JP2007265936A - Gas diffusion electrode and its manufacturing method, and fuel cell and electrolytic cell for sodium chloride using the gas diffusion electrode - Google Patents

Gas diffusion electrode and its manufacturing method, and fuel cell and electrolytic cell for sodium chloride using the gas diffusion electrode Download PDF

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JP2007265936A
JP2007265936A JP2006092914A JP2006092914A JP2007265936A JP 2007265936 A JP2007265936 A JP 2007265936A JP 2006092914 A JP2006092914 A JP 2006092914A JP 2006092914 A JP2006092914 A JP 2006092914A JP 2007265936 A JP2007265936 A JP 2007265936A
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gas diffusion
catalyst
electrode
diffusion electrode
oxygen
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JP4868394B2 (en
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Yoshio Takasu
芳雄 高須
Wataru Sugimoto
渉 杉本
Yoshinori Nishiki
善則 錦
Tsuneto Furuta
常人 古田
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Shinshu University NUC
De Nora Permelec Ltd
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Permelec Electrode Ltd
Shinshu University NUC
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve problems that a conventional gas diffusion electrode increases a manufacturing cost in order to contain platinum as an essential catalyst component and its increase becomes an obstacle of practice use. <P>SOLUTION: A catalyst is constituted of two or more metals and/or metal compounds selected from Ru, Ti, Mo, W, V, Ir, Nb, W, Cu, Ni, La, Ca, Cu, Zr, and Ta. These metals are inexpensive by one digit or more as compared with the platinum, and although oxygen over-voltage is a little inferior to the platinum, the catalyst is stable and has high practicability. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT

Description

本発明は、ガス拡散電極とその製造方法、及び当該ガス拡散電極を用いる燃料電池及び食塩電解セルに関し、より詳細には高価な白金触媒を使用せずに従来とほぼ同等の電解性能を有するガス拡散電極とその製造方法、及び当該ガス拡散電極を用いる燃料電池及び食塩電解セルに関する。   The present invention relates to a gas diffusion electrode, a manufacturing method thereof, and a fuel cell and a salt electrolysis cell using the gas diffusion electrode, and more specifically, a gas having almost the same electrolytic performance as that of a conventional one without using an expensive platinum catalyst. The present invention relates to a diffusion electrode, a manufacturing method thereof, and a fuel cell and a salt electrolysis cell using the gas diffusion electrode.

[燃料電池]
燃料電池は化学エネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換可能なクリーンかつ高効率な発電システムである。水素や有機炭素原料の酸化反応と、空気中の酸素還元反応を組み合わせることにより、その起電力から電気エネルギーを得るものであり、特に低温型1960年代の宇宙用電池としての実用化で注目された後、最近、燃料電池自動車、小型可搬電源、家庭用電源として再び注目されている。最近の技術進展に関しては、「燃料電池技術とその応用」(テクノシステム社(2001))、「電極触媒科学の新展開」(北海道大学図書刊行会(2001))などの書籍に詳しい。
[Fuel cell]
A fuel cell is a clean and highly efficient power generation system that can convert chemical energy into electrical energy. By combining the oxidation reaction of hydrogen and organic carbon raw materials with the oxygen reduction reaction in the air, electric energy is obtained from the electromotive force. It was especially noted for practical use as a space battery in the low-temperature 1960s. Later, it has recently attracted attention as a fuel cell vehicle, a small portable power source, and a household power source. Regarding recent technological progress, he is familiar with books such as “Fuel Cell Technology and its Applications” (Technosystems (2001)), “New Development of Electrocatalytic Science” (Hokkaido University Library Publication Society (2001)).

