JP2019003919A - Combination of electrodes of primary battery having same electromotive force as lead acid battery - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a primary battery causing the same electromotive force as lead acid batteries and reduced in cost per unit cell, by: increasing the electromotive force of a unit cell so that noise and the like hardly enter portable electrical products such as portable radios to thereby facilitate circuit design; and using, as an electrode, metal which exists more on the earth than zinc as mineral resources and causes a higher electromotive force than zinc by a combination with a carbon rod electrode.SOLUTION: A combination of electrodes of a primary battery that has the substantially same electromotive force as lead acid batteries can be obtained by utilizing difference in ionization tendency of metal. Namely, reference voltages at 25°C of Al and Cu are -1.676 V and +0.337 V, respectively, and the electromotive force of V(Cu)-V(Al) is +2.013 V.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

この発明は、化学分野に関する物である。  The present invention relates to the chemical field.

この発明は、鉛蓄電池と同じ起電力、２．２Ｖを起こす一次電池の電極の組み合わせで、正極は今までと同じ炭素棒を使い、陰極には亜鉛よりも身近に在るアルミニウムを使う事に依り、一次電池の起電力を今までの１．５Ｖから２．２Ｖに上げる事に依って、携帯ラジオ等の電池駆動の電気製品の設計をし易くすると共に、金属資源としての亜鉛の枯渇を防ぐ事も目的である。  This invention is the combination of the electrodes of the primary battery that generates the same electromotive force and 2.2 V as the lead storage battery, the positive electrode uses the same carbon rod as before, and the cathode uses aluminum which is closer than zinc. Therefore, by increasing the electromotive force of the primary battery from the current 1.5V to 2.2V, it becomes easier to design battery-driven electric products such as portable radios, and the depletion of zinc as a metal resource. The purpose is also to prevent.

今現在、一般に市販されている、マンガン乾電池やアルカリ乾電池等の一次電池は、正極に炭素棒を使い、陰極には金属の亜鉛を使っていて、その単位セル当りの起電力は、公称値で１．５Ｖとなっており、携帯ラジオ等は、電源電圧の高い方がノイズ等が入り難く、回路設計自体もし易いので、この公称電圧の整数倍を電源電圧として携帯ラジオ等の携帯電気製品は設計されている。単位セル当りの起電力が低い為にマンガン乾電池やアルカリ乾電池等、一次電池は本数が必要となり、携帯用の電気製品の為、電源電圧と電池容量と電池の重さとの兼ね合いになっている。
一方、部屋の中で聴くオーディオ機器の電源に付いては、コイルに発生する磁場は電流に比例し、ダイナミック・スピーカーの構造は、永久磁石の磁場の中でコイルが前後に振動する構造であり、僅かな電流の変化でも振動するコイルから発生する音（ピアニシモの音）も聴き取れる様に、スピーカーの入力インピーダンスは４Ω〜８Ω程と小さく、出力の音圧を大きくする為とピアニシモの音を聴き取り易くする為に、オーディオ機器の電源電圧は２０Ｖ〜６０Ｖ程度と高めに設計されている。
オームの法則から

であり、コイルに発生する磁場は
Ｈ＝ｎＩ
となっていて、コイルに発生する磁場はコイルに流れる電流に垂直であり、この電流に比例していて、このコイルに発生した磁場が永久磁石から受けるローレンツ力は
Ｆ ＝ ｅＥ＋ｅｖ×Ｂ ＝ ｅＥ＋Ｉ×ＢＬ
であり、スピーカーの場合は、第１項目の電場に関する項は関係が無く、第２項目の電流と磁場に関する項が関係し、この項が言っている事は、コイルが受けるローレンツ力は、電流と永久磁石の磁場に垂直で、コイルに流れる電流に比例する力を受けると言う事を言っている。
オームの法則とローレンツ力の式から、入力電圧Ｖの変化に対して、固定された抵抗Ｒが小さい方が、電流Ｉは敏感に反応して変化するので、スピーカーは入力電圧Ｖに対して敏感に振動し、出力音圧を大きくする為とピアニシモの音を聴き取り易くする為に、入力電圧Ｖの変化を大きくすればスピーカーの振動は大きくなり、スピーカーの振動を大きくする為に、オーディオ機器の電源電圧は高めに設計されている。Currently, primary batteries such as manganese batteries and alkaline batteries, which are generally available on the market, use carbon rods for the positive electrode and metal zinc for the cathode, and the electromotive force per unit cell is nominal. Since the power supply voltage of a portable radio, etc. is 1.5 V, noise and the like are less likely to enter, and the circuit design itself is easier. Designed. Since the electromotive force per unit cell is low, the number of primary batteries such as manganese dry batteries and alkaline dry batteries is required. For portable electric products, the balance between the power supply voltage, the battery capacity, and the weight of the battery is required.
On the other hand, with respect to the power supply of audio equipment listening in the room, the magnetic field generated in the coil is proportional to the current, and the structure of the dynamic speaker is that the coil vibrates back and forth in the magnetic field of the permanent magnet. The input impedance of the speaker is as small as 4Ω to 8Ω so that the sound generated from the vibrating coil can be heard even with a slight change in current, and the sound of the pianissimo is increased to increase the output sound pressure. In order to make listening easy, the power supply voltage of the audio equipment is designed to be as high as about 20V to 60V.
From Ohm's law

