JP2008298292A - 作業機械の油圧システム - Google Patents
作業機械の油圧システム Download PDFInfo
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- JP2008298292A JP2008298292A JP2008190146A JP2008190146A JP2008298292A JP 2008298292 A JP2008298292 A JP 2008298292A JP 2008190146 A JP2008190146 A JP 2008190146A JP 2008190146 A JP2008190146 A JP 2008190146A JP 2008298292 A JP2008298292 A JP 2008298292A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B21/00—Common features of fluid actuator systems; Fluid-pressure actuator systems or details thereof, not covered by any other group of this subclass
- F15B21/14—Energy-recuperation means
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
- F15B11/02—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member
- F15B11/04—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member for controlling the speed
- F15B11/042—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member for controlling the speed by means in the feed line, i.e. "meter in"
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
- F15B11/02—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member
- F15B11/04—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member for controlling the speed
- F15B11/044—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member for controlling the speed by means in the return line, i.e. "meter out"
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/30—Directional control
- F15B2211/305—Directional control characterised by the type of valves
- F15B2211/30505—Non-return valves, i.e. check valves
- F15B2211/30515—Load holding valves
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/30—Directional control
- F15B2211/305—Directional control characterised by the type of valves
- F15B2211/30525—Directional control valves, e.g. 4/3-directional control valve
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/30—Directional control
- F15B2211/315—Directional control characterised by the connections of the valve or valves in the circuit
- F15B2211/31523—Directional control characterised by the connections of the valve or valves in the circuit being connected to a pressure source and an output member
- F15B2211/31541—Directional control characterised by the connections of the valve or valves in the circuit being connected to a pressure source and an output member having a single pressure source and multiple output members
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/30—Directional control
- F15B2211/32—Directional control characterised by the type of actuation
- F15B2211/327—Directional control characterised by the type of actuation electrically or electronically
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/405—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve
- F15B2211/40515—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve with variable throttles or orifices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/415—Flow control characterised by the connections of the flow control means in the circuit
- F15B2211/41509—Flow control characterised by the connections of the flow control means in the circuit being connected to a pressure source and a directional control valve
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/42—Flow control characterised by the type of actuation
- F15B2211/428—Flow control characterised by the type of actuation actuated by fluid pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/455—Control of flow in the feed line, i.e. meter-in control
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/46—Control of flow in the return line, i.e. meter-out control
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
- F15B2211/63—Electronic controllers
- F15B2211/6303—Electronic controllers using input signals
- F15B2211/6306—Electronic controllers using input signals representing a pressure
- F15B2211/6309—Electronic controllers using input signals representing a pressure the pressure being a pressure source supply pressure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
- F15B2211/635—Circuits providing pilot pressure to pilot pressure-controlled fluid circuit elements
- F15B2211/6355—Circuits providing pilot pressure to pilot pressure-controlled fluid circuit elements having valve means
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
