JP2008082978A - Microhardness measuring method and microhardness meter - Google Patents

Microhardness measuring method and microhardness meter Download PDF

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JP2008082978A
JP2008082978A JP2006265933A JP2006265933A JP2008082978A JP 2008082978 A JP2008082978 A JP 2008082978A JP 2006265933 A JP2006265933 A JP 2006265933A JP 2006265933 A JP2006265933 A JP 2006265933A JP 2008082978 A JP2008082978 A JP 2008082978A
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indenter
hardness
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JP4320028B2 (en
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Yoshinori Isomoto
良則 礒本
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Hiroshima University NUC
Renias Co Ltd
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Renias Co Ltd
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a microhardness measuring method optimum for measuring the hardness of a surface layer (thin film), capable of finding easily and precisely the hardness of a sample dominant in elastic deformation, in particular, the sample formed with a hard surface layer on a surface of a soft base material, and capable of calculating the hardness of a sample formed with a hard surface layer of forming only a micro impression. <P>SOLUTION: This microhardness measuring method for forming the impression by pushing an indenter 6 into the sample 9 formed with the hard surface layer 9b on the base material 9a, to calculate the hardness, includes a loading process for measuring the maximum load L<SB>O</SB>loaded to the indenter 6, and the maximum push-in amount δ<SB>M</SB>of the indenter 6 from the surface of the sample 9, an unloading process for measuring a raised amount δ<SB>B</SB>of the indenter 6 from the surface of the sample 9, when a load applied to the indenter 6 comes to zero, a calculation process for calculating am impression depth δ, based on the maximum push-in amount δ<SB>M</SB>and the raised amount δ<SB>B</SB>, and a hardness computation process for computing the hardness, based on the impression depth δ and the maximum load L<SB>O</SB>. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT

Description

本発明は、圧子を試料に押し込み圧痕を形成して硬度を算出する微小硬度測定法及び微小硬度計に関し、特に、軟質の基材の表面に硬い表面層が形成された試料の硬度を算出するのに最適な微小硬度測定法及び微小硬度計に関するものである。   The present invention relates to a microhardness measuring method and a microhardness meter for calculating hardness by pressing an indenter into a sample, and in particular, calculating the hardness of a sample in which a hard surface layer is formed on the surface of a soft substrate. The present invention relates to a microhardness measuring method and a microhardness meter that are optimal for the above.

従来より、硬度測定法として、ビッカース硬度のように圧子で形成した圧痕の対角線長さから硬度を求める「対角線長さ測定方式」と、窪み深さから硬度を求める「窪み深さ測定方式」とがある。「対角線長さ測定方式」では、圧痕の対角線長さに基づいて算出した永久窪み表面積から、硬度=(最大荷重)/(永久窪み表面積)の計算式を用いて硬度を求める。また、「窪み深さ測定方式」では、圧痕を形成したときの圧子の押し込み深さから窪みの表面積を算出し、上記の計算式を用いて硬度を求める。   Conventionally, as a hardness measurement method, a “diagonal length measurement method” for obtaining hardness from the diagonal length of an indentation formed with an indenter, such as Vickers hardness, and a “depression depth measurement method” for obtaining hardness from a depression depth, There is. In the “diagonal length measurement method”, the hardness is obtained from the permanent depression surface area calculated based on the diagonal length of the indentation using a calculation formula of hardness = (maximum load) / (permanent depression surface area). In the “depression depth measurement method”, the surface area of the dent is calculated from the indentation depth of the indenter when the indentation is formed, and the hardness is obtained using the above calculation formula.

ここで、「対角線長さ測定方式」では、顕微鏡で圧痕の対角線長さを測定するため、対角線長さが少なくとも10μm程度の圧痕を形成する必要があるが、基材の表面に硬質の被膜が形成された試料の硬度を測定する場合には、基材の硬度の影響を受けたり圧子が被膜を貫通したりして、被膜だけの硬度を求めることができないという問題を有していた。また、圧痕の窪み深さが被膜の厚さに匹敵し基材の影響を受けるので、光学系の顕微鏡を用いて圧痕の対角線長さを読み取ることが困難であるという問題を有していた。
一方、「窪み深さ測定方式」では、圧子の押し込み量から圧痕の窪み深さを測定しているので、対角線長さを光学的に測定することができないような微小な圧痕であっても硬度測定が可能である。
しかしながら、「窪み深さ測定方式」は、圧痕形成時の弾性変形の割合が大きい試料の場合、圧子を押し込むと試料がたわむため、圧子の押し込み深さが圧痕(永久窪み)の深さよりも深くなり、圧子の押し込み深さから算出される窪みの表面積は、除荷後の圧痕(永久窪み)の表面積より大きくなり、(最大荷重)/(永久窪み表面積)で算出される硬度が過小評価されるという問題がある。
Here, in the “diagonal length measurement method”, in order to measure the diagonal length of the indentation with a microscope, it is necessary to form an indentation having a diagonal length of at least about 10 μm. However, a hard coating is formed on the surface of the substrate. When the hardness of the formed sample is measured, there is a problem that the hardness of only the coating cannot be obtained due to the influence of the hardness of the base material or the indenter penetrating the coating. In addition, since the depth of the indentation is comparable to the thickness of the coating and is affected by the substrate, there is a problem that it is difficult to read the diagonal length of the indentation using an optical microscope.
On the other hand, in the “dent depth measurement method”, since the depth of the indentation is measured from the amount of indentation, the hardness of even a minute indentation where the diagonal length cannot be measured optically is measured. Measurement is possible.
However, in the case of a sample having a large elastic deformation ratio when forming an indentation, the “depression depth measurement method” is such that the indentation depth is deeper than the depth of the indentation (permanent depression) because the sample bends when the indenter is pushed in. Therefore, the surface area of the dent calculated from the indentation depth of the indenter is larger than the surface area of the indentation (permanent dent) after unloading, and the hardness calculated by (maximum load) / (permanent dent surface area) is underestimated. There is a problem that.

この問題を解決するための従来の技術としては、例えば(特許文献1)に「異なった荷重で形成した複数の圧痕の深さをそれぞれ計測し、前記圧子の先端形状に応じて深さ計測値のそれぞれを補正した深さ補正値をそれぞれ算出し、前記複数の圧痕の対角線の長さをそれぞれ計測し、それぞれの対角線計測値に基づいて算出される硬度から圧痕の深さをそれぞれ逆算し、前記深さ補正値と深さ逆算値のそれぞれに基づいて定めた補正式により圧痕の深さの実測値を補正し、その補正後の深さと圧痕形成時の荷重とに基づいて硬度を算出する微小硬度測定法」が開示されている。
(特許文献2)には、「任意の測定点における圧子に加えられる荷重P,その荷重における圧子の変位d,圧子の形状によって決定される定数αから、所定の計算式に基づき最小二乗法によって、比例定数Kと試料の動的硬度を演算する演算手段を備えた超微小硬度計」が開示されている。
(特許文献3)には、「圧子を測定対象の薄膜に押し付けるローディング時に圧子が薄膜にした仕事、アンローディング時に薄膜が圧子にした仕事、種々の材料の硬度/弾性率比の関係を線形近似した近似式から、測定対象の薄膜の硬度/弾性率比を求め、次いで最大荷重時の圧子の接触面積を求め、薄膜の硬度を求める測定方法」が開示されている。
As a conventional technique for solving this problem, for example, (Patent Document 1) states that “the depths of a plurality of indentations formed with different loads are respectively measured, and the depth measurement value according to the tip shape of the indenter” Calculating a depth correction value for each of the above, measuring the diagonal lengths of the plurality of indentations, respectively, and calculating the depth of the indentation from the hardness calculated based on the respective diagonal measurement values, The measured value of the depth of the impression is corrected by a correction formula determined based on each of the depth correction value and the depth reverse calculation value, and the hardness is calculated based on the corrected depth and the load at the time of forming the impression. "Microhardness measurement method" is disclosed.
(Patent Document 2) states that, from a load P applied to an indenter at an arbitrary measurement point, a displacement d of the indenter at that load, and a constant α determined by the shape of the indenter, a least square method is used based on a predetermined calculation formula. , An ultra-micro hardness meter provided with a calculation means for calculating the proportionality constant K and the dynamic hardness of the sample is disclosed.
(Patent Document 3) states, “Linear approximation of the relationship between the work that the indenter pressed into a thin film during loading to press the indenter against the thin film to be measured, the work that the thin film pressed into during the unloading, and the hardness / elastic modulus ratio of various materials. Is a measurement method for obtaining the hardness of the thin film by obtaining the hardness / elastic modulus ratio of the thin film to be measured and then obtaining the contact area of the indenter at the maximum load.

しかしながら上記従来の技術においては、以下のような課題を有していた。
(1)(特許文献1)に開示の技術は、補正式は圧子の形状、材料毎にそれぞれ異なるので、圧子の形状と材料が変わるたびに圧痕の深さと対角線の長さを計測して補正値を算出して補正を行う必要があり、操作が非常に煩雑であるという課題を有していた。
(2)(特許文献2)に開示の技術は、最小二乗法により比例定数Kと試料の動的硬度を算出する際に誤差が生じ、測定精度が低下するという課題を有していた。また、任意の測定点における荷重P,変位dとの関係から、圧子の形状を考慮して硬度を算出するものなので、圧子の押し込み深さを考慮しておらず、試料の深さ方向において硬度が一定であることを前提としており、軟質の基材の表面に硬い表面層が形成された試料のように、深さ方向で硬度が変化する試料の硬度を算出する場合には、圧子の押し込み深さによっては誤差が著しく大きくなるという課題を有していた。
(3)(特許文献3)に開示の技術は、種々の材料の硬度/弾性率比の関係を線形近似する際に誤差が生じ、さらに硬度の演算の際に誤差が累積されるので測定精度が低下するという課題を有していた。また、硬度Hは最大荷重Pmaxと最大荷重時の圧子の接触面積AからH=Pmax/Aの計算式を用いて求めるので、試料のたわみや弾性変形が生じ難い金属材料を対象とした硬さ測定法であり応用性に欠けるという課題を有していた。
However, the above conventional techniques have the following problems.
(1) The technique disclosed in (Patent Document 1) is corrected by measuring the depth of the indentation and the length of the diagonal line every time the shape of the indenter and the material change because the correction formula differs for each shape and material of the indenter. It is necessary to perform correction by calculating a value, and there is a problem that the operation is very complicated.
(2) The technique disclosed in (Patent Document 2) has a problem that an error occurs when calculating the proportionality constant K and the dynamic hardness of the sample by the least square method, resulting in a decrease in measurement accuracy. Further, since the hardness is calculated in consideration of the shape of the indenter from the relationship between the load P and the displacement d at an arbitrary measurement point, the indentation depth of the indenter is not taken into consideration, and the hardness in the depth direction of the sample. When calculating the hardness of a sample whose hardness changes in the depth direction, such as a sample in which a hard surface layer is formed on the surface of a soft base material, There is a problem that the error becomes remarkably large depending on the depth.
(3) In the technique disclosed in (Patent Document 3), an error occurs when linearly approximating the relationship between the hardness / elastic modulus ratios of various materials, and the error is accumulated when calculating the hardness. Had the problem of decreasing. Further, the hardness H is obtained from the maximum load P max and the contact area A of the indenter at the maximum load by using a calculation formula of H = P max / A. Therefore, the hardness H is targeted for a metal material that is unlikely to be bent or elastically deformed. It was a hardness measurement method and had a problem of lack of applicability.

