / PO. When the water activity is 0.80 or less, most bacteria, yeasts and molds are incapable of growing. The water activity of the wood flakes in the present invention is 0.80 or less simply by leaving the cut pieces cut out from the wood in an environment of normal temperature and humidity, but the cut pieces are cut from particularly damp wood or the like. When prepared, the above values may be adjusted by heat-drying or air-drying in an oven or the like.
本発明の第１の態様にかかる糞尿処理用資材は、上記の木質薄片を主成分とするものである。ここで主成分とは、上記の木質薄片が糞尿処理用資材の大部分を占めるが、上述の寸法から外れた木質薄片、例えば切削片の裁断において副次的に生じ得る木質薄片であってその長さ及び／若しくは幅が上述の範囲から外れた木質薄片、又は一部が欠けたり破れたりした木質薄片若しくはその欠けた破片等が多少混入していてもよいことを意味する。また、糞尿処理用資材とは、家畜又はヒトの糞尿を処理する際に、糞尿を固形化したり及び／又は処理物の水分量を調節したりするために、糞尿と混ぜ合わせて使用される資材をいう。以下、本発明の第１の態様にかかる糞尿処理用資材を本件資材と表す。 The manure treatment material according to the first aspect of the present invention is mainly composed of the above-mentioned wood flakes. Here, the main component is the above-mentioned wood flakes occupying most of the material for treating manure, but the wood flakes that deviate from the above-mentioned dimensions, for example, the wood flakes that may be generated as a secondary factor in the cutting of the cut pieces. It means that some wood flakes whose length and / or width are out of the above range, or wood flakes whose length and / or width are partially chipped or torn, or the chipped fragments thereof may be mixed. The manure treatment material is a material used in combination with manure in order to solidify manure and / or adjust the water content of the treated product when treating livestock or human manure. To say. Hereinafter, the material for manure treatment according to the first aspect of the present invention will be referred to as the material of the present invention.
原料木材の体積を１としたときの当該木材から製造される本件資材の総体積の比（歩留まり比）は１８倍を越え、オガ粉の歩留まり比の約５，６倍に相当することから、本件資材は木材資源の有効活用において有利である。さらに、本件資材は、オガ粉と異なり細かな粉塵が発生しにくく、また農耕作業用のフォークでも取り扱うことが可能である等、作業性に優れるという特徴を有する。 When the volume of the raw wood is 1, the ratio (yield ratio) of the total volume of the material produced from the wood exceeds 18 times, which is equivalent to about 5 to 6 times the yield ratio of ogre flour. This material is advantageous in the effective utilization of wood resources. Further, unlike Oga powder, the material is less likely to generate fine dust and can be handled with a fork for agricultural work, and has excellent workability.
本件資材は、敷料、特に家畜用敷料として利用することができる。敷料としての利用方法は特別なものではなく、従来の敷料、典型的にはオガ粉に代えて、必要量の本件資材を床面に敷けばよい。本件資材は、同じ重量のオガ粉と比較して嵩密度が低い、すなわちオガ粉よりも嵩高く、敷料としての緩衝性及び保温性に優れる。また、その嵩高さから、単位床面積に敷くときに必要とされる本件資材の重量は、オガ粉のそれより少量で済む。ある一態様において、敷料として用いられるときの本件資材の必要重量は、オガ粉を敷料として用いる場合の１／４程度で足りる。 The Material can be used as bedding, especially bedding for livestock. The method of use as a bedding is not special, and the required amount of the Material may be laid on the floor instead of the conventional bedding, typically Oga powder. The Material has a lower bulk density than Oga flour of the same weight, that is, is bulkier than Oga flour, and is excellent in cushioning and heat retention as a bedding. In addition, due to its bulkiness, the weight of the Material required for laying on a unit floor area is smaller than that of Oga powder. In one embodiment, the required weight of the Material when used as a bedding is sufficient to be about 1/4 of that when Oga powder is used as a bedding.
