JP2009297590A - Screw press having flocculation device - Google Patents
Screw press having flocculation device Download PDFInfo
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- JP2009297590A JP2009297590A JP2008151170A JP2008151170A JP2009297590A JP 2009297590 A JP2009297590 A JP 2009297590A JP 2008151170 A JP2008151170 A JP 2008151170A JP 2008151170 A JP2008151170 A JP 2008151170A JP 2009297590 A JP2009297590 A JP 2009297590A
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- line mixer
- sludge
- outer cylinder
- screw press
- screw
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- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000004931 aggregating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000010801 sewage sludge Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010800 human waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 settlement drainage Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N novaluron Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(OC(F)(F)C(OC(F)(F)F)F)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=C(F)C=CC=C1F NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B30—PRESSES
- B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
- B30B9/00—Presses specially adapted for particular purposes
- B30B9/02—Presses specially adapted for particular purposes for squeezing-out liquid from liquid-containing material, e.g. juice from fruits, oil from oil-containing material
- B30B9/12—Presses specially adapted for particular purposes for squeezing-out liquid from liquid-containing material, e.g. juice from fruits, oil from oil-containing material using pressing worms or screws co-operating with a permeable casing
- B30B9/127—Feed means
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
- Filtration Of Liquid (AREA)
Abstract
Description
この発明は、下水、集落排水、し尿処理、工場廃水等の排水処理設備から発生する汚泥に、ポリマーを添加して圧搾脱水するスクリュープレスに関し、特に、スクリュープレスの前段に大きい凝集混和槽を設置することなく、スクリュープレスに凝集装置を配設したスクリュープレスの改良に関する。 The present invention relates to a screw press that adds a polymer to sludge generated from wastewater treatment facilities such as sewage, settlement drainage, human waste treatment, factory wastewater, etc., and in particular, installs a large coagulation and mixing tank in front of the screw press. The present invention relates to an improvement of a screw press in which an aggregating device is disposed in the screw press.
下水汚泥等を脱水するスクリュープレスは、ポリマーで凝集処理したものを脱水する必要がある。従来は、下水汚泥等を凝集させる混和槽を設置しており、例えば、脱水に適した凝集フロックを造粒させて供給するスクリュープレスは、特許文献１に開示してある。また、スクリュー羽根を巻き掛けた回転軸を横型円筒状の本体内部に配設し、本体内部に溢流壁を立設して、汚泥供給管の開口部近傍を汚泥の調室部とし、調室部の回転軸に攪拌羽根を設けた汚泥処理装置も、例えば、特許文献２に開示してある。
従来の下水汚泥等をポリマーで凝集処理する混和槽は比較的大きいため、スクリュープレスの原液供給口側に大きな凝集混和槽の設置と監視のためのスペースが必要となる。大型の脱水機になると、凝集混和槽も所定の滞留時間を維持するために大きな槽になり、中心部と周辺部では攪拌機の周速度が異なるため、凝集フロックの生成状態にバラツキが生じていた。また、横型円筒状の本体内部に汚泥の調室部を設けた汚泥処理装置は、凝集混和槽の設置スペース、及び監視スペースが不要となるものであるが、調室部だけでの凝集フロックの造粒は、攪拌羽根の回転速度が遅いため、生成状態にバラツキを生じる。調室部をスクリュープレスに設置して圧搾脱水すると、凝集フロックがスクリーンから目抜けする恐れがある。 Since a conventional mixing tank for agglomerating sewage sludge and the like with a polymer is relatively large, a space for installing and monitoring a large agglomeration mixing tank is required on the stock solution supply port side of the screw press. When it became a large dehydrator, the agglomeration mixing tank also became a large tank to maintain a predetermined residence time, and the peripheral speed of the stirrer was different between the central part and the peripheral part. . In addition, the sludge treatment equipment provided with a sludge adjustment chamber inside the horizontal cylindrical body eliminates the need for a coagulation mixing tank installation space and a monitoring space. In the granulation, since the rotation speed of the stirring blade is slow, the generation state varies. When the conditioning chamber is installed in a screw press and is pressed and dehydrated, there is a possibility that the aggregated flocs may be missed from the screen.
この発明は、ラインミキサーの技術を応用してスクリュープレスに直接配設して、良好な凝集フロックを生成させる凝集装置を有するスクリュープレスを提供する。 The present invention provides a screw press having a flocculation device that is directly disposed on a screw press by applying the technology of a line mixer to generate a good flocculation floc.
