JP2008197218A - Liquid crystal display device - Google Patents

Liquid crystal display device Download PDF

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JP2008197218A
JP2008197218A JP2007030285A JP2007030285A JP2008197218A JP 2008197218 A JP2008197218 A JP 2008197218A JP 2007030285 A JP2007030285 A JP 2007030285A JP 2007030285 A JP2007030285 A JP 2007030285A JP 2008197218 A JP2008197218 A JP 2008197218A
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liquid crystal
display device
crystal display
transparent substrate
transparent
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Mitsuyoshi Hara
光義 原
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Seiko Instruments Inc
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Seiko Instruments Inc
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a liquid crystal display device which prevents display abnormality due to static electricity in an in-plane switching liquid crystal display device and solves such a problem that conventional countermeasure increases outside appearance shape of the liquid crystal display device, the total thickness increases and the reliability is bad, and to provide a manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display device. <P>SOLUTION: The liquid crystal display device has such a configuration that a transparent conductive film is applied to the backside of a transparent plate of the uppermost surface and the transparent conductive layer is conductively connected to the ground of a circuit board by a conductive member and a metal line. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT

Description

本発明は、液晶表示装置とその製造方法に係わり、特に、横電界方式の液晶表示装置において、静電気等による表示の異常の発生を防止した液晶表示装置とその製造方法に関する。   The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device and a manufacturing method thereof, and more particularly, to a liquid crystal display device and a manufacturing method thereof in which occurrence of display abnormality due to static electricity or the like is prevented in a horizontal electric field type liquid crystal display device.

横電界方式で液晶を制御する液晶表示装置は、電界を液晶セル面に対して平行方向に印加して、液晶分子を液晶セル面内で旋回させたときの液晶セルの光透過率の変化を利用して表示を行っているため、広い視野角特性を持ち、斜めから見ても画像がネガポジ反転しないという特徴を有している（例えば、特許文献１を参照）。   A liquid crystal display device that controls liquid crystal by the transverse electric field method applies a parallel electric field to the liquid crystal cell surface to change the light transmittance of the liquid crystal cell when the liquid crystal molecules are rotated in the liquid crystal cell surface. Since the display is performed by using the image, the image has a wide viewing angle characteristic, and the image is not negatively positive-inverted even when viewed obliquely (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

従来の横電界方式で液晶を制御する液晶表示装置を図４、５に示す。図４にこの液晶表示装置の断面を、図５に上面を示す。ここで、図４は、図５の点線ｃ−ｄにおける断面図である。図４に示すように、ＣＦ側透明基板１の内面にはＣＦ（カラーフィルター）層が成膜されている。ＴＦＴ側透明基板２の内面にはＴＦＴ素子、金属配線、絶縁膜、配向膜が成膜されている。液晶分子を挟むようにＣＦ側透明基板１とＴＦＴ側透明基板２が貼り合わされている。一対の偏光板、ＣＦ基板側偏光板３とＴＦＴ基板側偏光板４が貼られている。ＴＦＴ側透明基板２に電気信号を供給するための回路基板７が接続されている。そして粘着材８によりフレーム９中に固定されている。このフレーム９は液晶表示装置を保持するとともに、バックライトの筺体を兼ね、プラスチック、金属材からなる。   4 and 5 show a liquid crystal display device that controls liquid crystal by a conventional lateral electric field method. FIG. 4 shows a cross section of the liquid crystal display device, and FIG. Here, FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along a dotted line cd in FIG. As shown in FIG. 4, a CF (color filter) layer is formed on the inner surface of the CF side transparent substrate 1. A TFT element, a metal wiring, an insulating film, and an alignment film are formed on the inner surface of the TFT side transparent substrate 2. The CF side transparent substrate 1 and the TFT side transparent substrate 2 are bonded so as to sandwich the liquid crystal molecules. A pair of polarizing plates, a CF substrate side polarizing plate 3 and a TFT substrate side polarizing plate 4 are attached. A circuit board 7 for supplying an electric signal to the TFT side transparent substrate 2 is connected. And it is fixed in the frame 9 by the adhesive material 8. The frame 9 holds a liquid crystal display device and also serves as a casing for the backlight, and is made of plastic or metal material.

