JP2018177621A - Oxide semiconductor single crystal, method for manufacturing the same, transparent conductive material and transparent conductive substrate - Google Patents

Oxide semiconductor single crystal, method for manufacturing the same, transparent conductive material and transparent conductive substrate Download PDF

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JP2018177621A
JP2018177621A JP2017084553A JP2017084553A JP2018177621A JP 2018177621 A JP2018177621 A JP 2018177621A JP 2017084553 A JP2017084553 A JP 2017084553A JP 2017084553 A JP2017084553 A JP 2017084553A JP 2018177621 A JP2018177621 A JP 2018177621A
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JP6933359B2 (en
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宣明 宮川
Nobuaki Miyagawa
宣明 宮川
佑典 田中
Sukenori Tanaka
佑典 田中
一啓 和田
Kazuhiro Wada
一啓 和田
昇 君塚
Noboru Kimitsu
昇 君塚
ブラウン フランシスコ
Brown Francisco
ブラウン フランシスコ
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Tokyo University of Science
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Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide: an oxide semiconductor single crystal having a larger size compared with a conventional single crystal having a micron order size and having a high occupancy of 1:1:1:4 phase crystal (InGaZnO); a method for manufacturing the same; a transparent conductive material; and a transparent conductive substrate.SOLUTION: The method for manufacturing an oxide semiconductor single crystal includes the step of manufacturing the oxide semiconductor single crystal having a composition represented by (InGaO)(ZnO)(m≥1, n≥1, m, n: an integer) by heating a sample rod including indium, gallium and zinc at a molar ratio represented by In:Ga:Zn=1:1:a (a>1) at a pressure of more than 1 atmosphere in an oxygen containing atmosphere by a floating zone method and cooling a melt formed by the heating.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2A

Description

本発明は、酸化物半導体単結晶及びその製造方法、透明導電性材料、並びに透明導電性基板に関する。   The present invention relates to an oxide semiconductor single crystal and a method for producing the same, a transparent conductive material, and a transparent conductive substrate.

非晶質のIn−Ga−Zn−Oから構成される材料(IGZO)は、電気抵抗率が半導体的な値を示し、非晶質シリコン(a−Si)と同等以上の移動度を発現し得るものとして報告されており(例えば、非特許文献1参照)、従来から、いわゆるIGZO系の材料として注目を浴びている。   A material (IGZO) composed of amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O exhibits a semiconductive value of electric resistivity, and exhibits a mobility equal to or higher than that of amorphous silicon (a-Si). It is reported as a thing to obtain (for example, refer nonpatent literature 1), and attracts attention as a so-called IGZO system material conventionally.

また、IGZO系酸化物材料の製造法のうち、単結晶を製造する方法としては、一般に、固相反応法をはじめ、フラックス法、ゾーンメルト法、引き上げ法、ガラスアニール法等を利用して製造する技術が広く知られている。例えば固相反応法を利用した単結晶の製造は、幾つか試みられた例がある(例えば、非特許文献2〜3参照)。
一方、集光式浮遊帯溶融法(フローティングゾーン法)によりCuAlO単結晶を製造することが開示されている(例えば、特許文献1参照)。
In addition, among methods for producing IGZO-based oxide materials, as a method for producing a single crystal, generally, a solid phase reaction method, a flux method, a zone melt method, a pulling method, a glass annealing method, etc. are used. Techniques are widely known. For example, there have been some attempts to produce single crystals using a solid phase reaction method (see, for example, non-patent documents 2 to 3).
On the other hand, it is disclosed that a CuAlO 2 single crystal is manufactured by a condensing floating zone melting method (floating zone method) (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

特開2004−91222号公報JP 2004-91222 A

Nature, 432(2004), p.488-492Nature, 432 (2004), p. 488-492. M.Nespolo et.al. Cryst. Res. Technol. 35(2000) p.151-165M. Nespolo et. Al. Cryst. Res. Technol. 35 (2000) p. 151-165 W. Assenmacher et. Al. J. Solid St. Chem. 215(2014) p.176-183W. Assenmacher et. Al. J. Solid St. Chem. 215 (2014) p. 176-183

従来から、IGZO系酸化物材料の単結晶を製造する試みはなされているが、いずれもミクロンサイズの極微小な単結晶が育成した報告があるに留まり、物性測定が可能な程度のサイズのバルク状単結晶を育成するに至った報告例はない。   In the past, attempts have been made to produce single crystals of IGZO-based oxide materials, but all have been reported to have grown very small single crystals of micron size, and bulks of such sizes that physical properties can be measured. There have been no reports on the growth of crystalline single crystals.

単結晶のサイズがあまり小さ過ぎると、結晶精度の信頼性が低いばかりか、物性測定が制限され、単結晶の応用が促されない課題がある。   If the size of the single crystal is too small, not only the reliability of the crystal accuracy is low, but also the physical property measurement is limited, and the application of the single crystal is not promoted.

本開示は、上記に鑑みてなされたものである。即ち、
本発明の一実施形態が解決しようとする課題は、従来のミクロンオーダーサイズの単結晶に比べて大サイズであり、1:1:1:4相の結晶(InGaZnO)の占有率の高い酸化物半導体単結晶及びその製造方法を提供することにある。
本発明の他の実施形態が解決しようとする課題は、良好な導電性を有する透明導電性材料及び透明導電性基板を提供することにある。
The present disclosure has been made in view of the above. That is,
The problem to be solved by one embodiment of the present invention is a large-size oxide compared to a conventional micron-order-sized single crystal, and a high occupancy ratio of a 1: 1: 1: 4 phase crystal (InGaZnO 4 ). An object is to provide an object semiconductor single crystal and a method of manufacturing the same.
The problem to be solved by another embodiment of the present invention is to provide a transparent conductive material and a transparent conductive substrate having good conductivity.

上記の課題を解決するための具体的手段には、以下の態様が含まれる。
<1> インジウム(In)、ガリウム(Ga)、及び亜鉛(Zn)を下記式1で表されるモル比で含む試料棒を、集光式浮遊帯溶融法(フローティングゾーン法)により1気圧を越える圧力下、酸素含有雰囲気中で加熱し、加熱により生成した融液を冷却することにより、下記式2で表される組成を有する酸化物半導体の単結晶を製造する工程を含む酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法である。
In:Ga:Zn=1:1:a ・・・式1
(InGaO(ZnO) ・・・式2
式1において、aは、組成中に占めるZnのモル比を表し、a>1を満たす。式2中、m及びnは、整数を表し、m≧1及びn≧1を満たす。
The following modes are included in the specific means for solving said subject.
<1> A sample bar containing indium (In), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn) in a molar ratio represented by the following formula 1 is subjected to 1 atm by the light-collecting floating zone melting method (floating zone method) An oxide semiconductor single process including a step of producing a single crystal of an oxide semiconductor having a composition represented by the following formula 2 by heating in an oxygen-containing atmosphere under excess pressure and cooling the melt produced by heating. It is a manufacturing method of a crystal.
In: Ga: Zn = 1: 1: a Formula 1
(InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n Formula 2
In Formula 1, a represents a molar ratio of Zn in the composition, and satisfies a> 1. In Formula 2, m and n represent an integer, and satisfy m ≧ 1 and n ≧ 1.

<2> 前記圧力が、5気圧以上である前記<1>に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法である。   <2> The method for producing an oxide semiconductor single crystal according to <1>, wherein the pressure is 5 atmospheres or more.

<3> 前記aが、1.05以上である前記<1>又は前記<2>に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法である。   <3> The method for producing an oxide semiconductor single crystal according to <1> or <2>, wherein a is 1.05 or more.

<4> 前記式2で表される組成を有する酸化物半導体の単結晶が、InGaZnO単結晶である前記<1>〜前記<3>のいずれか1つに記載の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法である。 <4> The oxide semiconductor single crystal according to any one of <1> to <3>, wherein the single crystal of the oxide semiconductor having the composition represented by the formula 2 is an InGaZnO 4 single crystal. It is a manufacturing method.

<5> 前記単結晶を製造する工程の後、更に、製造された前記単結晶を酸素含有雰囲気下、250℃以上の温度域で熱処理する工程を含む前記<1>〜前記<4>のいずれか1つに記載の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法である。   Any one of said <1>-<4> including the process of heat-processing the said produced single crystal in temperature range of 250 degreeC or more in oxygen-containing atmosphere after the process of producing <5> said single crystal further It is a manufacturing method of the oxide semiconductor single crystal as described in or one.

<6> 前記熱処理する工程は、酸素含有雰囲気中の酸素濃度を、体積基準で21%〜100%の範囲で調節しながら熱処理する前記<1>〜前記<5>のいずれか1つに記載の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法である。
<7> 下記式2で表される組成を有し、かつ、a軸−b軸面方向の電気伝導度σabが50S/cm以上であり、c軸方向の電気伝導度σが0.1S/cm〜1.0S/cmである、酸化物半導体単結晶である。
(InGaO(ZnO) ・・・式2
式2において、m及びnは、整数を表し、m≧1及びn≧1を満たす。
<6> The process of the heat treatment described in any one of <1> to <5>, wherein the heat treatment is performed while adjusting the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing atmosphere in the range of 21% to 100% on a volume basis. Is a method for producing an oxide semiconductor single crystal.
<7> has a composition represented by the following formula 2, and the electrical conductivity σ ab in the a-axis and b-axis surface directions is 50 S / cm or more, and the electrical conductivity σ c in the c-axis direction is 0. It is an oxide semiconductor single crystal which is 1 S / cm to 1.0 S / cm.
(InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n Formula 2
In Formula 2, m and n represent an integer, and satisfy m ≧ 1 and n ≧ 1.

<8> 前記式2中のm及びnが、m=n=1を満たす前記<7>に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶である。   <8> The oxide semiconductor single crystal according to <7>, wherein m and n in the formula 2 satisfy m = n = 1.

<9> 前記<7>又は前記<8>に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶を含む透明導電性材料である。
<10> 前記<7>又は前記<8>に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶を含む透明導電性基板である。
It is a transparent conductive material containing the oxide semiconductor single crystal as described in <9> said <7> or said <8>.
<10> A transparent conductive substrate including the oxide semiconductor single crystal according to <7> or <8>.

本発明の一実施形態によれば、従来のミクロンオーダーサイズの単結晶に比べて大サイズであり、1:1:1:4相の結晶(InGaZnO)の占有率の高い酸化物半導体単結晶及びその製造方法が提供される。
本発明の他の実施形態によれば、良好な導電性を有する透明導電性材料及び透明導電性基板が提供される。
According to one embodiment of the present invention, an oxide semiconductor single crystal having a large size and a high occupancy of a 1: 1: 1: 4 phase crystal (InGaZnO 4 ) as compared to a conventional micron-order-sized single crystal And a method of manufacturing the same.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a transparent conductive material and a transparent conductive substrate having good conductivity are provided.