- Operation Control Of Excavators (AREA)
- Servomotors (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】本発明の一形態において、油圧システムは、油圧ポンプと少なくとも1個のメータインスプール弁とを備えている。各スプール弁は入口と出口とを有する。少なくとも1個の油圧アクチュエータが提供され、各油圧アクチュエータは対応するスプール弁出口と流体連結されている。負荷保持チェック弁は、油圧ポンプを各スプール弁入口と相互に流体連結させている。タンクおよび少なくとも1個のポペット弁アセンブリも提供されている。各ポペット弁アセンブリは、対応するスプール弁出口およびアクチュエータと流体連結されている。各ポペット弁アセンブリは、対応するアクチュエータをタンクまたは大気圧と選択的に相互連結する。
【選択図】図1
Description
使用時、圧力源14は、負荷保持チェック弁16に至る出口管路24への吐出圧として作動油を提供する。3ウェイ弁18が図1で示した位置にある場合、並列油圧管路32、34内の流体圧力は、弁本体36の裏側の負荷保持チェック弁16の圧力制御チャンバ40内にも存在する。ポンプ14から吐出された圧力が、圧縮バネ38と圧力制御チャンバ40内の流体圧力とによって加えられた弁本体36に対する組み合わさった軸方向の力よりも大きい場合、弁本体36が上昇し、加圧された作動油をメータインスプール弁58へ流入させる。加圧作動油は、圧縮バネ78に対抗してメータインスプール弁58内の圧力制御チャンバ72に加えられて、スプールランド76を選択された位置へ比例して移動させ、所定量の作動油を入口62と出口64との間に流すことができる。加圧された作動油は、それで、供給管路68を通ってアクチュエータ66へ流入する。
12 作業機械のフレーム
14 油圧ポンプ
16 負荷保持チェック弁
18 3ウェイ弁
20 第1の油圧機器群
22 第2の油圧機器群
24 出口管路
26 圧力センサ
28 補助油圧負荷
30 補助管路
32 並列油圧管路
34 並列油圧管路
36 弁本体
38 圧縮バネ
40 圧力制御チャンバ
42 筒状肩部
44 筒状肩部
46 第1のポート
48 第2のポート
50 第3のポート
52 油圧管路
54 油圧管路
56 油圧管路
56 バネ
58 メータインスプール弁
60 ポペット弁アセンブリ
62 入口
64 出口
66 アクチュエータ
68 供給管路
70 ストロークセンサ
72 圧力制御チャンバ
74 弁本体
76 スプールランド
78 圧縮バネ
80 ストローク比例制御弁
82 油圧管路
84 ノッチ
86 肩部
88 タンク
90 パイロット流量増幅型ポペット弁
92 パイロットリリーフ弁
94 メータアウト流量制御パイロットスプール弁
96 比例減圧弁
98 油圧管路
100 筒状チャンバ
102 弁本体
104 バネ
106 常時開ポペット
108 油圧管路
110 油圧管路
112 油圧管路
Claims (14)
- 油圧システムであって、
油圧ポンプと、
少なくとも1個のメータインスプール弁であって、それぞれが入口と出口とを有するスプール弁と、
少なくとも1個の油圧アクチュエータであって、それぞれが対応する前記スプール弁出口と流体連結された油圧アクチュエータと、
前記ポンプをそれぞれの前記スプール弁入口と相互に流体連結する負荷保持チェック弁と、
タンクと、
少なくとも1個のポペット弁アセンブリであって、それぞれが対応する前記スプール弁出口および前記アクチュエータと流体連結され、前記対応するアクチュエータを前記タンクおよび大気圧のうちのいずれか一方と選択的に相互連結させるポペット弁アセンブリと、
を具備する油圧システム。 - 前記ポペット弁アセンブリの各々は、パイロット流量増幅型ポペット弁、パイロットリリーフ弁、メータアウト流量制御パイロットスプール弁、および比例減圧弁を含む請求項1に記載の油圧システム。
- 前記パイロットリリーフ弁は、前記パイロット流量増幅型ポペット弁と並列に連結されている請求項2に記載の油圧システム。
- 前記ポペット弁アセンブリの各々は、パイロット流量増幅型ポペット弁、および可変圧力パイロットリリーフ/メータアウト流量制御パイロットスプール弁を含む請求項1に記載の油圧システム。
- 前記メータインスプール弁の各々は、スプールとストロークセンサとを含み、前記ストロークセンサは、前記スプールの位置を示す信号を提供するように構成されている請求項1に記載の油圧システム。
- 前記スプールは、少なくとも1個の前記アクチュエータと連通している受圧面積部を含む請求項5に記載の油圧システム。
- 前記受圧面積部は、肩部である請求項6に記載の油圧システム。
- 作業機械であって、
フレームと、
油圧システムであって、
油圧ポンプと、
少なくとも1個のメータインスプール弁であって、それぞれが入口と出口とを有するスプール弁と、
少なくとも1個の油圧アクチュエータであって、それぞれが対応する前記スプール弁出口と流体連結された油圧アクチュエータと、
前記ポンプをそれぞれの前記スプール弁入口と相互に流体連結する負荷保持チェック弁と、
タンクと、
少なくとも1個のポペット弁アセンブリであって、それぞれが対応する前記スプール弁出口および前記アクチュエータと相互に流体連結され、前記対応するアクチュエータを前記タンクおよび大気圧のうちのいずれか一方と選択的に相互連結させる少なくとも1個のポペット弁アセンブリとを含む、油圧システムと、
を具備する作業機械。 - 前記ポペット弁アセンブリの各々は、パイロット流量増幅型ポペット弁、パイロットリリーフ弁、メータアウト流量制御パイロットスプール弁、および比例減圧弁を含む請求項8に記載の作業機械。
- 前記パイロットリリーフ弁は前記パイロット流量増幅型ポペット弁と並列に連結されている請求項9に記載の作業機械。
- 前記ポペット弁アセンブリの各々は、パイロット流量増幅型ポペット弁、および可変圧力パイロットリリーフ/メータアウト流量制御パイロットスプール弁を含む請求項8に記載の作業機械。
- 前記メータインスプール弁の各々は、スプールとストロークセンサとを含み、前記ストロークセンサは、前記スプールの位置を示す信号を提供するように構成されている請求項8に記載の作業機械。
- 前記スプールは、少なくとも1個の前記アクチュエータと連通している受圧面積部を含む請求項12に記載の作業機械。
- 前記受圧面積部は肩部である請求項13に記載の作業機械。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/845,704 US6502500B2 (en) | 2001-04-30 | 2001-04-30 | Hydraulic system for a work machine |
US09/845,704 | 2001-04-30 |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2002127577A Division JP4202044B2 (ja) | 2001-04-30 | 2002-04-26 | 作業機械の油圧システム |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2008298292A true JP2008298292A (ja) | 2008-12-11 |
JP4856131B2 JP4856131B2 (ja) | 2012-01-18 |
Family
ID=25295897
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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JP2002127577A Expired - Fee Related JP4202044B2 (ja) | 2001-04-30 | 2002-04-26 | 作業機械の油圧システム |
JP2008190146A Expired - Fee Related JP4856131B2 (ja) | 2001-04-30 | 2008-07-23 | 作業機械の油圧システム |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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JP2002127577A Expired - Fee Related JP4202044B2 (ja) | 2001-04-30 | 2002-04-26 | 作業機械の油圧システム |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6502500B2 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP4202044B2 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE10211924A1 (ja) |
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US7121189B2 (en) * | 2004-09-29 | 2006-10-17 | Caterpillar Inc. | Electronically and hydraulically-actuated drain value |
US7204084B2 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2007-04-17 | Caterpillar Inc | Hydraulic system having a pressure compensator |