そこで上記従来の課題を解決するため、本発明者は発明を完成させ、特許出願(特許文献4)を行った。(特許文献4)に開示の発明は、圧子を試料に押し込むときの負荷荷重−へこみ深さ曲線と、除荷時の除荷荷重−へこみ深さ曲線と、を取得した後、この2つの曲線のズレを検知し、このずれを利用して仮想のへこみ深さを算出し硬度を演算するものである。
しかしながら、弾性変形が支配的な試料の場合、負荷荷重−へこみ深さ曲線と除荷荷重−へこみ深さ曲線とがほぼ一致してしまい、ズレの検知ができない場合があることがわかった。この場合は、仮想のへこみ深さが算出できないため硬度を求めることができないという問題がある。
特許第3510411号公報 特公平5−20691号公報 特開2001−349815号公報 特願2006−1892
In order to solve the above-described conventional problems, the present inventor completed the invention and filed a patent application (Patent Document 4). The invention disclosed in (Patent Document 4) obtains a load-indentation depth curve when the indenter is pushed into the sample and an unloading load-indentation depth curve at the time of unloading, and then these two curves. This is used to detect the deviation, calculate the dent depth using this deviation, and calculate the hardness.
However, in the case of a sample in which elastic deformation is dominant, it has been found that the load load-indentation depth curve and the unloading load-indentation depth curve almost coincide with each other, so that the deviation may not be detected. In this case, there is a problem that the hardness cannot be obtained because the virtual dent depth cannot be calculated.
Japanese Patent No. 3510411 Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-20691 JP 2001-349815 A Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-1892

本発明は上記従来の課題を解決するもので、弾性変形が支配的な試料、特に軟質の基材の表面に硬い表面層が形成された試料の硬度を簡便に精度よく求めることができ、さらに微小荷重しか負荷できず対角線の長さが10μm程度以下の微小な圧痕しか形成できないような硬い表面層が形成された試料の表面層の硬度も算出することができ表面層(薄膜)の硬度測定に最適な微小硬度測定法を提供することを目的とする。
また本発明は、硬度を短時間で自動的に算出でき操作性に優れ、また誤差が生じ難く圧子の形状にも影響されず高い精度で硬度を算出することができ、さらに微小荷重しか負荷できず対角線の長さが10μm程度以下の微小な圧痕しか形成できないような硬い表面層が形成された試料の表面層(薄膜)の硬度も算出することができ応用性に優れる微小硬度計を提供することを目的とする。
The present invention solves the above-described conventional problems, and can easily and accurately determine the hardness of a sample in which elastic deformation is dominant, particularly a sample having a hard surface layer formed on the surface of a soft substrate. The hardness of the surface layer (thin film) can be calculated by calculating the hardness of the surface layer of the sample on which a hard surface layer that can only form a minute load and can form only a minute indentation with a diagonal length of about 10 μm or less. An object of the present invention is to provide a microhardness measuring method that is most suitable for the purpose of measurement.
In addition, the present invention can calculate the hardness automatically in a short time, has excellent operability, is less prone to error, can be calculated with high accuracy without being affected by the shape of the indenter, and can only apply a minute load. It is possible to calculate the hardness of a surface layer (thin film) of a sample on which a hard surface layer capable of forming only a minute indentation having a diagonal length of about 10 μm or less is provided, and to provide a micro hardness meter having excellent applicability. For the purpose.

上記従来の課題を解決するために本発明の微小硬度測定法及び微小硬度計は、以下の構成を有している。
本発明の請求項1に記載の微小硬度測定法は、基材に表面層が形成された試料に圧子を押し込み圧痕を形成して硬度を算出する微小硬度測定法であって、前記圧子に負荷した最大荷重Lと、前記圧子の前記試料の表面からの最大押し込み量δと、を測定する負荷工程と、前記圧子に加わる荷重がゼロになったときの前記圧子の前記試料の表面からの***量δを測定する除荷工程と、前記最大押し込み量δと前記***量δとに基いて圧痕深さδを算出する圧痕深さ算出工程と、前記圧痕深さδと前記最大荷重Lとに基づいて硬度を演算する硬度演算工程と、を備えた構成を有している。
この構成により、以下のような作用が得られる。
(1)軟質の基材の表面に硬い表面層が形成された試料等のように弾性変形によるたわみが生じ易い試料に最大荷重L(設定された試験力)に到達するまで圧子を押し込み、次いで除荷した場合、最大荷重Lが、圧子が試料の表面層を完全には破壊しないような微小な荷重のときは、負荷荷重によって試料の表面層が塑性変形して凹みが形成され、凹み周辺の少し広い部分に弾性変形が生じ、除荷時には、弾性変形した部分だけが反発して***した上に、塑性変形した凹みが最終的に残ることを見出した。負荷時の弾性変形と除荷時の反発の際の弾性変形の大きさは略等しくなることから、負荷工程と除荷工程において最大押し込み量δと***量δとを測定すれば、最大押し込み量δと***量δとに基いて圧痕深さδを算出することができ、硬度演算工程において圧痕深さδと最大荷重Lとに基づいて硬度を演算することができる。
(2)最大押し込み量δ、***量δ、最大荷重Lは、ほぼ静的な状態で測定できるため誤差が生じ難く、また試料の変形から圧痕深さδを求めた後、圧痕の表面積を求めて硬度を算出するので、圧子の形状にも影響されず高い精度で硬度を算出することができる。
(3)実際の圧痕の深さ、圧痕の対角線の長さを計測する必要がないので、微小荷重しか負荷できず対角線の長さが10μm程度以下の微小な圧痕しか形成できないような硬い表面層が形成された試料の表面層の硬度を正確に算出することができ応用性に優れる。
In order to solve the above conventional problems, the microhardness measuring method and microhardness meter of the present invention have the following configurations.
The microhardness measurement method according to claim 1 of the present invention is a microhardness measurement method for calculating hardness by pressing an indenter into a sample having a surface layer formed on a substrate to form an indentation, and applying a load to the indenter. From the surface of the sample of the indenter when the load applied to the indenter becomes zero, and a load step for measuring the maximum load L 0 and the maximum pushing amount δ M of the indenter from the surface of the sample. wherein the unloading step of measuring the uplift [delta] B, the indentation depth calculation step of calculating the indentation depth [delta] based and the maximum amount of push [delta] M in said uplift [delta] B, the indentation depth [delta] and the based on the maximum load L 0 has a hardness calculating step for calculating a hardness, a configuration with a.
With this configuration, the following operation is obtained.
(1) The indenter is pushed into a sample that tends to bend due to elastic deformation, such as a sample having a hard surface layer formed on the surface of a soft substrate, until the maximum load L 0 (set test force) is reached, Next, when the unloading is performed, when the maximum load L 0 is a minute load that does not completely destroy the surface layer of the sample, the surface layer of the sample is plastically deformed by the load and a dent is formed. It was found that elastic deformation occurred in a slightly wide part around the dent, and at the time of unloading, only the elastically deformed part was repelled and raised, and a plastically deformed dent finally remained. Since the magnitude of the elastic deformation at the time of loading and the elastic deformation at the time of repulsion at the time of unloading are substantially equal, if the maximum pushing amount δ M and the protruding amount δ B are measured in the loading process and the unloading process, the maximum based on the amount of push [delta] M protrusion amounts [delta] and B can be calculated indentation depth [delta], it is possible to calculate the hardness based on and the maximum load L 0 indentation depth [delta] in hardness calculating step.
(2) The maximum indentation amount δ M , the uplift amount δ B , and the maximum load L 0 can be measured in a substantially static state, so that an error hardly occurs, and after obtaining the indentation depth δ from the deformation of the sample, Since the hardness is calculated by obtaining the surface area, the hardness can be calculated with high accuracy without being affected by the shape of the indenter.
(3) Since it is not necessary to measure the actual depth of the indentation and the length of the diagonal line of the indentation, a hard surface layer that can only apply a minute load and can form only a minute indentation with a diagonal length of about 10 μm or less. It is possible to accurately calculate the hardness of the surface layer of the sample on which is formed, and is excellent in applicability.

ここで、本発明が適用できる試料としては、弾性変形が支配的な試料であれば、特に材質に制限無く用いることができる。特に、アクリル樹脂,ポリカーボネート,ポリアセタール等の熱可塑性樹脂等の合成樹脂製の基材の表面に、ガラス製,セラミック製等の無機材料製の硬質の表面層が形成された試料の測定には最適である。   Here, as a sample to which the present invention can be applied, any material can be used without particular limitation as long as it is a sample in which elastic deformation is dominant. Particularly suitable for measurement of samples in which a hard surface layer made of inorganic material such as glass or ceramic is formed on the surface of synthetic resin such as acrylic resin, polycarbonate, polyacetal, etc. It is.

圧子としては、試料に押し込むことによって試料を変形させることができるものであれば限定なく使用でき、ビッカース、ヌープ、ベルコビッチ型、球状、三角錐状等の汎用されているいずれのものも用いることができる。   The indenter can be used without limitation as long as the sample can be deformed by being pushed into the sample, and any commonly used one such as Vickers, Knoop, Belkovic type, spherical shape, or triangular pyramid shape can be used. it can.

負荷工程としては、圧子に負荷した最大荷重Lと、最大荷重Lが負荷されたときの試料の表面からの圧子の最大押し込み量δ(試料のたわみも含む)を測定する工程である。少なくとも最大荷重Lと最大押し込み量δを測定することが必要である。最大荷重に至るまでの押し込み量を連続的に測定することもできる。また、最大荷重Lと最大押し込み量δだけを測定してもよい。 As the load process, the maximum load L 0 that load to the indenter is the step of measuring the maximum amount of pushing the indenter [delta] M (deflection of the sample is also included) from the surface of the sample when the maximum load L 0 is the load . It is necessary to measure at least the maximum load L 0 and the maximum amount of push [delta] M. It is also possible to continuously measure the amount of indentation up to the maximum load. It is also possible to measure only the maximum load L 0 and the maximum amount of push [delta] M.

除荷工程としては、試料が弾性力によって圧子に加えた荷重Lと、試料の表面からの圧子の変位量(試料のたわみも含む)とを測定し、圧子に加わる荷重がゼロになったときの圧子の試料の表面からの***量δを測定する工程である。少なくとも圧子に加わる荷重がゼロになったときの***量δを測定することが必要である。荷重がゼロに至るまでの変位量を連続的に測定することもできる。また、荷重がゼロのときの***量δだけを測定してもよい。また、***量δを簡単に測定できない場合には、除荷工程における試料の表面の変位曲線(時間に対する変位量を示した変位曲線、荷重に対する変位量を示した変位曲線等)をプロットして、その変位曲線から***量を読み取って、若しくは***量を近似して求めることもできる。 As the unloading process, when the load L applied to the indenter by the elastic force and the displacement of the indenter (including the deflection of the sample) from the surface of the sample are measured, the load applied to the indenter becomes zero This is a step of measuring the amount of protrusion δ B from the surface of the indenter sample. It is necessary to measure the bulge amount δ B when the load applied to the indenter becomes zero. It is also possible to continuously measure the amount of displacement until the load reaches zero. Further, only the protruding amount δ B when the load is zero may be measured. If the amount of uplift δ B cannot be measured easily, plot the displacement curve (displacement curve indicating displacement with respect to time, displacement curve indicating displacement with respect to load, etc.) during the unloading process. Thus, the amount of bulge can be read from the displacement curve or approximated by the amount of bulge.