代表的な燃料電池の電池反応式は以下のとおりである。
アノード酸化反応:
水素原料:H2 → 2H+ + 2e (0.00V) (1)
メタノール原料:CH3OH + H2O → 6H+ + CO2 (0.04V) (2)
カソード還元反応:
酸素原料:4H+ + O2 + 4e → 2H2O (1.23V) (3)
原料は水素、メタノールが汎用されるが、エタノール、エチレングリコールなどの他の有機物質も利用可能である。
The cell reaction formula of a typical fuel cell is as follows.
Anodizing reaction:
Hydrogen raw material: H 2 → 2H + + 2e (0.00V) (1)
Methanol raw material: CH 3 OH + H 2 O → 6H + + CO 2 (0.04V) (2)
Cathodic reduction reaction:
Oxygen raw material: 4H + + O 2 + 4e → 2H 2 O (1.23V) (3)
Hydrogen and methanol are generally used as raw materials, but other organic substances such as ethanol and ethylene glycol can also be used.

[触媒の劣化問題]
水素酸化、メタノール酸化のアノード触媒、及び、酸素還元のカソード触媒として、白金などの貴金属が一般的に使用される。水素アノード触媒では、原料水素に含まれるCOなどの吸着物質が触媒特性に影響を与えるため、各種除去装置により原料中の混入率は10ppm以下に制御されている。メタノール燃焼電池では、反応過程においてメタノール酸化で生じるCOなどの吸着による性能劣化が生じる。また、COが存在しない場合でも、長時間の使用により、触媒金属のシンタリングが進行し、性能が劣化することが報告されている。
[Catalyst degradation problems]
A noble metal such as platinum is generally used as an anode catalyst for hydrogen oxidation, methanol oxidation, and a cathode catalyst for oxygen reduction. In the hydrogen anode catalyst, since an adsorbing substance such as CO contained in the raw material hydrogen affects the catalytic characteristics, the mixing rate in the raw material is controlled to 10 ppm or less by various removing devices. In the methanol combustion battery, performance deterioration occurs due to adsorption of CO or the like generated by methanol oxidation in the reaction process. Further, it has been reported that, even when CO is not present, catalytic metal sintering proceeds and performance deteriorates due to long-term use.

[触媒特性の発現機構]
白金などの単体触媒ではこのような欠点があるため、2元系、多元系の触媒が開発され、優れた特性を発揮することが古くから報告されている。
代表的な組成としてPt-Ru合金触媒がCO耐性に優れていることはよく知られており、2〜3nmの粒子サイズを有するPt-Ru触媒をカーボン上に分散させた場合に、合金化によるCO耐性向上が確認されている。その原因としては、2元化として添加された触媒に吸着した酸素種が、主触媒である白金表面の吸着種COと反応して、COとなる反応を促進する機構(Bifunctional mechanism)の発現や、過電圧の小さいCOが生成し得ない電位(或いはCOが除去されない電位)においても合金効果が生じることから、合金化により表面電子エネルギーレベルが変化し、COとの結合を弱めるように作用する機構(Intrinsic mechanism)などが提案されている(参考:J. Applied Electrochem. 31, 325-334 (2001))。
[Mechanism of catalytic properties]
Since single catalysts such as platinum have such drawbacks, binary and multi-component catalysts have been developed and have been reported for a long time to exhibit excellent characteristics.
It is well known that Pt-Ru alloy catalysts have excellent CO resistance as a typical composition. When a Pt-Ru catalyst having a particle size of 2 to 3 nm is dispersed on carbon, it is caused by alloying. Improvement of CO tolerance has been confirmed. This is because the oxygen species adsorbed on the catalyst added as a binary reaction reacts with the adsorbed species CO on the platinum surface, which is the main catalyst, to promote the reaction to become CO 2 (Bifunctional mechanism). In addition, an alloy effect occurs even at a potential at which CO 2 with a small overvoltage cannot be generated (or a potential at which CO is not removed), so that the surface electron energy level changes due to alloying and acts to weaken the bond with CO. Intrinsic mechanism has been proposed (Reference: J. Applied Electrochem. 31, 325-334 (2001)).