US7146808B2 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-12-12 | Caterpillar Inc | Hydraulic system having priority based flow control |
US7441404B2 (en) * | 2004-11-30 | 2008-10-28 | Caterpillar Inc. | Configurable hydraulic control system |
US7243493B2 (en) * | 2005-04-29 | 2007-07-17 | Caterpillar Inc | Valve gradually communicating a pressure signal |
US7204185B2 (en) * | 2005-04-29 | 2007-04-17 | Caterpillar Inc | Hydraulic system having a pressure compensator |
US7194856B2 (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2007-03-27 | Caterpillar Inc | Hydraulic system having IMV ride control configuration |
US7302797B2 (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2007-12-04 | Caterpillar Inc. | Hydraulic system having a post-pressure compensator |
US7210396B2 (en) * | 2005-08-31 | 2007-05-01 | Caterpillar Inc | Valve having a hysteretic filtered actuation command |
US7331175B2 (en) * | 2005-08-31 | 2008-02-19 | Caterpillar Inc. | Hydraulic system having area controlled bypass |
US7614336B2 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2009-11-10 | Caterpillar Inc. | Hydraulic system having augmented pressure compensation |
US20100043418A1 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2010-02-25 | Caterpillar Inc. | Hydraulic system and method for control |
US7320216B2 (en) * | 2005-10-31 | 2008-01-22 | Caterpillar Inc. | Hydraulic system having pressure compensated bypass |
US7621211B2 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2009-11-24 | Caterpillar Inc. | Force feedback poppet valve having an integrated pressure compensator |
US20080295681A1 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2008-12-04 | Caterpillar Inc. | Hydraulic system having an external pressure compensator |
US8479504B2 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2013-07-09 | Caterpillar Inc. | Hydraulic system having an external pressure compensator |
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DE102009025827A1 (de) * | 2009-05-18 | 2010-11-25 | Bucyrus Dbt Europe Gmbh | Hydraulikschaltvorrichtung für die Mobilhydraulik, mobile Hydraulikmaschine und Ventileinheit |
US8631650B2 (en) | 2009-09-25 | 2014-01-21 | Caterpillar Inc. | Hydraulic system and method for control |
JP5901381B2 (ja) * | 2012-03-26 | 2016-04-06 | Kyb株式会社 | 建設機械の制御装置 |
JP6374782B2 (ja) | 2014-12-12 | 2018-08-15 | 株式会社ショーワ | 車両用転舵装置 |
US20230312242A1 (en) * | 2022-03-31 | 2023-10-05 | Oshkosh Corporation | Regeneration control for a refuse vehicle packer system |
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JP2000283109A (ja) * | 1999-03-31 | 2000-10-13 | Shin Caterpillar Mitsubishi Ltd | アクチュエータ制御装置 |
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US4475442A (en) * | 1982-02-08 | 1984-10-09 | Vickers, Incorporated | Power transmission |
JPS5917074A (ja) | 1982-07-16 | 1984-01-28 | Hitachi Constr Mach Co Ltd | ロジツク弁 |
US4860788A (en) * | 1987-06-29 | 1989-08-29 | Kayaba Industry Co. Ltd. | Metering valve |
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CN1198805A (zh) * | 1996-08-08 | 1998-11-11 | 日立建机株式会社 | 液压控制装置 |
JPH10220409A (ja) * | 1997-02-12 | 1998-08-21 | Komatsu Ltd | 方向制御弁装置 |
JPH10227304A (ja) * | 1997-02-17 | 1998-08-25 | Komatsu Ltd | メータアウト流量制御弁 |
US6169247B1 (en) * | 1998-06-11 | 2001-01-02 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Enclosure for electronic components |
-
2001
- 2001-04-30 US US09/845,704 patent/US6502500B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-03-18 DE DE10211924A patent/DE10211924A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-04-26 JP JP2002127577A patent/JP4202044B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-07-23 JP JP2008190146A patent/JP4856131B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2000283109A (ja) * | 1999-03-31 | 2000-10-13 | Shin Caterpillar Mitsubishi Ltd | アクチュエータ制御装置 |
JP2001003905A (ja) * | 1999-06-22 | 2001-01-09 | Shin Caterpillar Mitsubishi Ltd | 流体圧アクチュエータの制御装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6502500B2 (en) | 2003-01-07 |
JP2003035302A (ja) | 2003-02-07 |
DE10211924A1 (de) | 2003-06-12 |
JP4856131B2 (ja) | 2012-01-18 |
JP4202044B2 (ja) | 2008-12-24 |
US20020157528A1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
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