圧痕深さ算出工程は、最大押し込み量δと***量δとに基いて圧痕深さδを算出する工程である。試料の弾性係数等を考慮して補正係数kを使って圧痕深さδを補正することもできる。
ここで、負荷時の試料の弾性変形の大きさ(δ−δ)と除荷時の反発の際の弾性変形の大きさ(δ+δ)は略等しくなることから、(1)式が成り立つ。試料の弾性係数等に依存する補正係数k(k>0)を考慮した場合は(2)式が成り立つ。
δ−δ=δ+δ …(1)
δ−δ=kδ+δ …(2)
(2)式においてδについて解くと、
2δ=δ−kδ …(3)
よって、圧痕深さδは(4)式で表すことができる。
δ=(δ−kδ)/2 …(4)
Indentation depth calculating step is a step of calculating the indentation depth [delta] based on the maximum amount of push [delta] M and uplift amounts [delta] B. The indentation depth δ can be corrected using the correction coefficient k in consideration of the elastic coefficient of the sample.
Here, the magnitude of elastic deformation of the sample during loading (δ M −δ) and the magnitude of elastic deformation during repulsion during unloading (δ B + δ) are substantially equal. It holds. When the correction coefficient k (k> 0) depending on the elastic coefficient of the sample is taken into consideration, the expression (2) is established.
δ M −δ = δ B + δ (1)
δ M −δ = kδ B + δ (2)
Solving for δ in equation (2),
2δ = δ M −kδ B (3)
Therefore, the indentation depth δ can be expressed by equation (4).
δ = (δ M −kδ B ) / 2 (4)

圧痕深さ算出工程において求めた圧痕深さδ(永久窪みの深さ)に圧子の形状を考慮すると、圧痕の永久窪み表面積が求められる。そこで硬度演算工程において、(最大荷重L)/(永久窪み表面積)を演算することで、硬度を算出することができる。 In consideration of the shape of the indenter in the indentation depth δ (depth of the permanent depression) obtained in the indentation depth calculation step, the permanent depression surface area of the indentation is obtained. Therefore, in the hardness calculation step, the hardness can be calculated by calculating (maximum load L 0 ) / (permanent depression surface area).

本発明の請求項2に記載の発明は、請求項1に記載の微小硬度測定法であって、前記圧痕深さ算出工程において、前記表面層自体の最大荷重Lにおける硬度と、前記最大押し込み量δ、前記最大荷重L、前記***量δから補正係数kを算出し、前記圧痕深さδを補正する構成を有している。
この構成により、請求項1で得られる作用に加え、以下のような作用が得られる。
(1)圧痕深さ算出工程において補正係数kを考慮して圧痕深さδを算出できるので、試料の材質等に影響を受けずに硬度を算出することができ応用性に優れる。
The invention according to claim 2 of the present invention is a micro-hardness measurement method according to claim 1, in the indentation depth calculating step, and the hardness at maximum load L 0 of the surface layer itself, the maximum push A correction coefficient k is calculated from the amount δ M , the maximum load L 0 , and the protruding amount δ B , and the indentation depth δ is corrected.
With this configuration, in addition to the operation obtained in the first aspect, the following operation can be obtained.
(1) Since the indentation depth δ can be calculated in consideration of the correction coefficient k in the indentation depth calculating step, the hardness can be calculated without being affected by the material of the sample and the like, and the applicability is excellent.

補正係数kを考慮する必要がある場合は、最大押し込み量δ<***量δのときか、硬度演算工程において算出された硬度が表面層自体の硬度若しくは市販の一般的なビッカース硬度計等を用いて測定された硬度を上回ったとき等、δ−δ≠δ+δのときである。
補正係数kは、表面層自体の最大荷重Lにおける硬度Hと、最大押し込み量δ、最大荷重L、***量δから求めることができる。
表面層自体の最大荷重Lにおける硬度Hは、弾性変形をほとんど示さないガラス板やセラミック板等の硬質の基板を別途用意し、基板の表面に試料と同じ材質の表面層を印刷法や塗布法等によって基板や圧子の押し込み量の影響を受けないような20〜30μm程度の厚さに形成した後、圧子を最大荷重Lまで表面層に押し込み圧痕を形成して、形成された圧痕の大きさを顕微鏡で測定し、硬度=(最大荷重L)/(圧痕の表面積)の計算式を用いて求めることができる。
ここで、最大荷重Lにおける表面層自体への圧子の最大押し込み量をδとすると、表面層自体の硬度Hは(5)式で表すことができる。なお、A,Bは、圧子の最大押し込み量を圧痕の表面積に換算して硬度を算出するときの定数であり、圧子の形状に固有の値である。
=A×{L/(δ/B)} …(5)
これを解くと、δは(5)式のように表すことができる。
δ={A・B×L/H1/2 …(6)
は実験により求めた値なので、最大押し込み量δは最大荷重Lの関数となる。
一方、(4)式を補正係数kについて解くと、
k=(δ−2δ)/δ …(7)
市販の一般的なビッカース硬度計等を用いて硬度Hが測定可能な荷重における関係が、微小荷重においてもほぼ成り立つと仮定して、(6)式の最大荷重Lにおける最大押し込み量δを(7)式のδに代入すると、(8)式で示す補正係数kを求めることができる。
k={δ−2(A・B×L/H1/2}/δ …(8)
When it is necessary to consider the correction coefficient k, the maximum indentation amount δ M <the bulging amount δ B , or the hardness calculated in the hardness calculation step is the hardness of the surface layer itself or a commercially available general Vickers hardness meter When δ M −δ ≠ δ B + δ.
The correction coefficient k can be obtained from the hardness H S at the maximum load L 0 of the surface layer itself, the maximum pushing amount δ M , the maximum load L 0 , and the protruding amount δ B.
The hardness H S at the maximum load L 0 of the surface layer itself is prepared by separately preparing a hard substrate such as a glass plate or a ceramic plate that hardly exhibits elastic deformation, and printing the surface layer of the same material as the sample on the surface of the substrate. After forming the indenter to a thickness of about 20 to 30 μm so as not to be affected by the indentation amount of the substrate or indenter by a coating method or the like, the indenter is pushed into the surface layer up to the maximum load L 0 to form the indentation formed. Is measured with a microscope and can be determined using a calculation formula of hardness = (maximum load L 0 ) / (surface area of indentation).
Here, when the maximum amount of pushing an indenter into the surface layer itself at maximum load L 0 and [delta] T, the hardness H S of the surface layer itself can be represented by equation (5). A and B are constants when the hardness is calculated by converting the maximum indentation amount of the indenter into the surface area of the indentation, and are values specific to the shape of the indenter.
H S = A × {L 0 / (δ T / B) 2 } (5)
Solving this, [delta] T can be expressed as equation (5).
δ T = {A · B 2 × L 0 / H S} 1/2 ... (6)
Since H S is a value obtained by experiments, the maximum push amount δ T is a function of the maximum load L 0 .
On the other hand, when equation (4) is solved for correction coefficient k,
k = (δ M −2δ) / δ B (7)
Relationship in hardness H S can load measured using a commercially available general Vickers hardness tester or the like, it is also assumed to substantially hold the small load, the maximum amount of push [delta] T at maximum load L 0 of (6) Is substituted for δ in equation (7), the correction coefficient k shown in equation (8) can be obtained.
k = {δ M −2 (A · B 2 × L 0 / H S ) 1/2 } / δ B (8)

また、試料に***量δが測定される荷重の下で、市販されている一般的なビッカース硬度計等を用いて最大荷重Lにおける試料の表面層の硬度Hが測定可能な場合は、別途用意した基板の表面に形成した表面層の硬度Hを測定することなく、硬度Hに代えて硬度Hを(8)式に代入して、補正係数kを求めることができる。
なお、補正係数kは、微小荷重における測定誤差等を含んでいるため、異なる荷重で求めた硬度HやH、δ,δを(8)式に代入して補正係数kをいくつか求め、それの平均値を用いることができる。
Further, under a load that protrusion amounts [delta] B is measured in the sample, if the hardness H T of the surface layer of the sample at maximum load L 0 using a common Vickers hardness tester or the like that are commercially available can be measured Instead of measuring the hardness H S of the surface layer formed on the surface of the separately prepared substrate, the correction coefficient k can be obtained by substituting the hardness H T into the equation (8) instead of the hardness H S.
Since the correction coefficient k includes a measurement error in a minute load, the hardness H S , H T , δ M , and δ B obtained with different loads are substituted into the equation (8) to determine how many correction coefficients k are. And the average value can be used.

本発明の請求項3に記載の発明は、(a)圧子に荷重を負荷して基材に表面層が形成された試料に圧痕を形成する負荷装置と、(b)荷重の負荷時に前記圧子が前記試料に加えた最大荷重L、及び、除荷時に前記試料が前記圧子に加えた荷重Lを検出する負荷検出計と、(c)前記最大荷重Lにおける前記圧子の前記試料の表面からの最大押し込み量δと、前記圧子に加わる荷重Lがゼロになったときの前記圧子の前記試料の表面からの***量δと、を検出する変位計と、(d)前記最大荷重L、前記最大押し込み量δ、前記***量δを記憶する記憶手段と、(e)前記最大押し込み量δと前記***量δとに基いて圧痕深さδを算出し、前記圧痕深さδと前記最大荷重Lとに基いて硬度を演算する演算手段と、を備えた構成を有している。
この構成により、以下のような作用が得られる。
(1)軟質の基材の表面に硬い表面層が形成された試料等のように弾性変形によるたわみが生じ易い試料に最大荷重L(設定された試験力)に到達するまで圧子を押し込み、次いで除荷した場合、最大荷重Lが、圧子が試料の表面層を完全には破壊しないような微小な荷重のときは、負荷荷重によって試料の表面層が塑性変形して凹みが形成され、凹み周辺の少し広い部分に弾性変形が生じ、除荷時には、弾性変形した部分だけが反発して***した上に、塑性変形した凹みが最終的に残ることを見出した。負荷時の弾性変形と除荷時の反発の際の弾性変形の大きさは略等しくなることから、負荷検出計と変位計により最大押し込み量δと***量δとを測定し、演算手段を用いて最大押し込み量δと***量δとに基いて圧痕深さδを算出し、圧痕深さδと最大荷重Lとに基づいて硬度を演算することができる。
(2)最大押し込み量δ、***量δ、最大荷重Lは、ほぼ静的な状態で測定できるため誤差が生じ難く、また試料の変形から圧痕深さδを求めた後、圧痕の表面積を求めて硬度を算出するので、圧子の形状にも影響されず高い精度で硬度を算出することができる。
(3)実際の圧痕の深さ、圧痕の対角線の長さを計測する必要がないので、微小荷重しか負荷できず対角線の長さが10μm程度以下の微小な圧痕しか形成できないような硬い表面層が形成された試料の表面層の硬度を正確に算出することができ応用性に優れる。
The invention according to claim 3 of the present invention includes: (a) a load device that applies a load to an indenter to form an indentation in a sample having a surface layer formed on a substrate; and (b) the indenter when a load is applied. A load detector for detecting a maximum load L 0 applied to the sample and a load L applied to the indenter by the sample during unloading; and (c) a surface of the sample of the indenter at the maximum load L 0 . maximum push amount and the [delta] M, and displacement gauge load L applied to the indenter is detected and a raised amount [delta] B from the surface of the sample of the indenter when it becomes zero, (d) the maximum load from L 0, to calculate the maximum amount of push [delta] M, and storage means for storing the uplift [delta] B, the indentation depth [delta] on the basis of the (e) the maximum amount of push [delta] M and the raised amount [delta] B, the Bei calculating means for calculating a hardness on the basis of the indentation depth δ and the maximum load L 0, the Has a configuration was.
With this configuration, the following operation is obtained.
(1) The indenter is pushed into a sample that tends to bend due to elastic deformation, such as a sample having a hard surface layer formed on the surface of a soft substrate, until the maximum load L 0 (set test force) is reached, Next, when the unloading is performed, when the maximum load L 0 is a minute load that does not completely destroy the surface layer of the sample, the surface layer of the sample is plastically deformed by the load and a dent is formed. It was found that elastic deformation occurred in a slightly wide part around the dent, and at the time of unloading, only the elastically deformed part was repelled and raised, and a plastically deformed dent finally remained. Since the magnitude of the elastic deformation at the time of loading and the elastic deformation at the time of repulsion at the time of unloading are substantially equal, the maximum push amount δ M and the protruding amount δ B are measured by the load detector and the displacement meter, and the calculation means it can be based on the protrusion amounts [delta] B and the maximum amount of push [delta] M was calculated indentation depth [delta], calculates the hardness on the basis of the indentation depth [delta] and the maximum load L 0 using.
(2) The maximum indentation amount δ M , the uplift amount δ B , and the maximum load L 0 can be measured in a substantially static state, so that an error hardly occurs, and after obtaining the indentation depth δ from the deformation of the sample, Since the hardness is calculated by obtaining the surface area, the hardness can be calculated with high accuracy without being affected by the shape of the indenter.
(3) Since it is not necessary to measure the actual depth of the indentation and the length of the diagonal line of the indentation, a hard surface layer that can only apply a minute load and can form only a minute indentation with a diagonal length of about 10 μm or less. It is possible to accurately calculate the hardness of the surface layer of the sample on which is formed, and is excellent in applicability.

