JP2009014183A - Sliding face structure - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、摺動面構造に関するものである。 The present invention relates to a sliding surface structure.
従来には、摺動面構造として、摺動面に微小くぼみ（マイクロピット）を形成することで、摩擦係数の低減を実現したものがある（特許文献１）。 Conventionally, as a sliding surface structure, there is one that realizes a reduction in a friction coefficient by forming a minute recess (micro pit) on the sliding surface (Patent Document 1).
また、従来からエンジニアリングセラミックスである窒化ケイ素（Ｓｉ３Ｎ４）や炭化ケイ素（ＳｉＣ）は水中での摺動において、なじみ過程後に極めて低い低摩擦係数を発現することが知られている。これは、トライボケミカル反応が生じるからである。ここで、トライボケミカル反応とは、窒化ケイ素セラミックス等が水と反応して水和物（水和ゲル）となる反応である。 Conventionally, silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon carbide (SiC), which are engineering ceramics, are known to exhibit a very low coefficient of friction after a conforming process in sliding in water. This is because a tribochemical reaction occurs. Here, the tribochemical reaction is a reaction in which silicon nitride ceramics or the like reacts with water to form a hydrate (hydrated gel).
このため、従来には、炭化ケイ素（ＳｉＣ）からなる摺動面にマイクロピットを形成することで、摩擦係数の低減と焼付き荷重の向上を実現しようとしたものがある（非特許文献２）。さらには、動圧効果に最適化したマイクロピットとトライボケミカル反応の促進に最適化したマイクロピットを複合することで、摩擦係数の低減と焼付き荷重の向上を一層図ろうとしたものがある（非特許文献３）。
しかしながら、動圧効果に最適化したマイクロピットとトライボケミカル反応の促進に最適化したマイクロピットを複合したとしても、適用する摺動面において流体潤滑能力が高いといえない場合がある。また、マイクロピットでは、なじみ過程に時間が掛かる欠点もある。 However, even if the micropits optimized for the dynamic pressure effect and the micropits optimized for the promotion of the tribochemical reaction are combined, it may not be said that the fluid lubrication capability is high on the applied sliding surface. In addition, the micropit has a drawback in that it takes time for the familiar process.
本発明は、上記課題に鑑みて、低摩擦を実現でき、しかもなじみ過程の短縮化を図ることができる摺動面構造を提供する。 In view of the above problems, the present invention provides a sliding surface structure that can realize low friction and that can shorten the familiar process.
本発明の摺動面構造は、第１部材の摺動面と第２部材の摺動面とが潤滑剤下で相対的に摺動する摺動面構造であって、第１部材と第２部材との少なくともいずれか一方の摺動面に、複数の凹凸からなるグレーティング部を摺動方向に沿って複数個形成し、摺動方向に沿って隣り合うグレーティング部の周期構造の方向を摺動方向に対して対称としたものである。 The sliding surface structure of the present invention is a sliding surface structure in which the sliding surface of the first member and the sliding surface of the second member slide relative to each other under a lubricant. Form a plurality of grating parts made of a plurality of irregularities on the sliding surface of at least one of the members along the sliding direction, and slide in the direction of the periodic structure of the adjacent grating parts along the sliding direction. It is symmetrical with respect to the direction.
本発明の摺動面構造によれば、摺動方向に沿って隣り合うグレーティング部の周期構造の方向を摺動方向に対して対称に配設したことによって、潤滑剤を内側へ案内するグレーティング部（入口側）において正圧が生じ、逆に潤滑剤を外側へ案内するグレーティング部（出口側）において負圧が生じる。しかし、出口側のキャビテーションによる負圧の制限から負荷能力が生じる。このように、流体の流入・流出を積極的に引き起こすことになり、高い負荷能力が得られる。しかも、摺動方向が正逆方向にかかわらず、摺動面内に潤滑剤を取り込むことが可能となる。 According to the sliding surface structure of the present invention, the grating portion that guides the lubricant inward by arranging the periodic structure directions of the adjacent grating portions along the sliding direction symmetrically with respect to the sliding direction. A positive pressure is generated at the (inlet side), and a negative pressure is generated at the grating portion (outlet side) for guiding the lubricant to the outside. However, load capacity arises from the negative pressure limitation due to cavitation on the outlet side. In this way, inflow and outflow of fluid are positively caused, and a high load capacity can be obtained. Moreover, the lubricant can be taken into the sliding surface regardless of whether the sliding direction is normal or reverse.
グレーティング部は、周期構造の方向が摺動方向に対して対称となる第１グレーティング部及び第２グレーティング部を備え、第１グレーティング部の周期構造の方向が摺動方向に対して＋１０°〜＋８０°の傾斜角を有し、第２グレーティング部の周期構造の方向が摺動方向に対して−１０°〜−８０°の傾斜角を有するものとすることができる。 The grating section includes a first grating section and a second grating section in which the direction of the periodic structure is symmetric with respect to the sliding direction, and the direction of the periodic structure of the first grating section is + 10 ° to +80 with respect to the sliding direction. And the direction of the periodic structure of the second grating portion may have an inclination angle of −10 ° to −80 ° with respect to the sliding direction.
摺動方向に沿って隣り合うグレーティング部間にランド部を設けても、さらには、このランド部の表面に、摺動方向に対して直交する方向に沿って延びる複数の凹凸からなるグレーティング状の周期構造部を設けてもよい。潤滑剤を内側（例えば、摺動方向に対して内径側）へ案内するグレーティング部（入口側）において正圧が生じ、逆に潤滑剤を外側例えば、摺動方向に対して外径側）へ案内するグレーティング部（出口側）において負圧が生じるものであるので、隣り合うグレーティング部間にランド部を設けることによって、入口側で流体の膜厚が大きくなるように、ランド部が弾性変形していわゆるくさびを形成することになる。 Even if a land portion is provided between adjacent grating portions along the sliding direction, the surface of the land portion is further provided with a grating-like shape composed of a plurality of irregularities extending along a direction orthogonal to the sliding direction. You may provide a periodic structure part. A positive pressure is generated at the grating portion (inlet side) that guides the lubricant inward (for example, the inner diameter side with respect to the sliding direction), and conversely, the lubricant is moved to the outer side (for example, the outer diameter side with respect to the sliding direction). Since negative pressure is generated in the guided grating part (outlet side), the land part is elastically deformed so that the film thickness of the fluid increases on the inlet side by providing a land part between adjacent grating parts. Thus, a so-called wedge is formed.
前記第１部材と第２部材とが相対的に回転するものであっても、相対的に直線摺動するものであってもよい。 The first member and the second member may be relatively rotated or may be relatively linearly slid.
グレーティング部を有する部材がシリコン系セラミックスであり、潤滑剤がＯＨ基を有することによって、シリコン系セラミックスの部材の摺動面が他方の部材にて削れた場合、一方の部材の摺動面には新生面が形成され、ＯＨ基を有する潤滑剤とシリコン系セラミックスとがトライボケミカル反応する。 When the member having the grating part is silicon-based ceramics and the lubricant has an OH group, the sliding surface of the silicon-based ceramics member is scraped by the other member. A new surface is formed, and a tribochemical reaction occurs between the lubricant having OH groups and the silicon-based ceramic.
前記グレーティング部の凹凸ピッチを１０μｍ以下とするのが好ましく、グレーティング部の凹部の深さを１μｍ以下とするのが好ましい。 The concave / convex pitch of the grating part is preferably 10 μm or less, and the depth of the concave part of the grating part is preferably 1 μm or less.
グレーティング部は、加工閾値近傍の照射強度で直線偏光のレーザを照射し、その照射部分をオーバラップさせながら走査して、自己組織的に形成されているのが好ましい。 The grating section is preferably formed in a self-organized manner by irradiating a linearly polarized laser beam with an irradiation intensity in the vicinity of the processing threshold, and scanning while overlapping the irradiated portions.