フローティングゾーン装置の一例の概略の構成を示す概略断面図である。It is a schematic sectional drawing which shows the schematic structure of an example of a floating zone apparatus. フローティングゾーン法により結晶を育成していく過程を説明するための説明図である。It is an explanatory view for explaining a process of growing a crystal by a floating zone method. 結晶育成条件を説明するための説明図である。It is an explanatory view for explaining crystal growth conditions. フローティングゾーン法で結晶育成している過程の炉内の試料の様子を示す写真である。It is a photograph which shows the appearance of the sample in the furnace of the process in which the crystal is grown by the floating zone method. 圧力0.9MPa、出発物質の混合比(In:Ga:ZnO)1:1:2.2の条件で育成した単結晶のXRD強度比を示す図である。Pressure 0.9 MPa, the mixture ratio of the starting materials (In 2 O 3: Ga 2 O 3: ZnO) 1: 1: is a view showing an XRD intensity ratio of the single crystal grown by 2.2 conditions. アニール処理前の単結晶片の外観を示す写真である。It is a photograph which shows the appearance of the single crystal piece before annealing treatment. アニール処理後の単結晶片の外観を示す写真である。It is a photograph which shows the external appearance of the single-crystal piece after annealing treatment. アニール処理前後の透過率を対比して示すグラフである。It is a graph which compares and shows the transmittance | permeability before and behind annealing treatment. 圧力0.8MPa、出発物質の混合比(In:Ga:ZnO)1:1:2.2の条件で育成した単結晶のXRD強度比を示す図である。Pressure 0.8 MPa, the mixture ratio of the starting materials (In 2 O 3: Ga 2 O 3: ZnO) 1: 1: is a view showing an XRD intensity ratio of the single crystal grown by 2.2 conditions. 大気圧、出発物質の混合比(In:Ga:ZnO)1:1:2の条件で育成した結晶のXRD強度比を示す図である。Atmospheric pressure, the mixing ratio of the starting materials (In 2 O 3: Ga 2 O 3: ZnO) 1: 1: is a view showing an XRD intensity ratio of the grown crystals in the second condition. 圧力0.9MPa、出発物質の混合比(In:Ga:ZnO)1:1:2の条件で育成した単結晶のXRD強度比を示す図である。Pressure 0.9 MPa, the mixture ratio of the starting materials (In 2 O 3: Ga 2 O 3: ZnO) 1: 1: is a view showing an XRD intensity ratio of the single crystal grown in the second condition.

以下、本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶及びその製造方法について詳細に説明し、この説明を通じて、本開示の透明導電性材料及び透明導電性基板の詳細についても述べることとする。   Hereinafter, the oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure and a method for producing the same will be described in detail, and through the description, details of the transparent conductive material and the transparent conductive substrate of the present disclosure will also be described.

また、本明細書中の「工程」の用語は、独立した工程だけではなく、他の工程と明確に区別できない場合であっても、その工程の所期の目的が達成されれば本用語に含まれる。   In addition, the term "step" in the present specification is not limited to an independent step, and may be referred to as the term if the intended purpose of the step is achieved, even if it can not be clearly distinguished from other steps. included.

本明細書において、「〜」を用いて示された数値範囲は、「〜」の前後に記載された数値をそれぞれ最小値及び最大値として含む範囲を示す。本開示に段階的に記載されている数値範囲において、ある数値範囲で記載された上限値又は下限値は、他の段階的な記載の数値範囲の上限値又は下限値に置き換えてもよい。また、本開示に記載されている数値範囲において、ある数値範囲で記載された上限値又は下限値は、実施例に示されている値に置き換えてもよい。   In this specification, the numerical range shown using "-" shows the range which includes the numerical value described before and after "-" as the minimum value and the maximum value, respectively. The upper limit value or the lower limit value described in a certain numerical value range may be replaced with the upper limit value or the lower limit value of the other stepwise description numerical value range in the numerical value range described stepwise in the present disclosure. Further, in the numerical range described in the present disclosure, the upper limit value or the lower limit value described in a certain numerical range may be replaced with the value shown in the example.

<酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法>
本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法は、インジウム(In)、ガリウム(Ga)、及び亜鉛(Zn)を下記式1で表されるモル比で含む試料棒を、フローティングゾーン法により1気圧を越える圧力下、酸素含有雰囲気中で加熱し、加熱により生成した融液を冷却することにより、下記式2で表される酸化物半導体の単結晶を製造する工程(以下、「単結晶製造工程」ともいう。)を含み、好ましくは製造された単結晶を熱処理する工程(以下、「熱処理工程」ともいう。)を含み、必要に応じて、更に他の工程を有していてもよい。
<Method of manufacturing oxide semiconductor single crystal>
The method for producing an oxide semiconductor single crystal according to the present disclosure uses a floating zone method at 1 atmosphere pressure for a sample rod containing indium (In), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn) in a molar ratio represented by the following formula 1 A step of producing a single crystal of an oxide semiconductor represented by the following formula 2 by heating in an oxygen-containing atmosphere under a pressure exceeding N and cooling the melt produced by heating (hereinafter referred to as “single crystal production step ), And preferably includes a step of heat treating the produced single crystal (hereinafter also referred to as “heat treatment step”), and may further include other steps, as necessary.

In:Ga:Zn=1:1:a (式1)
式1において、aは、組成中に占めるZnのモル比を表し、a>1を満たす。
(InGaO(ZnO) (式2)
式2において、m及びnは、それぞれ独立に整数を表し、m≧1及びn≧1を満たす。
In: Ga: Zn = 1: 1: a (Equation 1)
In Formula 1, a represents a molar ratio of Zn in the composition, and satisfies a> 1.
(InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n (Equation 2)
In Formula 2, m and n each independently represent an integer, and satisfy m ≧ 1 and n ≧ 1.

従来から、固相反応法等の方法を利用してIGZO系酸化物材料の単結晶を製造する試みはなされているが、ミクロンサイズの極微小な単結晶が育成した報告があるに留まり、物性の測定が可能な程度のサイズのバルク状単結晶を育成し得る方法については、未だ報告された例はないのが実情である。
IGZO系酸化物は、インジウム(In)、ガリウム(Ga)、及び亜鉛(Zn)を含む酸化物であり、含有元素のうち、In及びZnの酸化物は、Gaの酸化物に比べて蒸気圧が大きく、結晶育成中にIn及びZnの酸化物が蒸発して所期の組成を保持することが難しいとされてきた。特に組成中のZn成分は、含有比が低くなる傾向がある。
そのため、フローティングゾーン法のように高温環境で結晶を育成する方法は、蒸気圧の高い成分の蒸発を招き、蒸気圧の大きいIn及びZnの酸化物を含む単結晶の製造には、例えば固相反応法などの他の方法が適用されるのが一般的であった。
Conventionally, attempts have been made to manufacture single crystals of IGZO-based oxide materials using methods such as solid phase reaction methods, but there are reports that very small single crystals of micron size have grown, The fact that no method has been reported yet can be used to grow bulk single crystals having a size that allows measurement of.
The IGZO-based oxide is an oxide containing indium (In), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn), and among the contained elements, the oxides of In and Zn have a vapor pressure compared to the oxide of Ga. In the crystal growth, oxides of In and Zn evaporate and it has been considered difficult to maintain the desired composition. In particular, the Zn component in the composition tends to have a low content ratio.
Therefore, a method of growing crystals in a high temperature environment, such as the floating zone method, causes evaporation of a component having a high vapor pressure, and for example, a solid phase for producing single crystals containing In and Zn oxides having a large vapor pressure. Other methods, such as reaction methods, have generally been applied.

上記の事情を踏まえ、本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法では、結晶の育成環境を大気圧より高めたフローティングゾーン法を適用し、かつ、フローティングゾーン法で結晶育成する際に用いる試料の組成を、Znの含有比をIn及びGaより高めた組成として、IGZO系酸化物材料の単結晶を製造する。これにより、試料中の成分の蒸発が抑えられ、成分の蒸発に伴う特定元素(例えば酸化状態での蒸気圧が高いZn等)の含有比の著しい変化が抑制される。結果、(InGaO(ZnO)の組成を有する酸化物半導体の単結晶が形成されやすい。また、フローティングゾーン法により試料が液相化することにより、(InGaO(ZnO)の組成を有する単結晶を、ミクロンサイズの従来の単結晶よりサイズが大きく、かつ、厚みのあるバルク状の単結晶として製造することができる。 Based on the above circumstances, in the method for producing an oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure, a floating zone method in which the growth environment of crystals is higher than atmospheric pressure is applied, and a sample used for crystal growth by the floating zone method A single crystal of an IGZO-based oxide material is manufactured using a composition in which the content ratio of Zn is higher than In and Ga. Thereby, evaporation of the component in the sample is suppressed, and a significant change in the content ratio of the specific element (for example, Zn having a high vapor pressure in the oxidation state) accompanying the evaporation of the component is suppressed. As a result, a single crystal of an oxide semiconductor having a composition of (InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n is easily formed. In addition, a single crystal having a composition of (InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n is bulked with a size larger than that of a conventional micron-sized single crystal and having a thickness due to the sample becoming liquid phase by the floating zone method. Can be produced as a single crystal of

以下に、本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法における各工程について詳述する。   Below, each process in the manufacturing method of the oxide semiconductor single crystal of this indication is explained in full detail.

−単結晶製造工程−
本開示における単結晶製造工程は、In(インジウム)、Ga(ガリウム)、及びZn(亜鉛)を式1で表されるモル比で含む試料棒を、フローティングゾーン法により1気圧を越える圧力下、酸素含有雰囲気中で加熱し、加熱により生成した融液を冷却することにより、式2で表される酸化物半導体の単結晶を製造する。
In:Ga:Zn=1:1:a 式1
(InGaO(ZnO) 式2
なお、式1において、aは、組成中に占めるZnのモル比を表し、a>1を満たす。式2において、m及びnは、それぞれ独立に整数を表し、m≧1及びn≧1を満たす。
-Single crystal production process-
In the single crystal production process of the present disclosure, a sample rod containing In (indium), Ga (gallium), and Zn (zinc) in a molar ratio represented by Formula 1 is subjected to floating zone method under a pressure exceeding 1 atm. The single crystal of the oxide semiconductor represented by Formula 2 is manufactured by heating in an oxygen-containing atmosphere and cooling the melt produced by the heating.
In: Ga: Zn = 1: 1: a Formula 1
(InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n formula 2
In Formula 1, a represents a molar ratio of Zn in the composition, and satisfies a> 1. In Formula 2, m and n each independently represent an integer, and satisfy m ≧ 1 and n ≧ 1.

フローティングゾーン法(FZ法(Floating Zone法);集光式浮遊帯溶融法)は、銅酸化物超伝導材料を含む酸化物単結晶の製造に一般に用いられる手法であり、図1に示すように、ハロゲンランプ12からの光を回転楕円体ミラー14によって集光し、溶融場である石英管16内において多結晶からなるロッド状試料棒20の一部を高温にして融液(融解部分)を保持し、徐々にロッド状試料棒20を移動させて融解部分をゆっくり冷やしていくことで単結晶を得ることができる。ロッド状試料棒20の下部には、種結晶18を配置することができる。ロッド状試料棒20を高温で融かすため、試料中に蒸気圧の高い成分が含まれると組成に変化を来たし、所望とする組成の結晶が得られにくい。
IGZO系酸化物材料に含まれるIn及びZnの酸化物は、比較的蒸気圧が高く、蒸発しやすいため、通常はフローティングゾーン法による結晶化には適さない。
このような状況下、本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法では、フローティングゾーン法を利用して結晶育成する際の石英管内の圧力を高め、単結晶の育成を行う。具体的には、1気圧を越える加圧雰囲気下で試料棒をフローティングゾーン法で加熱して融液にし、単結晶化を試みると、試料棒に含まれるIn及びZnの酸化物成分の蒸発が抑えられる。これにより、(InGaO(ZnO)で表され、かつ、バルク状の酸化物半導体の単結晶を製造することが可能になる。この際、単結晶の育成に用いる試料棒は、In及びGaに対してZnの含有濃度が高い組成を有していることが好ましい。
Floating zone method (FZ method (Floating Zone method); condensing floating zone melting method) is a method generally used for the production of an oxide single crystal containing a copper oxide superconducting material, as shown in FIG. The light from the halogen lamp 12 is collected by the spheroid mirror 14 and a portion of the rod-shaped sample rod 20 made of polycrystal in the quartz tube 16 which is a melting field is heated to a high temperature to melt (melted portion) The single crystal can be obtained by holding and gradually moving the rod-shaped sample rod 20 to cool the melting portion slowly. The seed crystal 18 can be disposed below the rod-shaped sample rod 20. Since the rod-shaped sample rod 20 is melted at a high temperature, if a component having a high vapor pressure is contained in the sample, the composition changes and it is difficult to obtain crystals of the desired composition.
The oxides of In and Zn contained in the IGZO-based oxide material have a relatively high vapor pressure and are easily evaporated, and thus are not generally suitable for crystallization by the floating zone method.
Under such circumstances, in the method for producing an oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure, the pressure in the quartz tube at the time of crystal growth is raised by using the floating zone method to grow a single crystal. Specifically, when a sample rod is heated to a melt by a floating zone method in a pressurized atmosphere exceeding 1 atm, and single crystallization is attempted, evaporation of oxide components of In and Zn contained in the sample rod It is suppressed. Accordingly, it is possible to manufacture a single crystal of an oxide semiconductor which is represented by (InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n and in a bulk state. Under the present circumstances, it is preferable that the sample stick | rod used for growth of a single crystal has a composition with high content density of Zn with respect to In and Ga.