ここで、負荷装置としては、圧子に負荷する荷重を任意の速度で増減できるものであれば特に制限なく用いることができ、例えば、圧電アクチュエータや電磁コイルの電磁力によって荷重を増減させるステッピングモータ等を用いることができる。   Here, the load device can be used without particular limitation as long as the load applied to the indenter can be increased or decreased at an arbitrary speed, such as a stepping motor that increases or decreases the load by the electromagnetic force of a piezoelectric actuator or an electromagnetic coil. Can be used.

負荷検出計としては、ストレインゲージ等を利用した動ひずみ型荷重変換器、化学はかり、ロードセル式や電磁式の電子はかり、差動トランス等を用いることができる。なかでも、試料を載せるステージの下部に配置された上皿電子はかりが好適に用いられる。上皿電子はかりは、極めて感度が高く微小荷重も検出することができ高精度測定ができるからである。
なお、試料を載せるステージの下部に負荷検出計を配置して試料に負荷された荷重を検出するのではなく、負荷装置に負荷検出計を付加して、試料に負荷した荷重を検出することもできる。
As the load detector, a dynamic strain type load transducer using a strain gauge or the like, a chemical scale, a load cell type or electromagnetic type electronic scale, a differential transformer, or the like can be used. Among these, an upper pan electronic scale disposed at the lower part of the stage on which the sample is placed is preferably used. This is because the upper dish electronic scale is extremely sensitive and can detect a minute load, and can perform high-precision measurement.
It is also possible to detect the load applied to the sample by adding a load detector to the load device instead of detecting the load applied to the sample by placing a load detector below the stage on which the sample is placed. it can.

変位計としては、静電容量、電磁誘導、磁界の変化等を利用するもの、光干渉を利用するもの、ひずみゲージを利用するもの、フォトニックセンサ(商品名:米国フォトニクス社)を利用するもの等が用いられる。   Displacement meters that use capacitance, electromagnetic induction, magnetic field changes, etc., those that use optical interference, those that use strain gauges, and those that use photonic sensors (trade name: Photonics, USA) Etc. are used.

本発明の請求項4に記載の発明は、請求項3に記載の微小硬度計であって、前記変位計が検出する前記最大押し込み量δ及び前記***量δが、前記圧子が先端に配設された圧子架台の側方に延設された延設部の下面と前記試料の表面との間に配置された静電容量式センサで測定され、前記負荷検出計が、前記試料を載せたステージの下部に配置された上皿電子はかりからなる構成を有している。
この構成により、請求項3で得られる作用に加え、以下のような作用が得られる。
(1)負荷検出計が上皿電子はかりからなるので、極めて感度が高く微小な荷重の変化を検出することができ、さらに最大押し込み量δ及び***量δを静電容量式センサで測定するので、微小な深さの変化も検出することができるため精度良く測定でき、試料の硬度の高精度測定ができる。
The invention according to claim 4 of the present invention is the microhardness meter according to claim 3, wherein the maximum push amount δ M and the raised amount δ B detected by the displacement meter are such that the indenter is at the tip. Measured by a capacitive sensor disposed between the lower surface of the extending portion extending to the side of the disposed indenter base and the surface of the sample, and the load detector mounts the sample. It has a configuration comprising an upper plate electronic scale placed at the lower part of the stage.
With this configuration, in addition to the operation obtained in the third aspect, the following operation can be obtained.
(1) Since the load detector consists of an electronic weighing scale, it is extremely sensitive and can detect minute changes in load, and the maximum push amount δ M and bulge amount δ B are measured with a capacitance sensor. Therefore, a minute change in depth can be detected, so that the measurement can be performed with high accuracy and the hardness of the sample can be measured with high accuracy.

以上のように、本発明の微小硬度測定法及び微小硬度計によれば、以下のような有利な効果が得られる。
請求項1に記載の発明によれば、
(1)最大押し込み量δと***量δとに基いて圧痕深さδを算出して、硬度演算工程において圧痕深さδと最大荷重Lとに基づいて硬度を演算することができ、簡単な操作で硬度を算出できる微小硬度測定法を提供できる。
(2)最大押し込み量δ、***量δ、最大荷重Lは、ほぼ静的な状態で測定できるため誤差が生じ難く、また圧子の形状にも影響されず高い精度で硬度を算出することができる微小硬度測定法を提供できる。
(3)実際の圧痕の深さ、圧痕の対角線の長さを計測する必要がないので、微小荷重しか負荷できず対角線の長さが10μm程度以下の微小な圧痕しか形成できないような硬い表面層が形成された試料の表面層の硬度を正確に算出することができ応用性に優れた微小硬度測定法を提供できる。
As described above, according to the microhardness measuring method and microhardness meter of the present invention, the following advantageous effects can be obtained.
According to the invention of claim 1,
(1) to calculate the maximum amount of push [delta] M and based on the protrusion amounts [delta] B indentation depth [delta], it is possible to calculate a hardness on the basis of and the maximum load L 0 indentation depth [delta] in hardness calculating step It is possible to provide a microhardness measuring method capable of calculating the hardness with a simple operation.
(2) The maximum push amount δ M , the bulge amount δ B , and the maximum load L 0 can be measured in a substantially static state, so that an error hardly occurs, and the hardness is calculated with high accuracy without being influenced by the shape of the indenter. It is possible to provide a microhardness measurement method that can be used.
(3) Since it is not necessary to measure the actual depth of the indentation and the length of the diagonal line of the indentation, a hard surface layer that can only apply a minute load and can form only a minute indentation with a diagonal length of about 10 μm or less. It is possible to accurately calculate the hardness of the surface layer of the sample on which the is formed, and to provide a microhardness measuring method having excellent applicability.

請求項2に記載の発明によれば、請求項1の効果に加え、
(1)圧痕深さ算出工程において補正係数kを考慮して圧痕深さδを算出できるので、試料の材質等に影響を受けずに硬度を算出することができ応用性に優れた微小硬度測定法を提供することができる。
According to invention of Claim 2, in addition to the effect of Claim 1,
(1) Since the indentation depth δ can be calculated in consideration of the correction coefficient k in the indentation depth calculating step, the hardness can be calculated without being affected by the material of the sample, and the microhardness measurement with excellent applicability. Law can be provided.

請求項3に記載の発明によれば、
(1)負荷検出計と変位計により最大押し込み量δと***量δとを測定し、演算手段を用いて最大押し込み量δと***量δとに基いて圧痕深さδを算出し、圧痕深さδと最大荷重Lとに基づいて硬度を演算することができる微小硬度計を提供できる。
(2)最大押し込み量δ、***量δ、最大荷重Lは、ほぼ静的な状態で測定できるため誤差が生じ難く、また圧子の形状にも影響されず高い精度で硬度を算出することができる微小硬度計を提供できる。
(3)実際の圧痕の深さ、圧痕の対角線の長さを計測する必要がないので、微小荷重しか負荷できず対角線の長さが10μm程度以下の微小な圧痕しか形成できないような硬い表面層が形成された試料の表面層の硬度を正確に算出することができ応用性に優れた微小硬度計を提供できる。
According to invention of Claim 3,
(1) The maximum indentation amount δ M and the uplift amount δ B are measured by a load detector and a displacement meter, and the indentation depth δ is calculated on the basis of the maximum indentation amount δ M and the uplift amount δ B by using an arithmetic means. and it can provide a microhardness meter capable of calculating the hardness based on the indentation depth δ and maximum load L 0.
(2) The maximum push amount δ M , the bulge amount δ B , and the maximum load L 0 can be measured in a substantially static state, so that an error hardly occurs, and the hardness is calculated with high accuracy without being influenced by the shape of the indenter. It is possible to provide a microhardness meter that can
(3) Since it is not necessary to measure the actual depth of the indentation and the length of the diagonal line of the indentation, a hard surface layer that can only apply a minute load and can form only a minute indentation with a diagonal length of about 10 μm or less. It is possible to accurately calculate the hardness of the surface layer of the sample on which the is formed, and to provide a microhardness meter having excellent applicability.

請求項4に記載の発明によれば、請求項3の効果に加え、
(1)微小な荷重の変化、微小な深さの変化を検出することができるため、最大押し込み量δ及び***量δを精度良く測定でき、試料の硬度の高精度測定が可能な微小硬度計を提供することができる。
According to invention of Claim 4, in addition to the effect of Claim 3,
(1) Since a minute load change and minute depth change can be detected, the maximum push amount δ M and the bulge amount δ B can be measured with high accuracy, and the sample hardness can be measured with high accuracy. A hardness meter can be provided.