また、後の実施例で示されるように、本件資材の水分活性は、敷料として使用される前後で０．１程度しか変化せず、また糞尿等で高度に汚染された状態でも細菌数の増加を抑制し、さらには細菌数を減少させることができる。したがって、本件資材を用いて飼育された家畜においては、周産期疾病や環境性***炎といった敷料の微生物汚染に起因する感染症への罹患の抑制が期待される。 Further, as shown in a later example, the water activity of the material changes only about 0.1 before and after it is used as a bedding, and the number of bacteria increases even in a state of being highly contaminated with manure or the like. Can be suppressed and the number of bacteria can be reduced. Therefore, it is expected that livestock raised using the materials will be less susceptible to infectious diseases caused by microbial contamination of bedding such as perinatal diseases and environmental mastitis.
本件資材の床占有率（家畜が敷料の上に横臥している時間／同敷料を使用して家畜を飼育した総時間）はオガ粉のそれよりも高い傾向にあり、従来使用されているオガ粉と比較しても、家畜に忌避されることなく利用される。 The floor occupancy rate of the material (the time the livestock is lying on the bedding / the total time of raising the livestock using the same bedding) tends to be higher than that of the oga flour, and the conventional oga Even when compared with flour, it is used without being repelled by livestock.
敷料として使用されて糞尿等で汚染された本件資材は、糞尿と共に堆肥化することができる。本件資材を含む糞尿を堆肥化するときの発酵温度は、オガ粉を含む糞尿を堆肥化するときの発酵温度と同等にまで上昇し、堆肥の臭気の低減と堆肥容量の減容が達成される。さらに本件資材は、水分調整材としての機能も有しており、糞尿から滲出する汚水（レキ汁）を排出する能力が高い。水分が多い糞尿に対して本件資材を適用することで、糞尿の水分量を、堆肥化における微生物発酵に適した水分量にまで低下させることができる。ある一態様において、水分調整材として用いられるときの本件資材の必要重量は、オガ粉を水分調整材として用いる場合の１／１０程度で足りる。加えて、オガ粉を用いた場合は十分な堆肥化には２回程度の切り返しが必要となることが多いが、本件資材はこれを１回の切り返しにより達成することができる。すなわち本件資材は、敷料として使用された際には雑菌繁殖の抑制を、堆肥化において使用された際には水分調整及び十分な堆肥化を実現することができる糞尿処理用資材である。 The material used as bedding and contaminated with manure or the like can be composted together with manure. The fermentation temperature when composting manure containing the Material rises to the same level as the fermentation temperature when composting manure containing Oga flour, achieving a reduction in the odor of compost and a reduction in the volume of compost. .. Furthermore, the material also has a function as a water adjusting material, and has a high ability to discharge sewage (leki juice) exuded from manure. By applying the present material to manure with a large amount of water, the water content of manure can be reduced to a water content suitable for microbial fermentation in composting. In one embodiment, the required weight of the Material when used as a moisture adjusting material is about 1/10 of that when Oga powder is used as a moisture adjusting material. In addition, when Oga flour is used, it is often necessary to cut back about twice for sufficient composting, but this material can be achieved by turning back once. That is, the Material is a manure treatment material that can suppress the growth of germs when used as a bedding, and can realize water adjustment and sufficient composting when used in composting.
さらには、本件資材は、コンポストトイレにおける糞尿処理用資材としても利用することができる。コンポストトイレに用いる場合には、敷料としての緩衝性及び保温性等、又は家畜動物の感染症の抑制能は必要とされないが、その他の特徴、例えば優れた作業性、高い歩留まり率、水分調整性能等は、コンポストトイレ用の糞尿処理用資材として有利な特徴であり得る。 Furthermore, the Material can also be used as a material for manure treatment in compost toilets. When used in compost toilets, it does not require cushioning and heat retention as a litter, or the ability to suppress infectious diseases of livestock animals, but other features such as excellent workability, high yield rate, and water regulation performance. Etc. may be an advantageous feature as a material for manure treatment for compost toilets.
