JP2010264385A - Electrodialyzer - Google Patents

Electrodialyzer Download PDF

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JP2010264385A
JP2010264385A JP2009117698A JP2009117698A JP2010264385A JP 2010264385 A JP2010264385 A JP 2010264385A JP 2009117698 A JP2009117698 A JP 2009117698A JP 2009117698 A JP2009117698 A JP 2009117698A JP 2010264385 A JP2010264385 A JP 2010264385A
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electrodialysis
stage
exchange membrane
electrode
electrodes
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JP5574287B2 (en
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Tadahiro Omi
忠弘 大見
Tetsuya Goto
哲也 後藤
Tomotsugu Ohashi
朋貢 大橋
Keita Fushimi
圭太 伏見
Takayuki Imaoka
孝之 今岡
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Tohoku University NUC
Organo Corp
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Tohoku University NUC
Organo Corp
Japan Organo Co Ltd
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Priority to PCT/JP2010/056970 priority patent/WO2010122989A1/en
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/124—Water desalination

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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrodialyzer effective in power saving by solving a problem wherein a conventional electrodialyzer requires a very large amount of electric power. <P>SOLUTION: The electrodialyzer includes an anion exchange membrane 304, a cation exchange membrane 305 and an intermediate electrode 303 between a positive electrode 301 and a negative electrode 302. The intermediate electrode is an electrode structured to have a number of pores through which a liquid can pass in the left-right direction, and is connected to the ground. The electrodialyzer thereby subjects water to be treated to electrodialysis under the application of a voltage causing substantially no electric current to flow, while supplying seawater between the electrode and the ion exchange membrane and supplying seawater or fresh water between the cation exchange membrane and the anion exchange membrane. The electrodialyzer can be applied to an apparatus for desalinating seawater and an apparatus for producing salt or bittern. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

本発明は電気透析装置に関し、特に、低消費電力型の電気透析装置に関する。   The present invention relates to an electrodialysis apparatus, and particularly to a low power consumption type electrodialysis apparatus.

電気透析装置の使用例として、海水淡水化処理装置が知られている。例えば、特許文献１には、海水を脱塩して淡水を得る逆浸透分離装置とこの逆浸透分離装置から排出される濃縮水を更に濃縮する電気透析装置を備えた海水処理装置について記載されている。   As an example of use of an electrodialyzer, a seawater desalination apparatus is known. For example, Patent Document 1 describes a seawater treatment device including a reverse osmosis separation device that desalinates seawater to obtain fresh water and an electrodialysis device that further concentrates concentrated water discharged from the reverse osmosis separation device. Yes.

また、特許文献２には、選択的イオン透過性を有するイオン交換膜群を備えた電気透析室を複数組備え、複数組の電気透析室に対して電解質濃度の異なる導電水を直列状に通して通電することにより、低電解質濃度水に多量の電流を流すことにより、電解質除去率を向上させた電気透析法が開示されている。   Further, Patent Document 2 includes a plurality of electrodialysis chambers each having an ion exchange membrane group having selective ion permeability, and conductive waters having different electrolyte concentrations are passed through the plurality of electrodialysis chambers in series. In other words, an electrodialysis method has been disclosed in which an electrolyte removal rate is improved by flowing a large amount of current through low-electrolyte-concentrated water.

更に、特許文献３は、高濃度ニガリを得るために、多段式電気透析装置を使用することを記載している。   Furthermore, patent document 3 describes using a multistage electrodialysis apparatus in order to obtain a high concentration bittern.

しかしながら、特許文献１〜３では、いずれも電気透析装置自体について詳細な説明は省略されている。したがって、引用文献１〜３から、電気透析装置における問題点を類推することはできない。   However, in Patent Documents 1 to 3, detailed description of the electrodialysis apparatus itself is omitted. Therefore, the problems in the electrodialysis apparatus cannot be inferred from the cited documents 1 to 3.