本発明の摺動面構造では、摺動方向に沿って隣り合うグレーティング部の周期構造の方向を摺動方向に対して対称に配設したことによって、流体の流入・流出を積極的に引き起こすことになり、高い負荷能力が得られる。これによって、安定した低摩擦摺動面の形成が可能となる。しかも、第１部材と第２部材との相対的摺動方向が１方向に限定されず、その使用用途が拡大する。 In the sliding surface structure of the present invention, the periodic structure of adjacent grating portions along the sliding direction is arranged symmetrically with respect to the sliding direction, thereby actively causing fluid inflow / outflow. And a high load capacity can be obtained. This makes it possible to form a stable low friction sliding surface. And the relative sliding direction of a 1st member and a 2nd member is not limited to one direction, The use application expands.
グレーティング部の周期構造の方向が摺動方向に対して傾斜角を持つため、摺動面により多くの潤滑剤を摺動面内に取り込むことができ、より効果的に低摩擦摺動面の形成が可能である。周期構造の方向が１０°〜８０°の範囲外の角度で傾斜する場合、潤滑剤を十分に摺動面内に取込んだり、潤滑剤を摺動面外へ流出させたるすることができず、高い負荷能力が得られない。 Since the direction of the periodic structure of the grating part has an inclination angle with respect to the sliding direction, more lubricant can be taken into the sliding surface on the sliding surface, and the formation of a low friction sliding surface more effectively. Is possible. When the direction of the periodic structure is inclined at an angle outside the range of 10 ° to 80 °, the lubricant cannot be sufficiently taken into the sliding surface, or the lubricant cannot flow out of the sliding surface. High load capacity cannot be obtained.
グレーティング部間にランド部を設けることによって、前記したキャビテーションによる負圧制限による負荷能力が生じることに加え、くさび効果にて高い負荷能力が生じる。また、ランド部の表面に周期構造部を設けることによって、このランド部の表面においても、重畳されたくさび効果が生じ、一層優れた潤滑作用が発揮される。 By providing the land portion between the grating portions, in addition to the load capability due to the negative pressure limitation by the cavitation described above, a high load capability is generated due to the wedge effect. Further, by providing the periodic structure portion on the surface of the land portion, a superimposed wedge effect is produced also on the surface of the land portion, and a further excellent lubricating action is exhibited.
第１部材と第２部材とが相対的に回転しても、相対的に直線摺動するものであっても、優れた潤滑機能を発揮することができ、この摺動面構造の使用用途が広がる。 Even if the first member and the second member rotate relative to each other and can slide relatively linearly, an excellent lubricating function can be exhibited. spread.
グレーティング部を有する部材がシリコン系セラミックスであり、潤滑剤がＯＨ基を有するものであれば、トライボケミカル反応によって、水和潤滑膜を形成することができ、低速時に優れた特性を示す低摩擦摺動面を形成することができる。 If the member having the grating part is a silicon-based ceramic and the lubricant has an OH group, a hydrated lubricating film can be formed by a tribochemical reaction, and a low friction slide exhibiting excellent characteristics at low speeds. A moving surface can be formed.
グレーティング部の凹凸ピッチを１０μｍ以下とした場合、きめ細かく潤滑剤を行き渡らせることができて、トライボケミカル反応を促進できる。また、潤滑剤の漏れ（側方漏れ）を冗長的に抑えることができ、効率的に動圧を得ることができる。グレーティング部の凹部の深さを１μｍ以下とした場合、動圧発生時の浮上量の変動を減少でき、剛性向上に寄与する。 When the uneven pitch of the grating portion is 10 μm or less, the lubricant can be distributed finely and the tribochemical reaction can be promoted. Further, lubricant leakage (side leakage) can be suppressed redundantly, and dynamic pressure can be obtained efficiently. When the depth of the concave portion of the grating portion is 1 μm or less, variation in the flying height when dynamic pressure is generated can be reduced, which contributes to improvement in rigidity.
グレーティング部は、加工閾値近傍の照射強度で直線偏光のレーザを照射し、その照射部分をオーバラップさせながら走査して、自己組織的に形成したものでは、機械加工では困難なサブミクロンの周期ピッチと凹凸深さを持つものを容易に形成できる。このため、なじみが早く低摩擦で理想的な摺動面特性が得られる。 The grating section irradiates linearly polarized laser with an irradiation intensity near the processing threshold, scans the irradiated area in an overlapping manner, and forms a self-organized submicron periodic pitch that is difficult to machine. Can be easily formed. For this reason, an ideal sliding surface characteristic can be obtained with a fast fit and low friction.
以下本発明の実施の形態を図１〜図１３に基づいて説明する。 Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
摺動面構造は、第１部材１の摺動面１ａと第２部材２の摺動面２ａとが、ＯＨ基を有する潤滑剤下で相対的に摺動するものであって、例えば、ポンプの軸受部等に使用することができる。この場合、第１部材１をディスク（円盤体）とし、第２部材２をリング体としている。ここで、潤滑剤とは水、アルコール等種々のものを選択でき、この摺動面構造が用いられる用途に応じて変更される。すなわち、水中ポンプにこの摺動面構造が用いられれば、潤滑剤が水となる。なお、水としては、純水、上下道水、雨水、海水、河川水等を使用することができる。 The sliding surface structure is such that the sliding surface 1a of the first member 1 and the sliding surface 2a of the second member 2 slide relative to each other under a lubricant having an OH group. It can be used for bearing parts of In this case, the first member 1 is a disk (disk body), and the second member 2 is a ring body. Here, various lubricants such as water and alcohol can be selected as the lubricant, and the sliding surface structure is changed according to the application for which it is used. That is, if this sliding surface structure is used for the submersible pump, the lubricant becomes water. In addition, as water, pure water, up-and-down road water, rain water, sea water, river water, etc. can be used.
第１部材１及び第２部材２はともに、炭化ケイ素、窒化ケイ素等のシリコン系セラミックスからなる。また、第１部材１の摺動面１ａには、複数の凹凸からなるグレーティング部３が周方向に沿って所定ピッチで配設される。 Both the first member 1 and the second member 2 are made of silicon-based ceramics such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride. Moreover, the grating part 3 which consists of several unevenness | corrugation is arrange | positioned by the predetermined pitch along the circumferential direction on the sliding surface 1a of the 1st member 1. FIG.
図５に示すように、各グレーティング部３は微小の凹部４と微小の凸部５とが交互に所定ピッチで配設される。なお図５においては、グレーティング部３の凹部４及び凸部５を実際より大きく拡大して記載しており、実際には、グレーティング部３の凹凸ピッチを１０μｍ以下とし、グレーティング部３の凹部４の深さを１μｍ以下とするのが好ましい。 As shown in FIG. 5, in each grating portion 3, minute concave portions 4 and minute convex portions 5 are alternately arranged at a predetermined pitch. In FIG. 5, the concave portion 4 and the convex portion 5 of the grating portion 3 are shown in a larger scale than the actual size. Actually, the concave / convex pitch of the grating portion 3 is set to 10 μm or less, and The depth is preferably 1 μm or less.
グレーティング部３は、図４に示すように、周期構造の方向が第１部材１と第２部材２との摺動方向Ａに対して対称となる第１グレーティング部３ａ及び第２グレーティング３ｂとを備え、第１グレーティング部３ａと第２グレーティング３ｂとが周方向（摺動方向）に沿って交互に配設されている。第１グレーティング部３ａの傾斜角度を＋θ°とすれば、第２グレーティング３ｂの傾斜角度は対称である−θ°である。 As shown in FIG. 4, the grating portion 3 includes a first grating portion 3 a and a second grating 3 b in which the direction of the periodic structure is symmetric with respect to the sliding direction A between the first member 1 and the second member 2. The first grating portion 3a and the second grating 3b are alternately arranged along the circumferential direction (sliding direction). If the inclination angle of the first grating portion 3a is + θ °, the inclination angle of the second grating 3b is -θ ° which is symmetrical.