この発明に係る凝集装置を有するスクリュープレスは、外筒スクリーンとスクリュー軸でろ過室を形成し、ろ過室に供給した調質汚泥をスクリュー軸に巻き掛けたスクリュー羽根で移送しながら濃縮脱水し、排出口から脱水ケーキを取出すスクリュープレスにおいて、外筒スクリーンの始端部に接続した外筒ケーシングにスクリュー軸を延設し，外筒ケーシングの周壁にラインミキサーを連結すると共に、ラインミキサーの周壁に原液汚泥の給泥管と凝集剤の薬注管を連結し、端壁部に攪拌羽根を配設したもので、直径の小さい管内で攪拌するので攪拌ムラがなく、凝集フロックのバラツキがなくなり、均一なフロックの形成が可能となる。フロック形成後、直ちにスクリュープレスに供給して脱水を行なうため、フロックの破壊がなく水切り性が高くなり脱水性が向上する。 The screw press having the agglomeration apparatus according to the present invention forms a filtration chamber with an outer cylinder screen and a screw shaft, and concentrates and dehydrates while transferring the conditioned sludge supplied to the filtration chamber with screw blades wound around the screw shaft, In a screw press that takes out the dewatered cake from the discharge port, a screw shaft is extended to the outer casing connected to the starting end of the outer casing screen, a line mixer is connected to the outer wall of the outer casing, and the stock solution is connected to the peripheral wall of the line mixer. The sludge supply pipe and the flocculant chemical injection pipe are connected, and the stirring blades are arranged on the end wall. Stirring is performed in a pipe with a small diameter, so there is no unevenness in stirring and there is no variation in floc flocs. It is possible to form a floc. Immediately after the floc is formed, it is supplied to the screw press for dehydration, so that the floc is not broken and the water draining property is increased, and the dewatering property is improved.
この発明の凝集装置は、周壁に汚泥流入口と端壁部に攪拌羽根を配設したラインミキサーに、ラインミキサーの汚泥流出側の内周壁に複数のバッフル板を止着したもので、攪拌混合された旋回流をバッフル板に衝突させて乱流化し、フロック化を促進させると共に、旋回流を直線流に整流させる。なお、薬注管はラインミキサーに直結する代わりに、給泥管に連結しても良いものである。 The agglomeration apparatus of the present invention is a line mixer having a sludge inlet on the peripheral wall and a stirring blade on the end wall, and a plurality of baffle plates fixed to the inner peripheral wall on the sludge outflow side of the line mixer. The swirling flow is made to collide with the baffle plate to be turbulent to promote flocking, and the swirling flow is rectified into a straight flow. The chemical injection pipe may be connected to a mud supply pipe instead of being directly connected to the line mixer.
この発明は上記のように構成してあり、攪拌羽根とバッフル板を有するラインミキサーをスクリュープレスの入口部に直結することにより、凝集装置の直径が小さくなり、均一なフロックの形成が可能となる。造粒汚泥を直ちにスクリュープレスに供給するので脱水性が向上する。スクリュープレスの原液供給側に大きい凝集混和槽を設置する必要がなく、凝集装置の設置スペースと、監視スペースが不要となる。 The present invention is configured as described above, and by directly connecting a line mixer having a stirring blade and a baffle plate to the inlet portion of the screw press, the diameter of the aggregating device is reduced, and a uniform floc can be formed. . Since the granulated sludge is immediately supplied to the screw press, the dewaterability is improved. It is not necessary to install a large coagulation mixing tank on the stock solution supply side of the screw press, and the installation space for the coagulation device and the monitoring space are not required.
この発明の実施例を図面に基づき詳述すると、先ず、図１は凝集装置を有するスクリュープレスの縦断面図であって、前後のフロントフレーム１及びリヤーフレーム２に支架されたスクリュープレス３は、周部にスクリーンを張設した外筒スクリーン４と、その内部にスクリュー羽根５を巻き掛けたスクリュー軸６を配設してある。スクリュー軸６は汚泥の供給側からケーキの排出側に向って拡大させてあり、外筒スクリーン４とスクリュー軸６の間に形成するろ過室７は、凝集汚泥が濃縮・脱水されるに従って容積を減少させてある。外筒スクリーン４の始端部に外筒ケーシング８が接続してあり、スクリュー軸６を外筒ケーシング８に延設してある。外筒ケーシング８の側端部に設けた軸受９にスクリュー軸６を軸支してある。 An embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. First, FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a screw press having an aggregating device, and a screw press 3 supported on front and rear front frames 1 and 2 is as follows. An outer cylinder screen 4 having a screen stretched around its periphery and a screw shaft 6 around which screw blades 5 are wound are disposed. The screw shaft 6 is enlarged from the sludge supply side to the cake discharge side, and the filtration chamber 7 formed between the outer cylinder screen 4 and the screw shaft 6 has a volume as the condensed sludge is concentrated and dewatered. It has been reduced. An outer cylinder casing 8 is connected to the starting end portion of the outer cylinder screen 4, and the screw shaft 6 is extended to the outer cylinder casing 8. A screw shaft 6 is pivotally supported on a bearing 9 provided at a side end portion of the outer casing 8.