本工程では、式1で表されるモル比で含む試料棒が用いられる。
試料棒は、フローティングゾーン法で単結晶を育成する過程で形成する融液の原料となる試料であり、本開示における単結晶製造工程では、酸化状態で蒸発しやすいZn(下記の反応式参照)の試料棒中における含有比率を高める。
In+Ga+2ZnO → 2(InGaO)ZnO
→ (InGaOZnO+ZnO↑
これにより、単結晶の育成過程でZnが蒸発等で特異的に減少する等が原因で、In及びGaに対して相対的にZnが不足することによって他の組成(例えば2:2:1:7相の結晶(InGaZnO))が生成されやすくなることが抑制されるため、1:1:1:4相の結晶(InGaZnO)の生成を促進することができる。
In this step, a sample rod containing the molar ratio represented by Formula 1 is used.
The sample rod is a sample serving as a raw material of a melt formed in the process of growing a single crystal by the floating zone method, and in the single crystal production process in the present disclosure, Zn easily evaporates in an oxidized state (see reaction formula below) Increase the content ratio in the sample bar of
In 2 O 3 + Ga 2 O 3 + 2ZnO → 2 (InGaO 3 ) ZnO
→ (InGaO 3 ) 2 ZnO + ZnO ↑
As a result, Zn is specifically reduced due to evaporation or the like in the growth process of a single crystal, and Zn is relatively deficient with respect to In and Ga, whereby another composition (for example, 2: 2: 1: Since it is suppressed that seven phase crystals (In 2 Ga 2 ZnO 7 )) are easily generated, generation of a 1: 1: 1: 4 phase crystal (InGaZnO 4 ) can be promoted.

具体的には、試料棒を、In:Ga:Zn(モル比)=1:1:a(a>1)の関係を満たす組成とする。
試料棒中のZnのモル比aは、1より大きい範囲であればバルク状の単結晶を得やすい。中でも、試料棒の組成中に占めるZnのモル比aとしては、1.05以上の範囲(In及びGaに対して5%以上多い範囲)が好ましく、1.10以上の範囲(In及びGaに対して10%以上多い範囲)がより好ましい。モル比aの上限は、特に制限されるものではなく、3.00以下としてもよい。
組成中のZnのモル比aが1.05以上の範囲であると、2:2:1:7相の結晶(InGaZnO)等の他の組成の生成がより抑えられ、1:1:1:4相の単結晶(InGaZnO結晶)がより安定的に得られやすくなる。
Specifically, the sample rod has a composition that satisfies the relationship of In: Ga: Zn (molar ratio) = 1: 1: a (a> 1).
If the molar ratio a of Zn in the sample rod is in a range larger than 1, it is easy to obtain a bulk single crystal. Among them, the molar ratio a of Zn occupied in the composition of the sample rod is preferably in the range of 1.05 or more (a range of 5% or more more than In and Ga), and in the range of 1.10 or more (In and Ga) The range of 10% or more) is more preferable. The upper limit of the molar ratio a is not particularly limited, and may be 3.00 or less.
If the molar ratio a of Zn in the composition is in the range of 1.05 or more, the formation of other compositions such as a 2: 2: 1: 7 phase crystal (In 2 Ga 2 ZnO 7 ) is further suppressed, and 1 It becomes easier to obtain a single crystal of 1: 1: 4 phase (InGaZnO 4 crystal) more stably.

前記式2において、整数を表すm及びnは、m≧1及びn≧1を満たす。
mの範囲としては、1〜3であってもよく、1〜2であってもよい。
nの範囲としては、特に制限はなく、1〜5であってもよく、1〜3であってもよく、1〜2であってもよい。
m及びnの好ましい範囲は、mが1〜2であり、かつ、nが1〜2である範囲としてもよい。半導体材料として好適な組成の一つとして、m及びnは、m=n=1(即ち、1:1:1:4相の単結晶(InGaZnO結晶))であってもよい。
In the formula 2, m and n representing integers satisfy m ≧ 1 and n ≧ 1.
The range of m may be 1 to 3 or 1 to 2.
The range of n is not particularly limited, and may be 1 to 5, or 1 to 3, or 1 to 2.
The preferable range of m and n may be a range in which m is 1 to 2 and n is 1 to 2. As one of the compositions suitable as a semiconductor material, m and n may be m = n = 1 (that is, a 1: 1: 1: 4 phase single crystal (InGaZnO 4 crystal)).

本工程では、上記の試料棒を用い、フローティングゾーン法により1気圧を越える加圧雰囲気下で試料棒を加熱する。これにより、融液を生成した際の含有成分の蒸発が抑えられ、(InGaO(ZnO)の組成を有するバルク状の酸化物半導体の単結晶が育成される。
加圧雰囲気下で融液を生成して単結晶化する際の圧力は、上記と同様の理由から、5気圧以上が好ましく、7気圧以上がより好ましい。圧力の上限は、装置の性能上の点で、9気圧以下とされてもよい。
At this process, a sample rod is heated by the floating zone method in the pressurization atmosphere over 1 atmosphere using the above-mentioned sample rod. Thus, evaporation of the components at the time of generating the melt is suppressed, and a bulk oxide semiconductor single crystal having a composition of (InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n is grown.
From the same reason as above, the pressure at which the melt is produced and single crystallized under a pressurized atmosphere is preferably 5 atm or more, more preferably 7 atm or more. The upper limit of the pressure may be 9 atm or less in terms of the performance of the device.

融液が生成される空間(一般には石英管)内の圧力は、空間内に大気などの酸素含有ガスを一端から供給することによって雰囲気圧を制御することで調節することができる。
例えば石英管に大気を一端から供給する場合、管内の圧力は、装置に取り付けた圧力計によって把握することができる。
The pressure in the space (generally a quartz tube) in which the melt is generated can be adjusted by controlling the atmospheric pressure by supplying an oxygen-containing gas such as the atmosphere into the space from one end.
For example, when the atmosphere is supplied to the quartz tube from one end, the pressure in the tube can be grasped by a pressure gauge attached to the device.

本工程では、上記の加圧環境下、フローティングゾーン法により試料棒を酸素含有雰囲気中で加熱する。酸素含有雰囲気中で加熱することにより、製造される単結晶中の酸素欠陥が少なく抑えられると考えられる。
融液を生成する管内の酸素含有雰囲気中の酸素含有量は、酸素欠陥の少ない単結晶を得る観点から、体積基準で21%〜100%の範囲が好ましい。
融液が生成される管内の酸素濃度は、原理的には酸素分圧依存性を持つジルコニア固体電解質を利用した素子を利用するジルコニア式酸素濃度計にて求められる値であり、例えば、横河電気株式会社の一体型ジルコニア酸素濃度計ZR202Gを用いて測定することができる。
In this step, the sample rod is heated in an oxygen-containing atmosphere by the floating zone method in the above-described pressurized environment. By heating in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, it is considered that oxygen defects in a single crystal to be produced can be reduced.
The oxygen content in the oxygen-containing atmosphere in the tube for producing the melt is preferably in the range of 21% to 100% on a volume basis, from the viewpoint of obtaining a single crystal with few oxygen defects.
The oxygen concentration in the tube in which the melt is generated is, in principle, a value determined by a zirconia-type oximeter using an element utilizing a zirconia solid electrolyte having an oxygen partial pressure dependency, for example, Yokogawa It can measure using integral type zirconia oximeter ZR202G of the electric corporation | Co., Ltd. | KK.

試料棒を融かして融液部とする際の加熱温度は、試料棒から融液にすることができる温度であれば特に制限されるものではない。
加熱温度は、装置中のランプに供給する電力に相関するものであり、ランプ出力を変化させることにより加熱温度を調整することができる。ランプの電力は、400W〜800Wの範囲としてよい。
試料棒を部分的に加熱して融液部を形成して単結晶を育成する場合、例えば図1に示すように、ハロゲンランプ等の光源からの光を回転楕円体ミラーによって集光し、溶融場である石英管内において多結晶で作った試料棒の一部を融液の状態で保持することが好ましい。この際、試料棒の融液部の状態を適宜観察し、確認しながら、ランプの出力を調節することが好ましい。
ランプ出力が大きくなり過ぎないように調節することで、融液量が増え過ぎるのを回避し、融液が垂れることを防止することができる。また、ランプ出力が小さくなり過ぎないように調節することで、融液が不足しない範囲に保持でき、融液が少なくなり過ぎて上下軸が衝突して軸がぶれるのを回避することができる。
The heating temperature at the time of melting a sample rod and setting it as a melt part will not be restrict | limited especially if it is the temperature which can be made into a melt from a sample rod.
The heating temperature is correlated to the power supplied to the lamps in the apparatus, and the heating temperature can be adjusted by changing the lamp output. The lamp power may range from 400W to 800W.
When a sample rod is partially heated to form a melt portion to grow a single crystal, for example, as shown in FIG. 1, light from a light source such as a halogen lamp is collected by a spheroid mirror and melted. It is preferable to hold a part of the sample rod made of polycrystal in the form of a melt in a quartz tube which is a field. Under the present circumstances, it is preferable to adjust the output of a lamp, observing suitably the state of the melt part of a sample stick, and confirming it.
By adjusting the lamp output not to be too large, it is possible to prevent the melt amount from increasing excessively and to prevent the melt from dripping. Further, by adjusting the lamp output not to be too small, it is possible to keep the melt in a range that is not insufficient, and it is possible to avoid the collision of the upper and lower axes due to the melt becoming too small.

上記のように加熱によって生成された融液は冷却され、融液部をゆっくり冷やしていくことで単結晶が得られる。
フローティングゾーン法による場合、例えば図2Aに示すように、融液部を表面張力によって支えながら、試料棒を移動させて全体を下方に移動させることで融液部を冷却して単結晶を製造する。
The melt generated by heating as described above is cooled, and a single crystal is obtained by slowly cooling the melt portion.
In the case of the floating zone method, for example, as shown in FIG. 2A, while the melt portion is supported by surface tension, the sample rod is moved and the whole is moved downward to cool the melt portion to produce a single crystal. .