以下、本発明を実施するための最良の形態を、図面を参照しながら説明する。
(実施の形態1)
図1は本発明の実施の形態1における微小硬度計の模式図である。
図1において、1は本発明の実施の形態1における微小硬度計、2は微小硬度計1の台部、3は台部2に立設された枠体、4は枠体3に垂設され後述する圧子6に負荷する荷重を任意の速度で増減できる圧電アクチュエータやステッピングモータ等で形成された負荷装置、5は負荷装置4に垂設された圧子架台、5aは圧子架台5の側方に延設され圧子架台5と一緒に上下する延設部、6は圧子架台5の先端に配設されたビッカース,ヌープ等の圧子、7は台部2に配設された電子はかりからなる負荷検出計、8は負荷検出計7の上部に配設されたステージ、9はステージ8の上に配置された試料、10は延設部5aの下面で圧子6の先端から十分離れた試料9の表面に配置された変位センサである。本実施の形態における変位センサ10は、上下面に一対の電極板10a,10bを有し、延設部5aの下面と試料9の表面との間の電極板10a,10bの間隔が変化すると静電容量が変化することを利用して、試料9の表面と延設部5aの下面との相対距離を検出する静電容量式センサである。変位センサ10は圧子6の先端から10mm程度離れた試料9の表面に配置されているので、圧子6が試料9に押し込まれることによって生じる圧子6のごく近傍の試料9の表面の変位には影響を受けないため、試料9の表面から延設部5aの下面までの相対距離の基準にすることができる。
11は変位センサ10からの信号を試料9の表面から延設部5aの下面までの相対距離のデータに変換する変位計である。本実施の形態における変位計11は、負荷検出計7が圧子6の荷重を検出すると、圧子6が試料9の表面に接触したものと判断し、そのときの変位計11からの距離のデータを基準にして、その距離からの変位センサ10の変位量を計算し、この変位量を試料9の表面からの圧子6の押し込み量とみなす。なお、押し込み量は、試料9に圧子6を押し込むことによって試料9の表面に形成された窪み(圧痕)の深さと試料9のたわみ量の両方を含んでいる。
12は負荷検出計7からの荷重のデータ,変位計11からの押し込み量のデータに基づいて演算を行う演算手段としてのCPU、13は負荷検出計7からの荷重のデータ,変位計11からの押し込み量のデータを、負荷検出計7が圧子6の荷重を検出してからの時刻毎に記憶するRAM等の記憶手段、14は負荷検出計7からの荷重のデータ,変位計11からの押し込み量のデータに基づいて荷重−変位曲線等を出力するXYプロッタ,ディスプレイ等の表示装置である。
The best mode for carrying out the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
(Embodiment 1)
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a micro hardness tester according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
In FIG. 1, 1 is a microhardness meter according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention, 2 is a base portion of the microhardness meter 1, 3 is a frame body standing on the base portion 2, and 4 is vertically suspended from the frame body 3. A load device formed by a piezoelectric actuator, a stepping motor, or the like that can increase or decrease a load applied to an indenter 6 to be described later at an arbitrary speed, 5 is an indenter base suspended from the load device 4, and 5 a is on the side of the indenter base 5. An extended portion that extends up and down together with the indenter base 5, 6 is an indenter such as Vickers or Knoop disposed at the tip of the indenter base 5, and 7 is a load detection comprising an electronic scale disposed on the base 2. 8 is a stage disposed above the load detector 7, 9 is a sample disposed on the stage 8, and 10 is a surface of the sample 9 sufficiently separated from the tip of the indenter 6 on the lower surface of the extending portion 5 a. It is a displacement sensor arranged in. The displacement sensor 10 according to the present embodiment has a pair of electrode plates 10a and 10b on the upper and lower surfaces. When the distance between the electrode plates 10a and 10b between the lower surface of the extending portion 5a and the surface of the sample 9 changes, This is a capacitive sensor that detects the relative distance between the surface of the sample 9 and the lower surface of the extending portion 5a by utilizing the change in the capacitance. Since the displacement sensor 10 is disposed on the surface of the sample 9 that is about 10 mm away from the tip of the indenter 6, the displacement sensor 10 has an influence on the displacement of the surface of the sample 9 in the immediate vicinity of the indenter 6 caused by the indenter 6 being pushed into the sample 9. Therefore, the relative distance from the surface of the sample 9 to the lower surface of the extending portion 5a can be used as a reference.
Reference numeral 11 denotes a displacement meter that converts a signal from the displacement sensor 10 into data of a relative distance from the surface of the sample 9 to the lower surface of the extending portion 5a. When the load detector 7 detects the load of the indenter 6, the displacement meter 11 in the present embodiment determines that the indenter 6 is in contact with the surface of the sample 9, and the distance data from the displacement meter 11 at that time is obtained. Based on the reference, the amount of displacement of the displacement sensor 10 from that distance is calculated, and this amount of displacement is regarded as the amount by which the indenter 6 is pushed from the surface of the sample 9. The indentation amount includes both the depth of the depression (indentation) formed on the surface of the sample 9 by pushing the indenter 6 into the sample 9 and the deflection amount of the sample 9.
Reference numeral 12 denotes a load data from the load detector 7 and CPU as a calculation means for performing calculation based on the indentation amount data from the displacement meter 11. Reference numeral 13 denotes a load data from the load detector 7. Storage means such as a RAM for storing the push-in amount data every time after the load detector 7 detects the load of the indenter 6, 14 is the load data from the load detector 7, and the push-in from the displacement meter 11 It is a display device such as an XY plotter or a display that outputs a load-displacement curve or the like based on the quantity data.

以上のように構成された本発明の実施の形態1における微小硬度計について、その動作を、図2及び図3を参照しながら説明する。
図2は圧痕深さδの算出原理を示す図であり、図3は微小硬度計における動作を示すフローチャートである。
図2において、6は圧子、9は試料、9aは合成樹脂製等の基材、9bは基材9aの表面に形成されたガラス製等の表面層である。
微小硬度計1の電源を入れると、負荷装置4は圧子架台5及び延設部5aを下降させ圧子6を試料9に接触させた後(図2(a)参照)、負荷工程において、圧子6を一定速度で下降させ、最大荷重L(設定された試験力)に到達するまで圧子6を試料9に押し込む(S1)。負荷検出計7は、圧子6が試料9に加えた荷重のデータをCPU12に送信する。変位計11は、変位センサ10が送信した信号を、圧子6が試料9の表面(図2において0で示したライン)から押し込まれた押し込み量のデータに換算してCPU12に送信する。CPU12は、変位計11から送信された押し込み量のデータ,負荷検出計7からの荷重のデータを記憶手段13に記憶させる。
荷重が最大荷重Lに達すると、負荷装置4は最大荷重Lを一定の時間保ち、CPU12は最大荷重L、このときの最大押し込み量δを記憶手段13に記憶させる(S2、図2(b))。
The operation of the microhardness meter according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention configured as described above will be described with reference to FIGS.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the calculation principle of the indentation depth δ, and FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the operation of the micro hardness tester.
In FIG. 2, 6 is an indenter, 9 is a sample, 9a is a base material made of synthetic resin, and 9b is a surface layer made of glass or the like formed on the surface of the base material 9a.
When the microhardness meter 1 is turned on, the load device 4 lowers the indenter base 5 and the extending portion 5a to bring the indenter 6 into contact with the sample 9 (see FIG. 2 (a)). Is lowered at a constant speed, and the indenter 6 is pushed into the sample 9 until the maximum load L 0 (set test force) is reached (S1). The load detector 7 transmits data of the load applied by the indenter 6 to the sample 9 to the CPU 12. The displacement meter 11 converts the signal transmitted from the displacement sensor 10 into data of the amount of pressing that the indenter 6 is pressed from the surface of the sample 9 (line indicated by 0 in FIG. 2), and transmits the data to the CPU 12. The CPU 12 causes the storage unit 13 to store the push-in amount data transmitted from the displacement meter 11 and the load data from the load detector 7.
When the load reaches the maximum load L 0 , the load device 4 maintains the maximum load L 0 for a certain time, and the CPU 12 stores the maximum load L 0 and the maximum push amount δ M at this time in the storage means 13 (S2, FIG. 2 (b)).

次に、除荷工程において、負荷装置4は荷重を除荷し一定速度で圧子6を上昇させる(S3)。負荷装置4は試料9の弾性回復の速度を考慮して、圧子6を0.1〜1μm/秒程度の速度で上昇させる。負荷検出計7は、試料9の弾性回復によって試料9が圧子6に加えた荷重のデータをCPU12に送信する。変位センサ10は、圧子6の変位量のデータを変位計11に送信し、変位計11は変位センサ10が送信したデータを試料9の表面からの圧子6の変位量のデータに変換しCPU12に送信する。CPU12は、負荷検出計7,変位計11から送信されたデータに基づき、除荷時の荷重と変位量のデータを採取し、記憶手段13に記憶させる。   Next, in the unloading process, the load device 4 unloads the load and raises the indenter 6 at a constant speed (S3). The load device 4 raises the indenter 6 at a speed of about 0.1 to 1 μm / second in consideration of the elastic recovery speed of the sample 9. The load detector 7 transmits to the CPU 12 data on the load applied by the sample 9 to the indenter 6 due to the elastic recovery of the sample 9. The displacement sensor 10 transmits the displacement amount data of the indenter 6 to the displacement meter 11, and the displacement meter 11 converts the data transmitted by the displacement sensor 10 into displacement amount data of the indenter 6 from the surface of the sample 9 and sends it to the CPU 12. Send. The CPU 12 collects load and displacement data at the time of unloading based on the data transmitted from the load detector 7 and the displacement meter 11 and stores the data in the storage means 13.

CPU12は、負荷検出計7から荷重がゼロのデータを取得したとき(試料9が圧子6に加えた荷重がゼロになったとき)、変位計11からのデータ(***量δ)を取得する(S4、図2(c))。試料9は***して図2(c)の状態を保つ。 When the CPU 12 obtains data with zero load from the load detector 7 (when the load applied to the indenter 6 by the sample 9 becomes zero), the CPU 12 obtains data from the displacement meter 11 (lift amount δ B ). (S4, FIG. 2 (c)). The sample 9 rises and maintains the state shown in FIG.

負荷時の弾性変形の大きさ(図2(b)に示すE)と除荷時の反発の際の弾性変形の大きさ(図2(c)に示すE´)は略等しくなることから、圧痕深さ(永久窪みの深さ)をδとおき、試料の弾性係数等に依存する補正係数k(なお、k>0。E=E´のときk=1。)を考慮すると、図2を参照して(2)式が成り立つ。
δ−δ=kδ+δ …(2)
これを解くと、
2δ=δ−kδ …(3)
よって、
δ=(δ−kδ)/2 …(4)
圧痕深さ算出工程においては、CPU12は、(4)式に最大押し込み量δと***量δと補正係数kを代入して、圧痕深さδを算出する。
Since the magnitude of elastic deformation during loading (E shown in FIG. 2 (b)) and the magnitude of elastic deformation during repulsion during unloading (E 'shown in FIG. 2 (c)) are substantially equal, When the indentation depth (the depth of the permanent depression) is δ and a correction coefficient k (k> 0, k = 1 when E = E ′) depending on the elastic coefficient of the sample is considered, FIG. (2) Formula is materialized.
δ M −δ = kδ B + δ (2)
Solving this,
2δ = δ M −kδ B (3)
Therefore,
δ = (δ M −kδ B ) / 2 (4)
In indentation depth calculating step, CPU 12 is (4) by substituting the maximum amount of push [delta] M and uplift [delta] B of the correction coefficient k in equation to calculate the indentation depth [delta].

なお、補正係数kは、通常はk=1と考えてよいが、試料9の弾性が大きい、表面層9bが厚い場合や表面層9bと基材9aとの密着性が低い場合等のように、E≠E´や最大押し込み量δ<***量δのとき、硬度演算工程において算出された試料9の硬度が表面層9b自体の硬度Hを上回ったとき等、k>0であってk=1以外の値を考慮しなければ、算出された硬度の精度が低下する。
そこで、補正係数kを求めるため、弾性変形をほとんど示さないガラス板やセラミック板等の硬質の基板(図示しない)を別途用意し、基板の表面に印刷法等で20〜30μm程度の厚さで形成した表面層の硬度を測定する。最大荷重Lにおける表面層自体への圧子の最大押し込み量をδとすると、表面層自体の硬度Hは(5)式で表すことができる。なお、A,Bは、圧子の最大押し込み量δを圧痕の表面積に換算して硬度を算出するときの圧子の形状に固有の定数である。
=A×{L/(δ/B)} …(5)
これを解くと、δは、
δ={A・B×L/H1/2 …(6)
一方、(4)式を補正係数kについて解くと、
k=(δ−2δ)/δ …(7)
(7)式のδに(6)式を代入すると、補正係数kは(8)式で示すことができる。
k={δ−2(A・B×L/H1/2}/δ …(8)
The correction coefficient k may normally be considered as k = 1. However, the elasticity of the sample 9 is large, the surface layer 9b is thick, or the adhesion between the surface layer 9b and the substrate 9a is low. , E ≠ E'and maximum amount of push [delta] M <when uplift [delta] B, such as when the hardness of the sample 9 calculated in hardness calculating step exceeds a hardness H S of the surface layer 9b itself, k> 0 met If the value other than k = 1 is not taken into consideration, the accuracy of the calculated hardness is lowered.
Therefore, in order to obtain the correction coefficient k, a hard substrate (not shown) such as a glass plate or a ceramic plate that hardly exhibits elastic deformation is separately prepared, and the thickness of the substrate is about 20 to 30 μm by a printing method or the like. The hardness of the formed surface layer is measured. When the maximum amount of pushing an indenter into the surface layer itself at maximum load L 0 and [delta] T, the hardness H S of the surface layer itself can be represented by equation (5). Incidentally, A, B are constants specific to the shape of the indenter when the maximum pressing amount [delta] T of the indenter in terms of the surface area of the indentations is calculated hardness.
H S = A × {L 0 / (δ T / B) 2 } (5)
Solving this, δ T is,
δ T = {A · B 2 × L 0 / H S} 1/2 ... (6)
On the other hand, when equation (4) is solved for correction coefficient k,
k = (δ M −2δ) / δ B (7)
If the equation (6) is substituted into δ in the equation (7), the correction coefficient k can be expressed by the equation (8).
k = {δ M −2 (A · B 2 × L 0 / H S ) 1/2 } / δ B (8)