[合金触媒関連特許文献]
合金触媒及びその製法について、これまでに多くの特許技術が開示されている。
米国特許3428490号明細書には、金属合金を冶金的に製作し、これを酸洗浄して合金化しない金属を溶解することで3次元的に面積の大きい触媒を作製できることが開示されている。
[Patent Literature Related to Alloy Catalysts]
Many patented technologies have been disclosed so far for alloy catalysts and processes for producing them.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,428,490 discloses that a catalyst having a large three-dimensional area can be produced by metallurgically producing a metal alloy and then acid cleaning this to dissolve a metal that is not alloyed.

特開平2-061961号公報には白金-鉄-銅からなる3元系触媒とその高温熱処理による製法が開示されている。特開平2-111440号公報には白金-ルテニウムの開示が、特開平2-111452号公報では白金-スズ成分の開示がある。
特開平5-047389号公報にも合金化の技術が開示されている。特開平6-246161号公報には酸素を微量添加した不活性雰囲気での焼成方法が開示されている。特開平10-069914号公報には合金化としての熱処理技術が開示されている。
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-061961 discloses a ternary catalyst composed of platinum-iron-copper and a method for producing the same by high-temperature heat treatment. JP-A-2-111440 discloses platinum-ruthenium, and JP-A-2-111145 discloses a platinum-tin component.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-047389 also discloses a technique for alloying. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 6-246161 discloses a firing method in an inert atmosphere to which a small amount of oxygen is added. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-069914 discloses a heat treatment technique as alloying.

特開2001-052718号公報には、炭素-白金の合金化処理で白金の格子定数は減少し、触媒活性が増加するが、格子サイズを安定化するような処理方法について開示している。特開2003-226901号公報には不活性雰囲気下でのアルコールによる加熱還流による製法が開示されている。特開2003-363734号公報には、電池の耐久性を維持しかつ電池を高出力化することができる白金と鉄とを含有する燃料電池用カソード触媒が記載され、鉄が不可欠な成分となっている。
金属(合金含む)超微粉末を製造する方法として、気相化学反応法、液相還元析出法などが一般的である。前者では金属化合物を気化し、不活性雰囲気での熱分解法や、水素ガスによる気相還元法が主流となっている。
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-052718 discloses a treatment method that stabilizes the lattice size, although the lattice constant of platinum decreases and the catalytic activity increases by the carbon-platinum alloying treatment. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-226901 discloses a production method by heating and refluxing with alcohol in an inert atmosphere. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-363734 describes a cathode catalyst for a fuel cell containing platinum and iron that can maintain the durability of the battery and increase the output of the battery, and iron is an indispensable component. ing.
As a method for producing metal (including alloy) ultrafine powder, a gas phase chemical reaction method, a liquid phase reduction precipitation method, or the like is generally used. In the former, a metal compound is vaporized, and a thermal decomposition method in an inert atmosphere and a gas phase reduction method using hydrogen gas are mainly used.

[酸化物触媒関連特許文献]
酸化物を用いるガス拡散電極についても、多くの公知文献がある。
特開2003-380985号公報及び特開2004-89734号公報、及び特開2003-384272号公報には、いずれも酸素還元反応用で、耐腐食性の高い導電性金属酸化物を用いた触媒金属担体に触媒金属が担持されてなる金属担持触媒を含有する触媒層を有することを特徴とする高分子型燃料電池用触媒担持電極が開示されている。しかしながら触媒が酸化物であることは開示されていない。
[Patent Literature Related to Oxide Catalyst]
There are many known literatures on gas diffusion electrodes using oxides.
JP-A-2003-380985, JP-A-2004-89734, and JP-A-2003-384272 all describe a catalyst metal for an oxygen reduction reaction and using a conductive metal oxide having high corrosion resistance. There is disclosed a catalyst-supporting electrode for a polymer type fuel cell having a catalyst layer containing a metal-supported catalyst in which a catalyst metal is supported on a carrier. However, it is not disclosed that the catalyst is an oxide.