フローティングゾーン法により単結晶を製造する方法を具体的に説明する。
まず初めに、試料棒を作製するためのInGaZnO多結晶を作製する。即ち、
出発物質を秤量し、秤量した出発物質に溶媒を加えて混合し、混合した溶媒は蒸発除去する。混合方法には、特に制限はなく、例えば、乳鉢を用い、乳棒を用いて混合してもよい。
混合は、溶媒を加えて行う湿式混合が好ましい。湿式混合によると、粉体をより均一に混合できる点で有利である。
混合時に用いる溶媒としては、出発物質との反応性が低い溶媒が好ましく、例えば、アルコール溶媒(例えばエタノール)、ケトン溶媒(例えばアセトン)等を用いることができる。中でも、混合時又は混合終了後に容易に蒸発する溶媒が好ましく、アルコール溶媒は好ましい。
また、混合時に用いる溶媒の混合量としては、出発物質の合計質量に対して、70質量%〜150質量%が好ましく、80質量%〜120質量%がより好ましい。
The method of producing a single crystal by the floating zone method will be specifically described.
First, InGaZnO 4 polycrystals for producing a sample rod are produced. That is,
The starting material is weighed, the solvent is added to the weighed starting material and mixed, and the mixed solvent is removed by evaporation. There is no restriction | limiting in particular in the mixing method, For example, you may mix using a mortar using a mortar.
The mixing is preferably wet mixing performed by adding a solvent. Wet mixing is advantageous in that the powder can be mixed more uniformly.
As a solvent used at the time of mixing, a solvent having low reactivity with the starting material is preferable. For example, an alcohol solvent (for example, ethanol), a ketone solvent (for example, acetone) or the like can be used. Among them, a solvent which evaporates easily at the time of mixing or after completion of mixing is preferable, and an alcohol solvent is preferable.
Moreover, as a mixing amount of the solvent used at the time of mixing, 70 mass%-150 mass% are preferable with respect to the total mass of a starting material, and 80 mass%-120 mass% are more preferable.

出発物質は、混合前にあらかじめ焼く作業を施し、含有される水分及び不純物を除去しておくことが好ましい。この場合の作業条件は、水分及び不純物の除去が可能な条件であればよく、例えば、以下に示す条件としてもよい。
到達温度:700℃〜900℃
到達温度での保持時間:20時間〜25時間(加熱温度に依存する)
昇温速度:300℃/h〜500℃/h
降温速度:炉冷(炉内放冷)
The starting materials are preferably subjected to baking before mixing to remove contained water and impurities. The working conditions in this case may be any conditions that allow removal of moisture and impurities, and may be, for example, the conditions shown below.
Achieved temperature: 700 ° C ~ 900 ° C
Holding time at ultimate temperature: 20 hours to 25 hours (depends on heating temperature)
Heating rate: 300 ° C / h to 500 ° C / h
Temperature drop rate: furnace cooling (cooling in the furnace)

なお、本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法に用いる試料棒は、In:Ga:Zn=1:1:a(a>1;モル比)の組成を有するものであり、出発物質として、In、Ga及びZnの各酸化物、具体的にはIn、Ga及びZnOが好適に用いられる。
試料棒におけるZnの配合比率は、In:Ga:ZnO=1:1:2(モル比)である正規組成比よりも多くなるように調整される。
試料棒としては、ロッド形状のロッド試料を用いることができる。
In addition, the sample stick | rod used for the manufacturing method of the oxide semiconductor single crystal of this indication has a composition of In: Ga: Zn = 1: 1: a (a>1; molar ratio), As a starting material, In, Ga and Zn oxides, specifically, In 2 O 3 , Ga 2 O 3 and ZnO are preferably used.
The compounding ratio of Zn in the sample rod is adjusted to be larger than the normal composition ratio of In 2 O 3 : Ga 2 O 3 : ZnO = 1: 1: 2 (molar ratio).
A rod-shaped rod sample can be used as the sample rod.

混合後、溶媒が蒸発除去された後に出発物質を擂潰する。
擂潰は、出発物質を混ぜることに加え、出発物質をなるべく細かく砕いて粒径を小さくすることを目的として行う。つまり、擂潰は、強い力で擂り潰しながら混ぜる作業である。この点、各出発物質を均一に混ぜることを目的とする混合とは区別される。擂潰により、出発物質の粒子が細かくなり、表面積が増えて反応性を高め、また、均一性を向上させることができる。
After mixing, the starting material is crushed after the solvent has been evaporated off.
Crushing is performed in order to reduce the particle size by crushing the starting material as much as possible in addition to mixing the starting material. In other words, crush is a work of mixing while crushing with a strong force. In this respect, it is to be distinguished from mixtures intended to uniformly mix each starting material. Crushing makes the particles of the starting material finer, increases the surface area, increases the reactivity, and can improve the uniformity.

次に、擂潰後の各出発物質を電気炉にて焼成して多結晶を育成し、炉冷して多結晶試料を得る。焼成条件は、例えば、以下に示す条件としてもよい。
焼成温度:1000℃〜1300℃
焼成時間(到達温度での保持時間):45時間〜50時間(焼成温度に依存する)
昇温速度:600℃/h〜650℃/h
降温速度:炉冷(炉内放冷)
続いて、得られた多結晶試料に静水圧をかけ、静水圧によって全方向から均等に圧力をかけて所望形状に押し固めて成形する。
Next, each starting material after being crushed is fired in an electric furnace to grow a polycrystal, and furnace cooling is performed to obtain a polycrystal sample. The firing conditions may be, for example, the conditions shown below.
Firing temperature: 1000 ° C. to 1300 ° C.
Firing time (retention time at ultimate temperature): 45 hours to 50 hours (depends on calcination temperature)
Temperature rising rate: 600 ° C / h to 650 ° C / h
Temperature drop rate: furnace cooling (cooling in the furnace)
Subsequently, hydrostatic pressure is applied to the obtained polycrystalline sample, and pressure is applied uniformly from all directions by hydrostatic pressure, and the resultant is compacted into a desired shape.

その後、成型された多結晶試料を電気炉で焼結し、炉冷して目的とする試料棒を得る。ここでの焼結は、上記の焼成と異なり、所望形状に固めることを目的として行うものである。なお、焼結条件は、例えば、上記の焼成条件と同様とすることができる。
そして、得られた試料棒を,フローティングゾーン法を利用して単結晶を育成する装置にセットし、1気圧を越える圧力下、酸素含有雰囲気中で加熱し、加熱により生成した融液を冷却することにより、酸化物半導体の単結晶を製造する。試料棒の一端に相手材として配置される種結晶は、設置されてもされていなくてもよい。種結晶を設置しない場合は多結晶棒を相手材として設置することが好ましい。
なお、InGaZnOは、下記式(a)で示す化学反応式にて生成される。
In+Ga+2ZnO → 2InGaZnO 式(a)
Thereafter, the molded polycrystalline sample is sintered in an electric furnace and furnace-cooled to obtain a target sample rod. Sintering here is performed for the purpose of solidifying into a desired shape, unlike the above-mentioned sintering. In addition, sintering conditions can be made to be the same as that of said baking conditions, for example.
Then, the obtained sample rod is set in an apparatus for growing a single crystal using a floating zone method, heated in an oxygen-containing atmosphere under a pressure exceeding 1 atmospheric pressure, and the melt produced by the heating is cooled. Thus, an oxide semiconductor single crystal is manufactured. The seed crystal disposed as a mating material at one end of the sample rod may or may not be disposed. When a seed crystal is not set, it is preferable to set a polycrystalline rod as a mating material.
InGaZnO 4 is generated by a chemical reaction formula shown by the following formula (a).
In 2 O 3 + Ga 2 O 3 + 2ZnO → 2InGaZnO 4 formula (a)

本工程では、(InGaO(ZnO)で表される酸化物半導体の単結晶が製造される。m及びnは、整数を表し、m≧1及びn≧1を満たす。
単結晶の組成は、m=1の組成であってもよい。具体的には下記で表される。
InGaO(ZnO) (n≧1)
また、単結晶の組成は、m=n=1であるInGaZnOであってもよい。
In this step, a single crystal of an oxide semiconductor represented by (InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n is manufactured. m and n represent integers and satisfy m ≧ 1 and n ≧ 1.
The composition of the single crystal may be m = 1. Specifically, it is represented by the following.
InGaO 3 (ZnO) n (n ≧ 1)
In addition, the composition of the single crystal may be InGaZnO 4 where m = n = 1.

酸化物半導体の単結晶の結晶構造は、X線回折(X-ray Diffraction;XRD)法によって特定が可能である。また、酸化物半導体の単結晶の結晶組成は、蛍光X線元素分析(X-ray Fluorescence;XRF)法によって特定が可能である。   The crystal structure of a single crystal of an oxide semiconductor can be identified by an X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. In addition, the crystal composition of a single crystal of an oxide semiconductor can be identified by a fluorescent X-ray analysis (XRF) method.

−熱処理工程−
本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法では、上記の単結晶製造工程の後工程として、単結晶製造工程で製造された単結晶を熱処理する熱処理工程を更に設けてもよい。
単結晶製造工程で製造された単結晶を熱処理に供することによって、バルク状の単結晶の色味及び導電性の調整を行うことが可能である。
-Heat treatment process-
In the method for producing an oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure, a heat treatment step of subjecting the single crystal produced in the single crystal production step to heat treatment may be further provided as a step after the above single crystal production step.
By subjecting the single crystal produced in the single crystal production process to heat treatment, it is possible to adjust the color tone and conductivity of the bulk single crystal.

具体的には、単結晶製造工程の後に、製造されたバルク状の単結晶を酸素含有雰囲気下、250℃以上の温度域で熱処理することが好ましい。熱処理の温度範囲については、目的又は単結晶の用途等で適宜選択すればよい。
熱処理の温度が250℃以上であることで、導電性の程度を調整することが可能である。また、単結晶に酸素欠損がある場合は、結晶への酸素の導入で酸素欠損が補われ、単結晶の色相を調整(例えば着色のない結晶にする)ことができる。
上記のうち、熱処理の温度としては、酸素の導入による単結晶の色相及び電導性の調整が行いやすい理由から、250℃〜1000℃の範囲がより好ましく、250℃を超え500℃以下の範囲がより好ましい。
なお、熱処理の温度域が1000℃以下であると、加熱炉の温度上の制約の観点から有利である。
Specifically, it is preferable to heat-treat the manufactured bulk single crystal in a temperature range of 250 ° C. or higher in an oxygen-containing atmosphere after the single crystal manufacturing step. The temperature range of the heat treatment may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose or application of single crystal.
When the temperature of the heat treatment is 250 ° C. or higher, the degree of conductivity can be adjusted. In the case where there is an oxygen deficiency in the single crystal, the oxygen deficiency is compensated by the introduction of oxygen into the crystal, and the hue of the single crystal can be adjusted (for example, a crystal without coloring).
Among the above, the temperature of the heat treatment is more preferably in the range of 250 ° C. to 1000 ° C., and the range of more than 250 ° C. and 500 ° C. or less is because it is easy to adjust the hue and conductivity of the single crystal by introducing oxygen. More preferable.
In addition, it is advantageous from a viewpoint of temperature restrictions on a heating furnace that the temperature range of heat treatment is 1000 ° C or less.

熱処理時間は、熱処理の温度にもよるが、被加熱体である単結晶の体積に応じて適宜選択することが好ましい。例えば、薄い試料又は小サイズの試料(例えば、1辺の長さが約3mm、厚さが約0.1mm程度の試料)の場合は、250℃〜1000℃にて72時間〜168時間とすることができる。   Although the heat treatment time depends on the temperature of the heat treatment, it is preferable to appropriately select the heat treatment time according to the volume of the single crystal to be heated. For example, in the case of a thin sample or a small-sized sample (for example, a sample having a side length of about 3 mm and a thickness of about 0.1 mm), the heating time is set to 72 hours to 168 hours at 250 ° C. to 1000 ° C. be able to.