次にCPU12は、硬度演算工程において、(4)式を用いて圧痕深さδに基いて永久窪みの表面積を算出し、(最大荷重L)/(永久窪み表面積)を演算することによって硬度を算出する。
圧痕深さδを算出する際に補正係数kを考慮する必要がある場合は、CPU12は、硬度演算工程において、(4)式及び(8)式を用いて圧痕深さδに基いて永久窪みの表面積を算出し、(最大荷重L)/(永久窪み表面積)を演算することによって硬度を算出する。(S6)。
Next, in the hardness calculation step, the CPU 12 calculates the surface area of the permanent depression based on the indentation depth δ using the equation (4), and calculates the hardness by calculating (maximum load L 0 ) / (permanent depression surface area). Is calculated.
When the correction coefficient k needs to be taken into account when calculating the indentation depth δ, the CPU 12 uses the equations (4) and (8) in the hardness calculation step to make a permanent depression based on the indentation depth δ. The hardness is calculated by calculating (maximum load L 0 ) / (permanent depression surface area). (S6).

以上のように、本発明の実施の形態1における微小硬度計は構成されているので、以下のような作用が得られる。
(1)軟質の基材9aの表面に硬い表面層9bが形成された試料9では、最大荷重Lが、圧子6が試料9の表面層9bを完全には破壊しないような微小な荷重である場合、負荷検出計7と変位計11により最大押し込み量δと***量δとを測定し、演算手段を用いて最大押し込み量δと***量δとに基いて圧痕深さδを算出し、圧痕深さδと最大荷重Lとに基づいて硬度を演算することができる。
(2)最大押し込み量δ、***量δ、最大荷重Lは、ほぼ静的な状態で測定できるため誤差が生じ難く、また試料9の変形から圧痕深さδを求めた後、圧痕の表面積を求めて硬度を算出するので、圧子6の形状にも影響されず高い精度で硬度を算出することができる。
(3)実際の圧痕の深さ、圧痕の対角線の長さを計測する必要がないので、微小荷重しか負荷できず対角線の長さが10μm程度以下の微小な圧痕しか形成できないような硬い表面層9bが形成された試料の表面層9bの硬度を正確に算出することができ応用性に優れる。
(4)電子はかりからなる負荷検出計7を用いているので、極めて感度が高く微小な荷重の変化を検出することができ、さらに圧子6の変位を静電容量式センサの変位センサ10で測定するので、微小な深さの変化も検出することができるため、試料9の硬度の高精度測定ができる。
As described above, since the micro hardness tester according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention is configured, the following operation can be obtained.
(1) Sample 9 hard surface layer 9b on the surface of a soft substrate 9a is formed, the maximum load L 0 is a minute load, such as the indenter 6 does not destroy completely the surface layer 9b of the sample 9 in some cases, the load sensor 7 with the displacement meter 11 measures the protrusion amounts [delta] B and the maximum amount of push [delta] M, based on the maximum amount of push [delta] M using the calculation means protrusion amounts [delta] and B indentation depth [delta] And the hardness can be calculated based on the indentation depth δ and the maximum load L 0 .
(2) The maximum indentation amount δ M , the bulging amount δ B , and the maximum load L 0 can be measured in a substantially static state, so that an error hardly occurs, and after obtaining the indentation depth δ from the deformation of the sample 9, the indentation is obtained. Therefore, the hardness can be calculated with high accuracy without being influenced by the shape of the indenter 6.
(3) Since it is not necessary to measure the actual depth of the indentation and the length of the diagonal line of the indentation, a hard surface layer that can only apply a minute load and can form only a minute indentation with a diagonal length of about 10 μm or less. The hardness of the surface layer 9b of the sample on which 9b is formed can be accurately calculated, and the applicability is excellent.
(4) Since the load detector 7 composed of an electronic scale is used, it is possible to detect a very small change in load with extremely high sensitivity, and further, the displacement of the indenter 6 is measured by the displacement sensor 10 of the capacitive sensor. Therefore, since a minute change in depth can be detected, the hardness of the sample 9 can be measured with high accuracy.

また、以上のような実施の形態1における微小硬度測定法によれば、以下のような作用が得られる。
(1)最大押し込み量δと***量δとに基いて圧痕深さδを算出して、硬度演算工程において圧痕深さδと最大荷重Lとに基づいて硬度を演算することができ、簡単な操作で硬度を算出できる。
(2)最大押し込み量δ、***量δ、最大荷重Lは、ほぼ静的な状態で測定できるため誤差が生じ難く、また圧子6の形状にも影響されず高い精度で硬度を算出することができる。
(3)実際の圧痕の深さ、圧痕の対角線の長さを計測する必要がないので、微小荷重しか負荷できず対角線の長さが10μm程度以下の微小な圧痕しか形成できないような硬い表面層9bが形成された試料9の表面層9bの硬度を正確に算出することができ応用性に優れる。
(4)圧痕深さ算出工程において補正係数kを考慮して圧痕深さδを算出できるので、試料9の材質等に影響を受けずに硬度を算出することができ応用性に優れる。
Moreover, according to the micro hardness measurement method in Embodiment 1 as described above, the following effects are obtained.
(1) to calculate the maximum amount of push [delta] M and based on the protrusion amounts [delta] B indentation depth [delta], it is possible to calculate a hardness on the basis of and the maximum load L 0 indentation depth [delta] in hardness calculating step The hardness can be calculated with a simple operation.
(2) The maximum indentation amount δ M , the uplift amount δ B , and the maximum load L 0 can be measured in a substantially static state, so that an error hardly occurs, and the hardness is calculated with high accuracy without being influenced by the shape of the indenter 6. can do.
(3) Since it is not necessary to measure the actual depth of the indentation and the length of the diagonal line of the indentation, a hard surface layer that can only apply a minute load and can form only a minute indentation with a diagonal length of about 10 μm or less. The hardness of the surface layer 9b of the sample 9 on which the 9b is formed can be accurately calculated, and the applicability is excellent.
(4) Since the indentation depth δ can be calculated in consideration of the correction coefficient k in the indentation depth calculating step, the hardness can be calculated without being affected by the material of the sample 9, and the applicability is excellent.

なお、本実施の形態においては、変位センサ10は静電容量の変化を利用する静電容量式センサを用いたが、光干渉を利用するもの、フォトニックセンサ(商品名:米国フォトニクス社)を利用するもの等の中から、測定精度が10nm以下の高いものを適宜選択して用いることができる。
また、負荷検出計7として、ステージ8の下部に配置された上皿電子はかりを用いたが、ストレインゲージ等を利用した動ひずみ型荷重変換器、化学はかり、ロードセル式や電磁式の電子はかり等を用いることができる。負荷装置4側で荷重を検出するようにしてもよい。
In this embodiment, the displacement sensor 10 is a capacitance type sensor that utilizes a change in capacitance. However, a photonic sensor (trade name: US Photonics, Inc.) that uses optical interference is used. Among those to be used, those having high measurement accuracy of 10 nm or less can be appropriately selected and used.
Moreover, although the upper plate electronic scale arrange | positioned under the stage 8 was used as the load detector 7, the dynamic strain type load converter using a strain gauge etc., a chemical scale, a load cell type, an electromagnetic type electronic scale, etc. Can be used. The load may be detected on the load device 4 side.

以下、本発明を実施例により具体的に説明する。なお、本発明はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。
(実施例1)
アクリル樹脂製の基材(厚さ10mm、縦100mm、横100mm)の表面に厚さ約3.35μmのプライマ層が形成され、その上に8.47μmの硬質ガラス層が形成された試料の硬度を、実施の形態1で説明した微小硬度計を用いて測定した。
ステージの上に試料を置き、ビッカース圧子を試料の表面から0.25μm/秒の速度で押し込んだ。最大荷重(設定された試験力)L=21.6mNまで負荷した後、最大荷重Lを15秒間保持して、次に圧子の荷重を除荷し、負荷時と同じ0.25μm/秒の速度で圧子を試料から引き上げた。
図4は実施例1における荷重に対する負荷時の押し込み量及び除荷時の変位量を示す図である。横軸は試料の表面からの変位量、縦軸は荷重であり、白丸は負荷工程におけるデータ、黒丸は除荷工程におけるデータを示している。
実施例1の場合、最大押し込み量δ=1.6μm、***量δ=0.49μmであり、補正係数k=1として(4)式に代入すると、圧痕深さδ=0.555μmと求められたため、ビッカース硬さHvは、定義式から265kg/mmと算出することができた。
Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described by way of examples. The present invention is not limited to these examples.
(Example 1)
Hardness of a sample in which a primer layer having a thickness of about 3.35 μm was formed on the surface of an acrylic resin substrate (thickness 10 mm, length 100 mm, width 100 mm), and a hard glass layer having an thickness of 8.47 μm was formed thereon. Was measured using the microhardness meter described in the first embodiment.
The sample was placed on the stage, and a Vickers indenter was pushed from the surface of the sample at a speed of 0.25 μm / second. After loading up to the maximum load (set test force) L 0 = 21.6 mN, hold the maximum load L 0 for 15 seconds, then unload the indenter, and 0.25 μm / sec. The indenter was pulled up from the sample at a speed of
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the amount of push-in during load and the amount of displacement during unloading with respect to the load in Example 1. The horizontal axis indicates the amount of displacement from the surface of the sample, the vertical axis indicates the load, the white circle indicates data in the loading process, and the black circle indicates data in the unloading process.
In the case of Example 1, when the maximum pushing amount δ M = 1.6 μm and the protruding amount δ B = 0.49 μm, and substituting the correction coefficient k = 1 into the equation (4), the indentation depth δ = 0.555 μm. Since it was calculated | required, Vickers hardness Hv was able to be calculated with a 265 kg / mm < 2 > from a defining formula.