ここで、図１を参照して、電気透析装置における問題点を明らかにする。図１に示されているように、一般的な電気透析装置は正極１０１、負極１０２、陰イオン（アニオン）交換膜１０３、陽イオン（カチオン）交換膜１０４からなり、交互に配列した陽イオン交換膜と陰イオン交換膜の複数対を２枚の（１対の）電極が挟み込み、イオン交換膜の間を処理水が流れる構造をしている。   Here, with reference to FIG. 1, the problem in an electrodialysis apparatus is clarified. As shown in FIG. 1, a general electrodialysis apparatus includes a positive electrode 101, a negative electrode 102, an anion (anion) exchange membrane 103, and a cation (cation) exchange membrane 104. Two (one pair) electrodes sandwich a plurality of pairs of membranes and anion exchange membranes, and the treated water flows between the ion exchange membranes.

一対の電極に電圧を印加すると、水中の陽イオンは陰極側に、陰イオンは陽極側に移動する。このとき、陽イオンは陽イオン交換膜を通過できるが、陰イオン交換膜を通過できない。一方、陰イオンは陽イオン交換膜を通過できないが、陰イオン交換膜は通過できる。結果として脱塩室１０５と濃縮室１０６が形成される。例えば、処理原水として海水を導入した場合、この脱塩室の水が淡水として得られることになる。通常の海水淡水化向け電気透析装置は装置をコンパクトかつ安価にするために１対の電極間に複数対のイオン交換膜を配置し、電極間電圧を数１００Ｖ、電極電流密度を数１０ｍＡ／ｃｍ２で動作させている。例えば、電極面積１ｍ２（１００００ｃｍ２）、電流密度１０ｍＡ／ｃｍ２とすると総電流は１００Ａとなり、電極間電圧を１００Ｖとすると必要電力は１０ｋＷとなり非常に大きな電力を消費することとなる。 When a voltage is applied to the pair of electrodes, cations in water move to the cathode side and anions move to the anode side. At this time, the cation can pass through the cation exchange membrane, but cannot pass through the anion exchange membrane. On the other hand, anions cannot pass through the cation exchange membrane, but can pass through the anion exchange membrane. As a result, a desalting chamber 105 and a concentration chamber 106 are formed. For example, when seawater is introduced as the processing raw water, the water in the desalination chamber is obtained as fresh water. In order to reduce the size and cost of a typical electrodialysis apparatus for seawater desalination, a plurality of pairs of ion exchange membranes are arranged between a pair of electrodes, the voltage between the electrodes is several hundred volts, and the electrode current density is several tens mA / cm. 2 is operating. For example, if the electrode area is 1 m 2 (10000 cm 2 ) and the current density is 10 mA / cm 2 , the total current is 100 A, and if the voltage between the electrodes is 100 V, the required power is 10 kW and very large power is consumed.

更に、電気透析装置を多段構成にした特許文献２及び３における電力増加はより重大な問題となる。   Furthermore, the increase in electric power in Patent Documents 2 and 3 in which the electrodialysis apparatus has a multistage configuration becomes a more serious problem.

特開平９−２７６８６４号公報JP 9-276864 A 特開２００３−９４０６３号公報JP 2003-94063 A 特開２００５−２８７３１１号公報JP 2005-287111 A

以上のように、従来の電気透析装置は非常に大きな電力を必要とするという問題がある。   As described above, the conventional electrodialysis apparatus has a problem of requiring very large electric power.

よって本発明は、消費電力の少ない電気透析装置を提供することにある。   Therefore, this invention is providing the electrodialysis apparatus with little power consumption.

まず、本発明の基本概念を説明する。   First, the basic concept of the present invention will be described.

電極に電圧を印加した際、水中のイオンや水分子と電極の間には次の現象が起こる。即ち、電極に電圧を印加すると、電圧印加後すぐには、電極間に電流は流れず、水中の正イオンは負極に、負イオンは正極に移動し始める（第１段階）。更に、電圧を印加し続けて、ある閾値電圧を超えると、第二段階として電極と水中のイオンあるいは水分子との間で電子の授受、電極反応が起こり、電極間に電流が流れ始める（第２段階）。この閾値電圧は水中のイオン種や濃度、温度、さらに、電極材質等にも依存する。   When a voltage is applied to the electrodes, the following phenomenon occurs between the ions and water molecules in the water and the electrodes. That is, when a voltage is applied to the electrodes, immediately after the voltage is applied, no current flows between the electrodes, and positive ions in water begin to move to the negative electrode and negative ions begin to move to the positive electrode (first stage). Further, when a voltage is continuously applied and exceeds a certain threshold voltage, as a second step, electrons are transferred and an electrode reaction occurs between the electrode and ions or water molecules in the water, and a current starts to flow between the electrodes (first step). 2 steps). This threshold voltage also depends on the ion species, concentration, temperature, and electrode material in the water.