単結晶製造工程で製造されたバルク状の単結晶は、酸素欠損が生じて例えば青色系に着色された結晶として得られる場合がある。本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶は、酸素含有雰囲気で熱処理することで、無色透明性の単結晶としての使用が可能になる。   The bulk single crystals produced in the single crystal production process may be obtained as, for example, blue-colored crystals due to oxygen deficiency. The oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure can be used as a colorless and transparent single crystal by heat treatment in an oxygen-containing atmosphere.

また、酸素含有雰囲気下での熱処理により、バルク状の単結晶の導電性の制御が可能である。即ち、熱処理時に単結晶が置かれる雰囲気中の酸素濃度を調整することによって単結晶の導電性を調整することができる。これにより、目的又は用途等に応じた導電性を有するバルク状の単結晶を提供することが可能になる。   In addition, heat treatment in an oxygen-containing atmosphere can control the conductivity of bulk single crystals. That is, the conductivity of the single crystal can be adjusted by adjusting the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere in which the single crystal is placed during the heat treatment. This makes it possible to provide a bulk single crystal having conductivity depending on the purpose or application.

熱処理工程において熱処理を行う場合、酸素含有雰囲気中の酸素濃度は、単結晶の着色度合い、所望とする色合い、導電性、又は熱処理諸条件により適宜選択すればよく、酸素濃度は、例えば体積基準で21%〜100%の範囲に調節されてもよい。酸素濃度が上記の範囲内であると、単結晶の酸素欠陥を修復することができ、単結晶の色相及び導電性の調整が容易に行える。   When the heat treatment is performed in the heat treatment step, the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing atmosphere may be appropriately selected depending on the degree of coloring of the single crystal, the desired color tone, conductivity, or various conditions of heat treatment. It may be adjusted in the range of 21% to 100%. When the oxygen concentration is in the above range, oxygen defects in the single crystal can be repaired, and the hue and conductivity of the single crystal can be easily adjusted.

また、単結晶の導電性の調整は、熱処理時に単結晶が置かれる雰囲気を還元雰囲気に調整することによって行ってもよい。具体的には、熱処理時に単結晶が置かれる雰囲気中の水素濃度を調整することによって単結晶の導電性を調整してもよい。上記のように酸素含有雰囲気で単結晶中の酸素欠損を補うのとは逆に、単結晶に還元処理を施して酸素欠損の状態を制御してもよい。   The conductivity of the single crystal may be adjusted by adjusting the atmosphere in which the single crystal is placed at the time of heat treatment to a reducing atmosphere. Specifically, the conductivity of the single crystal may be adjusted by adjusting the hydrogen concentration in the atmosphere in which the single crystal is placed during the heat treatment. Contrary to compensating for the oxygen deficiency in the single crystal in the oxygen-containing atmosphere as described above, the reduction treatment may be applied to the single crystal to control the state of oxygen deficiency.

<酸化物半導体単結晶>
本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶は、式2で表される組成を有し、かつ、a軸−b軸面方向の電気伝導度σが50S/cm以上であり、c軸方向の電気伝導度σが0.1S/cm〜1.0S/cmである。
(InGaO(ZnO) ・・・式2
式2において、m及びnは、それぞれ独立に整数を表し、m≧1及びn≧1を満たす。
<Oxide semiconductor single crystal>
The oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure has a composition represented by Formula 2, and has an electrical conductivity σ a of 50 S / cm or more in the a-axis-b-axis plane direction, and an electrical conductivity in the c-axis direction The degree σ c is 0.1 S / cm to 1.0 S / cm.
(InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n Formula 2
In Formula 2, m and n each independently represent an integer, and satisfy m ≧ 1 and n ≧ 1.

本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶が、式2で表される組成を有する結晶である点、及び式2中のm及びnの好ましい範囲等の好ましい態様については、既述の通りである。
式2で表される組成を有する酸化物半導体単結晶の例としては、1:1:1:4相の結晶(InGaZnO)、2:2:1:7相の結晶(InGaZnO)、1:1:2:5相の結晶(InGaZn)等が含まれる。
酸化物半導体単結晶の中でも、1:1:1:4相の結晶(InGaZnO)は好適である。
About the preferable aspect of the point whose oxide semiconductor single crystal of this indication is a crystal | crystallization which has a composition represented by Formula 2, and the preferable range of m and n in Formula 2, etc. is as stated above.
As an example of the oxide semiconductor single crystal having the composition represented by the formula 2, crystals of 1: 1: 1: 4 phase (InGaZnO 4 ), crystals of 2: 2: 1: 7 phase (In 2 Ga 2 ZnO) 7 ), crystals of 1: 1: 2: 5 phase (InGaZn 2 O 5 ), etc. are included.
Among the oxide semiconductor single crystals, crystals of 1: 1: 1: 4 phase (InGaZnO 4 ) are preferable.

また、本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶は、既述のように、ミクロンサイズの従来の単結晶よりサイズが大きく、かつ、厚みのあるバルク状の単結晶である。
従来から知られたIGZO系酸化物材料は、ミクロンサイズの単結晶が製造されるに留るものであり、従って単結晶のa軸−b軸面に直交するc軸方向の電気伝導性は測定がなされていない。これに対し、本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶は、c軸方向に0.1S/cm〜1.0S/cmの電気伝導度σを有している。即ち、本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶は、オーダーが異なるものの、a軸−b軸面方向とc軸方向とにおいて電気伝導性を示す。具体的には、本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶は、c軸方向に、a軸−b軸面方向の電気伝導性に対して数オーダー異なるが、0.1S/cm以上の電気伝導度を有している。
In addition, as described above, the oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure is a bulk-like single crystal having a larger size and thickness than conventional micron-sized single crystals.
The conventionally known IGZO-based oxide materials are only for producing micron-sized single crystals, and hence the electrical conductivity in the c-axis direction orthogonal to the a-axis-b-axis plane of the single crystal is measured. Has not been done. In contrast, the oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure includes a 0.1S / cm~1.0S / cm electrical conductivity sigma c in the c-axis direction. That is, the oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure exhibits electrical conductivity in the a-axis-b-axis plane direction and the c-axis direction although the order is different. Specifically, the oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure differs by several orders of magnitude in the c-axis direction with respect to the electrical conductivity in the a-axis and b-axis plane directions, but has an electrical conductivity of 0.1 S / cm or more. Have.

本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶は、従来のマイクロオーダーより大きいミリオーダーの辺長を有する単結晶であり、最大長さが1mm以上の単結晶であり、好ましくは最大長さが10mm以上の単結晶である。
単結晶の最大長さは、定規により測定することが可能である。
The oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure is a single crystal having a side length of millimeter order larger than the conventional micro order, and is a single crystal having a maximum length of 1 mm or more, preferably a maximum length of 10 mm or more. It is a crystal.
The maximum length of a single crystal can be measured by a ruler.

本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶では、a軸−b軸面方向の電気伝導度σabは、50S/cm以上であり、既述の熱処理の有無等によって異なるが、好ましくは、50S/cm〜600S/cmである。中でも、熱処理前における電気伝導度は、300S/cm〜600S/cmの範囲が好適であり、また、熱処理を施した後の電気伝導度は、50S/cm〜200S/cmの範囲が好適である。 In the oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure, the electrical conductivity σ ab in the a-axis-b-axis plane direction is 50 S / cm or more, and varies depending on the presence or absence of the heat treatment described above, preferably 50 S / cm It is 600 S / cm. Among them, the electric conductivity before heat treatment is preferably in the range of 300 S / cm to 600 S / cm, and the electric conductivity after heat treatment is preferably in the range of 50 S / cm to 200 S / cm. .

また、c軸方向の電気伝導度σは、0.1S/cm〜1.0S/cmである。
熱処理前における電気伝導度としては、0.1S/cm〜1.0S/cmが好適である。また、熱処理を施した後の電気伝導度としては、0.01S/cm〜0.1S/cmの範囲が好適である。
Moreover, the electrical conductivity σ c in the c-axis direction is 0.1 S / cm to 1.0 S / cm.
The electric conductivity before the heat treatment is preferably 0.1 S / cm to 1.0 S / cm. Moreover, as electric conductivity after heat-processing, the range of 0.01 S / cm-0.1 S / cm is suitable.

なお、単結晶の電気伝導度は、4端子法を用いて室温(25℃)で測定される値である。測定には、一方向の長さが1mm〜3mmの単結晶を用いることで好適に行える。また、c軸方向の電気伝導度を測定する場合は、c軸と垂直な方向に結晶面を持つ板状試料の一方面に電圧と電流の端子を1つずつ互いに平行に配置し、他方面に残りの2つの端子を同様に互いに平行になるように配置し、さらに電流の端子間を結ぶ線と電圧の端子間を結ぶ線とが交差するように端子を配置して測定する。   The electrical conductivity of a single crystal is a value measured at room temperature (25 ° C.) using a four-terminal method. The measurement can be suitably performed by using a single crystal having a length of 1 mm to 3 mm in one direction. When measuring the electrical conductivity in the c-axis direction, terminals of voltage and current are disposed parallel to each other on one side of a plate-like sample having a crystal plane in the direction perpendicular to the c-axis, and the other side Similarly, the remaining two terminals are disposed parallel to each other, and the terminals are disposed and measured so that the line connecting the current terminals and the line connecting the voltage terminals intersect.

本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶は、c軸方向に電気伝導度を有し、かつ、c軸方向の電気伝導度の測定が可能なバルク状の単結晶が得られる方法であれば、任意の製造方法を選択して製造してもよい。従来から知られた単結晶に比べて大サイズのバルク状単結晶を安定的に製造する観点から、本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶は、好ましくは、既述の本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法により製造される。   The oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure may be any method as long as a bulk single crystal having electric conductivity in the c-axis direction and capable of measuring electric conductivity in the c-axis direction can be obtained. It may be manufactured by selecting a manufacturing method. The oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure is preferably an oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure as described above, from the viewpoint of stably producing a bulky single crystal of a large size compared to conventionally known single crystals. Manufactured by the manufacturing method of

<透明導電性材料>
本開示の透明導電性材料は、既述の本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶を含むものである。
既述の本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶が含まれることにより、本開示の透明導電性材料は(InGaO(ZnO)で表される組成の単結晶をバルク状結晶として含むので、所望とする導電性を得やすく、用途に応じた形状に加工しやすい。
<Transparent conductive material>
The transparent conductive material of the present disclosure includes the oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure described above.
Since the transparent conductive material of the present disclosure includes the single crystal of the composition represented by (InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n as a bulk-like crystal by including the oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure described above, It is easy to obtain the desired conductivity and easy to process into a shape according to the application.