(実施例2)
ポリアセタール製の基材(厚さ10mm、縦100mm、横100mm)の表面に厚さ約3μmのプライマ層が形成され、その上に約5μmの硬質ガラス層が形成された試料の硬度を、実施の形態1で説明した微小硬度計を用いて測定した。
ステージの上に試料を置き、ビッカース圧子を試料の表面から0.25μm/秒の速度で押し込んだ。最大荷重(設定された試験力)L=22.6mNまで負荷した後、最大荷重Lを15秒間保持して、次に圧子の荷重を除荷し、負荷時と同じ0.25μm/秒の速度で圧子を試料から引き上げた。
図5は実施例2における荷重に対する負荷時の押し込み量及び除荷時の変位量を示す図である。横軸は試料の表面からの変位量、縦軸は荷重であり、白丸は負荷工程におけるデータ、黒丸は除荷工程におけるデータを示している。
実施例2の場合、最大押し込み量δ=1.88μm、***量δ=0.39μmであり、補正係数k=1として(4)式に代入すると、圧痕深さδ=0.745μmが求められたため、ビッカース硬さHvは、定義式から154kg/mmと算出することができた。
(Example 2)
The hardness of a sample in which a primer layer having a thickness of about 3 μm was formed on the surface of a base material made of polyacetal (thickness 10 mm, length 100 mm, width 100 mm) and a hard glass layer having a thickness of about 5 μm was formed thereon Measurement was performed using the microhardness meter described in the first embodiment.
The sample was placed on the stage, and a Vickers indenter was pushed from the surface of the sample at a speed of 0.25 μm / second. After loading up to the maximum load (set test force) L 0 = 22.6 mN, hold the maximum load L 0 for 15 seconds, and then unload the indenter, which is the same as when 0.25 μm / sec. The indenter was pulled up from the sample at a speed of
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the amount of push-in during loading and the amount of displacement during unloading with respect to the load in Example 2. The horizontal axis indicates the amount of displacement from the surface of the sample, the vertical axis indicates the load, the white circle indicates data in the loading process, and the black circle indicates data in the unloading process.
In the case of Example 2, the maximum indentation amount δ M = 1.88 μm, the protruding amount δ B = 0.39 μm, and when the correction coefficient k = 1 is substituted into the equation (4), the indentation depth δ = 0.745 μm is obtained. Since it was calculated | required, Vickers hardness Hv was able to be calculated with 154 kg / mm < 2 > from a definition formula.

(実施例3、4)
製造ロットが異なるポリカーボネート製の2種類の基材(PCC1、PCC2、いずれも厚さ10mm、縦100mm、横100mm)の表面に、厚さ4.2μmのプライマ層と厚さ3.5〜3.8μmの硬質ガラス層が形成された試料の硬度を、実施の形態1で説明した微小硬度計を用いて測定した。
ステージの上に試料を置き、ビッカース圧子を試料の表面から0.25μm/秒の速度で押し込んだ。2.6〜800mNの種々の最大荷重L(設定された試験力)まで負荷した後、最大荷重Lを15秒間保持して、次に圧子の荷重を除荷し、負荷時と同じ0.25μm/秒の速度で圧子を試料から引き上げた。測定された最大押し込み量δ、***量δから、補正係数k=1として圧痕深さδを求め、定義式からビッカース硬さHvを算出した。
図6は実施例3、4における最大押し込み量とビッカース硬さHvとの関係を示す図である。横軸は試料の表面からの最大押し込み量、縦軸はビッカース硬さ(単位kg/mm)である。白丸で示したデータは基材がポリカーボネート(PCC1)の試料のデータ(実施例3)であり、白三角で示したデータは基材がポリカーボネート(PCC2)の試料のデータ(実施例4)であり、黒丸で示したデータは基材がポリカーボネート(PCC1)の試料を市販の一般的なビッカース硬度計で測定したデータであり、黒三角で示したデータは基材がポリカーボネート(PCC2)の試料を市販の一般的なビッカース硬度計で測定したデータである。
図6から、市販のビッカース硬度計では、最大押し込み量が1.5μm以下では圧痕が小さく測定できなかったが、実施例3、4では、最大押し込み量が1.5μmより大きな場合は、市販のビッカース硬度計の測定値とほぼ一致しており、最大押し込み量が1.5μm以下の場合は、その外挿線とほぼ一致していることがわかった。なお、最大押し込み量が大きくなるにつれ硬度が低下するのは、硬質の表面層が薄いため、軟質の基材の影響を大きく受けるからである。
以上のように本実施例によれば、基材の表面に形成された表面層(硬質ガラス層)の硬度を、基材の影響を受けることなく測定できることが明らかになった。
(Examples 3 and 4)
A primer layer with a thickness of 4.2 μm and a thickness of 3.5 to 3. 3 are formed on the surface of two types of polycarbonate substrates (PCC1 and PCC2, each having a thickness of 10 mm, a length of 100 mm, and a width of 100 mm) of different production lots. The hardness of the sample on which the 8 μm hard glass layer was formed was measured using the microhardness meter described in the first embodiment.
The sample was placed on the stage, and a Vickers indenter was pushed from the surface of the sample at a speed of 0.25 μm / second. After loading to various maximum loads L 0 (set test force) of 2.6 to 800 mN, the maximum load L 0 is held for 15 seconds, and then the indenter load is unloaded. The indenter was pulled up from the sample at a speed of 25 μm / sec. From the measured maximum indentation amount δ M and the amount of protrusion δ B , the indentation depth δ was determined with the correction coefficient k = 1, and the Vickers hardness Hv was calculated from the definition formula.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the maximum pushing amount and the Vickers hardness Hv in Examples 3 and 4. The horizontal axis represents the maximum amount of pressing from the surface of the sample, and the vertical axis represents the Vickers hardness (unit: kg / mm 2 ). The data indicated by white circles is data (Example 3) of a sample whose base material is polycarbonate (PCC1), and the data indicated by white triangles is data (Example 4) of a sample whose base material is polycarbonate (PCC2). The data indicated by black circles are data obtained by measuring a sample of polycarbonate (PCC1) with a commercially available general Vickers hardness tester. The data indicated by black triangles are samples of polycarbonate (PCC2) commercially available. This is data measured with a general Vickers hardness tester.
From FIG. 6, with a commercially available Vickers hardness tester, the indentation was small and could not be measured when the maximum indentation amount was 1.5 μm or less, but in Examples 3 and 4, when the maximum indentation amount was greater than 1.5 μm, It was found that the measured value almost coincided with the measured value of the Vickers hardness meter, and when the maximum pushing amount was 1.5 μm or less, it almost coincided with the extrapolated line. The reason why the hardness decreases as the maximum push-in amount increases is that the hard surface layer is thin, so that it is greatly affected by the soft base material.
As described above, according to this example, it has been clarified that the hardness of the surface layer (hard glass layer) formed on the surface of the base material can be measured without being affected by the base material.

(実施例5)
アクリル樹脂製の基材(厚さ10mm、縦100mm、横100mm)の表面に、厚さ3.35μmのプライマ層と厚さ8.47μmの硬質ガラス層が形成された試料の硬度を、実施の形態1で説明した微小硬度計を用いて測定した。
ステージの上に試料を置き、ビッカース圧子を試料の表面から0.25μm/秒の速度で押し込んだ。2.6〜800mNの種々の最大荷重L(設定された試験力)まで負荷した後、最大荷重Lを15秒間保持して、次に圧子の荷重を除荷し、負荷時と同じ0.25μm/秒の速度で圧子を試料から引き上げた。測定された最大押し込み量δ、***量δから、補正係数k=1として圧痕深さδを求め、定義式からビッカース硬さHvを算出した。
図7は実施例5における最大押し込み量とビッカース硬さHvとの関係を示す図である。横軸は試料の表面からの最大押し込み量、縦軸はビッカース硬さ(単位kg/mm)である。白丸で示したデータは本発明の方法で測定したデータ(実施例5)であり、黒丸で示したデータは同じ試料を市販の一般的なビッカース硬度計で測定したデータである。
図7から、実施例5は、最大押し込み量が3.5μmより大きな場合は、市販のビッカース硬度計の測定値とほぼ一致しており、最大押し込み量が3.5μm以下の場合は、その外挿線とほぼ一致していることがわかった。
また、最大押し込み量が1μm以下における実施例5の硬度は、図6の実施例3、4の硬度とほぼ一致していることがわかった。これは、実施例3〜5の試料の硬質ガラス層の材質が同一だからである。
以上のように本実施例によれば、基材の表面に形成された表面層(硬質ガラス層)の硬度を、基材の材質の影響を受けることなく測定できることが明らかになった。
(Example 5)
The hardness of a sample in which a primer layer having a thickness of 3.35 μm and a hard glass layer having a thickness of 8.47 μm were formed on the surface of an acrylic resin substrate (thickness 10 mm, length 100 mm, width 100 mm) Measurement was performed using the microhardness meter described in the first embodiment.
The sample was placed on the stage, and a Vickers indenter was pushed from the surface of the sample at a speed of 0.25 μm / second. After loading to various maximum loads L 0 (set test force) of 2.6 to 800 mN, the maximum load L 0 is held for 15 seconds, and then the indenter load is unloaded. The indenter was pulled up from the sample at a speed of 25 μm / sec. From the measured maximum indentation amount δ M and the amount of protrusion δ B , the indentation depth δ was determined with the correction coefficient k = 1, and the Vickers hardness Hv was calculated from the definition formula.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the maximum pushing amount and the Vickers hardness Hv in Example 5. The horizontal axis represents the maximum amount of pressing from the surface of the sample, and the vertical axis represents the Vickers hardness (unit: kg / mm 2 ). Data indicated by white circles is data (Example 5) measured by the method of the present invention, and data indicated by black circles is data obtained by measuring the same sample with a commercially available general Vickers hardness meter.
From FIG. 7, in Example 5, when the maximum indentation amount is larger than 3.5 μm, it almost coincides with the measured value of a commercially available Vickers hardness meter, and when the maximum indentation amount is 3.5 μm or less, It was found that it almost coincided with the insertion line.
Further, it was found that the hardness of Example 5 when the maximum pushing amount was 1 μm or less substantially matched the hardness of Examples 3 and 4 in FIG. This is because the materials of the hard glass layers of the samples of Examples 3 to 5 are the same.
As described above, according to this example, it has become clear that the hardness of the surface layer (hard glass layer) formed on the surface of the substrate can be measured without being affected by the material of the substrate.