従来の電気透析装置において消費電力が大きくなる原因は、イオンを動かすために、前記第２段階において電極反応が進行する電圧で動作していることにある。従来装置は１対の電極間に複数対のイオン交換膜を挟み込む構造であるため１対の電極で移動させるべきイオンが多い。そのために、電極間に大きな電位差を設ける必要があり、結果として電極間電圧は電極反応の閾値電圧を超え電極反応が進行することになる。   The cause of the increase in power consumption in the conventional electrodialysis apparatus is that it operates at a voltage at which the electrode reaction proceeds in the second stage in order to move ions. Since the conventional apparatus has a structure in which a plurality of pairs of ion exchange membranes are sandwiched between a pair of electrodes, there are many ions to be moved by a pair of electrodes. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a large potential difference between the electrodes. As a result, the electrode voltage exceeds the threshold voltage of the electrode reaction, and the electrode reaction proceeds.

一方、電極反応の閾値電圧を超えない電極間電圧にて電気透析が実施すれば、電流はほとんど流れずイオンを移動させることができるため低消費電力型電気透析装置が実現する。そのためには大きな電圧を印加することはできないので、１対の電極でできるだけ少量のイオンを移動させるシステムを構築することが必要である。そこで、本発明においては、基本ユニットとしては１対の電極間に１対の陽イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換膜を配置した構造を用いる。   On the other hand, if electrodialysis is performed at a voltage between electrodes that does not exceed the threshold voltage of the electrode reaction, current hardly flows and ions can be moved, so that a low power consumption type electrodialysis apparatus is realized. For that purpose, since a large voltage cannot be applied, it is necessary to construct a system that moves as little ions as possible with a pair of electrodes. Therefore, in the present invention, a structure in which a pair of cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes are arranged between a pair of electrodes is used as the basic unit.

本発明の一態様によれば、対向する電極間の正極側に正イオン交換膜、負極側に負イオン交換膜が設けられた構造で、前記電極と前記イオン交換膜の間に海水を、正イオン交換膜と負イオン交換膜の間に海水あるいは真水を供給し、電極間に電流が流れない程度の電圧を印加することでイオンを移動させる低消費電力型電気透析装置が得られる。   According to one aspect of the present invention, in a structure in which a positive ion exchange membrane is provided on the positive electrode side between opposing electrodes and a negative ion exchange membrane is provided on the negative electrode side, seawater is added between the electrode and the ion exchange membrane. By supplying seawater or fresh water between the ion exchange membrane and the negative ion exchange membrane and applying a voltage that does not allow current to flow between the electrodes, a low power consumption type electrodialysis apparatus that moves ions can be obtained.

本発明によれば、電気透析装置の消費電力量を低減させることができる。   According to the present invention, the power consumption of the electrodialysis apparatus can be reduced.

電気透析の原理を説明するための従来装置の概略構成を示した図である。It is the figure which showed schematic structure of the conventional apparatus for demonstrating the principle of electrodialysis. 水溶液の電位−電流曲線を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the electric potential-current curve of aqueous solution. 本発明の実施例による２段の電気透析装置の図である。It is a figure of the two-stage electrodialysis apparatus by the Example of this invention. 本発明の実施例に係る電気透析装置の１段目の動作を示す図である。It is a figure which shows operation | movement of the 1st step | paragraph of the electrodialysis apparatus concerning the Example of this invention. 本発明の実施例に係る電気透析装置の１段目の動作結果を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the operation result of the 1st step | paragraph of the electrodialysis apparatus concerning the Example of this invention. 本発明の実施例に係る電気透析装置の２段目の動作を示す図である。It is a figure which shows operation | movement of the 2nd step | paragraph of the electrodialysis apparatus concerning the Example of this invention. 本発明の実施例に係る電気透析装置の２段目の動作結果を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the operation result of the 2nd step | paragraph of the electrodialysis apparatus concerning the Example of this invention.