なお、「透明」とは、光の透過率が30%以上であって、透過光を材料又は基板等の機能として利用することができる、あるいは材料又は基板等の性能の向上に利用することができる性状をいう。光の透過率は、40%以上であることが好ましい。
なお、光の透過率は、以下の方法で測定される値である。
厚さ0.195mm、a軸−b軸面方向の大きさが2mm×3mmの単結晶試料に対し、分光光度計U−3010(株式会社日立ハイテクサイエンス製、光源:D2ランプ(170nm〜400nm)及びWIランプ(370nm〜900nm))を用いて下記条件にて透過率を測定する。この際、光源のランプを低波長領域と高波長領域とに自動で切り替え、それぞれ2回ずつ測定を行った後、2つの測定値の平均値を透過率とする。
<条件>
スリット幅:1nm
スキャンスピード:300nm/min
測定波長:200nm〜850nm
光源の切り替え波長:330nm
The term "transparent" means that the light transmittance is 30% or more, and the transmitted light can be used as a function of a material or a substrate, or used to improve the performance of a material or a substrate or the like. We say property that we can do. The light transmittance is preferably 40% or more.
The light transmittance is a value measured by the following method.
Spectrophotometer U-3010 (Hitachi High-Tech Science Co., Ltd., light source: D2 lamp (170 nm to 400 nm)) for a single crystal sample having a thickness of 0.195 mm and a size of 2 mm × 3 mm in the a-axis-b-axis plane direction The transmittance is measured under the following conditions using a W and a WI lamp (370 nm to 900 nm). At this time, the lamp of the light source is automatically switched to the low wavelength region and the high wavelength region, measurement is performed twice each, and the average value of the two measured values is taken as the transmittance.
<Condition>
Slit width: 1 nm
Scanning speed: 300 nm / min
Measurement wavelength: 200 nm to 850 nm
Light source switching wavelength: 330 nm

<透明導電性基板>
本開示の透明導電性基板は、既述の本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶を含むものであり、本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶からなるものでもよい。なお、「透明」とは、既述した通りである。
本開示の透明導電性基板は、既述の本開示の酸化物半導体単結晶が含まれることにより、(InGaO(ZnO)で表される組成の単結晶をバルク状結晶として含む。これにより、所望とする導電性を得やすく、用途に応じた形状に加工しやすい。
<Transparent conductive substrate>
The transparent conductive substrate of the present disclosure includes the oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure described above, and may be made of the oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure. Note that "transparent" is as described above.
The transparent conductive substrate of the present disclosure includes, as a bulk crystal, a single crystal of a composition represented by (InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n by including the oxide semiconductor single crystal of the present disclosure described above. Thereby, it is easy to obtain the desired conductivity and easy to process into a shape according to the application.

透明導電性基板の厚みは、用途又は目的等により適宜選択することができる。
既述の酸化物半導体単結晶を透明導電性基板としてそのまま用いることも可能であり、この場合の透明導電性基板の厚みは、酸化物半導体単結晶の大きさに由来して数十ミリ〜数ミクロンの広範な範囲で任意に選択することができる。
The thickness of the transparent conductive substrate can be appropriately selected depending on the application or purpose.
It is also possible to use the above-described oxide semiconductor single crystal as it is as a transparent conductive substrate, and in this case, the thickness of the transparent conductive substrate is several tens of millimeters to several tens due to the size of the oxide semiconductor single crystal. It can be selected arbitrarily in a wide range of microns.

以下、本発明の一実施形態を実施例により更に具体的に説明する。但し、本発明はその主旨を越えない限り、以下の実施例に限定されるものではない。   Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be more specifically described by way of examples. However, the present invention is not limited to the following examples as long as the subject matter of the present invention is not exceeded.

(実施例1)
本実施例では、フローティングゾーン法により、石英管内に配置した試料棒(ロッド状試料)を融かして融液とし、石英管内のガス圧を0.9MPaとして結晶育成した場合を示す。
原料となる試料棒には、正規組成比(In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1[モル比])よりもZnの混合比が10mol%多いロッド状試料(In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1.1[モル比])を用いた。
Example 1
In this example, a case is shown in which crystal growth is performed with a sample rod (rod-like sample) placed in a quartz tube being melted by the floating zone method to form a melt and the gas pressure in the quartz tube is 0.9 MPa.
A rod-shaped sample (In: Ga: Zn = 1: 1) in which the mixing ratio of Zn is 10 mol% more than the normal composition ratio (In: Ga: Zn = 1: 1: 1 [molar ratio]) in the sample rod as the raw material 1: 1.1 [molar ratio] was used.

−1.InGaZnO多結晶の作製−
出発物質として、In(純度:99.99%、フルウチ化学株式会社)、Ga(純度:99.99%、フルウチ化学株式会社)、ZnO(純度:99.99%、株式会社高純度化学研究所)の粉末を用いた。
上記の出発物質を混合する前に、出発物質中の水分及び不純物を取り除くため、各出発物質をそれぞれアルミナ(Al)製のるつぼに入れ、電気炉中にて温度800℃で24時間加熱した。具体的には、2時間かけて800℃まで温度を上げ、800℃で24時間保った後、炉冷(ヒーターを切り、炉の中で自然に冷やすこと)し、約1日かけて室温(25℃)まで冷やした。
-1. Preparation of InGaZnO 4 Polycrystal-
Starting materials: In 2 O 3 (Purity: 99.99%, Full Uchi Chemical Co., Ltd.), Ga 2 O 3 (Purity: 99.99%, Full Uchi Chemical Co., Ltd.), ZnO (Purity: 99.99%, Stock The powder of the company High Purity Chemical Laboratory was used.
Before mixing the above starting materials, each starting material is put in a crucible made of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) to remove moisture and impurities in the starting materials, and it is placed in an electric furnace for 24 hours at a temperature of 800 ° C. Heated. Specifically, the temperature is raised to 800 ° C. over 2 hours and kept at 800 ° C. for 24 hours, and then the furnace is cooled (heater is turned off and naturally cooled in the furnace), and room temperature is taken for about 1 day ( Cooled to 25 ° C).

電気炉から取り出した各試料を電子天秤で秤量した。秤量した各試料の質量は、In:5.173g、Ga:3.492g、ZnO:3.335gであり、合計量を12gとした。
出発物質の混合比は、In:Ga:ZnO=1:1:2.2(mol比)であり、正規組成比(In:Ga:ZnO=1:1:2)よりもZnの配合比率を増やしてある。
Each sample taken out of the electric furnace was weighed by an electronic balance. The weight of each of the weighed samples was 5.173 g of In 2 O 3, 3.492 g of Ga 2 O 3 , and 3.335 g of ZnO, and the total amount was 12 g.
The mixing ratio of the starting materials is In 2 O 3 : Ga 2 O 3 : ZnO = 1: 1: 2.2 (molar ratio), and the normal composition ratio (In 2 O 3 : Ga 2 O 3 : ZnO = 1 The mixing ratio of Zn is increased more than that of 1: 2).

続いて、秤量した各出発物質を、メノウ製の乳鉢に入れ、更にエタノール12g(出発物資の合計量に対して100質量%)を加え、乳棒を用いて約30分間湿式混合した。なお、エタノールは、各出発物質とは反応せず、混合中に直ぐに蒸発してしまうため、出発物質と混合したことで支障を来たすものではない。
エタノールが完全に蒸発した後、乳鉢内の出発物質をさらに2時間擂潰した。
Subsequently, each weighed starting material was placed in a mortar made of agate, 12 g of ethanol (100% by mass relative to the total amount of starting materials) was further added, and wet mixed using a pestle for about 30 minutes. Since ethanol does not react with each starting material and evaporates immediately during mixing, there is no problem in mixing with the starting material.
After complete evaporation of the ethanol, the starting material in the mortar was crushed for an additional 2 hours.

擂潰後の各出発物質をアルミナ製のるつぼに入れ、電気炉にて1250℃で48時間焼成し、多結晶を育成した。この際、2時間かけて1250℃まで昇温し、1250℃で48時間保った後、炉冷で約1日かけて室温(25℃)まで冷やした。このようにして、多結晶試料を作製した。   Each starting material after being crushed was put into a crucible made of alumina and fired at 1250 ° C. for 48 hours in an electric furnace to grow polycrystals. At this time, the temperature was raised to 1250 ° C. over 2 hours and maintained at 1250 ° C. for 48 hours, and then it was cooled to room temperature (25 ° C.) for about 1 day by furnace cooling. Thus, a polycrystalline sample was produced.

得られた多結晶試料をメノウ製の乳鉢に入れて擂潰し、得られた粉末の一部を用いてX線回折(X-ray Diffraction;XRD)解析を行った。解析の結果、多結晶試料は、InGaZnOの多結晶であることを確認した。 The obtained polycrystalline sample was put in a mortar made of agate and crushed, and a part of the obtained powder was subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. As a result of analysis, it was confirmed that the polycrystalline sample was InGaZnO 4 polycrystalline.

XRD回折による解析は、砕いて粉末状になった試料をスライドガラスの上に載せ、これをXRD回折装置(Rigaku製、RINT2500V)にセットし、以下に示す条件にて測定した。
<測定条件>
測定モード:2θ/θ測定のFixed Time(FT)モード
0.01°ステップごとの計数時間:1秒
測定範囲:4°≦2θ≦90°
光源:CuKα線(λ=1.5418Å)
発散スリットの発散角:1°
散乱スリットの散乱角:1°
受光スリット:0.15mm
The analysis by XRD diffraction was carried out by placing a crushed and powdered sample on a slide glass, setting it on an XRD diffractometer (manufactured by Rigaku, RINT 2500 V), and measuring under the following conditions.
<Measurement conditions>
Measurement mode: Fixed time (FT) mode of 2θ / θ measurement Counting time per 0.01 ° step: 1 second Measurement range: 4 ° ≦ 2θ ≦ 90 °
Light source: CuKα ray (λ = 1.5418 Å)
Divergence angle of divergence slit: 1 °
Scattering angle of scattering slit: 1 °
Light receiving slit: 0.15 mm

−2.ロッド状試料(試料棒)の作製−
フローティングゾーン(FZ)法による単結晶育成のため、上記の多結晶試料をロッド状に成形した。
まず、粉末状の多結晶試料を直径6mmのラテックスチューブに詰め、30分間真空引きを施した。真空引きが施されたチューブは、開口部を閉塞した後に15分間、18MPaの静水圧を加えた。具体的には、開口部が閉塞されたラテックスチューブを、水の入った筒の中に入れ、ピストンの要領で水に圧力をかけて加圧した。この際、多結晶試料は、静水圧によって全方向から均等に圧力がかけられるので、チューブの形状(ロッド状)に押し固められて成形される。
ロッド状に成形された多結晶試料をラテックスチューブから取り出し、アルミナ製の容器に入れて電気炉にて1250℃で1日間焼結した。この際、2時間かけて1250℃まで昇温し、1250℃で24時間保った後、炉冷で約1日かけて室温(25℃)まで冷やした。このようにして、ロッド状の試料棒(ロッド状試料;直径6mm、長さ90mm)を作製した。
そして、ロッド状試料を、図1に示す構造を有するフローティングゾーン装置の石英管内にセットした。
-2. Preparation of rod-like sample (sample bar)-
The above polycrystalline sample was formed into a rod shape for single crystal growth by the floating zone (FZ) method.
First, a powdery polycrystalline sample was packed in a 6 mm diameter latex tube, and vacuum was applied for 30 minutes. The evacuated tube was subjected to a hydrostatic pressure of 18 MPa for 15 minutes after closing the opening. Specifically, the latex tube whose opening was closed was placed in a cylinder filled with water, and water was pressurized in the manner of a piston to pressurize it. At this time, since the polycrystalline sample is uniformly pressurized from all directions by hydrostatic pressure, it is compacted and shaped into a tube shape (rod shape).
The rod-shaped polycrystalline sample was removed from the latex tube, placed in an alumina container, and sintered at 1250 ° C. for 1 day in an electric furnace. At this time, the temperature was raised to 1250 ° C. over 2 hours and kept at 1250 ° C. for 24 hours, and then it was cooled to room temperature (25 ° C.) for about 1 day by furnace cooling. Thus, a rod-shaped sample rod (rod-shaped sample; diameter 6 mm, length 90 mm) was produced.
Then, the rod-shaped sample was set in the quartz tube of the floating zone device having the structure shown in FIG.