グレーティング部３は、加工閾値近傍の照射強度で直線偏光のレーザを照射し、その照射部分をオーバラップさせながら走査して、自己組織的に形成している。具体的には、図７に示すフェムト秒レーザ表面加工装置を使用する。レーザ発生器１１（チタンサファイアフェムト秒レーザ発生器）で発生したレーザ（例えば、パルス幅：１２０ｆｓ、中心波長８００ｎｍ、繰り返し周波数：１ｋＨｚ、パルスエネルギー：０．２５〜４００μＪ／ｐｕｌｓｅ）は、ミラー１２により加工材料Ｗに向けて折り返され、メカニカルシャッタ１３に導かれる。レーザ照射時はメカニカルシャッタ１３を開放し、レーザ照射強度は１／２波長板１４と偏光ビームスプリッタ１６によって調整可能とし、１／２波長板１５によって偏光方向を調整し、集光レンズ（焦点距離：１５０ｍｍ）１７によって、ＸＹθステージ１９上の加工材料Ｗ表面に集光照射する。 The grating section 3 is formed in a self-organized manner by irradiating a linearly polarized laser beam with an irradiation intensity in the vicinity of the processing threshold and scanning the overlapping portions in an overlapping manner. Specifically, a femtosecond laser surface processing apparatus shown in FIG. 7 is used. A laser (eg, pulse width: 120 fs, center wavelength: 800 nm, repetition frequency: 1 kHz, pulse energy: 0.25 to 400 μJ / pulse) generated by a laser generator 11 (titanium sapphire femtosecond laser generator) is reflected by a mirror 12. It is folded back toward the work material W and guided to the mechanical shutter 13. At the time of laser irradiation, the mechanical shutter 13 is opened, the laser irradiation intensity can be adjusted by the half-wave plate 14 and the polarization beam splitter 16, the polarization direction is adjusted by the half-wave plate 15, and the condenser lens (focal length) : 150 mm) 17, the surface of the work material W on the XYθ stage 19 is condensed and irradiated.
すなわち、アブレーション閾値近傍のフルエンスで直線偏光のレーザをワーク（加工材料）Ｗに照射した場合、入射光と加工材料Ｗの表面に沿った散乱光またはプラズマ波の干渉により、波長オーダのピッチと溝深さを持つグレーティング状の周期構造を偏光方向に直交して自己組織的に形成する。このとき、フェムト秒レーザをオーバラップさせながら走査させることで、周期構造を広範囲に拡張することができる。 That is, when a workpiece (working material) W is irradiated with a linearly polarized laser beam at a fluence near the ablation threshold, the pitch and grooves on the order of wavelengths are caused by interference between incident light and scattered light or plasma waves along the surface of the processing material W. A grating-like periodic structure having a depth is formed in a self-organizing manner perpendicular to the polarization direction. At this time, the periodic structure can be expanded over a wide range by scanning the femtosecond lasers while overlapping them.
レーザのスキャンは、レーザを固定して加工材料Ｗを支持するＸＹθステージ１９を移動させても、ＸＹθステージ１９を固定してレーザを移動させてもよい。あるいは、レーザとＸＹθステージ１９を同時移動させてもよい。なお、前記図５は、前記フェムト秒レーザ表面加工装置にて形成したグレーティング部３を電子顕微鏡で撮像した図である。 Laser scanning may be performed by moving the XYθ stage 19 that supports the processing material W while fixing the laser, or may move the laser while fixing the XYθ stage 19. Alternatively, the laser and the XYθ stage 19 may be moved simultaneously. FIG. 5 is a diagram obtained by imaging the grating portion 3 formed by the femtosecond laser surface processing apparatus with an electron microscope.
この実施形態では、図４に示すように、グレーティング部３ａ、３ｂ間には、グレーティング部を有さないランド部６が形成されている。このため、第１部材の摺動面１ａと第２部材２の摺動面２ａとを重ね合わせた際には、図６（ａ）に示すように、第１部材１のランド部６の上面（摺動面）とこれに対向する第２部材２の摺動面２ａとの間に潤滑剤（ＯＨ基を有する潤滑剤）が介在される。 In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, a land portion 6 having no grating portion is formed between the grating portions 3a and 3b. Therefore, when the sliding surface 1a of the first member and the sliding surface 2a of the second member 2 are overlapped, as shown in FIG. 6A, the upper surface of the land portion 6 of the first member 1 A lubricant (lubricant having an OH group) is interposed between the (sliding surface) and the sliding surface 2a of the second member 2 facing this.
この場合、第１部材１の摺動面１ａと第２部材２の摺動面２ａとが潤滑剤下で相対的に摺動することになる。この図例では、第１部材１側を固定して、第２部材２側を回転させている。摺動方向Ａに沿って隣り合うグレーティング部の周期構造の方向を摺動方向に対して対称に配設したことによって、図９の矢印Ｂ１、Ｂ２、Ｂ３に示すように、第１グレーティング部３ａからこの摺動面構造内に入って、この第１グレーティング部３ａの隣（時計廻り方向の隣）である第２グレーティング部３ｂからこの摺動面構造外へ流出する。 In this case, the sliding surface 1a of the first member 1 and the sliding surface 2a of the second member 2 slide relative to each other under the lubricant. In this example, the first member 1 side is fixed and the second member 2 side is rotated. By arranging the direction of the periodic structure of the adjacent grating portions along the sliding direction A symmetrically with respect to the sliding direction, the first grating portion 3a as shown by arrows B1, B2, and B3 in FIG. From the second grating portion 3b, which is next to the first grating portion 3a (next to the clockwise direction), and flows out of the sliding surface structure.
潤滑剤を内側（摺動方向Ａに対して内径側）へ案内するグレーティング部（入口側）３ａにおいて正圧が生じ、逆に潤滑剤を外側（摺動方向Ａに対して外径側）へ案内するグレーティング部（出口側）３ｂにおいて負圧が生じる。このため、隣り合うグレーティング部間にランド部６を設けることによって、図６（ｂ）に示すように、入口側で流体の膜厚が大きくなるように、ランド部６が弾性変形していわゆるくさびを形成することになり、大きな負荷能力が生じる。また、第１グレーティング部３ａで流体（潤滑剤）の圧力が大きくなり、第２グレーティング部３ｂではキャビテーションによる負圧の制限が生じることからも負荷能力が生じる。このように、流体の流入・流出を積極的に引き起こすことにより、高い負荷能力が得られる。 A positive pressure is generated in the grating portion (inlet side) 3a for guiding the lubricant inward (inner diameter side with respect to the sliding direction A), and conversely, the lubricant is moved outward (outer diameter side with respect to the sliding direction A). Negative pressure is generated in the guiding grating portion (exit side) 3b. Therefore, by providing the land portion 6 between adjacent grating portions, the land portion 6 is elastically deformed so as to increase the film thickness of the fluid on the inlet side as shown in FIG. As a result, a large load capacity is generated. In addition, the pressure of the fluid (lubricant) increases in the first grating portion 3a, and the negative pressure is limited by cavitation in the second grating portion 3b. In this way, a high load capacity can be obtained by positively causing fluid inflow / outflow.