さらに光学接着剤１４により透明板１０がＣＦ基板側偏光板３と接着されている。透明板１０が接着される理由は、透明板１０とＣＦ基板側偏光板３間の空気層をなくすことにより、液晶表示装置の総厚を薄くする、強度を増す、光の内部反射による損失をなくし透過率を増加させることを目的としている。また、透明板１０には、ガラスやアクリルの透明板、データの入力手段となるタッチパネルが例示できる。   Further, the transparent plate 10 is bonded to the CF substrate side polarizing plate 3 by the optical adhesive 14. The reason why the transparent plate 10 is bonded is that the air layer between the transparent plate 10 and the CF substrate side polarizing plate 3 is eliminated, thereby reducing the total thickness of the liquid crystal display device, increasing the strength, and loss due to internal reflection of light. The purpose is to increase the transmittance. The transparent plate 10 may be a glass or acrylic transparent plate or a touch panel serving as data input means.

従来の横電界方式で液晶を制御する液晶表示装置においては、視野角拡大という特性を有する反面、駆動電極が一つの基板に形成され、もう一つの基板には電極がないため、電界のシールドがされず、外部からの静電気が、液晶セル内に蓄積されやすくなり、チャージアップが発生しやすく、濃淡ムラの発生という欠点がある。以下に詳細について述べる。横電界方式の場合、ＴＦＴ側透明基板２に櫛歯状に設けたソース電極とコモン電極間の電界のみにより液晶を制御しているため、対向側のＣＦ側透明基板１の膜面にはＩＴＯ等の電極は存在しない。従って、ＣＦ基板側偏光板３の表面を手で触れた場合、その静電気はＣＦ基板側偏光板３を通してＣＦ側透明基板１まで達し、ＴＦＴ側透明基板２とＣＦ側透明基板１間に電位差が生じる。この電位差により液晶セル中に封入された液晶分子が誤動作しチャージアップが発生する。チャージアップに対する従来の解決方法としては、図４に示すようにＣＦ側透明基板１の表面にＩＴＯ層１２をスパッタリング法により成膜していた（例えば、特許文献２を参照）。ＩＴＯ層１２と回路基板７は第二の導電材１３により、グランドあるいは低電圧と電気導通させる。   In the conventional liquid crystal display device that controls the liquid crystal by the horizontal electric field method, the viewing angle is widened. On the other hand, the driving electrode is formed on one substrate, and the other substrate has no electrode. However, static electricity from the outside tends to be accumulated in the liquid crystal cell, charge-up is likely to occur, and there is a disadvantage that uneven density is generated. Details are described below. In the case of the lateral electric field method, since the liquid crystal is controlled only by the electric field between the source electrode and the common electrode provided in a comb-like shape on the TFT side transparent substrate 2, the film surface of the CF side transparent substrate 1 on the opposite side is placed on the film surface. There is no such electrode. Therefore, when the surface of the CF substrate side polarizing plate 3 is touched by hand, the static electricity reaches the CF side transparent substrate 1 through the CF substrate side polarizing plate 3, and there is a potential difference between the TFT side transparent substrate 2 and the CF side transparent substrate 1. Arise. Due to this potential difference, liquid crystal molecules sealed in the liquid crystal cell malfunction and charge up occurs. As a conventional solution to charge-up, an ITO layer 12 is formed on the surface of the CF-side transparent substrate 1 by sputtering as shown in FIG. 4 (see, for example, Patent Document 2). The ITO layer 12 and the circuit board 7 are electrically connected to the ground or a low voltage by the second conductive material 13.

図５は従来の液晶表示装置の上面図である。ＴＦＴ側透明基板２に電気信号を供給するための回路基板７が接続されている。ＣＦ側透明基板１上のＩＴＯ層１２と回路基板７を電気的に導通接続させるため、銀ペースト、銅あるいはアルミのテープなどの第二の導通材１３で接続、導通をとっていた。
特開平６−１６０８７８号公報 特開平４−５１２２０号公報 FIG. 5 is a top view of a conventional liquid crystal display device. A circuit board 7 for supplying an electrical signal to the TFT side transparent substrate 2 is connected. In order to electrically connect the ITO layer 12 on the CF side transparent substrate 1 and the circuit board 7, the second conductive material 13 such as silver paste, copper or aluminum tape is used for connection and conduction.
JP-A-6-160878 JP-A-4-51220

しかしながらこの導通方法では、銀ペーストや銅あるいはアルミなどのテープをＩＴＯ膜面と接続するための糊代部分が必要になり液晶表示装置の外形が大きくなること、剥がれによる信頼性の問題、等の課題があった。   However, with this conduction method, a paste margin part for connecting a tape such as silver paste, copper or aluminum to the ITO film surface is required, and the outer shape of the liquid crystal display device becomes large, and the reliability problem due to peeling, etc. There was a problem.