特開2001-568577号公報及び特開2002-501565号公報には、エアロゾルから粒子を形成する触媒製法が開示され、カーボン複合電極触媒粉末などの電極触媒粉末は良好に制御された微細構造およびモルフォロジーを有する。本方法には、約400°C以下のような比較的低温にエアロゾルを加熱することにより、前駆体のエアロゾルから粒子を形成することができる。しかしながら微粒子状態のカーボンを担体としているため、後述のカーボン材料の抱える問題が残っている。
特開2004-151927号公報には、逆ミセル溶液に触媒成分を溶解して平均粒子径が1〜10nmの金属粒子を得て、これを導電性カーボン粒子に担持させることが開示されている。熱処理によって貴金属の結晶成長を促進し、または遷移金属を貴金属に固溶して合金化する工程を含むため、導電性カーボン粒子の表面に貴金属粒子や貴金属合金粒子が担持された電極触媒を簡便に得ることができる。該方法は、金属粒子を酸化処理する工程を更に含ませることも容易であり、貴金属粒子や貴金属合金粒子の表面に酸化物皮膜を形成した電極触媒とすることもできる。しかしながら、これもカーボン担体を使用することが前提である。
JP-A-2001-568577 and JP-A-2002-501565 disclose a catalyst manufacturing method for forming particles from aerosols, and electrode catalyst powders such as carbon composite electrode catalyst powders have a well-controlled microstructure and morphology. Have In this method, particles can be formed from the precursor aerosol by heating the aerosol to a relatively low temperature, such as about 400 ° C. or less. However, since carbon in a fine particle state is used as a carrier, the problems of the carbon material described later remain.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-151927 discloses that a catalyst component is dissolved in a reverse micelle solution to obtain metal particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 10 nm and supported on conductive carbon particles. It includes a process of promoting crystal growth of noble metal by heat treatment or alloying transition metal in solid solution with noble metal, making it easy to use an electrode catalyst in which noble metal particles or noble metal alloy particles are supported on the surface of conductive carbon particles. Obtainable. The method can further include a step of oxidizing the metal particles, and can be an electrode catalyst in which an oxide film is formed on the surfaces of the noble metal particles or the noble metal alloy particles. However, this is also premised on the use of a carbon support.

特開2001-401421号公報には、特殊な形態成分を有する酸化物触媒として、有機金属錯体を経由して製造されたコロンバイト型、イルメナイト型、オリビン型、ナコシン型などの金属酸化物が開示されている。
また特開2004-172694号公報には、固体高分子型燃料電池の空気極の電極反応において、反応生成物として発生する過酸化水素(H2O2)を接触分解することができる、例えばMn、Ru、Ni、Crなどの金属の酸化物を導電性担体であるカーボン材料上に担持させた触媒層を電極触媒に重ねて設置することが開示されているが、カーボンを担体とするため、過酸化水素の発生と、これによる電極の劣化が防止できない。
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-401421 discloses metal oxides such as columbite type, ilmenite type, olivine type, and nacosin type produced through organometallic complexes as oxide catalysts having special morphological components. Has been.
In addition, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-172694, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) generated as a reaction product can be catalytically decomposed in the electrode reaction at the air electrode of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, for example, Mn , It is disclosed that a catalyst layer in which an oxide of a metal such as Ru, Ni, and Cr is supported on a carbon material that is a conductive support is placed on the electrode catalyst, but because carbon is used as a support, Generation of hydrogen peroxide and electrode deterioration due to this cannot be prevented.