The magnetic field generated in the coil is
H = nI
The magnetic field generated in the coil is perpendicular to the current flowing in the coil, and is proportional to the current. The Lorentz force that the magnetic field generated in the coil receives from the permanent magnet is
F = eE + ev × B = eE + I × BL
In the case of a speaker, the term related to the electric field of the first item is not related, and the term related to the current and magnetic field of the second item is related, and this term says that the Lorentz force received by the coil is the current He says that he receives a force that is perpendicular to the magnetic field of the permanent magnet and proportional to the current flowing in the coil.
From Ohm's law and Lorentz force equation, the current I changes more sensitively when the fixed resistance R is smaller with respect to changes in the input voltage V, so the speaker is more sensitive to the input voltage V. In order to increase the output sound pressure and make it easier to hear the sound of pianissimo, if the change in the input voltage V is increased, the vibration of the speaker will increase, and in order to increase the vibration of the speaker, audio equipment The power supply voltage is designed to be high.

一次電池の単位セルの起電力を上げる事に依って、携帯ラジオ等の携帯電気製品へのノイズ等を入り難くして回路設計をし易くすると共に、鉱物資源としての亜鉛よりも地球上に多く存在し、炭素棒電極との組み合わせで、亜鉛よりも高い起電力を起こす金属を一次電池の電極に使う事で、一次電池の単位セル当りのコストを下げ、マンガン乾電池やアルカリ乾電池よりも安く、起電力の高い、携帯用電気製品の電源として、電池の電極に向いている金属を使う方法。  Increasing the electromotive force of the unit cell of the primary battery makes it easier to design circuits by making it difficult for noise to enter portable electric products such as portable radios, and more on the earth than zinc as a mineral resource By using a metal that generates higher electromotive force than zinc in combination with a carbon rod electrode for the primary battery electrode, the cost per unit cell of the primary battery is reduced, cheaper than manganese dry batteries and alkaline dry batteries, A method of using metal that is suitable for battery electrodes as a power source for portable electrical products with high electromotive force.