この発明の実施例では、円筒状の外筒スクリーン４が前半部の濃縮ゾーンＡの外筒スクリーン４ａと後半部のろ過・脱水ゾーンＢの外筒スクリーン４ｂに分割してあり、濃縮ゾーンＡの外筒スクリーン４ａとろ過・脱水ゾーンＢの外筒スクリーン４ｂの間に中間軸受１０を介装し、ろ過・脱水ゾーンＢの外筒スクリーン４ｂの下部を外筒支持ローラー１１で支架してある。 In the embodiment of the present invention, the cylindrical outer cylinder screen 4 is divided into an outer cylinder screen 4a in the first half of the concentration zone A and an outer cylinder screen 4b in the second half of the filtration / dehydration zone B. An intermediate bearing 10 is interposed between the outer cylinder screen 4 a and the outer cylinder screen 4 b in the filtration / dehydration zone B, and the lower part of the outer cylinder screen 4 b in the filtration / dehydration zone B is supported by an outer cylinder support roller 11.
図２はスクリュープレスの原液供給側の要部拡大図であって、濃縮ゾーンＡの外筒スクリーン４ａの供給側に連結したフランジ１２がフロントフレーム１に設けた回転板軸受１３に軸支してある。このフランジ１２にスプロケット１４が嵌着してあり、フロントフレーム１に載置した正逆転可能な濃縮外筒駆動機１５に連動連結してある。 FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a main part on the stock solution supply side of the screw press, and a flange 12 connected to the supply side of the outer cylinder screen 4a in the concentration zone A is supported by a rotary plate bearing 13 provided on the front frame 1. is there. A sprocket 14 is fitted to the flange 12, and is linked to a concentrating outer cylinder drive 15 that is placed on the front frame 1 and can be rotated forward and backward.
図３はスクリュープレスの脱水ケーキ排出側の要部拡大図であって、ろ過・脱水ゾーンＢの外筒スクリーン４ｂの排出側に連結した回転板１６がリヤーフレーム２に配設した回転板軸受１７に軸支してあり、回転板１６に嵌着したスプロケット１８がリヤーフレーム２に載置した脱水機外筒駆動機１９に連動連結してある。濃縮ゾーンＡの外筒スクリーン４ａとろ過・脱水ゾーンＢの外筒スクリーン４ｂを差速回転可能としてある。外筒スクリーン４ｂに内設したスクリュー軸６の後端部にスクリュ−駆動軸２０が連結してあり、スクリュー駆動軸２０はリヤーフレーム２の架台２ａに設けた軸受２１に軸支してある。このスクリュー駆動軸２０にスプロケット２２が嵌着してあり、スクリュー駆動機（図示せず）に連動連結してある。ろ過室７の後端側にプレッサー移動軸２３に支架された背圧調整用のプレッサー２４が配設してあり、プレッサー２４はリヤーフレーム２に支架した移動用シリンダー２５に連結してあり、ろ過室７のケーキの排出口２６の排出面積を調節可能としてある。 FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the main part of the dewatering cake discharge side of the screw press, and a rotating plate bearing 17 in which a rotating plate 16 connected to the discharging side of the outer cylinder screen 4b in the filtration / dehydration zone B is disposed on the rear frame 2. A sprocket 18 fitted to the rotary plate 16 is linked to a dehydrator outer cylinder drive 19 mounted on the rear frame 2. The outer cylinder screen 4a in the concentration zone A and the outer cylinder screen 4b in the filtration / dehydration zone B can be rotated at a differential speed. A screw drive shaft 20 is connected to a rear end portion of the screw shaft 6 provided in the outer cylinder screen 4b, and the screw drive shaft 20 is supported by a bearing 21 provided on the frame 2a of the rear frame 2. A sprocket 22 is fitted on the screw drive shaft 20 and is linked to a screw drive machine (not shown). A back pressure adjusting presser 24 supported on a presser moving shaft 23 is disposed on the rear end side of the filtration chamber 7, and the presser 24 is connected to a moving cylinder 25 supported on the rear frame 2. The discharge area of the cake outlet 26 of the chamber 7 can be adjusted.