まず、図２を参照して、閾値電圧を測定した結果を説明する。   First, the result of measuring the threshold voltage will be described with reference to FIG.

３ｗｔ％塩化ナトリウム水溶液が入ったアクリル製容器に正極、負極を３ｃｍ間隔で対向して設置し、外部電源を用いて電極間に電圧を印加した。正極、負極材料には０．１ｍｍ厚の白金板を用いた。電極間電圧に対して電流量をプロットしたものを図２に示す。図２に示されるように、電極電圧差が正電圧を印加した場合、２Ｖまで、負電圧を印加した場合、−２Ｖまで電流がほとんど流れないことがわかる。このことは、電極間電圧４Ｖまでであれば電流をほとんど流すことなく、電極間に存在する水に電位勾配を与えることが可能であることを示している。   A positive electrode and a negative electrode were placed facing each other at an interval of 3 cm in an acrylic container containing a 3 wt% sodium chloride aqueous solution, and a voltage was applied between the electrodes using an external power source. A platinum plate having a thickness of 0.1 mm was used for the positive and negative electrode materials. FIG. 2 shows a plot of the amount of current against the voltage between the electrodes. As shown in FIG. 2, it can be seen that when the positive voltage is applied to the electrode voltage difference, up to 2V, and when the negative voltage is applied, the current hardly flows up to -2V. This indicates that a potential gradient can be applied to the water existing between the electrodes with almost no current flowing if the voltage between the electrodes is up to 4V.

次に、図３を参照して、本発明の実施例による電気透析装置の基本構成を説明する。なお、装置は複数段で構成されるが、ここでは２段構成を例として説明する。即ち、図示された電気透析装置は、第１段目の電気透析部と第２段目の電気透析部とによって構成されている。   Next, the basic configuration of the electrodialysis apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. Although the apparatus is configured with a plurality of stages, a two-stage configuration will be described as an example here. That is, the illustrated electrodialysis apparatus includes a first stage electrodialysis section and a second stage electrodialysis section.

図３に示された第１段目の電気透析部は、正極３０１、負極３０２の間に陰イオン（アニオン）交換膜３０４、陽イオン（カチオン）交換膜３０５、及び、中間極３０３を有している。中間極３０３は液が図の左右両方向に通過できる細孔を多数有した構造の電極であり、グランドに接続されている。よって、中間極３０３を介した両隣りの室は同一室とみなせる。   The first stage electrodialysis unit shown in FIG. 3 has an anion (anion) exchange membrane 304, a cation (cation) exchange membrane 305, and an intermediate electrode 303 between the positive electrode 301 and the negative electrode 302. ing. The intermediate electrode 303 is an electrode having a structure having many pores through which liquid can pass in both the left and right directions in the figure, and is connected to the ground. Therefore, both adjacent chambers through the intermediate pole 303 can be regarded as the same chamber.

第２段目の電気透析部も同様に、正極１３０１、負極１３０２の間に陰イオン（アニオン）交換膜１３０４、陽イオン（カチオン）交換膜１３０５、中間極１３０３を有している。ただし、正極や負極、イオン交換膜の構成は第１段目の電気透析部と逆相に設置する。即ち、矢印で示された水溶液の流通方向の中心位置を挟んで、第１段目の電気透析部では、図の左側（即ち、一方側）に正極３０１、右側（即ち、他方側）に負極３０２が配置され、正極３０１側に陽イオン交換膜３０５、負極３０２側に陰イオン交換膜３０４が配置されている。他方、第２段目の電気透析部では、水溶液の流通方向の中心位置に対して、左側（即ち、一方側）に、負極１３０２及び陰イオン交換膜１３０４が配置され、流通方向の中心位置に対して右側（他方側）に、正極１３０１及び陽イオン交換膜１３０５が配置されている。   Similarly, the second-stage electrodialysis unit has an anion (anion) exchange membrane 1304, a cation (cation) exchange membrane 1305, and an intermediate electrode 1303 between the positive electrode 1301 and the negative electrode 1302. However, the configuration of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the ion exchange membrane is installed in a phase opposite to that of the first stage electrodialysis unit. That is, across the central position of the aqueous solution flow direction indicated by the arrow, in the first stage electrodialysis unit, the positive electrode 301 is on the left side (ie, one side) and the negative electrode is on the right side (ie, the other side). 302 is disposed, and a cation exchange membrane 305 is disposed on the positive electrode 301 side, and an anion exchange membrane 304 is disposed on the negative electrode 302 side. On the other hand, in the second stage electrodialysis unit, the negative electrode 1302 and the anion exchange membrane 1304 are arranged on the left side (that is, one side) with respect to the central position in the flow direction of the aqueous solution, and the central position in the flow direction. On the other hand, a positive electrode 1301 and a cation exchange membrane 1305 are arranged on the right side (the other side).