本件資材を糞尿処理において使用したときは、糞尿等で汚染された使用後の本件資材を適当な槽の中で自然発酵させたり、又は適当な曝気装置を利用して曝気処理したり等して、堆肥を製造する又は糞尿を分解処理すればよい。分解処理又は曝気処理の条件としては特別なものは必要なく、公知の装置又は方法に用いて適宜行うことができる。 When the Material is used in manure treatment, the used Material contaminated with manure etc. is naturally fermented in a suitable tank, or aerated using a suitable aeration device. , Compost may be produced or manure may be decomposed. No special conditions are required for the decomposition treatment or the aeration treatment, and the decomposition treatment or the aeration treatment can be appropriately performed by using a known device or method.
以上の説明から明らかなように、本発明における木質薄片を主成分とする木質資材の利用は、かかる木質資材と糞尿とを混合する工程、及び混合物を発酵させて堆肥化する工程を含む、堆肥の製造方法として表すことができる。また、前記木質資材の利用は、かかる木質資材と糞尿を混合する工程、及び混合物を発酵させる工程を含む、糞尿の処理方法として表すこともできる。いずれの方法においても、従来使用されてきたオガ粉等と比較してより少量の資材で糞尿を効率的に処理することが可能となる。 As is clear from the above description, the use of a wood material containing wood flakes as a main component in the present invention includes a step of mixing the wood material and manure and a step of fermenting and composting the mixture to compost. Can be expressed as a manufacturing method of. Further, the use of the wood material can be expressed as a method for treating manure, which comprises a step of mixing the wood material and manure and a step of fermenting the mixture. In either method, manure can be efficiently treated with a smaller amount of material as compared with the conventionally used Oga powder or the like.
以下の実施例によって本発明をさらに詳細に説明する。 The present invention will be described in more detail by way of the following examples.
実施例１．木質薄片の製造及び密度・取扱性の評価
リョービ株式会社製超仕上げかんな盤（ＳＬ－３６１Ｘ）を用意し、厚さ０．１ｍｍの木質薄片が生成されるようにかんな盤のセッティングを調節した。幅１０ｃｍのカラマツの角材（長さ３ｍ）をそのまま又は長手方向に２ｃｍ若しくは５ｃｍの間隔で電動丸鋸により溝を加工した後、かんな盤で切削し、裁断機で長さを調節して、木質薄片１～９を調製した。
Example 1. Manufacture of wood flakes and evaluation of density and handleability A super-finished planer (SL-361X) manufactured by Ryobi Co., Ltd. was prepared, and the setting of the plane was adjusted so that wood flakes with a thickness of 0.1 mm were produced. After cutting a groove with an electric circular saw with a 10 cm wide square pine (length 3 m) as it is or at intervals of 2 cm or 5 cm in the longitudinal direction, cut it with a planer and adjust the length with a cutting machine to make wood. Fragments 1-9 were prepared.
各木質薄片、ウッドシェーブ（カナダ産、胆振酪農商事）及びオガ粉（荒目仕上げ、亜高社製）について厚さを測定した。また各資材を内径５６ｃｍ、深さ８８ｃｍ、有効内容量２００Ｌの容器へ充填したときの密度を堆積時の密度とし、上部から９４ｋｇの荷重を積載し資材の圧密量が一定になったときの密度を３．８ｋＰａの荷重時の密度とした。さらに該荷重を解放した後の密度（ｋｇ／ｍ３）を荷重解放後の密度として計測し、各資材の塑性及び弾力性の状態を検証した。また、排雪用スノーショベル及び農作業用フォークを用いたときの持ち運びやすさ（可搬性）と拡散しやすさ（作業性）について評価した。さらに荷重解放後の密度を原料角材の密度で除算することにより、歩留まり比を算出した。その結果を表１に示す。
全ての木質薄片はオガ粉及びウッドシェーブと比較して堆積時密度が低い、すなわちこれらよりも嵩高く、また良好な塑性を示した。木質薄片６～９は可搬性、作業性の全ての項目において○以上の高い評価であり、中でも木質薄片７～９が優れた評価を得た。木質薄片７～９の歩留まり比はいずれも２０前後と、オガ粉と比べて５～６倍、ウッドシェーブと比べても約２倍という高さであった。 All wood flakes had a lower deposition density compared to oga flour and wood shave, i.e., bulkier than these and showed good plasticity. Wood flakes 6-9 were highly evaluated in all items of portability and workability, and among them, wood flakes 7-9 were highly evaluated. The yield ratio of wood flakes 7 to 9 was about 20, which was 5 to 6 times higher than that of oga flour and about 2 times higher than that of wood shave.