また、摺動方向Ａを正回転とした場合、この摺動方向Ａと反対の方向、つまり逆回転させた場合は、図９の矢印Ｂ１、Ｂ２、Ｂ３と反対に、第２グレーティング部３ｂからこの摺動面構造内に入って、この第２グレーティング部３ｂの隣（反時計廻り方向の隣）である第１グレーティング部３ａからこの摺動面構造外へ流出する。 Further, when the sliding direction A is a forward rotation, the direction opposite to the sliding direction A, that is, when the rotation is reversed, from the second grating portion 3b opposite to the arrows B1, B2, B3 in FIG. It enters the sliding surface structure and flows out of the sliding surface structure from the first grating portion 3a adjacent to the second grating portion 3b (next to the counterclockwise direction).
従って、逆回転させた場合、第２グレーティング部３ｂが正圧を生じる入口側となり、第１グレーティング部３ａが負圧を生じる出口側となる。このため、入口側で流体の膜厚が大きくなって、ランド部６が弾性変形してくさびを形成することになり、大きな負荷能力が生じる。また、第２グレーティング部３ｂで流体（潤滑剤）の圧力が大きくなり、第１グレーティング部３ａではキャビテーションによる負圧の制限が生じることからも負荷能力が生じる。 Accordingly, when rotated in the reverse direction, the second grating portion 3b becomes the inlet side that generates a positive pressure, and the first grating portion 3a becomes the outlet side that generates a negative pressure. For this reason, the film thickness of the fluid increases on the inlet side, and the land portion 6 is elastically deformed to form a wedge, resulting in a large load capacity. In addition, the pressure of the fluid (lubricant) increases in the second grating portion 3b, and the first grating portion 3a also has a load capacity because the negative pressure is limited by cavitation.
このように、摺動方向Ａに沿って隣り合うグレーティング部の周期構造の方向を摺動方向に対して対称としたことによって、摺動方向が正逆方向にかかわらず、摺動面内に潤滑剤を取り込むことが可能となる。 As described above, the direction of the periodic structure of the adjacent grating portions along the sliding direction A is symmetric with respect to the sliding direction, so that the sliding surface is lubricated regardless of the forward and reverse directions. It becomes possible to take in the agent.
摺動速度が低く、十分な負荷能力が得られない場合、第１部材１と第２部材２との摺動によって、グレーティング部３の凸部５が粉砕等の機械的刺激を受ける。その結果表面では、格子欠落による触媒作用、温度上昇、結合開裂によるダングリングボンドの形成等が起きて化学的活性の高い新生面ができる。それらは雰囲気中の分子や潤滑剤と容易に反応を引き起こすため、摩擦面では複雑な化学現象が誘起される。摩擦により活性化された表面で起きる反応はトライボケミカル反応と呼ばれ、摩擦材料の最表面の性状を変化させ、摩擦特性に大きな影響を与える。 When the sliding speed is low and sufficient load capacity cannot be obtained, the convex portion 5 of the grating portion 3 is subjected to mechanical stimulation such as pulverization by sliding between the first member 1 and the second member 2. As a result, on the surface, catalytic action due to lattice loss, temperature rise, dangling bond formation due to bond cleavage, etc. occur, and a new surface with high chemical activity can be formed. Because they easily react with molecules and lubricants in the atmosphere, complex chemical phenomena are induced on the friction surface. The reaction that occurs on the surface activated by friction is called a tribochemical reaction, which changes the properties of the outermost surface of the friction material and greatly affects the friction characteristics.
すなわち、摩擦面では、第１部材１を窒化ケイ素にて構成した場合、窒化ケイ素の成分Ｓｉ3Ｎ4が潤滑剤の水Ｈ2Ｏと化学反応を起こし、ＳｉＯ2とＮＨ3という物質ができる。すなわち、次の化１で示す化学反応が生成される。
さらにＳｉＯ2は水と反応することで、より柔らかい水和物（水和ゲル）になる。この水和ゲルが摺動面上に膜状に形成され、潤滑剤として作用して摩擦を下げる働きをなす。したがって、摺動速度が低く、十分な負荷能力が得られない場合でも低摩擦係数を得ることができる。 Furthermore, SiO 2 becomes a softer hydrate (hydrated gel) by reacting with water. This hydrated gel is formed into a film on the sliding surface and acts as a lubricant to reduce friction. Therefore, even when the sliding speed is low and sufficient load capacity cannot be obtained, a low friction coefficient can be obtained.
本発明の摺動面構造では、摺動方向に沿って隣り合うグレーティング部３の周期構造の方向を摺動方向に対して対称に配設したことによって、流体の流入・流出を積極的に引き起こすことになり、高い負荷能力が得られる。これによって、安定した低摩擦摺動面の形成が可能となる。しかも、第１部材１と第２部材２との相対的摺動方向が１方向に限定されず、その使用用途が拡大する。 In the sliding surface structure of the present invention, the inflow / outflow of fluid is positively caused by arranging the direction of the periodic structure of the adjacent grating portions 3 along the sliding direction symmetrically with respect to the sliding direction. As a result, a high load capacity can be obtained. This makes it possible to form a stable low friction sliding surface. And the relative sliding direction of the 1st member 1 and the 2nd member 2 is not limited to one direction, The use application expands.
グレーティング部３の周期構造の方向が摺動方向に対して傾斜角を持つため、摺動面により多くの潤滑剤を摺動面内に取り込むことができ、より効果的に低摩擦摺動面の形成が可能である。 Since the direction of the periodic structure of the grating portion 3 has an inclination angle with respect to the sliding direction, more lubricant can be taken into the sliding surface by the sliding surface, and the low friction sliding surface can be more effectively Formation is possible.
グレーティング部３ａ、３ｂ間にランド部６を設けることによって、キャビテーションによる負圧制限による負荷能力が生じることに加え、くさび効果にて高い負荷能力が生じる。 By providing the land portion 6 between the grating portions 3a and 3b, in addition to the load capability due to the negative pressure limitation caused by cavitation, a high load capability is generated due to the wedge effect.
グレーティング部３を有する部材がシリコン系セラミックスであり、潤滑剤がＯＨ基を有するものであれば、トライボケミカル反応によって、水和潤滑膜を形成することができ、低摩擦摺動面を形成することができる。 If the member having the grating part 3 is a silicon ceramic and the lubricant has an OH group, a hydrated lubricating film can be formed by a tribochemical reaction, and a low friction sliding surface can be formed. Can do.
グレーティング部３の凹凸ピッチを１０μｍ以下とした場合、きめ細かく潤滑剤を行き渡らせることができて、トライボケミカル反応を促進できる。また、潤滑剤の漏れ（側方漏れ）を冗長的に抑えることができ、効率的に動圧を得ることができる。グレーティング部３の凹部４の深さを１μｍ以下とした場合、動圧発生時の浮上量の変動を減少でき、剛性向上に寄与する。 When the uneven pitch of the grating portion 3 is 10 μm or less, the lubricant can be distributed finely and the tribochemical reaction can be promoted. Further, lubricant leakage (side leakage) can be suppressed redundantly, and dynamic pressure can be obtained efficiently. When the depth of the concave portion 4 of the grating portion 3 is 1 μm or less, variation in the flying height when dynamic pressure is generated can be reduced, which contributes to improvement in rigidity.
グレーティング部３は、加工閾値近傍の照射強度で直線偏光のレーザを照射し、その照射部分をオーバラップさせながら走査して、自己組織的に形成したものでは、機械加工では困難なサブミクロンの周期ピッチと凹凸深さを持つものを容易に形成できる。このため、なじみが早く低摩擦で理想的な摺動面特性が得られる。 The grating unit 3 irradiates a linearly polarized laser beam with an irradiation intensity in the vicinity of the processing threshold, scans the irradiated part in an overlapping manner, and forms a self-organized period, which is difficult in machining. Those having a pitch and a depth of unevenness can be easily formed. For this reason, an ideal sliding surface characteristic can be obtained with a fast fit and low friction.