より多くの段数を備えた電気透析装置の場合には、正極及び陽イオン交換膜と、負極及び陰イオン交換膜とが、流通方向の中心位置に対して左右両側に交互に配置される。   In the case of an electrodialysis apparatus having a larger number of stages, the positive electrode and the cation exchange membrane, the negative electrode and the anion exchange membrane are alternately arranged on the left and right sides with respect to the center position in the flow direction.

図示された電気透析装置における水溶液の流れは次の通りである。すなわち、第１段目の正極３０１と陽イオン交換膜３０５の間の室３０６、及び負極３０２と陰イオン交換膜３０４の間の室３０８には、処理原水として海水淡水化の場合は海水が、陽及び陰イオン交換膜３０５と３０４に挟まれた室３０７には海水あるいは真水が供給される。   The flow of the aqueous solution in the illustrated electrodialysis apparatus is as follows. That is, in the chamber 306 between the positive electrode 301 and the cation exchange membrane 305 in the first stage and the chamber 308 between the negative electrode 302 and the anion exchange membrane 304, seawater in the case of seawater desalination as treatment raw water, Seawater or fresh water is supplied to the chamber 307 sandwiched between the cation and anion exchange membranes 305 and 304.

第１段目の電気透析部で室３０６、３０７、３０８を通過した処理水は、第２段目の電気透析部においてもそれぞれ第１段目と同様の室１３０６、１３０７、１３０８に流入、通過する。ただし、第２段目の電気透析部では、前述したように、電極、イオン交換膜の構成は逆相に設置されている。   The treated water that has passed through the chambers 306, 307, and 308 in the first stage electrodialysis section flows into and passes through the same chambers 1306, 1307, and 1308 as in the first stage also in the second stage electrodialysis section. To do. However, in the second-stage electrodialysis unit, as described above, the configuration of the electrode and the ion exchange membrane is installed in reverse phase.

次に、図４乃至７を参照して、本発明の実施例に係る電気透析装置の動作原理を説明する。   Next, with reference to FIG. 4 thru | or 7, the principle of operation of the electrodialysis apparatus based on the Example of this invention is demonstrated.

第１段目の電気透析部：
第１段目の電気透析部では、図４に示すように、正極３０１と陽イオン交換膜３０５に挟まれた室３０６からは陽イオンが減少し、負極３０２と陰イオン交換膜３０４に挟まれた室３０８からは陰イオンが減少する。その結果が図５に示される。 First stage electrodialysis department:
In the first stage electrodialysis section, as shown in FIG. 4, cations decrease from the chamber 306 sandwiched between the positive electrode 301 and the cation exchange membrane 305 and are sandwiched between the negative electrode 302 and the anion exchange membrane 304. From the chamber 308, anions decrease. The result is shown in FIG.

このように、第１段目の電気透析部で陽イオンが低減された室３０６からの水および陰イオンが低減された室３０８からの水（逆に言うと、陰イオンと陽イオンとがそれぞれ濃縮された水）が第２段目の電気透析部に送られる。   In this way, water from the chamber 306 in which cations are reduced in the first stage electrodialysis section and water from the chamber 308 in which anions are reduced (in other words, anions and cations are respectively Concentrated water) is sent to the second stage electrodialysis unit.