本発明は、上記した従来技術の課題を改良し、かつ静電気による表示異常を防止する液晶表示装置とその製造方法を提供することを目的とする。   An object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display device that improves the above-described problems of the prior art and prevents display abnormality due to static electricity, and a method for manufacturing the same.

本発明は上記した課題をなくすため、横電界方式の液晶表示装置において、上面に設置される透明板裏面に透明導電膜を付与し、導電性部材により透明基板上の金属配線に接続し、回路基板のグランドに導通接続することとした。   In order to eliminate the above-described problems, the present invention provides a transparent conductive film on the back surface of a transparent plate installed on the upper surface in a liquid crystal display device of a horizontal electric field type, and is connected to metal wiring on a transparent substrate by a conductive member. A conductive connection was made to the ground of the substrate.

本発明によれば、外部からの静電気は、透明板裏面の透明導電層でシールドされているため、液晶セル内に蓄積されることなく、透明導電層から導電性部材、透明基板上の金属配線、回路基板のグランドへ流れることとなる。そのため、チャージアップをなくし、静電気による表示の濃淡ムラを防止し、表示異常をなくすという効果がある。また従来の銀ペーストや導電性テープを用いた方法と比較し、液晶表示装置の大きさを拡大することなく、さらに剥がれ防止という効果がある。   According to the present invention, since the static electricity from the outside is shielded by the transparent conductive layer on the back surface of the transparent plate, it is not accumulated in the liquid crystal cell, and from the transparent conductive layer to the conductive member, the metal wiring on the transparent substrate. Will flow to the ground of the circuit board. Therefore, there is an effect that charge-up is eliminated, display unevenness due to static electricity is prevented, and display abnormality is eliminated. Moreover, compared with the method using the conventional silver paste and electroconductive tape, there exists an effect of peeling further, without enlarging the magnitude | size of a liquid crystal display device.

本発明の液晶表示装置は、透明基板とＴＦＴ側透明基板を対向させて液晶層を挟持する液晶セルと、この液晶セルを駆動する駆動回路を有する横電界方式の液晶表示装置であって、液晶セルに透明基板側から光学接着剤を用いて貼り合わされた透明板を有し、透明基板の外側表面には透明導電層が設けられ、ＴＦＴ側透明基板上に回路基板のグランドと電気的に接続する金属配線を設け、透明導電層と金属配線を電気的に接続する導電性部材を備えることとした。このような構成により、透明基板表面の導電層が、導電部材とＴＦＴ側透明基板上の金属配線を経由して、回路基板のグランドと電気的に接続されることになる。したがって、外部から加わる静電気等は、液晶セル内に蓄積されることなく、回路基板のグランドへ流れることとなる。   The liquid crystal display device of the present invention is a liquid crystal display device of a horizontal electric field system having a liquid crystal cell that sandwiches a liquid crystal layer with a transparent substrate and a TFT side transparent substrate facing each other, and a drive circuit that drives the liquid crystal cell. It has a transparent plate bonded to the cell from the transparent substrate side using an optical adhesive, and a transparent conductive layer is provided on the outer surface of the transparent substrate, and is electrically connected to the ground of the circuit substrate on the TFT side transparent substrate. And providing a conductive member that electrically connects the transparent conductive layer and the metal wiring. With such a configuration, the conductive layer on the surface of the transparent substrate is electrically connected to the ground of the circuit board via the conductive member and the metal wiring on the TFT side transparent substrate. Accordingly, static electricity applied from the outside flows to the ground of the circuit board without being accumulated in the liquid crystal cell.