本発明の他の実施形態として、図示省略するが、ランド部６の表面に摺動方向に対して直交する方向に沿って伸びる多数の凹凸からなるグレーティング状の周期構造部を設けてもよい。このような周期構造部をランド部６の表面に設けることによって、このランド部６の表面においても、重畳されたくさび効果が生じ、一層優れた潤滑作用が発揮される。なお、ランド部６の周期構造部も、前記したフェムト秒レーザ表面加工装置にて形成することができる。 As another embodiment of the present invention, although not shown in the figure, a grating-like periodic structure portion including a large number of irregularities extending along a direction orthogonal to the sliding direction may be provided on the surface of the land portion 6. By providing such a periodic structure portion on the surface of the land portion 6, a superimposed wedge effect is produced also on the surface of the land portion 6, and a further excellent lubricating action is exhibited. Note that the periodic structure portion of the land portion 6 can also be formed by the above-described femtosecond laser surface processing apparatus.
また、別の実施形態として、ランド部６を有さないものであってもよい。すなわち、第１グレーティング部３ａと第２グレーティング部３ｂとを連続状に形成してもよい。この場合、くさび効果が生じないが、第２グレーティング部（出口側）３ｂのキャビテーションによる負圧の制限から負荷能力が生じ、低摩擦摺動面を形成することができる。 As another embodiment, the land portion 6 may not be provided. That is, you may form the 1st grating part 3a and the 2nd grating part 3b continuously. In this case, the wedge effect does not occur, but a load capability is generated due to the negative pressure limitation caused by cavitation of the second grating portion (exit side) 3b, and a low friction sliding surface can be formed.
ところで、前記実施形態では、第１部材１と第２部材２とが相対的に回転するものであるが、本発明としては、第１部材１と第２部材２とが相対的に直線的運動するものであってもよい。この場合、第１部材１と第２部材２とはリング体や円盤体に限るものではない。 By the way, in the said embodiment, although the 1st member 1 and the 2nd member 2 rotate relatively, as this invention, the 1st member 1 and the 2nd member 2 move relatively linearly. You may do. In this case, the first member 1 and the second member 2 are not limited to a ring body or a disk body.
以上、本発明の実施形態につき説明したが、本発明は前記実施形態に限定されることなく種々の変形が可能であって、例えば、前記実施形態では、グレーティング部３をディスク（円盤体）である第１部材１に形成したが、リング体である第２部材２に形成してもよい。また、第１部材１がリング体であってもよい。すなわち、第１部材１と第２部材２とがともにリング体であってもディスクであってもよい。トライボケミカル反応を利用する場合は、グレーティング部３が構成される側の部材としては、炭化ケイ素、窒化ケイ素等のシリコン系セラミックスから構成する必要があるが、他方の部材として、このようなシリコン系セラミックスに限るものではなく、このシリコン系セラミックスと同等又はこれ以上の硬度を有するものであればよい。また、流体による負荷能力は形状に起因するものであるから、トライボケミカル反応を利用しない場合には部材の材質や潤滑剤に制限はない。 As described above, the embodiment of the present invention has been described. However, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various modifications are possible. For example, in the above-described embodiment, the grating portion 3 is a disk (disk body). Although it formed in the certain 1st member 1, you may form in the 2nd member 2 which is a ring body. Further, the first member 1 may be a ring body. That is, both the first member 1 and the second member 2 may be ring bodies or disks. When the tribochemical reaction is used, the member on the side where the grating portion 3 is configured needs to be composed of silicon-based ceramics such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride. The material is not limited to ceramics, and any material having hardness equal to or higher than that of the silicon-based ceramics may be used. Moreover, since the load capability by a fluid originates in a shape, when not using a tribochemical reaction, there is no restriction | limiting in the material and lubricant of a member.
また、第１部材１と第２部材２の相対的な回転には、第１部材１を固定して、第２部材２を回転させても、逆に、第２部材２を固定して、第１部材１を回転させてよく、さらには、第１部材１と第２部材の両方を回転させてもよい。第１部材１と第２部材２とが相対的に回転する場合、第１部材１を軸部材とし、第２部材２をこの第１部材１に外嵌される円筒体であってもよい。 Moreover, even if the 1st member 1 is fixed and the 2nd member 2 is rotated in the relative rotation of the 1st member 1 and the 2nd member 2, the 2nd member 2 is fixed on the contrary, The first member 1 may be rotated, and both the first member 1 and the second member may be rotated. When the first member 1 and the second member 2 rotate relatively, the first member 1 may be a shaft member, and the second member 2 may be a cylindrical body that is externally fitted to the first member 1.
本発明の摺動面構造として、種々の機器の摺動部に配置することができる。なお、グレーティング部３ａ、３ｂにおいて、前記実施形態では形成される凹凸は直線状であるが、湾曲したものであってもよい。また、各グレーティング部３ａ、３ｂの大きさ、配設ピッチ等は、使用する第１・第２部材の大きさ、材質、潤滑剤の種類、摺動速度等に応じて種々変更することができる。 The sliding surface structure of the present invention can be arranged on sliding portions of various devices. In the grating portions 3a and 3b, the irregularities formed in the embodiment are linear, but may be curved. Further, the size, arrangement pitch, etc. of each grating portion 3a, 3b can be variously changed according to the size, material, type of lubricant, sliding speed, etc. of the first and second members used. .
図８に示すような実験装置を用いた実験を行った。この実験装置は、固定側ディスク試験片２１を収納する収納体３０と、この収納体３０の軸部３１を支持する軸受３２と、この軸受３２を支持する脚体３３と、収納体３０に押圧力を付与するシリンダ３４と、固定側ディスク試験片２１上に載置される回転側リング試験片２２に回転力を付与する回転体３５とを備える。 An experiment using an experimental apparatus as shown in FIG. 8 was performed. The experimental apparatus includes a storage body 30 that stores the fixed-side disk test piece 21, a bearing 32 that supports a shaft portion 31 of the storage body 30, a leg body 33 that supports the bearing 32, and a storage body 30. A cylinder 34 for applying pressure and a rotating body 35 for applying a rotational force to the rotating ring test piece 22 placed on the fixed disk test piece 21 are provided.
収納体３０は、有底短円筒体からなる収納本体３６と、この収納本体３６の底壁３６ａから垂下される前記軸部３１とからなり、この収納本体３６に固定側ディスク試験片２１が収納された状態で、純水が充填される。このため、回転側リング試験片２２の摺動面（下面）と固定側ディスク試験片２１の摺動面（上面）とが純水に浸漬される。また、収納本体３６にはゴムパッド（防振ゴム）３７が敷設され、このゴムパッド３７上に固定側ディスク試験片２１が載置される。 The storage body 30 includes a storage main body 36 composed of a bottomed short cylindrical body and the shaft portion 31 suspended from the bottom wall 36 a of the storage main body 36, and the stationary disk test piece 21 is stored in the storage main body 36. In this state, it is filled with pure water. For this reason, the sliding surface (lower surface) of the rotating-side ring test piece 22 and the sliding surface (upper surface) of the fixed-side disk test piece 21 are immersed in pure water. Further, a rubber pad (anti-vibration rubber) 37 is laid on the storage main body 36, and the fixed-side disk test piece 21 is placed on the rubber pad 37.