濃縮ゾーンＡの外筒スクリーン４ａとろ過・脱水ゾーンＢの外筒スクリーン４ｂを差速回転させながらスクリュー軸６を回転させて、ろ過室７に供給された調質汚泥を、スクリュー羽根５で供給側からケーキの排出側に向って移送させ、外筒スクリーン４ａ、４ｂからろ液を分離してろ過室７の下方に配設したろ液トラフ２７に排出する。調質汚泥は濃縮脱水されながらケーキ状となり、プレッサー２４で背圧を受けながらケーキの排出口２６からケーキ出口２８に排出する。 The screw shaft 6 is rotated while the outer cylinder screen 4 a in the concentration zone A and the outer cylinder screen 4 b in the filtration / dehydration zone B are rotated at a different speed, and the conditioned sludge supplied to the filtration chamber 7 is supplied by the screw blade 5. The filtrate is transferred from the side toward the cake discharge side, and the filtrate is separated from the outer cylinder screens 4 a and 4 b and discharged to the filtrate trough 27 disposed below the filtration chamber 7. The tempered sludge becomes cake while being concentrated and dehydrated, and is discharged from the cake outlet 26 to the cake outlet 28 while receiving back pressure by the presser 24.
図４はラインミキサーを接続したスクリュープレスの原液供給側の拡大図であって、外筒スクリーン４の始端部に接続した外筒ケーシング８の周壁に円筒状のラインミキサー２９が連結してある。ラインミキサー２９の周壁に原液汚泥の給泥管３０と凝集剤の薬注管３１が連結してある。 4 is an enlarged view of the stock solution supply side of the screw press to which the line mixer is connected. A cylindrical line mixer 29 is connected to the peripheral wall of the outer casing 8 connected to the starting end portion of the outer casing screen 4. A sludge supply pipe 30 for raw sludge and a chemical injection pipe 31 for a flocculant are connected to the peripheral wall of the line mixer 29.
図５はラインミキサーの拡大図であって、ラインミキサー２９の端壁部２９ａに設けた軸受３２に攪拌羽根３３が軸支してあり、端壁外周部の架台３４に支架した攪拌駆動機３５に直結してある。給泥管３０に連結したラインミキサー２９の汚泥流入口３６は、攪拌羽根３３の先端部近傍に開口してあり、薬注管３７は給泥管３０に連結してある。ラインミキサー２９の汚泥流出側の内周壁に複数のバッフル板３８・・・を放射状に止着して、ラインミキサー２９の他端部に汚泥流出口３９を開口してある。 FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the line mixer, in which a stirring blade 33 is pivotally supported on a bearing 32 provided on an end wall portion 29a of the line mixer 29, and a stirring drive unit 35 is supported on a pedestal 34 on the outer peripheral portion of the end wall. Directly connected to The sludge inlet 36 of the line mixer 29 connected to the mud supply pipe 30 is opened near the tip of the stirring blade 33, and the chemical injection pipe 37 is connected to the mud supply pipe 30. A plurality of baffle plates 38 are radially attached to the inner peripheral wall of the line mixer 29 on the sludge outflow side, and a sludge outlet 39 is opened at the other end of the line mixer 29.
攪拌羽根３３の回転数は１分間に２００〜５００ｒｐｍとしてあり、原液と凝集剤を攪拌羽根３３の先端近傍に圧入し、攪拌羽根３３で汚泥と凝集剤を高速攪拌して攪拌混合し、バッフル板３８・・・で攪拌混合された旋回流をバッフル板３８に衝突させて乱流化し、フロック化を促進させると共に、直線流に整流化させながらフロックを造粒させる。攪拌ムラがなくなり、凝集フロックのバラツキがなく均一なフロックの形成が可能となる。 The rotation speed of the stirring blade 33 is 200 to 500 rpm per minute, the stock solution and the flocculant are pressed into the vicinity of the tip of the stirring blade 33, the sludge and the flocculant are stirred and mixed at high speed with the stirring blade 33, and the baffle plate The swirl flow agitated and mixed at 38... Collides with the baffle plate 38 to be turbulent, promotes flocification, and granulates floc while rectifying into a straight flow. Stirring unevenness is eliminated and uniform flocs can be formed without variation in flocs flocs.