第１段目の電気透析部の正極３０１と負極３０２に印加する電圧としては、海水の場合、電極３０３に対して正極３０１には＋２Ｖ以下、負極３０２には−２Ｖ以下の電圧をそれぞれ印加する。即ち、図２に示された閾値電圧以下の電圧が正極３０１と負極３０２に印加されるため，両電極間には殆ど電流を流すことなく、水に対して電位勾配を与えることができる。   As the voltage applied to the positive electrode 301 and the negative electrode 302 of the first stage electrodialysis unit, in the case of seawater, a voltage of +2 V or less is applied to the positive electrode 301 and −2 V or less is applied to the negative electrode 302 with respect to the electrode 303. . That is, since a voltage equal to or lower than the threshold voltage shown in FIG. 2 is applied to the positive electrode 301 and the negative electrode 302, a potential gradient can be given to water with almost no current flowing between both electrodes.

第２段目の電気透析部：
図６を参照すると、第２段目の電気透析部は前述したように、第１段目の電気透析部とは逆相に構成されている。第１段目の電気透析部において、図５に示すように、陽イオンが減少した室３０６の水は、第２段目の電気透析部では図６に示すように、負極１３０２と陰イオン交換膜１３０４に挟まれた室１３０８に供給され、第１段目の電気透析部で、図５に示すように陰イオンが減少した室３０８の水は第２段目の電気透析部では、図６に示すように正極１３０１と正イオン交換膜１３０５に挟まれた室１３０６に供給される。 Second stage electrodialysis unit:
Referring to FIG. 6, the second-stage electrodialysis section is configured in reverse phase with the first-stage electrodialysis section, as described above. In the first stage electrodialysis section, as shown in FIG. 5, the water in the chamber 306 in which cations are reduced is exchanged with the negative electrode 1302 in the second stage electrodialysis section as shown in FIG. The water in the chamber 308, which is supplied to the chamber 1308 sandwiched between the membranes 1304 and has reduced anions in the first stage electrodialysis section, as shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 3, the liquid is supplied to a chamber 1306 sandwiched between a positive electrode 1301 and a positive ion exchange membrane 1305.

第２段目の電気透析部では、中間電極１３０３に対して正電極１３０１には＋３〜４Ｖ、負電極３０２には−３〜４Ｖの電圧を印加する。即ち、第２段目の電気透析部には、第１段目の電気透析部よりも絶対値の大きな電圧が印加される。   In the second stage electrodialysis unit, a voltage of +3 to 4 V is applied to the positive electrode 1301 and −3 to 4 V is applied to the negative electrode 302 with respect to the intermediate electrode 1303. That is, a voltage having a larger absolute value than that of the first-stage electrodialysis section is applied to the second-stage electrodialysis section.

第１段目の電気透析部で室３０６を通過して陰イオンがそのままの濃度で残った水は、第２段目の電気透析部では負極１３０２と陰イオン交換膜１３０４に挟まれた室１３０８を通過するため、陰イオンは陰イオン交換膜１３０４を介して中央に設けられた室（濃縮室）１３０７に流れこみ、室１３０８の陰イオン濃度が激減する。   The water that passes through the chamber 306 in the first stage electrodialysis section and remains at the same concentration as the anion remains in the chamber 1308 sandwiched between the negative electrode 1302 and the anion exchange membrane 1304 in the second stage electrodialysis section. Thus, the anion flows into the chamber (concentration chamber) 1307 provided in the center via the anion exchange membrane 1304, and the anion concentration in the chamber 1308 is drastically reduced.

第１段目の電気等石室で、室３０８を通過して陽イオンがそのままの濃度で残った水は第２段目の電気透析部では正極１３０１と陽イオン交換膜１３０５に挟まれた室１３０６を通過するため、陽イオンは陽イオン交換膜１３０５を介して中央の室１３０７に流れこみ、室１３０６の陽イオン濃度が激減する。その結果を図７に示す。   In the first stage electric isotope chamber, the water that has passed through the chamber 308 and remained in the same concentration as the cation is the chamber 1306 sandwiched between the positive electrode 1301 and the cation exchange membrane 1305 in the second stage electrodialysis section. Therefore, the cation flows into the central chamber 1307 through the cation exchange membrane 1305, and the cation concentration in the chamber 1306 is drastically reduced. The result is shown in FIG.