回転体３５は、回転円盤３８と、この回転円盤３８から上方に延びる軸部３９とを備え、この軸部３９が駆動手段であるモータの出力軸に連結される。また、シリンダ３４のピストンロッド３４ａの先端に、荷重を検出するロードセル４０が付設され、このロードセル４０を介して収納体３０の軸部３１を押圧する。このため、ロードセル４０によって、この押圧荷重を検出することができる。 The rotating body 35 includes a rotating disk 38 and a shaft part 39 extending upward from the rotating disk 38, and the shaft part 39 is connected to an output shaft of a motor as drive means. In addition, a load cell 40 for detecting a load is attached to the tip of the piston rod 34 a of the cylinder 34, and the shaft portion 31 of the storage body 30 is pressed through the load cell 40. For this reason, this pressing load can be detected by the load cell 40.
さらに、この装置が載置固定される基台４１には支柱４２が立設され、この支柱４２にロードセル４４が付設され、収納体３０に付設されたカンチレバー４３を介してこのロードセル４４にて摺動トルクを検出することができる。 Further, a support column 42 is erected on the base 41 on which the apparatus is placed and fixed. A load cell 44 is attached to the support column 42, and is slid by the load cell 44 via a cantilever 43 attached to the storage body 30. Dynamic torque can be detected.
回転側リング試験片２２と固定側ディスク試験片２１とは、ともにＳｉＣ（炭化ケイ素）を用い、表面粗さＲａ０．０２以下、平面度０．１μｍ以下に仕上げた。また、回転側リング試験片２２には、図３に示すように、その反摺動面に一対の径方向溝４５を形成し、固定側ディスク試験片２１には、図２に示すように、その外径面に一対の切欠面４６が形成されている。回転側リング試験片２２は外径を１６ｍｍとし、内径を１０ｍｍとし、固定側ディスク試験片２１は直径を２０ｍｍとし、２面幅（切欠面間寸法）を１８ｍｍとしている。 Both the rotating side ring test piece 22 and the fixed side disk test piece 21 were made of SiC (silicon carbide) and finished to a surface roughness Ra of 0.02 or less and a flatness of 0.1 μm or less. Further, as shown in FIG. 3, the rotation-side ring test piece 22 is formed with a pair of radial grooves 45 on its anti-sliding surface, and the fixed-side disk test piece 21 is formed as shown in FIG. A pair of notch surfaces 46 are formed on the outer diameter surface. The rotation-side ring test piece 22 has an outer diameter of 16 mm, an inner diameter of 10 mm, the fixed-side disc test piece 21 has a diameter of 20 mm, and a two-surface width (dimension between notches) of 18 mm.
また、固定側ディスク試験片２１にグレーティング部３を形成するが、この場合、各グレーティング部（周期構造）３は、Ｔｉ：Ｓａｐｐｈｉｒｅレーザ（パルス幅１２０ｆｓ，中心波長８００ｎｍ，繰返し周波数１ｋＨｚ）を用いて形成した。シリンドリカルレンズにより、ピッチ円直径Ｄ（図４参照）が１５ｍｍの位置にレーザを集光し，幅Ｗ（図９参照）が２ｍｍ幅でスパイラル状の周期構造を間欠的に形成した。周期構造凸部先端のレーザ非照射部からの高さ減少量は数十ｎｍ以下とした。両方向の回転に対応するため、隣り合う区画の周期構造の方向が対称となるようにし、図９に示すように、３種類のパターン（傾斜角θ=±３０°、±４５°、±６０°）を作製した。周期構造は中心角α（図４参照）が１５°を１区画（半径方向２ｍｍ×円周方向約２ｍｍ）とし、中心角β(図４参照)が７．５°の鏡面部分（ランド部６）を挟んで８ペア（１６区画）形成した。周期構造の加工領域は外径１７ｍｍ、内径１３ｍｍとなるため、リング試験片（外径１６ｍｍ、内径１０ｍｍ）の直径１３ｍｍ以上の部分のみが周期構造と接触する。 In addition, the grating portion 3 is formed on the fixed-side disk test piece 21. In this case, each grating portion (periodic structure) 3 uses a Ti: Sapphire laser (pulse width 120 fs, center wavelength 800 nm, repetition frequency 1 kHz). Formed. A cylindrical lens focused the laser at a position where the pitch circle diameter D (see FIG. 4) was 15 mm, and intermittently formed a spiral periodic structure with a width W (see FIG. 9) of 2 mm. The amount of height reduction from the laser non-irradiated portion at the tip of the periodic structure convex portion was set to several tens of nm or less. In order to correspond to the rotation in both directions, the direction of the periodic structure of adjacent sections is made symmetrical, and as shown in FIG. 9, three types of patterns (inclination angles θ = ± 30 °, ± 45 °, ± 60 ° ) Was produced. The periodic structure has a central angle α (see FIG. 4) of 15 ° as one section (radial direction 2 mm × circumferential direction about 2 mm), and a mirror surface portion (land portion 6) with a central angle β (see FIG. 4) of 7.5 °. 8 pairs (16 sections). Since the processing region of the periodic structure has an outer diameter of 17 mm and an inner diameter of 13 mm, only the portion of the ring test piece (outer diameter of 16 mm, inner diameter of 10 mm) having a diameter of 13 mm or more is in contact with the periodic structure.
４種類の試験片（前記３種の試験片と、周期構造を有さない鏡面の試験片）に対して、なじみ処理を行わず摺動試験を行った。荷重は５０．５Ｎで一定とし、負荷直後に摺動速度を１．２ｍ／ｓ〜０．１４ｍ／ｓまで５分毎に段階的に減速させ、サンプリング周波数１Ｈｚで摩擦係数の変化を調べた。その結果を図１０のグラフで示した。図１０（ａ）は周期構造を有さない鏡面の試験片を示し、図１０（ｂ）は傾斜角θが±３０°の試験片を示し、図１０（ｃ）は傾斜角θが±４５°の試験片を示し、図１０（ｄ）は傾斜角θが±６０°の試験片を示している。なお、図１０（ａ）のみ縦軸のスケールが相違する。 A sliding test was performed on the four types of test pieces (the above-mentioned three types of test pieces and a mirror-surfaced test piece having no periodic structure) without performing the conforming treatment. The load was fixed at 50.5 N, and immediately after the load, the sliding speed was gradually reduced from 1.2 m / s to 0.14 m / s every 5 minutes, and the change in the friction coefficient was examined at a sampling frequency of 1 Hz. The results are shown in the graph of FIG. FIG. 10A shows a mirror specimen having no periodic structure, FIG. 10B shows a specimen having an inclination angle θ of ± 30 °, and FIG. 10C shows an inclination angle θ of ± 45. FIG. 10 (d) shows a test piece having an inclination angle θ of ± 60 °. In addition, the scale of a vertical axis | shaft differs only in Fig.10 (a).
鏡面の試験片においては、図１０（ａ）に示すように、動圧効果が生じないため、摺動開始直後からやや不安定な摩擦係数を示した。その後、摺動速度０．５４ｍ／ｓ(摺動開始後２０分)で急激に摩擦係数が大きくなり、高摩擦の状態を持続した後、摩擦係数が急速に低下した。一方、周期構造を形成した試験片においては、図１０（ｂ）（ｃ）（ｄ）に示すように、傾斜角θに関わらず流体潤滑となり、摺動速度の低下とともに摩擦係数が低下し，摩擦係数は０．０１以下まで低減された。なお、摺動特性に明確な傾斜角依存性は見られなかった。 As shown in FIG. 10 (a), the mirror-surface test piece exhibited a slightly unstable friction coefficient immediately after the start of sliding because no dynamic pressure effect was produced. Thereafter, the friction coefficient suddenly increased at a sliding speed of 0.54 m / s (20 minutes after the start of sliding), and after maintaining a high friction state, the friction coefficient rapidly decreased. On the other hand, in the test piece having a periodic structure, as shown in FIGS. 10B, 10C, and 10D, fluid lubrication occurs regardless of the inclination angle θ, and the friction coefficient decreases with a decrease in sliding speed. The coefficient of friction was reduced to 0.01 or less. In addition, a clear inclination angle dependency was not seen in the sliding characteristics.
