JP2014522437A - 安定なイオン交換フッ素化ポリマー及びこれから得られる膜 - Google Patents
安定なイオン交換フッ素化ポリマー及びこれから得られる膜 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2014522437A JP2014522437A JP2014513997A JP2014513997A JP2014522437A JP 2014522437 A JP2014522437 A JP 2014522437A JP 2014513997 A JP2014513997 A JP 2014513997A JP 2014513997 A JP2014513997 A JP 2014513997A JP 2014522437 A JP2014522437 A JP 2014522437A
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- fluorinated
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- aromatic
- aromatic compound
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- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 38
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- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001867 hydroperoxy group Chemical group [*]OO[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002443 hydroxylamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012613 in situ experiment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004255 ion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron (II) ion Substances [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TYQCGQRIZGCHNB-JLAZNSOCSA-N l-ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(O)=C(O)C1=O TYQCGQRIZGCHNB-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013490 limbo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-biphenylenemethane Natural products C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920011301 perfluoro alkoxyl alkane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002493 poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005023 polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004040 pyrrolidinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007763 reverse roll coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007761 roller coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OBTWBSRJZRCYQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuryl difluoride Chemical class FS(F)(=O)=O OBTWBSRJZRCYQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISIJQEHRDSCQIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2,7-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-7-carboxylate Chemical compound C1N(C(=O)OC(C)(C)C)CCCC11CNCC1 ISIJQEHRDSCQIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930003799 tocopherol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000011732 tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019149 tocopherols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000005580 triphenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ-tocopherol Chemical class OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1 QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1039—Polymeric electrolyte materials halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
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- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
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- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
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- C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
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- C08J5/225—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds obtained by introduction of active groups capable of ion-exchange into compounds of the type C08J5/2231 containing fluorine
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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- C08J2327/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2327/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08J2327/12—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
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Abstract
Description