電気化学的に酸素還元を行うと、過酸化水素を含む活性な酸素化学種が発生することが知られている。これらの量は微量であっても、触媒、導電性担体やフッ素樹脂、イオン交換膜の劣化を加速し、最終的には電池、電解性能の劣化(電極材料の消耗による触媒の脱落、導電性の低下、疎水性の低下)を促進する。白金触媒では4電子還元が進行するため、このような問題は起きにくいが、高価な触媒であるため、通常担体(カーボン微粒子)上に形成させる際に下地層が露出しやすく、活性が劣るカーボンとはいえ、その露出面が増加し一部の酸素を還元しうるため、上記活性酸素種を生じ、問題となっている(参考文献:Electrochemical and Solid State Lett., 7, A474-A476(2004)、Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 2891-2894(2004))。   It is known that when oxygen is reduced electrochemically, active oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide are generated. Even if these amounts are very small, they accelerate the deterioration of the catalyst, conductive carrier, fluororesin, and ion exchange membrane, and eventually deteriorate the battery and electrolytic performance (catalyst drop due to electrode material consumption, conductivity , Decrease in hydrophobicity). Such a problem is unlikely to occur because platinum electrons undergo 4-electron reduction in platinum catalysts, but since they are expensive catalysts, carbon is usually inferior when exposed on a carrier (carbon fine particles) and has poor activity. Nonetheless, the exposed surface increases and some oxygen can be reduced, resulting in the generation of the above active oxygen species (Reference: Electrochemical and Solid State Lett., 7, A474-A476 (2004). ), Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 2891-2894 (2004)).

以上述べた従来技術を踏まえると、燃料電池用触媒として、高性能(安定)かつ安価な成分とその製造技術の開発が重要であるにもかかわらず、現実的には、白金触媒以外の利用例は乏しく、触媒活性と耐食性の両面で、白金系触媒に匹敵する新規な触媒からなるガス拡散電極の開発が望まれている。   In light of the above-described conventional technologies, practical development examples other than platinum catalysts are practical in spite of the importance of developing high-performance (stable) and inexpensive components and production technologies for fuel cell catalysts. Therefore, it is desired to develop a gas diffusion electrode composed of a novel catalyst comparable to a platinum catalyst in both catalytic activity and corrosion resistance.

[食塩電解などの工業電解におけるガス拡散電極]
近年、ガス拡散電極を工業電解に利用することが検討され始めている。例えば、酸素還元反応を行なうための疎水性陰極が過酸化水素の電解製造装置に利用されている。又、アルカリ製造や酸、アルカリ回収プロセスでは、陽極での酸素発生の代替として水素酸化反応(水素陽極)、或いは陰極での水素発生の代替として酸素還元反応(酸素陰極)を、ガス拡散電極を用いて行い、消費電力の低減を図っている。亜鉛採取等の金属回収、亜鉛メッキの対極としても水素陽極による減極が可能であることが報告されている。
[Gas diffusion electrode in industrial electrolysis such as salt electrolysis]
In recent years, use of gas diffusion electrodes for industrial electrolysis has begun to be studied. For example, a hydrophobic cathode for performing an oxygen reduction reaction is used in an electrolytic production apparatus for hydrogen peroxide. Also, in alkali production, acid and alkali recovery processes, hydrogen oxidation reaction (hydrogen anode) as an alternative to oxygen generation at the anode, or oxygen reduction reaction (oxygen cathode) as an alternative to hydrogen generation at the cathode, gas diffusion electrode This is done to reduce power consumption. It has been reported that depolarization with a hydrogen anode is possible as a counter electrode for metal recovery such as zinc extraction and galvanization.

工業用原料として重要である水酸化ナトリウム(苛性ソーダ)及び塩素は主として食塩電解法により製造されている。
従来の電解方法における陽極、陰極反応はそれぞれ式(1)及び(2)の通りであり、理論分解電圧は2.19Vとなる。
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) and chlorine, which are important as industrial raw materials, are mainly produced by the salt electrolysis method.
The anode and cathode reactions in the conventional electrolysis method are as shown in equations (1) and (2), respectively, and the theoretical decomposition voltage is 2.19V.