方向が異なるスパイラル状周期構造を交互に配置したパターンで負荷能力が発現する現象は、なじみ処理前の試験片を使用しており、実験中になじみが進行した様子もないことから、ＳｉＣに限定した現象ではなく、あらゆる材質の試験片でも同様の効果が得られる。負荷能力発現のメカニズムは、次のように考えられる。２つの周期構造の区画に挟まれた鏡面部分（ランド部）に着目すると、流体が流入する側の周期構造との境界（入口側）では大きな正圧が生じ、流出側の境界（出口側）では大きな負圧が生じる。すると入口側で流体の膜厚が大きくなるように試験片が弾性変形し、くさびを形成することから負荷能力が生じることになる。また、出口側のキャビテーションによる負圧の制限からも負荷能力が生じる。これらによって、スパイラル状の周期構造は流体の流入・流出を積極的に引き起こすため、高い負荷能力が得られている。また、試験片の弾性変形によるくさび形成が負荷能力発生の要因であるので、縦弾性係数の低い材料ほど負荷能力が発生しやすい。 The phenomenon in which load capacity is manifested in a pattern in which spiral periodic structures with different directions are arranged alternately is limited to SiC because the test piece before the familiar treatment is used and the familiarity does not appear during the experiment. The same effect can be obtained with test pieces of any material. The mechanism of load capacity expression is considered as follows. Focusing on the mirror surface part (land part) sandwiched between two periodic structure sections, a large positive pressure is generated at the boundary (inlet side) with the periodic structure on the fluid inflow side, and the outflow side boundary (outlet side) Then, a big negative pressure arises. Then, the test piece is elastically deformed so as to increase the film thickness of the fluid on the inlet side, and a wedge is formed, resulting in a load capacity. In addition, load capacity is also generated due to the negative pressure limitation due to cavitation on the outlet side. As a result, the spiral periodic structure positively causes the inflow / outflow of the fluid, so that a high load capacity is obtained. In addition, since wedge formation due to elastic deformation of the test piece is a factor in generating load capacity, a material having a lower longitudinal elastic modulus is more likely to generate load capacity.
次に、鏡面の試験片および周期構造を形成した試験片に対し、荷重５０．５Ｎ、摺動速度０．０４ｍｍ／ｓの条件でなじみ処理を行い、その間の摩擦係数変化をサンプリング周波数１Ｈｚで測定した。その結果（なじみ過程の摩擦係数の変化）を図１１に示す。図１１（ａ）は周期構造を有さない鏡面の試験片を示し、図１１（ｂ）は傾斜角θが±３０°の試験片を示し、図１１（ｃ）は傾斜角θが±４５°の試験片を示し、図１１（ｄ）は傾斜角θが±６０°の試験片を示している。摺動速度を０．０４ｍｍ／ｓまで低下させると、図１１（ａ）（ｂ）（ｃ）（ｄ）に示すように、摺動直後は全ての試験片で流体潤滑から混合潤滑へ移行する。 Next, a test piece with a mirror surface and a test piece formed with a periodic structure were subjected to a blending process under the conditions of a load of 50.5 N and a sliding speed of 0.04 mm / s, and the friction coefficient change was measured at a sampling frequency of 1 Hz. did. FIG. 11 shows the result (change in the friction coefficient in the familiar process). FIG. 11 (a) shows a mirror specimen having no periodic structure, FIG. 11 (b) shows a specimen having an inclination angle θ of ± 30 °, and FIG. 11 (c) shows an inclination angle θ of ± 45. FIG. 11 (d) shows a test piece having an inclination angle θ of ± 60 °. When the sliding speed is reduced to 0.04 mm / s, as shown in FIGS. 11 (a), (b), (c), and (d), immediately after sliding, all the test pieces shift from fluid lubrication to mixed lubrication. .
図１１（ａ）に示すように、鏡面の試験片では摩擦係数が０．１を越える状態が摺動後１０ｍ程度続いた後、一定の摩擦係数を示すまでには２０ｍ弱の摺動距離が必要であった。一方、周期構造を形成した試験片では、図１１（ｂ）（ｃ）（ｄ）に示すように、すべての傾斜角θで鏡面の試験片よりなじみ過程が著しく短縮された。顕著な傾斜角依存性は認められないが、傾斜角θの増加にともない初期摩擦係数が大きくなった。また、摩擦係数の収束までの摺動距離については、図１１（ｂ）（ｃ）に示すように、傾斜角θが±３０°と±４５°では４ｍ程度で差が認められないが、図１１（ｄ）で示すように、±６０°では２ｍ程度となった。 As shown in FIG. 11 (a), in the mirror surface test piece, after the state where the friction coefficient exceeds 0.1 continues for about 10 m after sliding, a sliding distance of less than 20 m is required until a constant friction coefficient is exhibited. It was necessary. On the other hand, in the test piece formed with the periodic structure, as shown in FIGS. 11B, 11C, and 11D, the conforming process was remarkably shortened as compared with the specular test piece at all the inclination angles θ. Although no significant inclination angle dependency was observed, the initial friction coefficient increased as the inclination angle θ increased. In addition, as shown in FIGS. 11B and 11C, the sliding distance until the friction coefficient converges is about 4 m when the inclination angle θ is ± 30 ° and ± 45 °. As shown by 11 (d), the distance was about 2 m at ± 60 °.
摺動速度が十分に速い場合、３種類の傾斜角θでほぼ同等の流体膜厚が確保され、摩擦係数に差は生じない。しかし、摺動速度が０．０４ｍｍ／ｓまで低下した場合、傾斜角θが大きくなると水を引き込みにくくなるため、傾斜角θの増加にともない流体膜厚が減少し、初期摩擦係数が大きくなったとも考えられる。 When the sliding speed is sufficiently high, almost the same fluid film thickness is secured at the three kinds of inclination angles θ, and there is no difference in the friction coefficient. However, when the sliding speed is reduced to 0.04 mm / s, it becomes difficult to draw water when the inclination angle θ increases, so the fluid film thickness decreases as the inclination angle θ increases, and the initial friction coefficient increases. You might also say that.
なじみ処理後の試験片は図１２に示すように摺動部が親水化しており、なじみ過程で何らかの改質が生じている。ＳｉＣ（炭化ケイ素）の水潤滑における低摩擦化にはＳｉＣ（炭化ケイ素）と水のトライボケミカル反応が重要な役割を果たしていることが示唆されており、なじみ過程の短縮化は周期構造により引き込まれた水がトライボケミカル反応を促進したためだと考えられる。鏡面の試験片では動圧効果は期待できず、また２面間への水の供給機能もないため、トライボケミカル反応がなかなか進まず、摩擦係数が安定するには相応の摺動距離が必要である。 As shown in FIG. 12, the sliding portion of the test piece after the conforming treatment has become hydrophilic, and some modification has occurred in the conforming process. It has been suggested that the tribochemical reaction of SiC (silicon carbide) and water plays an important role in reducing friction in water lubrication of SiC (silicon carbide). This is thought to be because the water promoted the tribochemical reaction. Specimen specimens cannot be expected to have a dynamic pressure effect and have no function of supplying water between the two surfaces, so the tribochemical reaction does not progress easily and a suitable sliding distance is required to stabilize the friction coefficient. is there.