電池とは、基本的には電極での電子の授受に依る酸化・還元反応の結果として外部に電流を取り出している物で、正・負の電極の物質のイオン化傾向の差に依って電池の起電力は決まり、金属類のイオン化傾向は
Ｌｉ＞Ｋ＞Ｃａ＞Ｎａ＞Ｍｇ＞Ａｌ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｃｒ＞Ｆｅ＞Ｃｄ＞Ｃｏ＞Ｎｉ＞Ｓｎ＞Ｐｂ＞（Ｈ）＞Ｃｕ＞Ｈｇ＞Ａｇ＞Ｐｔ＞Ａｕ＞ＰｂＯ_２
であり、水素イオン（Ｈ）を０．０００Ｖとして基準電圧に取ると、２５℃では
Ａｌ： −１．６７６Ｖ
Ｃｕ： ＋０．３３７Ｖ
であり、
Ｖ（Ｃｕ）−Ｖ（Ａｌ）＝＋０．３３７−（−１．６７６）＝＋２．０１３Ｖ
となり、鉛蓄電池とほぼ同じ起電力の一次電池の電極の組み合わせとなる。炭素（グラファイト）のイオン化傾向は、銅のイオン化傾向よりも少し小さいので、炭素とアルミニウムの電極の組み合わせは、銅とアルミニウムの電極の組み合わせよりも起電力が少し高く、２．２Ｖ程度になる。しかも、鉱物資源としての亜鉛とアルミニウムの元素の存在比は、上部大陸地殻中の平均組成として
１３Ａｌ：８１５０５ｐｐｍ
３０Ｚｎ： ６７ｐｐｍ
であり、上部大陸地殻中では、亜鉛よりもアルミニウムの方が絶対量的に存在量が多く、亜鉛とアルミニウムの密度は
Ａｌ：２．６９８９ｇ／ｃｍ^３ （２０℃）
Ｚｎ：７．１３ ｇ／ｃｍ^３ （２５℃）
なので、亜鉛はアルミニウムの２．６４２倍の密度が在り、この事からアルミニウムの方が亜鉛よりも密度が小さいので、電池の重さを同じ位にするならば、亜鉛よりも厚いアルミニウムの金属管を電池の電極に使う事が出来て、一次電池としては、亜鉛の電極よりもアルミニウムの電極の方が電池容量・出力電流、共に大きくする事が出来る。
アルミニウムは両性元素であり、酸のみに反応する、アルカリ金属や遷移元素とは違い、酸にもアルカリにも反応するので、電解質として使える金属塩類やアルカリ性化合物は、アルミニウムか、それよりもイオン化傾向の大きい金属塩類かアルカリ性化合物を使う。そうすれば、イオン化傾向の差で、アルミニウム電極に金属類が析出する事は無く、金属類のアルミニウム電極への析出で、電池の内部抵抗が大きくなる事は無い。起電力を減少させる、水素ガスを消滅させる為の減極剤には、マンガン酸（ＭｎＯ_２）等がある。A battery is basically a battery that draws out current as a result of oxidation / reduction reactions that depend on the exchange of electrons at the electrodes. Depending on the difference in ionization tendency of the positive and negative electrode materials, The electromotive force is determined, and the ionization tendency of metals is Li>K>Ca>Na>Mg>Al>Mn>Zn>Cr>Fe>Cd>Co>Ni>Sn>Pb>(H)>Cu>Hg> Ag >Pt>Au> PbO ₂
When hydrogen ion (H) is set to 0.000 V as a reference voltage,
Al: -1.676V
Cu: + 0.337V
And
V (Cu) -V (Al) = + 0.337-(-1.676) = + 2.013V
Thus, the primary battery electrode combination is almost the same as that of the lead storage battery. Since the ionization tendency of carbon (graphite) is slightly smaller than the ionization tendency of copper, the combination of carbon and aluminum electrodes has a slightly higher electromotive force than the combination of copper and aluminum electrodes, and is about 2.2V. Moreover, the abundance ratio of elements of zinc and aluminum as mineral resources is the average composition in the upper continental crust.
13Al: 81505ppm
30Zn: 67ppm
In the upper continental crust, aluminum is more abundant than zinc, and the density of zinc and aluminum is
Al: 2.6899 g / cm ³ (20 ° C.)
Zn: 7.13 g / cm ³ (25 ° C.)
So, zinc has a density 2.642 times that of aluminum, which is why aluminum has a lower density than zinc, so if the weight of the batteries is the same, the metal tube of aluminum that is thicker than zinc Can be used for battery electrodes, and as a primary battery, both aluminum battery capacity and output current can be made larger than those of zinc electrodes.
Aluminum is an amphoteric element. Unlike alkali metals and transition elements, which react only with acid, it reacts with both acid and alkali. Therefore, metal salts and alkaline compounds that can be used as electrolytes are either aluminum or more ionized. Use large metal salts or alkaline compounds. By doing so, the metal does not deposit on the aluminum electrode due to the difference in ionization tendency, and the internal resistance of the battery does not increase due to the deposition of the metal on the aluminum electrode. Examples of the depolarizer for reducing the electromotive force and extinguishing the hydrogen gas include manganic acid (MnO ₂ ).

この発明により、一次電池の公称電圧は１．５Ｖから２．２Ｖ程になり、一次電池の単位セル当りの公称電圧が上がった為に、携帯ラジオ等の携帯電気製品は、ノイズが含まれた電波信号の中から音声等の情報を取り出してスピーカーを鳴らす為の回路設計がし易くなり、また、亜鉛よりもアルミニウムの方が上部大陸地殻中の絶対存在量が多く、アルミニウムの方が亜鉛よりも密度が小さいので、電池の重さを同じ位にするならば、電極としては亜鉛よりも厚い金属管を使う事が出来て、一次電池としては、亜鉛電極よりもアルミニウム電極の方がコストも安く、電池容量・出力電流、両方共に大きくする事が出来る。  According to the present invention, the nominal voltage of the primary battery is about 1.5V to 2.2V, and the nominal voltage per unit cell of the primary battery is increased, so that portable electric products such as portable radios contain noise. It is easier to design circuits for extracting information such as voice from radio signals and sounding speakers, and aluminum has more absolute abundance in the upper continental crust than zinc, and aluminum is more zinc than zinc However, if the batteries are of the same weight, a metal tube thicker than zinc can be used as the electrode, and the aluminum electrode is more expensive than the zinc electrode as the primary battery. It is cheap and both battery capacity and output current can be increased.