− 式:CF2=CF(CF2)pSO2X’(式中、pは0〜10、好ましくは1〜6の整数、より好ましくはpは2又は3に等しく、且つ、式中、好ましくはX’=F)のスルフォニルハロゲン化物フルオロオレフィン、
− 式:CF2=CF−O−(CF2)mSO2X’(式中、mは1〜10、好ましくは1〜6、より好ましくは2〜4の整数、更に好ましくはmは2に等しく、且つ、式中、好ましくはX’=F)のスルフォニルハロゲン化物フルオロビニルエーテル、
− 式:CF2=CF−(OCF2CF(RF1))w−O−CF2(CF(RF2))ySO2X’(式中、wは0〜2の整数であり、RF1及びRF2は、互いに等しく又は異なり、独立してF、Cl、又はC1〜C10フルオロアルキル基であり、任意選択で、1つ又は複数のエーテル酸素で置換され、yは0〜6の整数であり、好ましくはwは1であり、RF1は−CF3であり、yは1、及びRF2はFであり、且つ、式中、好ましくはX’=F)のスルフォニルハロゲン化物フルオロアルコキシビニルエーテル、
− 式:CF2=CF−Ar−SO2X’(式中、Arは、C5〜C15芳香族又はヘテロ芳香族置換基であり、且つ、式中、好ましくはX’=F)のスルフォニルハロゲン化物芳香族フルオロオレフィンである。
− テトラフルオロエチレン、ペンタフルオロプロピレン、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン、及びヘキサフルオロイソブチレン等のC2〜C8フルオロオレフィン、
− ビニリデンフッ化物、
− クロロトリフルオロエチレン及びブロモトリフルオロエチレン等の、C2〜C8クロロ−及び/又はブロモ−及び/又はイオド−フルオロオレフィン、
− 式CF2=CFORf1(式中、Rf1は、例えば−CF3、−C2F5、−C3F7等のC1〜C6フルオロアルキルである)のフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル、
− 式CF2=CFORO1(式中、RO1は、例えば、パーフルオロ−2−プロポキシ−プロピル等の、1つ以上のエーテル基を有するC1〜C12フルオロ−オキシアルキルである)のフルオロ−オキシアルキルビニルエーテル、
− 式CF2=CFOCF2ORf2(式中、Rf2は、例えば、−CF3、−C2F5、−C3F7等の、C1〜C6フルオロアルキル、又は−C2F5O−CF3のような1つ又は複数のエーテル基を有するC1〜C6フルオロオキシアルキルである)のフルオロアルキル−メトキシ−ビニルエーテル、
− 式:
− C3〜C8フルオロオレフィン、好ましくはテトラフルオロエチレン、及び/又はヘキサフルオロプロピレン、
− クロロトリフルオロエチレン及び/又はブロモトリフルオロエチレンのようなクロロ−及び/又はブロモ−及び/又はイオド−C2〜C6フルオロオレフィン、
− 式CF2=CFORf1(式中、Rf1は、例えば−CF3、−C2F5、−C3F7等の、C1〜C6フルオロアルキルである)のフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル、
− 式CF2=CFORO1(式中、RO1は、パーフルオロ−2−プロポキシ−プロピルのような、1つ又は複数のエーテル基を有するC1〜C12フルオロオキシアルキルである)のフルオロ−オキシアルキルビニルエーテル、
の中から選択される。
パーフルオロベンゼン、パーフルオロビフェニル、パーフルオロトルエン、パーフルオロ−p−キンクエフェニル、パーフルオロ−p−セキシフェニル、1、3、5(ペンタフルオロフェニル)−2、4、6フルオロ−ベンゼンである。
22lのオートクレーブ中に以下の試薬を充填した。
− 脱塩水11,5l、
− 式:CF2=CF−O−CF2CF2−SO2Fのモノマー980g
− CF2ClO(CF2CF(CF3)O)n(CF2O)mCF2COOKの5%重量水溶液3100g(平均分子重量=521、比n/m=10)
実施例1のフッ素化ポリマーと水を含む液状組成物(C1)を、米国特許第4433082号明細書(DU PONT、1984年2月21日)に記載の手順に従って、250℃にてオートクレーブ モデル LIMBO 350(Buchi Glas Uster)を用いて調製した。液状組成物には、30重量%のポリマーP1が含まれた。
C2〜C4:アセトン31.9%、水30.4%、n−プロパノール23.7%、P1 13.5%、C12F100.5%、
C5:アセトン54%、水20%、n−プロパノール16%、P1 9%、C12F101%。
C6:アセトン32%、水30%、n−プロパノール17%、P1 14%、N−エチルピロリドン6%、C12F100.54%、セリウム(III)0.02%
脱塩水60g、エタノール300g、及びエチレンジアミン(1000mモル)60gを、不活性の雰囲気下(窒素)、凝縮装置及びマグネチックスターラーを備える500mlガラス反応容器の中に置いた。室温で5分撹拌後、デカフルオロビフェニル30g(90mモル)を、反応混合物に加えた。
実施例3で調製した2−NH2−OFBF(g)を、水、1−プロパノール、及びN−エチルピロリドンを前述の通り調製した液状組成物C1に加えることによって得られた液状組成物に、撹拌下、加えた。
C7:水45%、n−プロパノール35%、P1 15%、N−エチルピロリドン5%、2−NH2−OFBF0.16%
C8:水45%、n−プロパノール35%、P1 15%、N−エチルピロリドン5%、2−NH2−OFBF0.16%、セリウム(III)0.02%
100mmの内径を有するPTFE環状フレーム上に載置された、0.2μmの平均孔径(製造者により特定された)及び35μmの厚さを有する発泡PTFE支持体(TETRATEX(登録商標) #3101)を、それぞれの液状組成物(C1〜C8)に浸漬させ、次いで、65℃の温度で1時間、90℃で1時間、次いで、80から190〜210℃で1時間オーブン中にて乾燥させた。
膜M1、M3〜M6、及びM8を、25cm2の作用面積を有する単セル(Fuel Cell Technology(登録商標))に組み立て、Arbin(登録商標) 50W 試験スタンド上で試験した。膜を、E−TEK(登録商標) LT250EW ガス拡散電極(0.5mg/cm2 Pt)に組み付けた。
反応物質化学量論:2.8空気−3.4水素(純水素5.5グレード)
反応物質湿度レベル:100%
電池温度:75℃
作動圧力:2.5バール(絶対)
アノード側フロー:500sccm 純水素、64℃露点、1バール(絶対)
カソード側フロー:500sccm 純水素、64℃露点、1バール(絶対)
作動温度:90℃
開放回路電圧条件(=電流0アンペア)
フッ素化イオン交換膜の安定性及び耐久性は、フェントン試験を基準として、一般的に評価されており、この場合、鉄(II)イオン(・OHラジカルにおける過酸化水素分解を触媒する)の存在下で、フッ素化膜を過酸化水素で処理した結果により離脱したフッ化物イオンの量が求められる。
Claims (16)
- −SO2X官能基(式中、XはX’又はOMから選択され、且つ、X’はF、Cl、Br、Iからなる群から選択され、且つ、Mは、H、アルカリ金属、NH4からなる群から選択される)を含む少なくとも1つのフッ素化ポリマーと、少なくとも1つのフッ素化芳香族化合物とを含む組成物。
- 前記フッ素化芳香族化合物が、5〜132のsp2混成炭素原子、又は合計5〜120のsp2混成炭素原子、窒素原子、酸素原子、及び硫黄原子を含む少なくとも1つの芳香族部位を含み、
前記芳香族部位は、前記sp2混成炭素原子、並びに前記窒素原子、前記酸素原子、及び前記硫黄原子に結合した水素原子を有しておらず、且つ、前記芳香族部位の前記sp2混成炭素原子に結合した少なくとも1つのフッ素原子を含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。 - 前記フッ素化芳香族化合物は、前記フッ素化ポリマーの前記−SO2X’官能基と反応できる官能基を含む少なくとも2つの置換基を有する、請求項1又は2に記載の組成物。
- 前記少なくとも1つの芳香族部位がベンゼンである、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記少なくとも1つのフッ素化芳香族化合物が、パーフルオロベンゼン、パーフルオロビフェニル、パーフルオロトルエン、パーフルオロ−p−キンクエフェニル、パーフルオロ−p−セキシフェニル、1、3、5(ペンタフルオロフェニル)−2、4、6フルオロ−ベンゼン、及び式(I)
- 前記少なくとも1つのフッ素化芳香族化合物が、少なくとも1つの芳香族部位を含むポリマーである、請求項1〜4に記載の組成物。