調整汚泥を汚泥流出口３９から外筒ケーシング８に流入させて外筒スクリーン４の始端部に供給する。フロック形成後、直ちに脱水が行われるため、フロックの破壊がなく水切れ性が高くなり、脱水性が向上する。なお、ラインミキサー２９の内周壁に止着した複数のバッフル板３８・・・は、ラインミキサー２９の軸芯近傍まで延設しても良いもので、水流の整流化が可能となる。図４に示すように、薬注管３１はラインミキサー２９の周壁に連結せずに、薬注管３７を給泥管３０に接続し、給泥管３６から原液と凝集剤の混合液を攪拌羽根３３の先端近傍に圧入しても良いものである。 The adjusted sludge is introduced into the outer casing 8 from the sludge outlet 39 and supplied to the starting end of the outer casing screen 4. Since the dehydration is performed immediately after the formation of the floc, there is no destruction of the floc, the water drainage is increased, and the dewaterability is improved. The plurality of baffle plates 38... Fixed to the inner peripheral wall of the line mixer 29 may be extended to the vicinity of the axis of the line mixer 29, and the water flow can be rectified. As shown in FIG. 4, the chemical injection pipe 31 is not connected to the peripheral wall of the line mixer 29, but the chemical injection pipe 37 is connected to the mud supply pipe 30, and the mixed solution of the stock solution and the flocculant is stirred from the mud supply pipe 36. It may be press-fitted near the tip of the blade 33.
この発明に係る凝集装置を有するスクリュープレスは、外筒スクリーンに接続した外筒ケーシングにラインミキサーを連結し、ラインミキサーの周壁に汚泥流入口と端壁部に攪拌羽根を配設し、汚泥流出側の内周壁に複数のバッフル板を放射状に配設したもので、凝集装置が小さくなり、高速で攪拌混合された旋回流をバッフル板に衝突させて乱流化し、フロック化を促進させると共に、直線流に整流化させるので、凝集フロックのバラツキがなく均一なフロックの形成が可能となる。フロック形成後、直ちに脱水が行われるため、フロックの破壊がなく脱水性が向上する。従って、凝集装置の設置スペースと、監視スペースが不要となる凝集装置を有するスクリュープレスとなり、スペースに制約条件のある下水、集落排水、し尿処理、工場廃水等の排水処理設備に適するスクリュープレスとなる。 The screw press having the agglomeration apparatus according to the present invention has a line mixer connected to an outer casing connected to an outer casing screen, a sludge inlet on the peripheral wall of the line mixer and a stirring blade on the end wall, With a plurality of baffle plates arranged radially on the inner peripheral wall on the side, the agglomeration device becomes smaller, and the swirling flow stirred and mixed at high speed collides with the baffle plate to make it turbulent, promoting flocking, Since the straight flow is rectified, uniform flocs can be formed without variations in the flocs. Since the dehydration is performed immediately after the formation of the floc, there is no destruction of the floc and the dewaterability is improved. Therefore, it becomes a screw press having a coagulation device that does not require an installation space for the coagulation device and a monitoring space, and is a screw press suitable for wastewater treatment facilities such as sewage, settlement drainage, human waste treatment, factory wastewater and the like that have space constraints. .
３ スクリュープレス
４ 外筒スクリーン
５ スクリュー羽根
６ スクリュー軸
７ ろ過室
８ 外筒ケーシング
２６ 排出口
２９ ラインミキサー
２９ａ 端壁部
３０ 給泥管
３１、３７ 薬注管
３３ 攪拌羽根
３６ 汚泥流入口
３８ バッフル板
３９ 汚泥流出口
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 3 Screw press 4 Outer cylinder screen 5 Screw blade 6 Screw shaft 7 Filtration chamber 8 Outer cylinder casing 26 Discharge port 29 Line mixer 29a End wall part 30 Mud supply pipe 31, 37 Chemical injection pipe 33 Stirring blade 36 Sludge inlet 38 Baffle plate 39 Sludge outlet
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN102897854A (en) * | 2012-09-21 | 2013-01-30 | 福建博源大通机电设备有限公司 | Water purifier dosing device |
| CN112520971A (en) * | 2020-12-16 | 2021-03-19 | 长沙理工大学 | Sludge treatment system |
| CN114985093A (en) * | 2022-06-14 | 2022-09-02 | 山东和创瑞思环保科技有限公司 | High shearing machine of cyclone separation |
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| JP4953096B2 (en) | 2012-06-13 |
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