実施例２．木質薄片の敷料性能の評価
（１）飼育試験
牛床占有率
実施例１の木質薄片９について、敷料としての性能を評価した。フリーストール牛舎において、２２床の牛床（牛床サイズ幅１２０ｃｍ×長さ２３０ｃｍ）のうち、７床には敷料として木質薄片０．５ｋｇ／床を、３床にはオガ粉２．０ｋｇ／床を敷設し、残りの１２床は敷料のない状態とした。１５頭の乳牛（ホルスタイン種）を同牛舎で３日間飼育し、各牛床に牛が横臥状態で滞在する時間を測定して、全観察時間に占める滞在時間の割合を牛床占有率として算出した。
Example 2. Evaluation of bedding performance of wood flakes
(1) Breeding test
Cowbed occupancy rate The
結果を図１に示す。試験１日目、２日目は木質薄片、オガ粉とも牛床占有率に差はなく、試験３日目は木質薄片を敷いた牛床の方がオガ粉を敷いた牛床よりも占有率は高かった。木質薄片は、オガ粉と同等以上に牛に好まれることが確認された。 The results are shown in FIG. On the 1st and 2nd days of the test, there was no difference in the occupancy rate of the beef bed between the wood flakes and the oga flour, and on the 3rd day of the test, the beef bed laid with the wood flakes had a higher occupancy rate than the cow bed laid with the oga flour. Was expensive. It was confirmed that wood flakes are preferred by cattle to the same extent as oga flour.
水分物性
飼育試験終了後に敷料を回収し、未使用の敷料と共に、水分物性の測定に供した。水分物性のうち、水分量は大型高温乾燥機を用いて１０５℃、２４時間の乾燥処理後に秤量して算出した。表面水分量はデジタル水分計（ＲｉＸＥＮ社製Ｍ７０－Ｄ、ローラー型検出器装着）、水分活性はポータブル水分活性計（ＡＩＮＥＸ社製ｐａｗｋｉｔ）により測定した。その結果を図２に示す。木質薄片は、未使用、使用後のいずれにおいても、オガ粉よりも低い水分量及び表面水分量を示した。またオガ粉の水分活性は未使用状態で０．９３、使用後で０．８４であったのに対し、木質薄片の水分活性は未使用状態で０．６５、使用後で０．７１という低値であった。この木質薄片の水分活性は、病原微生物の生育限界以下の値である。
Moisture characteristics After the breeding test was completed, the bedding was collected and used for measuring the water characteristics together with the unused bedding. Of the water characteristics, the water content was calculated by weighing using a large high-temperature dryer after drying at 105 ° C. for 24 hours. The surface water content was measured with a digital moisture meter (M70-D manufactured by RiXEN, equipped with a roller type detector), and the water activity was measured with a portable water activity meter (pawkit manufactured by AINEX). The results are shown in FIG. The wood flakes showed lower water content and surface water content than Oga powder, both unused and after use. The water activity of the oga powder was 0.93 in the unused state and 0.84 after use, while the water activity of the wood flakes was as low as 0.65 in the unused state and 0.71 after use. It was a value. The water activity of the wood flakes is below the growth limit of pathogenic microorganisms.
細菌数
次いで、未使用及び使用後の敷料の大腸菌群数をクロモカルトコリフォーム寒天培地法により、一般細菌数を標準寒天培地法により測定した。未使用の木質薄片において各細菌はほとんど検出されず、使用後の木質薄片においても検出された菌数はオガ粉の１／５０～１／３５０以下という低いレベルにとどまっていた（図３）。
Bacterial Counts Next, the number of coliforms in the unused and used litter was measured by the chromocartoliform agar method, and the number of general bacteria was measured by the standard agar medium method. Almost no bacteria were detected in the unused wood flakes, and the number of bacteria detected in the used wood flakes remained at a low level of 1/50 to 1/350 or less of that of Oga powder (Fig. 3).