- 前記少なくとも1つのフッ素化芳香族化合物が、フッ素化ポリマーの1グラム当たり前記組成物中の前記芳香族部位の全モル数が少なくとも0.005%であり、且つ、1%を超えることがないような量で存在する、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 液状媒体中で分散又は溶解させた請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む液状組成物。
- 前記フッ素化ポリマーにおいて、X=OM、且つ、M=Hである、請求項8に記載の液状組成物。
- 固体の形態で又は溶液中で、前記少なくとも1つのフッ素化芳香族化合物及び前記少なくとも1つのフッ素化ポリマーをブレンドすることを含む、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の組成物の調製方法。
- 請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む膜。
- 支持体を更に含む請求項11に記載の膜。
- 前記支持体が、フッ素化ポリマーからなる多孔質支持体である、請求項12に記載の膜。
- 前記フッ素化ポリマーにおいて、X=X’、好ましくはX=Fである、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を押し出し成形することを含む、請求項11〜13のいずれか一項に記載の膜の調製方法。
- 請求項8又は9に記載の液状組成物の含浸、キャスティング、又は塗工を含む、請求項11〜13のいずれか一項に記載の膜の調製方法。
- 請求項11〜13のいずれか一項に記載の膜を含む燃料電池。
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PCT/EP2012/060212 WO2012168130A1 (en) | 2011-06-06 | 2012-05-31 | Stable ion exchange fluorinated polymers and membranes obtained therefrom |
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EP (1) | EP2719007A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2014522437A (ja) |
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WO2022210641A1 (ja) | 2021-03-31 | 2022-10-06 | 日産化学株式会社 | スルホン酸基を有するフッ素含有化合物及び固体高分子形燃料電池 |
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JP2002246041A (ja) * | 2001-02-21 | 2002-08-30 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 固体高分子電解質型燃料電池用膜・電極接合体 |
JP2006024389A (ja) * | 2004-07-06 | 2006-01-26 | Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corp | 高温耐久性高分子固体電解質膜 |
US20060083976A1 (en) * | 2004-06-09 | 2006-04-20 | California Institute Of Technology | Substituted nitrogen heterocycles as proton carriers for water-free proton exchange membranes for fuel cells |
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US4433082A (en) | 1981-05-01 | 1984-02-21 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Process for making liquid composition of perfluorinated ion exchange polymer, and product thereof |
US4940525A (en) | 1987-05-08 | 1990-07-10 | The Dow Chemical Company | Low equivalent weight sulfonic fluoropolymers |
JP3691704B2 (ja) | 2000-01-17 | 2005-09-07 | 豊田合成株式会社 | 吸気ダクト及びその製造方法 |
IT1318594B1 (it) | 2000-06-23 | 2003-08-27 | Ausimont Spa | Processo di polimerizzazione di monomeri solfonici. |
ITMI20012744A1 (it) | 2001-12-21 | 2003-06-21 | Ausimont Spa | Processo di polimerizzazione di monomeri solfonici |
JP4979179B2 (ja) | 2003-08-22 | 2012-07-18 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 固体高分子型燃料電池およびその製造方法 |
US7537857B2 (en) | 2003-12-17 | 2009-05-26 | Bdf Ip Holdings Ltd. | Reduced degradation of ion-exchange membranes in electrochemical fuel cells |
GB0804185D0 (en) * | 2008-03-07 | 2008-04-16 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Ion-conducting membrane structures |
EP2100909A1 (en) | 2008-03-14 | 2009-09-16 | Solvay Solexis S.p.A. | (Per)fluorinated addition products |
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- 2012-05-31 US US14/123,926 patent/US20140199604A1/en not_active Abandoned
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JP2002246041A (ja) * | 2001-02-21 | 2002-08-30 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 固体高分子電解質型燃料電池用膜・電極接合体 |
US20060083976A1 (en) * | 2004-06-09 | 2006-04-20 | California Institute Of Technology | Substituted nitrogen heterocycles as proton carriers for water-free proton exchange membranes for fuel cells |
JP2006024389A (ja) * | 2004-07-06 | 2006-01-26 | Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corp | 高温耐久性高分子固体電解質膜 |
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WO2012168130A1 (en) | 2012-12-13 |
EP2719007A1 (en) | 2014-04-16 |
KR20140035965A (ko) | 2014-03-24 |
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