このように、処理水を第１段目、第２段目と通液する。段数を増やす場合は１段目、２段目と同様に３段目以降もそれぞれ交互に正極側→負極側→正極側→負極側、もう一方は負極側→正極側→負極側→正極側と通過させることにより、水中の陽イオン、陰イオンは中央部に設けられた室３０７、１３０７に集中して集められる。尚、段数が多くなって、室３０６（１３０６）、３０８（１３０８）のイオン濃度が減少するにつれ、印加する電圧は大きくする必要がある。   In this way, the treated water is passed through the first and second stages. When increasing the number of stages, as in the first and second stages, the third and subsequent stages are alternately alternately positive side → negative side → positive side → negative side, and the other side is negative side → positive side → negative side → positive side. By passing the water, cations and anions in the water are concentrated in the chambers 307 and 1307 provided in the center. As the number of stages increases and the ion concentration in the chambers 306 (1306) and 308 (1308) decreases, the applied voltage needs to be increased.

ただし、ほとんど電流を流さない条件、すなわち、電極間電圧を電流密度が１ｍＡ／ｃｍ２以下、好ましくは０．１ｍＡ／ｃｍ２以下となるように運転し、陽イオン、陰イオンを除去していることから、従来の電気透析法（電流密度 数１０ｍＡ／ｃｍ２）に比べて圧倒的に少ない電力消費量でＮａＣｌ濃度を低減できる。 However, the conditions are such that almost no current flows, that is, the voltage between the electrodes is operated so that the current density is 1 mA / cm 2 or less, preferably 0.1 mA / cm 2 or less, and cations and anions are removed. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the NaCl concentration with a power consumption that is overwhelmingly smaller than that of the conventional electrodialysis method (current density of several 10 mA / cm 2).

本発明は、海水淡水化装置だけでなく、製塩或いはニガリの製造装置にも適用できる。   The present invention can be applied not only to a seawater desalination apparatus but also to a salt production or bittern production apparatus.

３０１、１３０１ 正極
３０２、１３０２ 負極
３０３、１３０３ 中間電極 301, 1301 Positive electrode 302, 1302 Negative electrode 303, 1303 Intermediate electrode

Claims (12)