（２）汚染試験
乳牛糞尿に水道水を加えた水分量９６％の希釈スラリーに、木質薄片又はオガ粉を１日間浸漬した。１日後に回収し、パット上で自然乾燥させた際の水分物性（水分、表面水分、水分活性）及び細菌数（大腸菌群数、大腸菌数、一般細菌数）を経時的に測定した。大腸菌数の測定は、クロモカルトコリフォーム寒天培地法により行った。木質薄片では、日数の経過と共に水分物性各パラメーターが大きく減少し（図４）、大腸菌群数及び大腸菌数も同様に減少した（図５）。これに対し、オガ粉では水分物性、細菌数ともに大きな変化は認められなかった。この結果は、木質薄片は強度に汚染されても、水分発散して水分活性を下げることで細菌、特に環境性***炎の原因菌である大腸菌群の繁殖を抑制する性能を持つことを意味する。
(2) Contamination test Wood flakes or ogre powder were immersed in a diluted slurry having a water content of 96%, which was obtained by adding tap water to dairy cow manure for one day. The water characteristics (moisture, surface moisture, water activity) and the number of bacteria (number of coliform bacteria, number of coliforms, number of general bacteria) when collected one day later and naturally dried on a pad were measured over time. The number of E. coli was measured by the chromocultoliform agar medium method. In the wood flakes, each parameter of water characteristics decreased significantly with the passage of days (Fig. 4), and the number of coliforms and the number of E. coli also decreased (Fig. 5). On the other hand, no significant change was observed in the water characteristics and the number of bacteria in the Oga powder. This result means that even if the wood flakes are heavily contaminated, they have the ability to suppress the growth of bacteria, especially coliform bacteria, which are the causative bacteria of environmental mastitis, by releasing water and lowering the water activity. ..
以上から、木質薄片は、水分量及び水分活性が低く、細菌増殖を抑制する性能を持ち、かつ牛に忌避されることのない敷料として利用可能であることが示された。 From the above, it was shown that the wood flakes have low water content and water activity, have the ability to suppress bacterial growth, and can be used as a bedding that is not repelled by cattle.
実施例３．木質薄片の水分調整性能の評価
（１）レキ汁排出試験
底部に中心部から八方向に向けて放射状に３．５ｃｍ間隔で直径７ｍｍの穴を１７カ所開けた塩化ビニル製円柱型容器（内径１５．１ｃｍ、底面積１８０ｃｍ２、有効容積２６００ｍｌ）内に、実施例１の木質薄片９又はオガ粉を入れて厚さ３ｃｍの資材層とし、その上に水分量９４％の糞尿スラリー１５００ｍｌを入れて厚さ８．３ｃｍのスラリー層を設けた。容器をそのまま静置し、スラリー層から資材層を通過して下部に排出されたレキ汁の量を経時的に測定した。その結果を図６に示す。資材層として木質薄片を用いた場合、時間の経過と共にレキ汁が排出され、木質薄片は余分な水分を排出する水分調整能を持つことが確認された。一方、オガ粉を用いた場合はレキ汁の排出は認められなかった。
Example 3. Evaluation of moisture adjustment performance of wood flakes
(1) Slurry juice discharge test A vinyl chloride columnar container (inner diameter 15.1 cm, bottom area 180 cm 2 ,) with 17 holes with a diameter of 7 mm at intervals of 3.5 cm radially from the center in eight directions at the bottom. (Effective volume 2600 ml), the
（２）堆肥化試験
糞尿重量１に対して糞尿処理用資材として重量０．２３のオガ粉又は重量０．０２の木質薄片９を加えて堆肥原料を調製し、堆肥舎にて堆積方式で６ヶ月間、堆肥化試験を行った。堆積中、いずれの堆肥原料についても１回の切り返しを行った。各堆肥原料の詳細及び試験開始時（発酵０日目）、発酵３０日目及び試験終了後（発酵１８０日目）の水分量を表２に示す。試験終了後、木質薄片を含む堆肥及びオガ粉を含む堆肥の水分量はいずれも、堆肥水分量として好適な８０％となっていた。
切り返し日を基点とした前後３０日間の発酵温度の推移を図７に示す。木質薄片を含む堆肥原料及びオガ粉を含む堆肥原料はいずれも切り返し後に４０℃以上の温度に到達し、その後も温度が維持された。 FIG. 7 shows the transition of the fermentation temperature for 30 days before and after the turning point. Both the compost raw material containing wood flakes and the compost raw material containing ogre flour reached a temperature of 40 ° C. or higher after turning, and the temperature was maintained thereafter.