陽極反応
2Cl → Cl + 2e(1.36V) (4)
陰極反応
2HO + 2e → 2OH + H (-0.83V) (5)
Anode reaction
2Cl → Cl 2 + 2e (1.36V) (4)
Cathode reaction 2H 2 O + 2e → 2OH + H 2 (−0.83 V) (5)

陰極で水素発生反応を行わせる代わりに酸素陰極を用いれば、反応は式(6)の通りになり、理論的には1.23V、実用的電流密度範囲でも0.8V程度の槽電圧を低減することができ、水酸化ナトリウム1トン当たり700kWhの電力原単位の低減が期待できる。
+ 2HO + 4e → 4OH (0.40V) (6)
If an oxygen cathode is used instead of performing a hydrogen generation reaction at the cathode, the reaction becomes as shown in equation (6), and the cell voltage should be reduced to 1.23 V theoretically and 0.8 V even in the practical current density range. A reduction of 700 kWh per unit of sodium hydroxide can be expected.
O 2 + 2H 2 O + 4e → 4OH - (0.40V) (6)

1980年代からガス拡散電極を利用する食塩電解プロセスの実用化が検討されているが、このプロセスを実現させるためには高性能かつ該電解系における充分な安定性を要する酸素陰極の開発が不可欠である。
食塩電解での酸素ガス陰極の経緯については、「食塩電解酸素陰極に関する国内外の状況」、ソーダと塩素、第45巻、85(1994)に詳しい。
The practical use of the salt electrolysis process using gas diffusion electrodes has been studied since the 1980s, but in order to realize this process, the development of an oxygen cathode that requires high performance and sufficient stability in the electrolysis system is indispensable. is there.
The history of oxygen gas cathodes in salt electrolysis is detailed in “Domestic and Domestic Oxygen Cathodic Conditions”, Soda and Chlorine, Vol. 45, 85 (1994).

現在、最も一般的に行われている酸素陰極を用いた食塩電解法は次の通りである(後述の図4に関する説明も参照)。
カチオン交換膜の陰極側に陰極室(苛性室)を介して酸素陰極が配置され、原料となる酸素を陰極背面のガス室から供給する。陽極室、溶液室、およびガス室の3室から構成されるため、3室法と称される。ガス室に供給された酸素は電極内を拡散し触媒層で水と反応して水酸化ナトリウムを生成する。従ってこの電解法に用いられる陰極は、酸素のみを充分に透過し、なおかつ水酸化ナトリウム溶液がガス室へ漏洩しない、いわゆる気液分離型のガス拡散電極でなければならない。このような要求を満たすものとして、カ−ボン粉末とPTFEを混合させシ−ト状に成形した電極基体に銀、白金等の触媒を担持させたガス拡散電極が提案されている。
The salt electrolysis method using an oxygen cathode that is most commonly performed at present is as follows (see also the explanation regarding FIG. 4 described later).
An oxygen cathode is disposed on the cathode side of the cation exchange membrane through a cathode chamber (caustic chamber), and oxygen as a raw material is supplied from a gas chamber on the back surface of the cathode. Since it is composed of an anode chamber, a solution chamber, and a gas chamber, it is called a three-chamber method. Oxygen supplied to the gas chamber diffuses in the electrode and reacts with water in the catalyst layer to produce sodium hydroxide. Therefore, the cathode used in this electrolysis method must be a so-called gas-liquid separation type gas diffusion electrode that sufficiently transmits only oxygen and does not leak the sodium hydroxide solution into the gas chamber. In order to satisfy such requirements, a gas diffusion electrode has been proposed in which a catalyst such as silver or platinum is supported on an electrode base formed by mixing carbon powder and PTFE into a sheet shape.