１対の電極の間に少なくとも１枚以上のイオン交換膜を設置し、前記電極間に電流が実質的に流れないような電圧を印加することを特徴とする電気透析装置。   An electrodialysis apparatus, wherein at least one ion exchange membrane is installed between a pair of electrodes, and a voltage is applied so that a current does not substantially flow between the electrodes. １対の電極の間に１対の陽イオン交換膜と陰イオン交換膜を設置し、前記電極間に電流が実質的に流れないような電圧を印加することを特徴とする電気透析装置。   An electrodialysis apparatus, wherein a pair of cation exchange membrane and anion exchange membrane are installed between a pair of electrodes, and a voltage is applied so that a current does not substantially flow between the electrodes. 前記１対のイオン交換膜の間に水が通過可能な孔を有する電極を挿入したことを特徴とする請求項２に記載された電気透析装置。   The electrodialysis apparatus according to claim 2, wherein an electrode having a hole through which water can pass is inserted between the pair of ion exchange membranes. １対の電極の間に少なくとも１枚以上のイオン交換膜を設置し、前記電極間に引加する電圧を、前記電極間に流れる電流の電流密度が１ｍＡ／ｃｍ２以下となるように設定したことを特徴とする電気透析装置。 At least one or more ion exchange membranes were installed between a pair of electrodes, and the voltage applied between the electrodes was set so that the current density of the current flowing between the electrodes was 1 mA / cm 2 or less. An electrodialysis apparatus characterized by that. 電極間電圧を電極における電流密度が０．１ｍＡ／ｃｍ２以下となるように設定したことを特徴とする請求項１に記載された電気透析装置。 2. The electrodialysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the interelectrode voltage is set so that the current density at the electrode is 0.1 mA / cm 2 or less. 請求項１〜５のいずれかに記載された前記電気透析装置を用いた海水淡水化装置。   A seawater desalination apparatus using the electrodialysis apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 5. 処理液の流通方向の中心位置を挟んで一方側と他方側の双方にそれぞれ配置された正極及び負極と、前記一方側及び前記他方側に、前記正極及び前記負極にそれぞれ隣接して配置された陽イオン交換膜と陰イオン交換膜とを有する第１段目の電気透析部と、前記第１段目の電気透析部からの処理液の流通方向の中心位置を挟んで、前記第１段目に電気透析部とは逆に、前記一方側と前記他方側にそれぞれ配置された負極及び正極と、前記一方側と前記他方側に、前記負極及び前記正極にそれぞれ隣接して配置された陰イオン交換膜と陽イオン交換膜とを有する第２段目の電気透析部とを含むことを特徴とする電気透析装置。   A positive electrode and a negative electrode respectively disposed on one side and the other side across the center position in the flow direction of the treatment liquid, and disposed on the one side and the other side adjacent to the positive electrode and the negative electrode, respectively. A first stage electrodialysis unit having a cation exchange membrane and an anion exchange membrane, and a center position in the flow direction of the treatment liquid from the first stage electrodialysis unit, the first stage In contrast to the electrodialysis unit, the negative electrode and the positive electrode disposed on the one side and the other side, respectively, and the anion disposed on the one side and the other side adjacent to the negative electrode and the positive electrode, respectively. An electrodialysis apparatus comprising: a second stage electrodialysis section having an exchange membrane and a cation exchange membrane. 請求項７において、前記第１段目の電気透析部の前記正極と前記負極との間には、両電極間に電流が実質的に流れないような電圧を印加することを特徴とする電気透析装置。   The electrodialysis according to claim 7, wherein a voltage is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the first stage electrodialysis unit so that a current does not substantially flow between the two electrodes. apparatus. 請求項８において、前記第２段目の電気透析部の前記正極と前記負極との間には、前記両電極間に流れる電流の電流密度が１ｍＡ／ｃｍ２以下となるような電圧が印加されることを特徴とする電気透析装置。 In Claim 8, a voltage is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the second stage electrodialysis unit so that the current density of the current flowing between the electrodes is 1 mA / cm 2 or less. An electrodialyzer characterized by that. 請求項７〜９のいずれか１項において、前記第１段目及び前記第２段目の電気透析部の中心位置には、それぞれ接地され、水が通過可能な孔を備えた中間電極が設けられていることを特徴とする電気透析装置。   10. The intermediate electrode according to any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein a ground electrode and a hole through which water can pass are provided at center positions of the first stage and the second stage electrodialysis units. An electrodialyzer characterized by being provided. 請求項７〜１０のいずれか１項において、前記第２段目の電気透析部の後段には、第３段目の電気透析部が設けられ、該第３段目の電気透析部の正極及び陽イオン交換膜は、前記第１段目の電気透析部と同様に前記一方側に設けられ、また、負極及び陰イオン交換膜は、前記第１段目の電気透析部と同様に前記他方側に設けられていることを特徴とする電気透析装置。   In any one of Claims 7-10, the electrolysis part of the 3rd stage is provided in the latter part of the electrodialysis part of the 2nd stage, and the positive electrode of the electrodialysis part of the 3rd stage and The cation exchange membrane is provided on the one side as in the first stage electrodialysis section, and the negative electrode and the anion exchange membrane are provided on the other side as in the first stage electrodialysis section. An electrodialyzer provided in the above. 請求項１１において、前記第３段目の電気透析部の後段には、第４段目の電気透析部が設けられ、該第４段目の電気透析部の正極及び陽イオン交換膜は、前記第２段目の電気透析部と同様に前記他方側に設けられ、また、負極及び陰イオン交換膜は、前記第２段目の電気透析部と同様に前記一方側に設けられていることを特徴とする電気透析装置。   In Claim 11, the 4th stage electrodialysis part is provided in the latter part of the 3rd stage electrodialysis part, and the positive electrode and cation exchange membrane of the 4th stage electrodialysis part The second stage electrodialysis section is provided on the other side, and the negative electrode and the anion exchange membrane are provided on the one side similarly to the second stage electrodialysis section. A characteristic electrodialysis machine.
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