(実施例6、7)
ポリアセタール製の基材(厚さ10mm、縦100mm、横100mm)の表面に厚さ約3μmのプライマ層が形成され、その上に約5μmの硬質ガラス層が形成された実施例2で用いた試料の硬度を、実施の形態1で説明した微小硬度計を用いて測定した。
ステージの上に試料を置き、ビッカース圧子を試料の表面から0.25μm/秒の速度で押し込んだ。6〜600mNの種々の最大荷重L(設定された試験力)まで負荷した後、最大荷重Lを15秒間保持して、次に圧子の荷重を除荷し、負荷時と同じ0.25μm/秒の速度で圧子を試料から引き上げた。
実施例6は、測定された最大押し込み量δ、***量δから、補正係数k=1として、(4)式から圧痕深さδを求め、定義式からビッカース硬さHvを算出した。
実施例7は、市販の一般的なビッカース硬度計を用いて測定した種々の最大荷重Lにおける試料の表面層の硬度H、その最大荷重Lにおける最大押し込み量δ及び***量δを、(7)式に代入して補正係数kを算出し、その平均値(平均の補正係数k=1.7)を求め(但し、硬度Hは(8)式のHに代入した。)、この補正係数k=1.7を使って(4)式から圧痕深さδを求め、定義式からビッカース硬さHvを算出した。
図8は実施例6及び実施例7における最大押し込み量とビッカース硬さHvとの関係を示す図である。横軸は試料の表面からの最大押し込み量、縦軸はビッカース硬さ(単位kg/mm)である。白丸で示したデータは、補正係数k=1として本発明の方法で測定した実施例6におけるデータであり、四角で示したデータは補正係数k(k=1.7)を考慮して本発明の方法で測定した実施例7におけるデータであり、黒丸で示したデータは同じ試料を市販の一般的なビッカース硬度計で測定したデータである。
図8から、補正係数kを考慮して算出した実施例7は、市販のビッカース硬度計で測定した硬度の外挿線とほぼ一致していることがわかった。補正係数k=1として算出した実施例6は、最大押し込み量が4μm以上の場合は市販のビッカース硬度計の測定値とほぼ一致しているが、最大押し込み量が4μm未満になると、市販のビッカース硬度計で測定した硬度より低くなることがわかった。
以上のように本実施例によれば、補正係数kを考慮することによって、基材の表面に形成された表面層(硬質ガラス層)の硬度を、市販の一般的なビッカース硬度計で測定される硬度に一層近づけられるので、試料の材質等に影響を受けずに硬度を算出することができ応用性に優れることが明らかになった。
(Examples 6 and 7)
Sample used in Example 2 in which a primer layer having a thickness of about 3 μm was formed on the surface of a base material made of polyacetal (thickness 10 mm, length 100 mm, width 100 mm), and a hard glass layer having a thickness of about 5 μm was formed thereon. Was measured using the microhardness meter described in the first embodiment.
The sample was placed on the stage, and a Vickers indenter was pushed from the surface of the sample at a speed of 0.25 μm / second. After loading to various maximum loads L 0 (set test force) of 6 to 600 mN, the maximum load L 0 is held for 15 seconds, and then the indenter load is unloaded. The indenter was pulled up from the sample at a speed of / sec.
In Example 6, the indentation depth δ was calculated from the equation (4) with the correction coefficient k = 1 from the measured maximum indentation amount δ M and the protruding amount δ B , and the Vickers hardness Hv was calculated from the definition equation.
In Example 7, the hardness H T of the surface layer of the sample at various maximum loads L 0 measured using a commercially available general Vickers hardness tester, the maximum indentation amount δ M and the uplift amount δ B at the maximum load L 0 and (7) are substituted into the equation to calculate the correction coefficient k, the average value determined (correction coefficient k = 1.7 in average) (where the hardness H T was substituted for H S of formula (8) ), The indentation depth δ was calculated from the equation (4) using the correction coefficient k = 1.7, and the Vickers hardness Hv was calculated from the definition equation.
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the relationship between the maximum push-in amount and the Vickers hardness Hv in Example 6 and Example 7. The horizontal axis represents the maximum amount of pressing from the surface of the sample, and the vertical axis represents the Vickers hardness (unit: kg / mm 2 ). The data indicated by white circles is the data in Example 6 measured by the method of the present invention with the correction coefficient k = 1, and the data indicated by squares is the present invention in consideration of the correction coefficient k (k = 1.7). The data in Example 7 measured by the above method is the data obtained by measuring the same sample with a commercially available general Vickers hardness tester.
From FIG. 8, it was found that Example 7 calculated in consideration of the correction coefficient k almost coincided with the extrapolation line of the hardness measured with a commercially available Vickers hardness tester. In Example 6 calculated with the correction coefficient k = 1, when the maximum indentation amount is 4 μm or more, it almost agrees with the measurement value of a commercially available Vickers hardness meter, but when the maximum indentation amount is less than 4 μm, the commercially available Vickers It was found that the hardness was lower than that measured with a hardness meter.
As described above, according to the present embodiment, the hardness of the surface layer (hard glass layer) formed on the surface of the base material is measured with a commercially available general Vickers hardness meter by considering the correction coefficient k. Therefore, it is clear that the hardness can be calculated without being affected by the material of the sample, and the applicability is excellent.

本発明は、圧子を試料に押し込み圧痕を形成して硬度を算出する微小硬度測定法及び微小硬度計に関し、特に、軟質の基材の表面に硬い表面層が形成された試料の硬度を算出するのに最適な微小硬度測定法及び微小硬度計に関す圧子を試料に押し込み圧痕を形成して硬度を算出する微小硬度測定法及び微小硬度計に関し、弾性変形が支配的な試料、特に軟質の基材の表面に硬い表面層が形成された試料の硬度を簡便に精度よく求めることができ、さらに微小荷重しか負荷できず対角線の長さが10μm程度以下の微小な圧痕しか形成できないような硬い表面層が形成された試料の表面層の硬度も算出することができ表面層(薄膜)の硬度測定に最適な微小硬度測定法を提供することができ、また硬度を短時間で自動的に算出でき操作性に優れ、また誤差が生じ難く圧子の形状にも影響されず高い精度で硬度を算出することができ、さらに微小荷重しか負荷できず対角線の長さが10μm程度以下の微小な圧痕しか形成できないような硬い表面層(薄膜)が形成された試料の表面層の硬度も算出することができ応用性に優れる微小硬度計を提供することができる。このため、合成樹脂製等の軟質の基材の表面に硬質ガラス層等の硬質の表面層がコーティングされた複合材料に対して、表面層の材料特性評価を高精度かつ迅速に行うことができるため、複合材料の開発や生産技術の確立を迅速化でき極めて有用である。   The present invention relates to a microhardness measuring method and a microhardness meter for calculating hardness by pressing an indenter into a sample, and in particular, calculating the hardness of a sample in which a hard surface layer is formed on the surface of a soft substrate. A microhardness measurement method and a microhardness meter that are most suitable for the measurement of hardness and the hardness is calculated by pressing an indenter related to the microhardness meter into the sample to form the indentation. Hard surface that can easily and accurately determine the hardness of a sample with a hard surface layer formed on the surface of the material, and that can only apply a minute load and can form only a minute indentation with a diagonal length of about 10 μm or less It is possible to calculate the hardness of the surface layer of the sample on which the layer is formed, provide a microhardness measurement method optimal for measuring the hardness of the surface layer (thin film), and automatically calculate the hardness in a short time. Excellent operability Hard surface that can be calculated with high accuracy without errors and is not affected by the shape of the indenter, and that can only be loaded with a minute load and can form only a minute indentation with a diagonal length of about 10 μm or less. The hardness of the surface layer of the sample on which the layer (thin film) is formed can also be calculated, and a microhardness meter excellent in applicability can be provided. For this reason, it is possible to accurately and quickly evaluate the material properties of the surface layer for a composite material in which a hard surface layer such as a hard glass layer is coated on the surface of a soft base material made of synthetic resin or the like. Therefore, the development of composite materials and the establishment of production technology can be accelerated, which is extremely useful.

実施の形態1における微小硬度計の模式図Schematic diagram of the microhardness meter in the first embodiment 圧痕深さδの算出原理を示す図Diagram showing the indentation depth δ calculation principle 微小硬度計における動作を示すフローチャートFlow chart showing operation in micro hardness tester 実施例1における荷重に対する負荷時の押し込み量及び除荷時の変位量を示す図The figure which shows the pushing amount at the time of the load with respect to the load in Example 1, and the displacement amount at the time of unloading 実施例2における荷重に対する負荷時の押し込み量及び除荷時の変位量を示す図The figure which shows the pushing amount at the time of the load with respect to the load in Example 2, and the displacement amount at the time of unloading 実施例3、4における最大押し込み量とビッカース硬さHvとの関係を示す図The figure which shows the relationship between the maximum pushing amount and Vickers hardness Hv in Example 3, 4. 実施例5における最大押し込み量とビッカース硬さHvとの関係を示す図The figure which shows the relationship between the maximum pushing amount and Vickers hardness Hv in Example 5. 実施例6及び実施例7における最大押し込み量とビッカース硬さHvとの関係を示す図The figure which shows the relationship between the maximum pushing amount in Example 6 and Example 7, and Vickers hardness Hv.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

1 微小硬度計
2 台部
3 枠体
4 負荷装置
5 圧子架台
5a 延設部
6 圧子
7 負荷検出計
8 ステージ
9 試料
9a 基材
9b 表面層
10 変位センサ
10a,10b 電極板
11 変位計
12 CPU
13 記憶手段
14 表示装置
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Micro hardness tester 2 Stand part 3 Frame body 4 Load apparatus 5 Indenter stand 5a Extension part 6 Indenter 7 Load detector 8 Stage 9 Sample 9a Base material 9b Surface layer 10 Displacement sensor 10a, 10b Electrode plate 11 Displacement meter 12 CPU
13 storage means 14 display device

Claims (4)

基材に表面層が形成された試料に圧子を押し込み圧痕を形成して硬度を算出する微小硬度測定法であって、
前記圧子に負荷した最大荷重Lと、前記圧子の前記試料の表面からの最大押し込み量δと、を測定する負荷工程と、
前記圧子に加わる荷重がゼロになったときの前記圧子の前記試料の表面からの***量δを測定する除荷工程と、
前記最大押し込み量δと前記***量δとに基いて圧痕深さδを算出する圧痕深さ算出工程と、
前記圧痕深さδと前記最大荷重Lとに基づいて硬度を演算する硬度演算工程と、
を備えていることを特徴とする微小硬度測定法。
A microhardness measurement method for calculating hardness by pressing an indenter into a sample having a surface layer formed on a substrate to form an indentation,
A load step for measuring a maximum load L 0 applied to the indenter and a maximum pushing amount δ M of the indenter from the surface of the sample;
An unloading step of measuring a protruding amount δ B of the indenter from the surface of the sample when the load applied to the indenter becomes zero;
And indentation depth calculating step of calculating a dent depth [delta] on the basis of said maximum amount of push [delta] M and the raised amount [delta] B,
A hardness calculating step of calculating hardness based on the indentation depth δ and the maximum load L 0 ;
A microhardness measuring method characterized by comprising:
前記圧痕深さ算出工程において、前記表面層自体の最大荷重Lにおける硬度と、前記最大押し込み量δ、前記最大荷重L、前記***量δから補正係数kを算出し、前記圧痕深さδを補正することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の微小硬度測定法。 In the indentation depth calculating step, and the hardness at maximum load L 0 of the surface layer itself, the maximum amount of push [delta] M, the maximum load L 0, calculates a correction coefficient k from the uplift [delta] B, the indentation depth The microhardness measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the thickness δ is corrected. (a)圧子に荷重を負荷して基材に表面層が形成された試料に圧痕を形成する負荷装置と、
(b)荷重の負荷時に前記圧子が前記試料に加えた最大荷重L、及び、除荷時に前記試料が前記圧子に加えた荷重Lを検出する負荷検出計と、
(c)前記最大荷重Lにおける前記圧子の前記試料の表面からの最大押し込み量δと、前記圧子に加わる荷重Lがゼロになったときの前記圧子の前記試料の表面からの***量δと、を検出する変位計と、
(d)前記最大荷重L、前記最大押し込み量δ、前記***量δを記憶する記憶手段と、
(e)前記最大押し込み量δと前記***量δとに基いて圧痕深さδを算出し、前記圧痕深さδと前記最大荷重Lとに基いて硬度を演算する演算手段と、
を備えていることを特徴とする微小硬度計。
(A) a load device that applies a load to the indenter to form an indentation in a sample having a surface layer formed on the substrate;
(B) a load detector for detecting a maximum load L 0 applied to the sample by the indenter when a load is applied, and a load L applied to the indenter by the sample during unloading;
(C) the maximum amount of push [delta] M from the surface of the sample of the indenter in the maximum load L 0, protrusion amounts from the surface of the sample of the indenter when the load L applied to the indenter is zero [delta] A displacement meter for detecting B ;
(D) storage means for storing the maximum load L 0 , the maximum pushing amount δ M , and the protruding amount δ B ;
(E) the maximum amount of push [delta] based on the M and the protrusion amounts [delta] B calculates the indentation depth [delta], and calculating means for calculating a hardness on the basis of the indentation depth [delta] and said maximum load L 0,
A micro hardness tester characterized by comprising:
前記変位計が検出する前記最大押し込み量δ及び前記***量δが、前記圧子が先端に配設された圧子架台の側方に延設された延設部の下面と前記試料の表面との間に配置された静電容量式センサで測定され、前記負荷検出計が、前記試料を載せたステージの下部に配置された上皿電子はかりからなることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の微小硬度計。 The maximum push amount δ M and the bulge amount δ B detected by the displacement meter are determined by the lower surface of the extending portion that extends to the side of the indenter base provided with the indenter at the tip, and the surface of the sample. 4. The measurement according to claim 3, wherein the load detector comprises an upper plate electronic scale disposed at a lower part of a stage on which the sample is placed. Micro hardness tester.
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