−3.FZ法による単結晶の育成−
フローティングゾーン装置の石英管内に、図1、図2A及び図2Bに示すように、上軸及び下軸の両方に試料棒として上記ロッド試料をセットし、石英管内に乾燥空気フローで0.9MPa(9気圧)のガス圧をかけて単結晶の育成を行った。
なお、単結晶の育成開始にあたり、ロッド試料のセット前に、まず光が試料棒の1点に集光するようにハロゲンランプの調節を行い、ロッド試料を石英管内にセットして軸を回転させながら上下軸の回転軸を一致させ、傾かないように調節した。
-3. Growth of single crystal by FZ method-
In the quartz tube of the floating zone device, as shown in FIGS. 1, 2A and 2B, the rod sample is set as the sample rod on both the upper and lower axes, and the dry air flow is 0.9 MPa in the quartz tube The single crystal was grown under a gas pressure of 9 atm).
At the start of single crystal growth, before setting the rod sample, adjust the halogen lamp so that the light is focused on one point of the sample rod, set the rod sample in the quartz tube and rotate the axis. While adjusting the rotation axis of the vertical axis to match, it was adjusted not to tilt.

単結晶の育成条件は、以下に示す通りである。
なお、ロッド試料の融液部の組成比を均一化し、かつ、光の照射による温度分布を均一化する観点から、図2Bに示すように、上下軸を左右逆方向に回転させた。
<育成条件>
石英管内のガス圧:0.9MPa(9気圧)
ロッド試料の組成:mol比でIn:Ga:ZnO=1:1:2.2
上軸回転数:16.00rpm(rotation per minutes)
下軸回転数:14.00rpm
シャフトスピード:1.90mm/h
ギャップ調整速度:2.00mm/h
ランプ:1500Wのハロゲンランプ2個(左右に1つずつ)
The growth conditions of the single crystal are as follows.
From the viewpoint of equalizing the composition ratio of the melt portion of the rod sample and equalizing the temperature distribution due to the light irradiation, as shown in FIG. 2B, the upper and lower axes were rotated in opposite directions.
<Creation conditions>
Gas pressure in the quartz tube: 0.9 MPa (9 atm)
Composition of rod sample: In 2 O 3 : Ga 2 O 3 : ZnO = 1: 1: 2.2 in molar ratio
Upper shaft rotation speed: 16.00 rpm (rotation per minutes)
Lower shaft speed: 14.00 rpm
Shaft speed: 1.90 mm / h
Gap adjustment speed: 2.00 mm / h
Lamps: Two 1500W halogen lamps (one on each side)

上記のシャフトスピードは、図2Bに示すように、シャフト全体(上下軸全体)を下に下げていく速度のことであり、結晶が育成する速度は下軸を引き下げる速度に等しく、本実施例における結晶の育成速度は1.90mm/hである。また、ギャップ調整速度は、下軸に対する上軸の速度であり、上下軸間のギャップ間距離を縮める速度に等しい。   The above-mentioned shaft speed is the speed at which the entire shaft (the entire vertical axis) is lowered downward as shown in FIG. 2B, and the speed at which the crystal grows is equal to the speed at which the lower axis is lowered. The crystal growth rate is 1.90 mm / h. Also, the gap adjustment speed is the speed of the upper axis with respect to the lower axis, and is equal to the speed for reducing the distance between the upper and lower axes.

結晶育成中、試料の融液の状態を適宜確認しながら、ランプの出力を調節した。具体的には、図3に示すように(a)〜(e)の状態を確認して調節した。
(a)は、融液がまだ見られない時期の様子を示し、この時点ではランプ出力を605Wとした。
(b)は、ロッド試料の表面に融液が現れ始めた際の様子を示し、この時点ではランプ出力を743Wとした。
(c)は、上軸ロッドの下端部分が完全に融液となっている様子を示し、この時点ではランプ出力を781Wとした。
(d)は、上軸と下軸を結合して結晶育成を開始した際の様子を示し、この時点ではランプ出力を758Wとした。
(e)は、結晶の育成開始から12時間経過後、結晶が23mm成長した後の様子を示し、この時点ではランプ出力を745Wとした。
上記のように、結晶の育成開始から約3時間の間は、ランプ出力を700W〜750Wにて微調整を続けた後、745Wで一定に保ち、約15時間単結晶の育成を行った。結晶の育成時間は、合計で18時間である。なお、ランプは左右1つずつあるため、合計1490W(=745W×2)である。
以上のようにして単結晶を育成し、最大長さが約35mmの単結晶試料(IGZO系酸化物単結晶)を製造した(単結晶製造工程)。
During crystal growth, the output of the lamp was adjusted while appropriately checking the state of the sample melt. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 3, the states of (a) to (e) were confirmed and adjusted.
(A) shows a state in which the melt is not yet observed, and the lamp output is 605 W at this point.
(B) shows a state where the melt starts to appear on the surface of the rod sample, and the lamp output is 743 W at this point.
(C) shows that the lower end portion of the upper shaft rod is completely in the melt, and the lamp output is 781 W at this point.
(D) shows a state when crystal growth is started by combining the upper axis and the lower axis, and the lamp output is 758 W at this time.
(E) shows a state after the crystal has grown 23 mm after 12 hours from the start of crystal growth, and the lamp output is set to 745 W at this time.
As described above, for about 3 hours from the start of crystal growth, the lamp output was finely adjusted at 700 W to 750 W, and then kept constant at 745 W to grow single crystals for about 15 hours. The crystal growth time is 18 hours in total. In addition, since there are one lamp on each side, the total is 1490 W (= 745 W × 2).
A single crystal was grown as described above to produce a single crystal sample (IGZO-based oxide single crystal) having a maximum length of about 35 mm (single crystal production process).

次に、製造した単結晶試料を、雰囲気中の酸素濃度が100体積%である電気炉の中に入れ、1000℃で72時間アニール処理(熱処理)を施した(熱処理工程)。   Next, the manufactured single crystal sample was placed in an electric furnace having an oxygen concentration of 100% by volume in the atmosphere, and subjected to annealing (heat treatment) at 1000 ° C. for 72 hours (heat treatment step).

−4.測定−
上記で得られた単結晶試料に対して、以下に示す測定を行った。
-4. Measurement-
The measurement shown below was performed with respect to the single crystal sample obtained above.

(1)XRD回折による解析
単結晶試料をメノウ製の乳鉢で細かく粉砕し、粉末状にした。粉末状にした単結晶試料をスライドガラスに載せ、XRD回折装置(Rigaku製、RINT2500V)にて解析を行った。測定は、2θ/θ測定のFixed Time(FT)モードで行った。
<測定条件>
0.01°ステップごとの計数時間:1秒
測定範囲:4°≦2θ≦90°
光源:CuKα線(λ=1.5418Å)
発散スリットの発散角:1°
散乱スリットの散乱角:1°
受光スリット:0.15mm
(1) Analysis by XRD Diffraction A single crystal sample was finely pulverized in a mortar made of agate to make it into a powder. A powdery single crystal sample was placed on a slide glass and analyzed by an XRD diffractometer (manufactured by Rigaku, RINT 2500 V). The measurement was performed in the Fixed Time (FT) mode of 2θ / θ measurement.
<Measurement conditions>
Counting time in steps of 0.01 °: 1 second Measurement range: 4 ° 2 2θ 90 90 °
Light source: CuKα ray (λ = 1.5418 Å)
Divergence angle of divergence slit: 1 °
Scattering angle of scattering slit: 1 °
Light receiving slit: 0.15 mm

(2)電気伝導度
大きさ1mm〜3mmの単結晶試料に対し、4端子法を用いて室温(25℃)で伝導度を測定した。c軸方向の電気伝導度を測定する場合は、c軸と垂直な方向に結晶面を持つ板状試料の一方面に電圧と電流の端子を1つずつ互いに平行に配置し、他方面に残りの2つの端子を同様に互いに平行になるように配置し、さらに電流の端子間を結ぶ線と電圧の端子間を結ぶ線とが交差するように端子を配置して、測定を行った。
(2) Electrical Conductivity The conductivity was measured at room temperature (25 ° C.) using a four-terminal method on a single crystal sample with a size of 1 mm to 3 mm. When measuring the electrical conductivity in the c-axis direction, terminals for voltage and current are arranged parallel to each other on one side of a plate-like sample having a crystal plane in the direction perpendicular to the c-axis, and remaining on the other side. The two terminals were similarly arranged to be parallel to each other, and the terminals were arranged so that the line connecting the terminals of the current and the line connecting the terminals of the voltage intersect, and the measurement was performed.

(3)透過率
厚さ0.195mm、a軸−b軸面方向の大きさが2mm×3mmの単結晶試料を用い、分光光度計U−3010(株式会社日立ハイテクサイエンス製、光源:D2ランプ(170nm〜400nm)及びWIランプ(370nm〜900nm))にて下記条件で光の透過率を測定した。この際、光源のランプを低波長領域と高波長領域とに自動で切り替え、それぞれ2回ずつ測定を行った後、2つの測定値の平均値を透過率とした。
<条件>
スリット幅:1nm
スキャンスピード:300nm/min
測定波長:200nm〜850nm
光源の切り替え波長:330nm
(3) Transmittance: Using a single crystal sample having a thickness of 0.195 mm and a dimension of 2 mm × 3 mm in the a-axis-b-axis direction, a spectrophotometer U-3010 (manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Science Co., Ltd., light source: D2 lamp The light transmittance was measured under the following conditions with (170 nm to 400 nm) and WI lamp (370 nm to 900 nm). Under the present circumstances, after switching the lamp | ramp of a light source automatically to the low wavelength area | region and the high wavelength area | region and measuring twice each, the average value of two measured values was made into the transmittance | permeability.
<Condition>
Slit width: 1 nm
Scanning speed: 300 nm / min
Measurement wavelength: 200 nm to 850 nm
Light source switching wavelength: 330 nm

上記測定の結果を以下に説明する。
1)本実施例では、上記の通り、最大長さの辺長が約35mmである大サイズのバルク状単結晶試料(IGZO系酸化物単結晶)が得られた。
2)XRD回折の結果(粉末状にした単結晶試料の結果)を図4に示す。図4に示すように、(InGaOZnO相を含まないInGaZnO単結晶が得られていることが確認された。
なお、図4には、単結晶を粉砕して粉末状にして測定した上記結果との対比のため、単結晶を粉砕せずにバルク単結晶のままXRD測定を行った結果も示している。
バルク結晶のまま測定したXRD回折による解析では、c軸方向と垂直な結晶面が試料台と平行になるように試料を設置し、測定を行った。この場合、図4に示される通り、c軸方向と垂直な結晶面に由来する回折ピーク(00n(n:整数)で表されるピーク)しか現れていないということは、結晶全域にわたって結晶面が揃っていることを意味する。したがって、本実施例では、単結晶が得られていることが裏付けられた。
The results of the above measurements are described below.
1) In the present example, as described above, a large size bulky single crystal sample (IGZO-based oxide single crystal) having a side length of about 35 mm at the maximum length was obtained.
2) The result of the XRD diffraction (the result of the powdered single crystal sample) is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 4, it was confirmed that an InGaZnO 4 single crystal not containing the (InGaO 3 ) 2 ZnO phase was obtained.
In addition, in FIG. 4, the result of having carried out the XRD measurement with a bulk single crystal as it is is also shown without grind | pulverizing a single crystal for comparison with the said result measured by pulverizing a single crystal and making it into powder form and measuring.
In the analysis by XRD diffraction which measured the bulk crystal as it was, the sample was placed so that the crystal plane perpendicular to the c-axis direction was parallel to the sample table, and the measurement was performed. In this case, as shown in FIG. 4, the fact that only a diffraction peak (a peak represented by 00 n (n: integer)) originating from a crystal plane perpendicular to the c-axis direction appears is that the crystal plane is It means being in order. Therefore, in this example, it was confirmed that a single crystal was obtained.