試験開始時の堆肥原料の容量を１００としたときの試験後の堆肥容量、及び資材混合前の糞尿容量を１００としたときの試験後の堆肥容量（対糞尿比）を図８に示す。６か月後の容量比は、ふん尿のみ、オガ粉を用いた場合、木質薄片を用いた場合とも同様であった。対糞尿比は、糞尿処理用資材としてオガ粉を用いた場合は堆肥化による増加が認められたが、木質薄片を用いた場合は減少が認められ、資材混合前の糞尿よりも堆肥化後の堆肥の方が低容量となっていた。 FIG. 8 shows the compost capacity after the test when the capacity of the compost raw material at the start of the test is 100, and the compost capacity (ratio to manure) after the test when the manure capacity before mixing the materials is 100. The volume ratio after 6 months was the same when only manure was used, when Oga powder was used, and when wood flakes were used. The ratio to manure was increased by composting when Oga powder was used as a material for manure treatment, but decreased when wood flakes were used, and the ratio after composting was higher than that before mixing the materials. The compost had a lower volume.
糞尿、並びに資材として木質薄片を用いた場合の切り返し前の堆肥原料及び試験終了後の堆肥の臭気を公定法である三点比較式フラスコ法にしたがって測定した。堆肥化により臭気指数は曝気処理において目標とされる３７を大きく下回るレベルまで低下した（図９）。 Manure, and the odor of the compost raw material before turning back and the compost after the test when wood flakes were used as the material were measured according to the official three-point comparative flask method. Composting reduced the odor index to a level well below the target of 37 in aeration treatment (Fig. 9).
以上から、木質薄片は、オガ粉の１／１０程度の使用量で、オガ粉と同等の臭気の少ない堆肥完熟化を達成するだけでなく、堆肥化における減容量化をも達成可能な糞尿処理用資材であることが示された。 Based on the above, wood flakes can be used for manure treatment that not only achieves compost ripening with less odor equivalent to that of Oga flour, but also achieves volume reduction in composting, using about 1/10 of the amount of Oga flour. It was shown to be a material.
Claims (3)
The laying material is a wood material whose main component is wood flakes with a thickness of 0.05 mm to 0.5 mm, a length of 2 cm to 15 cm, a width of 1 cm to 3 cm, and a density at the time of deposition of 10 kg / m 3 to 11 kg / m 3 . A method for treating manure, which comprises a step of fermenting a mixture containing wood material and manure after use as a litter.
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| JP2001062435A (en) * | 1999-08-30 | 2001-03-13 | Daichiku:Kk | Moisture control agent material for treatment of garbage or the like |
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| US20170049072A1 (en) * | 2014-04-29 | 2017-02-23 | Kaj OESTERGAARD | Poultry bedding |
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| JPS53134674A (en) * | 1977-04-22 | 1978-11-24 | Teruo Takei | Litter for barns |
| US5152251A (en) * | 1987-10-14 | 1992-10-06 | Horsefeathers Investment, Inc. | Animal bedding product and method for making same |
| JP2001062435A (en) * | 1999-08-30 | 2001-03-13 | Daichiku:Kk | Moisture control agent material for treatment of garbage or the like |
| JP2002262690A (en) * | 2001-03-14 | 2002-09-17 | Sumitomo Forestry Co Ltd | Method for resource recovery of fragmental wood for new house and/or woody waste material of demolished house |
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