一方、周期構造を形成した試験片では、周期構造により引き込まれた水は図９に示すように、傾斜角θが大きくなるほどリング内周部まで侵入すると思われる。すなわち、傾斜角θが図９（ａ）に示すように±３０°の場合や図９（ｂ）に示すように±４５°の場合、矢印Ｂ１、Ｂ２に示すように、水の大半は２つの周期構造の区画に挟まれたランド分６（鏡面部分）を通過するのに対し、傾斜角θが図９（ｃ）に示すように±６０°の場合、矢印Ｂ３に示すように、周期構造に沿ってリング内周部まで水が浸入しやすくなるため、最も短い摺動距離で摩擦係数が収束したものと考えられる。 On the other hand, in the test piece having the periodic structure, it is considered that the water drawn by the periodic structure penetrates to the inner periphery of the ring as the inclination angle θ increases as shown in FIG. That is, when the inclination angle θ is ± 30 ° as shown in FIG. 9A or ± 45 ° as shown in FIG. 9B, most of the water is 2 as shown by arrows B1 and B2. When the land portion 6 (mirror surface portion) sandwiched between the sections of one periodic structure passes through, but the inclination angle θ is ± 60 ° as shown in FIG. 9C, the period is as shown by the arrow B3. It is considered that the coefficient of friction converged at the shortest sliding distance because water easily enters the ring inner periphery along the structure.
また、荷重５０．５Ｎ、摺動速度０．０４ｍ／ｓ、摺動距離１４４ｍ（摺動時間１時間）のなじみ処理を行った試験片を用い、前記なじみ処理前の摺動試験と同様の試験を行った。すなわち、なじみ処理後の摺動特性について調べた。その結果を図１３に示す。傾斜角依存性はほとんど見られなかったため、図１３においては、鏡面および傾斜角θ＝±４５°の結果を示す。すなわち、図１３（ａ）は周期構造を有さない鏡面の試験片を示し、図１３（ｂ）は傾斜角θが±４５°の試験片を示す。なお、比較のため、周期構造を間欠状にせず、水を引き込む方向のみに周期構造を形成（傾斜角θ=４５°、ピッチ円直径１５ｍｍ、周期構造幅２ｍｍ）した片回転型試験片の結果を図１３（ｃ）に示す。 Also, a test similar to the sliding test before the conforming treatment was performed using a test piece subjected to the conforming treatment with a load of 50.5 N, a sliding speed of 0.04 m / s, and a sliding distance of 144 m (sliding time of 1 hour). Went. That is, the sliding characteristics after the conforming treatment were examined. The result is shown in FIG. Since almost no inclination angle dependency was observed, FIG. 13 shows the result of the mirror surface and the inclination angle θ = ± 45 °. That is, FIG. 13A shows a specular specimen having no periodic structure, and FIG. 13B shows a specimen having an inclination angle θ of ± 45 °. For comparison, the result of a single-rotation type test piece in which the periodic structure is formed only in the direction in which water is drawn (inclination angle θ = 45 °, pitch circle diameter 15 mm, periodic structure width 2 mm) without making the periodic structure intermittent. Is shown in FIG.
鏡面の試験片は、図１３（ａ）に示すように、なじみ処理前（図１０（ａ）参照）と大きく異なり、なじみ処理後の摩擦係数は大きく低減された。しかし、摩擦係数の速度依存性は比較的高く、摺動速度１．２ｍ／ｓでの摩擦係数は０．０１８程度となり、周期構造を形成した試験片の２倍程度の値となった。また、摺動速度の低下とともに摩擦係数は大きく減少し、低速時には周期構造を形成した試験片の摩擦係数に近づく傾向が見られた。これは、鏡面の試験片は動圧効果が期待できず、水和潤滑膜による潤滑が支配的であるため、トライボケミカル反応により生成される水和潤滑膜の膜厚は極薄く、流体潤滑膜のように摺動速度や荷重に大きく依存することはなく、ほぼ一定の厚さと考えられるため、高速摺動時にはせん断抵抗により比較的高い摩擦係数が生じたものと考えられる。 As shown in FIG. 13 (a), the mirror surface test piece was greatly different from that before the conforming process (see FIG. 10 (a)), and the friction coefficient after the conforming process was greatly reduced. However, the speed dependence of the friction coefficient is relatively high, and the friction coefficient at a sliding speed of 1.2 m / s is about 0.018, which is about twice that of a test piece having a periodic structure. In addition, the friction coefficient decreased greatly as the sliding speed decreased, and the tendency to approach the friction coefficient of the test piece having a periodic structure was observed at low speed. This is because the specular specimen cannot be expected to have a dynamic pressure effect, and lubrication by the hydrated lubricant film is dominant, so the hydrated lubricant film produced by the tribochemical reaction is extremely thin, and the fluid lubricant film Thus, it is considered that the thickness is substantially constant without depending on the sliding speed and load, and it is considered that a relatively high friction coefficient is generated by shear resistance during high-speed sliding.
両回転に対応した傾斜角θ=±４５°の周期構造を形成した試験片は、図１３（ｂ）に示すように、なじみ処理前（図１０（ｃ）参照）から流体潤滑であったため、なじみ処理の前後で摩擦係数の挙動にほとんど変化は見られなかった。摺動速度の低下にともない摩擦係数の低下は見られるが、鏡面の基板と比較すると摩擦係数の速度依存性は小さかった。また、片回転型である傾斜角θ＝４５°の周期構造を形成した試験片（図１３（ｃ）参照）と比較してもほとんど同等の摩擦係数となった。 As shown in FIG. 13 (b), the test piece formed with a periodic structure with an inclination angle θ = ± 45 ° corresponding to both rotations was fluid lubricated before the conforming treatment (see FIG. 10 (c)). There was almost no change in the behavior of the coefficient of friction before and after the acclimation treatment. Although the friction coefficient decreased as the sliding speed decreased, the friction coefficient was less dependent on the speed compared to the mirror substrate. Further, even when compared with a test piece (see FIG. 13C) having a periodic structure with a tilt angle θ = 45 ° which is a single-rotation type, the friction coefficient was almost the same.
前記実施例より、以下の結論を得た。（１）方向が対称となるスパイラル状周期構造を間欠的かつ交互に配置することで摩擦係数０．０１以下の流体潤滑が得られる。（２）摩擦係数の傾斜角依存性は傾斜角θが±３０°〜±６０°の範囲ではほとんど認められない。（３）正逆転可能な周期構造パターンを形成することで、なじみ過程を鏡面試験片の１／５以下に短縮できる。（４）なじみ過程後の鏡面試験片の摩擦係数は速度依存性が比較的高く，摺動速度１．２ｍ／ｓでの摩擦係数は正逆転可能な周期構造を形成した試験片の２倍程度となる。（５）正逆転可能な周期構造パターンの摩擦係数は片回転型スパイラルパターンとほぼ同等の摩擦係数を示す。 From the examples, the following conclusions were obtained. (1) Fluid lubrication having a coefficient of friction of 0.01 or less can be obtained by intermittently and alternately arranging spiral periodic structures whose directions are symmetrical. (2) The dependence of the friction coefficient on the inclination angle is hardly recognized when the inclination angle θ is in the range of ± 30 ° to ± 60 °. (3) By forming a periodic structure pattern capable of forward and reverse rotation, the conforming process can be shortened to 1/5 or less of the specular specimen. (4) The friction coefficient of the mirror surface specimen after the conforming process is relatively high in speed dependence, and the friction coefficient at a sliding speed of 1.2 m / s is about twice that of a specimen having a periodic structure capable of forward and reverse rotation. It becomes. (5) The coefficient of friction of the periodic structure pattern capable of forward and reverse rotation is substantially the same as that of the one-turn spiral pattern.
１ 第１部材
１ａ 摺動面
２ 第２部材
２ａ 摺動面
３ グレーティング部
３ａ グレーティング部
３ｂ グレーティング
６ ランド部
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 1st member 1a Sliding surface 2 2nd member 2a Sliding surface 3 Grating part 3a Grating part 3b Grating 6 Land part
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