ここで用いる導電性部材には、透明板と透明基板の一部と接触して、この間の距離を広げるような力を発生するバネ構造を有することが好ましい。さらに、透明板に接触する面と透明基板に接触する面の少なくとも一方の面に突起を形成することが望ましい。   The conductive member used here preferably has a spring structure that generates a force that increases the distance between the transparent plate and a part of the transparent substrate. Furthermore, it is desirable to form protrusions on at least one of the surface that contacts the transparent plate and the surface that contacts the transparent substrate.

以下に本発明の実施例を詳細に説明する。図１〜図３は本実施例の液晶表示装置を示しており、図１はその断面図、図２はその上面図、図３はその構造を模式的に示す外観図である。ここで、図１は、図２の点線ａ−ｂにおける断面図である。   Examples of the present invention will be described in detail below. 1 to 3 show a liquid crystal display device of this embodiment, FIG. 1 is a sectional view thereof, FIG. 2 is a top view thereof, and FIG. 3 is an external view schematically showing the structure thereof. Here, FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view taken along a dotted line ab in FIG.

図示するように、本実施例の液晶表示装置は、主にＣＦ（カラーフィルター）側透明基板１と、ＴＦＴ側透明基板２から構成される。これら２枚の基板間の構造と構成は従来例である図４と同様である。基板の上面にはＣＦ(カラーフィルター)側偏光板３、下面にはＴＦＴ側偏光板４が設置されている。ＣＦ側透明基板１上面に設置される透明板１０の裏面には透明導電層１１が成膜されている。この透明導電層１１はＩＴＯ（ｉｎｄｉｕｍ−Ｔｉｎ−Ｏｘｉｄｅ）をスパッタリング法により成膜する方法と、金属粒子をディップコート法を用いた方法で成膜できる。   As shown in the figure, the liquid crystal display device of this example is mainly composed of a CF (color filter) side transparent substrate 1 and a TFT side transparent substrate 2. The structure and configuration between these two substrates are the same as those in FIG. A CF (color filter) side polarizing plate 3 is provided on the upper surface of the substrate, and a TFT side polarizing plate 4 is provided on the lower surface. A transparent conductive layer 11 is formed on the back surface of the transparent plate 10 installed on the upper surface of the CF side transparent substrate 1. The transparent conductive layer 11 can be formed by a method of forming a film of ITO (indium-Tin-Oxide) by a sputtering method and a method of using metal particles by a dip coating method.

ディップコート法を用い成膜する場合は、導電性微粒子をアクリル系樹脂バインダー中に分散させた溶剤で、導電物質としてはＩＴＯ、ＺｎＯ2 （酸化亜鉛）、Ｓｎ2 Ｏ3 （酸化錫）等の導電性無機金属微粒子を用い、ディップコート後、高温下で溶剤を除去する。成膜後の表面抵抗値が１×１０５〜１×１０１２ （Ω／□）になるように導電性微粒子の添加量を調整する。これ以下に抵抗値を下げると効果は大きくなるが、液晶表示装置の透過率が低下してしまう。 In the case of forming a film by using the dip coating method, a conductive material is dispersed in an acrylic resin binder, and the conductive material is ITO, ZnO 2 (zinc oxide), Sn 2 O 3 (tin oxide) or the like. The conductive inorganic metal fine particles are used, and after dip coating, the solvent is removed at a high temperature. The amount of conductive fine particles added is adjusted so that the surface resistance value after film formation is 1 × 10 5 to 1 × 10 12 (Ω / □). Lowering the resistance value below this increases the effect, but decreases the transmittance of the liquid crystal display device.

透明導電層１１は導電材５接触、電気導通し、さらにＴＦＴ側透明基板２上の金属配線６に接触、電気導通し、回路基板７のグランドに導通接続している。さらに光学接着剤１４により透明板１０がＣＦ基板側偏光板３と接着されている。また、図２に示すように、ＴＦＴ側透明基板２に電気信号を供給するための回路基板７が接続されている。導電材５はＴＦＴ側透明基板２上の金属配線６と接続、電気導通している。   The transparent conductive layer 11 contacts and electrically conducts the conductive material 5, and further contacts and electrically conducts the metal wiring 6 on the TFT side transparent substrate 2, and is electrically connected to the ground of the circuit board 7. Further, the transparent plate 10 is bonded to the CF substrate side polarizing plate 3 by the optical adhesive 14. As shown in FIG. 2, a circuit board 7 for supplying an electrical signal to the TFT side transparent substrate 2 is connected. The conductive material 5 is connected and electrically connected to the metal wiring 6 on the TFT side transparent substrate 2.