電池とは、基本的には電極での電子の授受に依る酸化・還元反応の結果として外部に電流を取り出している物で、正・負の電極の物質のイオン化傾向の差に依って電池の起電力は決まり、金属類のイオン化傾向は
Ｌｉ＞Ｋ＞Ｃａ＞Ｎａ＞Ｍｇ＞Ａｌ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｃｒ＞Ｆｅ＞Ｃｄ＞Ｃｏ＞Ｎｉ＞Ｓｎ＞Ｐｂ＞（Ｈ）＞Ｃｕ＞Ｈｇ＞Ａｇ＞Ｐｔ＞Ａｕ＞ＰｂＯ_２
であり、水素イオン（Ｈ）を０．０００Ｖとして基準電圧に取ると、２５℃では
Ａｌ： −１．６７６Ｖ
Ｃｕ： ＋０．３３７Ｖ
であり、
Ｖ（Ｃｕ）−Ｖ（Ａｌ）＝＋０．３３７−（−１．６７６）＝＋２．０１３Ｖ
となり、鉛蓄電池とほぼ同じ起電力の一次電池の電極の組み合わせとなる。炭素（グラファイト）のイオン化傾向は、銅のイオン化傾向よりも少し小さいので、炭素とアルミニウムの電極の組み合わせは、銅とアルミニウムの電極の組み合わせよりも起電力が少し高く、２．２Ｖ程度になる。しかも、鉱物資源としての亜鉛とアルミニウムの元素の存在比は、上部大陸地殻中の平均組成として
_１３ Ａｌ：８１５０５ｐｐｍ
_３０ Ｚｎ： ６７ｐｐｍ
であり、上部大陸地殻中では、亜鉛よりもアルミニウムの方が絶対量的に存在量が多く、亜鉛とアルミニウムの密度は
Ａｌ：２．６９８９ｇ／ｃｍ^３ （２０℃）
Ｚｎ：７．１３ ｇ／ｃｍ^３ （２５℃）
なので、亜鉛はアルミニウムの２．６４２倍の密度が在り、この事からアルミニウムの方が亜鉛よりも密度が小さいので、電池の重さを同じ位にするならば、亜鉛よりも厚いアルミニウムの金属管を電池の電極に使う事が出来て、一次電池としては、亜鉛の電極よりもアルミニウムの電極の方が電池容量・出力電流、共に大きくする事が出来る。
アルミニウムは両性元素であり、酸のみに反応する、アルカリ金属や遷移元素とは違い、酸にもアルカリにも反応するので、電解質として使える金属塩類やアルカリ性化合物は、アルミニウムか、それよりもイオン化傾向の大きい金属塩類かアルカリ性化合物を使う。そうすれば、イオン化傾向の差で、アルミニウム電極に金属類が析出する事は無く、金属類のアルミニウム電極への析出で、電池の内部抵抗が大きくなる事は無い。起電力を減少させる、水素ガスを消滅させる為の減極剤には、マンガン酸（ＭｎＯ_２）等がある。A battery is basically a battery that draws out current as a result of oxidation / reduction reactions that depend on the exchange of electrons at the electrodes. Depending on the difference in ionization tendency of the positive and negative electrode materials, The electromotive force is determined, and the ionization tendency of metals is Li>K>Ca>Na>Mg>Al>Mn>Zn>Cr>Fe>Cd>Co>Ni>Sn>Pb>(H)>Cu>Hg> Ag >Pt>Au> PbO ₂
When hydrogen ion (H) is set to 0.000 V as a reference voltage,
Al: -1.676V
Cu: + 0.337V
And
V (Cu) -V (Al) = + 0.337-(-1.676) = + 2.013V
Thus, the primary battery electrode combination is almost the same as that of the lead storage battery. Since the ionization tendency of carbon (graphite) is slightly smaller than the ionization tendency of copper, the combination of carbon and aluminum electrodes has a slightly higher electromotive force than the combination of copper and aluminum electrodes, and is about 2.2V. Moreover, the abundance ratio of elements of zinc and aluminum as mineral resources is the average composition in the upper continental crust.
₁₃ Al: 81505 ppm
₃₀ Zn: 67 ppm
In the upper continental crust, aluminum is more abundant than zinc, and the density of zinc and aluminum is
Al: 2.6899 g / cm ³ (20 ° C.)
Zn: 7.13 g / cm ³ (25 ° C.)
So, zinc has a density 2.642 times that of aluminum, which is why aluminum has a lower density than zinc, so if the weight of the batteries is the same, the metal tube of aluminum that is thicker than zinc Can be used for battery electrodes, and as a primary battery, both aluminum battery capacity and output current can be made larger than those of zinc electrodes.
Aluminum is an amphoteric element. Unlike alkali metals and transition elements, which react only with acid, it reacts with both acid and alkali. Therefore, metal salts and alkaline compounds that can be used as electrolytes are either aluminum or more ionized. Use large metal salts or alkaline compounds. By doing so, the metal does not deposit on the aluminum electrode due to the difference in ionization tendency, and the internal resistance of the battery does not increase due to the deposition of metal on the aluminum electrode. Examples of the depolarizer for reducing the electromotive force and extinguishing the hydrogen gas include manganic acid (MnO ₂ ).

Claims (1)

鉛蓄電池と同じ起電力の一次電池の電極の組み合わせ  Primary battery electrode combination of the same electromotive force as the lead acid battery