ここで、単結晶を粉砕せずにバルク単結晶のまま行ったXRD測定の詳細は、以下の通りである。
一辺の長さが2mm程の薄い板状の単結晶片をスライドガラスに載せ、上記と同じXRD回折装置にて解析を行った。測定は、2θ/θ測定の連続測定モードで行った。
<測定条件>
スキャンスピード:4°/分
測定範囲:6°≦2θ≦90°
光源:CuKα線(λ=1.5418Å)
発散スリットの発散角:0.5°
受光スリットの散乱角:0.5°
受光スリット:0.15 mm
Here, the details of the XRD measurement performed without crushing the single crystal and as the bulk single crystal are as follows.
A thin plate-like single crystal piece having a side length of about 2 mm was placed on a slide glass and analyzed by the same XRD diffractometer as described above. The measurement was performed in a continuous measurement mode of 2θ / θ measurement.
<Measurement conditions>
Scanning speed: 4 ° / min Measurement range: 6 ° 2 2θ 90 90 °
Light source: CuKα ray (λ = 1.5418 Å)
Divergence angle of divergence slit: 0.5 °
Scattering angle of light receiving slit: 0.5 °
Light receiving slit: 0.15 mm

3)単結晶試料の電気伝導度は、a軸−b軸面方向の電気伝導度σabが300S/cm〜600S/cmであり、c軸方向の電気伝導度σが0.1S/cm〜1.0S/cmであり、a軸−b軸面に垂直なc軸方向にも良好な電気伝導性が認められた。
また、単結晶試料にアニール処理を施した後の電気伝導度は、a軸−b軸面方向の電気伝導度σabが50S/cm〜200S/cmであり、c軸方向の電気伝導度σが0.1S/cmであり、アニール処理後も良好な電気伝導性を示した。
4)単結晶試料をアニール処理したところ、青味がかった透明な単結晶から無色透明な単結晶に変化した。これより、実施例1で製造された単結晶試料は、結晶中に酸素欠損があることが認められた。
5)単結晶試料は、図5Aに示すように、青味着色のある透明性であり、厚さ0.195mmの試料では透過率は50%であり、高い透明性を有する単結晶であることが確認された。
また、アニール処理を施した単結晶試料では、図5Bに示すように、青味がなくなって無色の透明性となり、透過率が85%である高い透明性を示した。
図6にアニール前後のそれぞれの透過率を示す。図6に顕著に現れるように、400nm〜850nm近傍の全域に渡って透過率の向上が認められた。特に、620nm〜780nm付近の吸収がアニール処理によって無くなり、可視光領域の全域で高い透過率を示した。
3) electrical conductivity of the single crystal sample, the electrical conductivity sigma ab of a shaft -b axis plane direction is 300S / cm~600S / cm, the electric conductivity of the c-axis direction sigma c is 0.1 S / cm It was -1.0 S / cm, and good electrical conductivity was observed also in the c-axis direction perpendicular to the a-axis-b-axis plane.
Further, the electric conductivity after annealed to the single-crystal sample, the electrical conductivity sigma ab of a shaft -b axis plane direction is 50S / cm~200S / cm, the electric conductivity of the c-axis direction sigma c was 0.1 S / cm, and showed good electrical conductivity even after annealing treatment.
4) When the single crystal sample was annealed, it turned from bluish transparent single crystal to colorless transparent single crystal. From this, it was found that the single crystal sample produced in Example 1 had oxygen deficiency in the crystal.
5) The single crystal sample is a bluish tinted transparency as shown in FIG. 5A, and in the case of a 0.195 mm thick sample, the transmittance is 50%, and it is a single crystal having high transparency. Was confirmed.
Further, as shown in FIG. 5B, the single crystal sample subjected to the annealing treatment loses bluishness and becomes colorless and transparent, exhibiting high transparency with a transmittance of 85%.
Each transmittance | permeability before and behind annealing is shown in FIG. As clearly shown in FIG. 6, the improvement of the transmittance was observed over the entire region in the vicinity of 400 nm to 850 nm. In particular, the absorption near 620 nm to 780 nm was eliminated by the annealing treatment, and high transmittance was exhibited throughout the visible light range.

(実施例2)
実施例1において、石英管内のガス圧を0.9MPaから0.8MPaに変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして単結晶を育成し、最大長さが約30mmの単結晶試料を製造した。
(Example 2)
In Example 1, a single crystal is grown in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the gas pressure in the quartz tube is changed from 0.9 MPa to 0.8 MPa, and a single crystal sample having a maximum length of about 30 mm is produced. did.

XRD回折による解析の結果を図7に示す。図7に示すように、(InGaOZnO相の結晶が僅かに認められたものの、InGaZnO単結晶が得られていることが確認された。 The result of the analysis by XRD diffraction is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 7, although the crystal of the (InGaO 3 ) 2 ZnO phase was slightly recognized, it was confirmed that the InGaZnO 4 single crystal was obtained.

(比較例1)
実施例1において、出発物質の混合比(mol比)を、In:Ga:ZnO=1:1:2.2からIn:Ga:ZnO=1:1:2に変更し、かつ、石英管内のガス圧を0.9MPaから大気圧に変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして結晶の育成を試み、IGZO系酸化物結晶を製造した。
(Comparative example 1)
In Example 1, the mixing ratio (molar ratio) of the starting materials is In 2 O 3 : Ga 2 O 3 : ZnO = 1: 1: 2.2 to In 2 O 3 : Ga 2 O 3 : ZnO = 1: 1. Crystal growth was attempted in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the ratio was changed to 1: 2 and the gas pressure in the quartz tube was changed from 0.9 MPa to atmospheric pressure, and IGZO-based oxide crystals were manufactured.

XRD回折による解析の結果を図8に示す。図8に示すように、出発物質中のZn含有比を増やさず、かつ、大気圧で育成した結晶では、Znが不足し、(InGaOZnO相の結晶が多く認められた。
また、得られた酸化物結晶は、最大長さが約30mmの結晶物であり、実施例1のような単相からなる大きなバルク状の単結晶を得るまでには至らなかった。
The results of analysis by XRD diffraction are shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 8, the crystals grown at atmospheric pressure without increasing the Zn content ratio in the starting material lacked Zn and many crystals of the (InGaO 3 ) 2 ZnO phase were observed.
In addition, the obtained oxide crystals were crystals having a maximum length of about 30 mm, and did not reach to obtain a large bulk single crystal consisting of a single phase as in Example 1.

(比較例2)
実施例1において、出発物質の混合比(mol比)を、In:Ga:ZnO=1:1:2.2からIn:Ga:ZnO=1:1:2に変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして単結晶の育成を試み、IGZO系酸化物結晶を製造した。
(Comparative example 2)
In Example 1, the mixing ratio (molar ratio) of the starting materials is In 2 O 3 : Ga 2 O 3 : ZnO = 1: 1: 2.2 to In 2 O 3 : Ga 2 O 3 : ZnO = 1: 1. Growth of a single crystal was attempted in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the ratio was changed to 1: 2 to produce an IGZO-based oxide crystal.

XRD回折による解析の結果を図9に示す。図9に示すように、出発物質中のZn含有比を増やさずに育成した結晶は、Znが不足し、(InGaOZnO相の結晶が多く認められた。
また、得られた酸化物結晶は、最大長さが約30mmの結晶物であり、実施例1のような単相からなる大きなバルク状の単結晶を得るまでには至らなかった。
The result of the analysis by XRD diffraction is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 9, the crystals grown without increasing the Zn content ratio in the starting material lacked Zn and many crystals of the (InGaO 3 ) 2 ZnO phase were observed.
In addition, the obtained oxide crystals were crystals having a maximum length of about 30 mm, and did not reach to obtain a large bulk single crystal consisting of a single phase as in Example 1.

12 ハロゲンランプ
14 回転楕円体ミラー
16 石英管
18 種結晶
20 ロッド状試料棒
12 halogen lamp 14 spheroid mirror 16 quartz tube 18 seed crystal 20 rod-shaped sample rod

Claims (10)

インジウム(In)、ガリウム(Ga)、及び亜鉛(Zn)を下記式1で表されるモル比で含む試料棒を、フローティングゾーン法により1気圧を越える圧力下、酸素含有雰囲気中で加熱し、加熱により生成した融液を冷却することにより、下記式2で表される組成を有する酸化物半導体の単結晶を製造する工程を含む、酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法。
In:Ga:Zn=1:1:a ・・・式1
(InGaO(ZnO) ・・・式2
〔式1中、aは、組成中に占めるZnのモル比を表し、a>1を満たす。式2中、m及びnは、整数を表し、m≧1及びn≧1を満たす。〕
A sample rod containing indium (In), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn) in a molar ratio represented by the following formula 1 is heated in an oxygen-containing atmosphere under a pressure exceeding 1 atmosphere by a floating zone method, The manufacturing method of an oxide semiconductor single crystal including the process of manufacturing the single crystal of the oxide semiconductor which has a composition represented by following formula 2 by cooling the melt produced | generated by heating.
In: Ga: Zn = 1: 1: a Formula 1
(InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n Formula 2
[In Formula 1, a represents the molar ratio of Zn occupied in a composition, and satisfy | fills a> 1. In Formula 2, m and n represent an integer, and satisfy m ≧ 1 and n ≧ 1. ]
前記圧力が、5気圧以上である請求項1に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法。   The method for producing an oxide semiconductor single crystal according to claim 1, wherein the pressure is 5 atmospheres or more. 前記aが、1.05以上である請求項1又は請求項2に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法。   The method for producing an oxide semiconductor single crystal according to claim 1, wherein the a is 1.05 or more. 前記式2で表される組成を有する酸化物半導体の単結晶が、InGaZnO単結晶である請求項1〜請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法。 Single crystals of the oxide semiconductor having a composition represented by the formula 2, InGaZnO 4 method of manufacturing an oxide semiconductor single crystal according to any one of claims 1 to 3 is a single crystal. 前記単結晶を製造する工程の後、更に、製造された前記単結晶を酸素含有雰囲気下、250℃以上の温度域で熱処理する工程を含む請求項1〜請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法。   The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising the step of heat treating the produced single crystal in a temperature range of 250 ° C or higher in an atmosphere containing oxygen after the step of producing the single crystal. Manufacturing method of an oxide semiconductor single crystal. 前記熱処理する工程は、酸素含有雰囲気中の酸素濃度を、体積基準で21%〜100%の範囲で調節しながら熱処理する請求項5に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶の製造方法。   The method of producing an oxide semiconductor single crystal according to claim 5, wherein the heat treatment step is a heat treatment while adjusting the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing atmosphere in a range of 21% to 100% on a volume basis. 下記式2で表される組成を有し、かつ、a軸−b軸面方向の電気伝導度σabが50S/cm以上であり、c軸方向の電気伝導度σが0.1S/cm〜1.0S/cmである、酸化物半導体単結晶。
(InGaO(ZnO) ・・・式2
〔式2中、m及びnは、整数を表し、m≧1及びn≧1を満たす。〕
It has a composition represented by the following formula 2, and the electrical conductivity σ ab in the a-axis-b-axis plane direction is 50 S / cm or more, and the electrical conductivity σ c in the c-axis direction is 0.1 S / cm Oxide semiconductor single crystal, which is ̃1.0 S / cm.
(InGaO 3 ) m (ZnO) n Formula 2
[In Formula 2, m and n represent an integer, and satisfy m11 and n ≧ 1. ]
前記式2中のm及びnが、m=n=1を満たす請求項7に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶。   The oxide semiconductor single crystal according to claim 7, wherein m and n in the formula 2 satisfy m = n = 1. 請求項7又は請求項8に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶を含む透明導電性材料。   A transparent conductive material comprising the oxide semiconductor single crystal according to claim 7. 請求項7又は請求項8に記載の酸化物半導体単結晶を含む透明導電性基板。   A transparent conductive substrate comprising the oxide semiconductor single crystal according to claim 7 or claim 8.
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