次に液晶表示装置の構成について示す。図３に示すように、導電材５はＴＦＴ側透明基板２上の金属配線６と接続、電気導通している。金属配線６は金属基板１０に接続され、回路基板１０のグランドあるいは低電圧と接続するようになっている。導電材５は導電性金属、具体的にはステンレス、鉄、アルミや銅の金属材料である。導電材５は透明板１０を跳ね上げる力がかかるようなバネ構造を有している。   Next, a configuration of the liquid crystal display device is described. As shown in FIG. 3, the conductive material 5 is connected and electrically connected to the metal wiring 6 on the TFT side transparent substrate 2. The metal wiring 6 is connected to the metal substrate 10 and is connected to the ground or low voltage of the circuit substrate 10. The conductive material 5 is a conductive metal, specifically a stainless steel, iron, aluminum, or copper metal material. The conductive material 5 has a spring structure that applies a force to flip up the transparent plate 10.

また、図６に導電材５の接続部に突起を設けた構成を示す。図示するように、導電材５のＴＦＴ側透明基板２と透明板１０と接触するそれぞれの面に突起１５を設けることとした。これにより、接触抵抗が下がり、また、容易に導通をとることができる。さらに、このような構成の導電材によれば、従来のテープのように剥がれることはなく、また、従来のテープのように貼るための糊しろが必要ないため透明基板の外形寸法を大きくする必要がなく、コンパクトに確実な接続、導通することが可能である。   FIG. 6 shows a configuration in which protrusions are provided at the connecting portions of the conductive material 5. As shown in the figure, the projections 15 are provided on the respective surfaces of the conductive material 5 that come into contact with the TFT-side transparent substrate 2 and the transparent plate 10. As a result, the contact resistance is reduced, and conduction can be easily achieved. Furthermore, according to the conductive material having such a configuration, it is not peeled off as in a conventional tape, and there is no need for a margin for pasting as in a conventional tape, so it is necessary to increase the outer dimensions of the transparent substrate. It is possible to reliably connect and conduct in a compact manner.

上述したいずれかの構成によれば、外部からの静電気は、一対の基板が透明導電層１１でシールドされているため、液晶セル内に蓄積されることなく、透明導電層１１から導電材５と金属配線６を経て回路基板７のグランドへ流れていくことにより、チャージアップによる表示の濃淡ムラを防止することができる。さらに、導電材５を金属板によりバネ構造を持つように形成することにより、液晶表示装置の総厚さを薄くすることができ、剥がれ、接続不良を低減させることができる。   According to any of the above-described configurations, since the pair of substrates are shielded by the transparent conductive layer 11 from outside, the static electricity from the transparent conductive layer 11 to the conductive material 5 is not accumulated in the liquid crystal cell. By flowing to the ground of the circuit board 7 through the metal wiring 6, unevenness in display density due to charge-up can be prevented. Furthermore, by forming the conductive material 5 so as to have a spring structure with a metal plate, the total thickness of the liquid crystal display device can be reduced, and peeling and poor connection can be reduced.

表示品位を向上させ、製品の良品率を上昇させる方法として適応できる。   It can be applied as a method to improve display quality and increase the yield rate of products.

本実施例の液晶表示装置の構成を模式的に示す断面図。Sectional drawing which shows typically the structure of the liquid crystal display device of a present Example. 本実施例の液晶表示装置の構成を模式的に示す平面図。FIG. 2 is a plan view schematically showing the configuration of the liquid crystal display device of the present embodiment. 本実施例の液晶表示装置の構造を説明する図。2A and 2B illustrate a structure of a liquid crystal display device of this embodiment. 従来の液晶表示装置の構成を模式的に示す断面図。Sectional drawing which shows the structure of the conventional liquid crystal display device typically. 従来の液晶表示装置の構成を模式的に示す平面図。The top view which shows typically the structure of the conventional liquid crystal display device. 本実施例の液晶表示装置の導電材の平面図。The top view of the electrically conductive material of the liquid crystal display device of a present Example.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

１ ＣＦ側透明基板
２ ＴＦＴ側透明基板
３ ＣＦ基板側偏光板
４ ＴＦＴ基板側偏光板
５ 導電材
６ 金属配線
７ 回路基板
８ 粘着材
９ フレーム
１０ 透明板
１１ 透明導電層
１２ ＩＴＯ層
１３ 第二の導電材
１４ 光学接着剤
１５ 突起 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 CF side transparent substrate 2 TFT side transparent substrate 3 CF substrate side polarizing plate 4 TFT substrate side polarizing plate 5 Conductive material 6 Metal wiring 7 Circuit board 8 Adhesive material 9 Frame 10 Transparent plate 11 Transparent conductive layer 12 ITO layer 13 Second Conductive material 14 Optical adhesive 15 Protrusion

Claims (3)

透明基板とＴＦＴ側透明基板を対向させて液晶層を挟持する液晶セルと、前記液晶セルを駆動する駆動回路を有する横電界方式の液晶表示装置において、前記液晶セルに前記透明基板側から光学接着剤を用いて貼り合わされた透明板を有し、前記透明基板の外側表面には透明導電層が設けられ、前記ＴＦＴ側透明基板上に前記回路基板のグランドと電気的に接続する金属配線を設け、前記透明導電層と前記金属配線を電気的に接続する導電性部材を備えることを特徴とする液晶表示装置。   In a horizontal electric field type liquid crystal display device having a liquid crystal cell sandwiching a liquid crystal layer with a transparent substrate and a TFT-side transparent substrate facing each other, and a driving circuit for driving the liquid crystal cell, optical adhesion from the transparent substrate side to the liquid crystal cell And a transparent conductive layer is provided on the outer surface of the transparent substrate, and a metal wiring electrically connected to the ground of the circuit board is provided on the TFT side transparent substrate. A liquid crystal display device comprising a conductive member that electrically connects the transparent conductive layer and the metal wiring. 前記導電性部材は前記透明板と前記透明基板の一部と接触し、距離を広げるような力を発生するバネ構造を有していることを特徴とする請求項１に記載の液晶表示装置。   2. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the conductive member has a spring structure that generates a force that increases a distance between the transparent plate and a part of the transparent substrate. 前記導電性部材は前記透明板に接触する面と前記透明基板に接触する面の少なくとも一方の面に突起が形成されたことを特徴とする請求項２に記載の液晶表示装置。   The liquid crystal display device according to claim 2, wherein the conductive member has a protrusion formed on at least one of a surface contacting the transparent plate and a surface contacting the transparent substrate.
JP2007030285A 2007-02-09 2007-02-09 Liquid crystal display device Pending JP2008197218A (en)

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JP2013050743A (en) * 2012-12-12 2013-03-14 Japan Display East Co Ltd Liquid crystal display device
WO2014061478A1 (en) * 2012-10-15 2014-04-24 旭硝子株式会社 Adhesive layer-equipped transparent surface material and display device
US9035893B2 (en) 2008-07-31 2015-05-19 Japan Display Inc. Portable device and method of manufacturing a display device
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US10228581B2 (en) 2008-07-31 2019-03-12 Japan Display Inc. Portable device and method of manufacturing a display device
US9035893B2 (en) 2008-07-31 2015-05-19 Japan Display Inc. Portable device and method of manufacturing a display device
US9423904B2 (en) 2008-07-31 2016-08-23 Japan Display Inc. Portable device and method of manufacturing a display device
US9606391B2 (en) 2008-07-31 2017-03-28 Japan Display Inc. Portable device and method of manufacturing a display device
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US10788698B2 (en) 2008-07-31 2020-09-29 Japan Display Inc. Portable device and method of manufacturing a display device
US8810744B2 (en) * 2010-01-08 2014-08-19 Samsung Display Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal display panel and manufacturing method thereof
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US9304339B2 (en) 2010-06-24 2016-04-05 Nitto Denko Corporation Method for manufacturing liquid crystal display panels
WO2014061478A1 (en) * 2012-10-15 2014-04-24 旭硝子株式会社 Adhesive layer-equipped transparent surface material and display device
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