しかし、このタイプの電解法はいくつかの課題を有している。電極材料として用いられているカ−ボン粉末は高温で水酸化ナトリウムおよび酸素の共存下では容易に劣化し、電極性能を著しく低下させ、また、液圧の上昇及び電極の劣化に伴い発生する水酸化ナトリウム溶液のガス室側への漏洩は、特に大型セルにおいて防止することが困難である。更に前記銀触媒は、耐食性及び安定性の面で改良の余地がある。
これらの問題点を解決するために新規な電解法が提案されている(後述の図4に関する説明も参照)。
この電解法では酸素陰極をイオン交換膜と密着させて配置し(ゼロギャップ構造体)、原料である酸素及び水は電極背面より供給し、また生成物である水酸化ナトリウムは電極背面あるいは下部から回収することを特徴としている。この電解法を用いた場合、上記水酸化ナトリウムの漏洩問題が解決され、陰極溶液室(苛性室)とガス室の分離も不要となる。ガス室と陰極溶液室(苛性室)を兼ねる1室と陽極室の2室から構成されるため2室法と称される。
However, this type of electrolysis method has several problems. Carbon powder used as an electrode material easily deteriorates at high temperatures in the presence of sodium hydroxide and oxygen, significantly lowers electrode performance, and generates water due to an increase in fluid pressure and electrode deterioration. It is difficult to prevent leakage of the sodium oxide solution to the gas chamber side, particularly in a large cell. Furthermore, the silver catalyst has room for improvement in terms of corrosion resistance and stability.
In order to solve these problems, a novel electrolysis method has been proposed (see also the explanation regarding FIG. 4 described later).
In this electrolysis method, an oxygen cathode is placed in close contact with the ion exchange membrane (zero gap structure), oxygen and water as raw materials are supplied from the back of the electrode, and sodium hydroxide as a product is supplied from the back or the bottom of the electrode. It is characterized by collecting. When this electrolytic method is used, the above-mentioned sodium hydroxide leakage problem is solved, and separation of the cathode solution chamber (caustic chamber) from the gas chamber becomes unnecessary. Since it is composed of two chambers, one chamber serving as a gas chamber and a cathode solution chamber (caustic chamber), and an anode chamber, it is called a two-chamber method.

この電解プロセスに適した酸素陰極に要求される性能は従来型のものとは大きく異なり、電極背面に漏洩してきた水酸化ナトリウム溶液を回収するため、電極による苛性室とガス室を分離する機能が不要となり、電極は一体構造である必要がなく、大型化も比較的容易になる。
該ガス拡散電極を使用した場合であっても、生成した水酸化ナトリウムは裏側に移動するのみならず、高さ方向に重力により移動するため、生成する水酸化ナトリウムが過剰である場合には、電極内部に水酸化ナトリウム溶液が滞留し、ガスの供給が阻害されるという課題がある。充分なガス透過性と水酸化ナトリウム溶液による湿潤を避けるための充分な疎水性、及び水酸化ナトリウム溶液が電極内を容易に透過できるための親水性を同時に保有する必要があり、これを解決するために親水層を膜と電極の間に配置する方法が特許3553775号公報において提案されている。
しかしながらこれらの工業電解系は燃料電池の場合と比較して、操業条件が過酷であるために、ガス拡散電極の寿命や性能が十分に得られないという問題点がある。特に過酸化水素の生成に起因する劣化の問題が解決されていない。
The performance required for the oxygen cathode suitable for this electrolysis process is significantly different from that of the conventional type, and the function of separating the caustic chamber and gas chamber by the electrode is used to recover the sodium hydroxide solution leaking to the back of the electrode. It becomes unnecessary, and the electrode does not need to be an integral structure, and the enlargement is relatively easy.
Even when the gas diffusion electrode is used, the generated sodium hydroxide not only moves to the back side, but also moves by gravity in the height direction, so when the generated sodium hydroxide is excessive, There is a problem that the sodium hydroxide solution stays inside the electrode and the gas supply is hindered. It is necessary to have sufficient gas permeability and sufficient hydrophobicity to avoid wetting by sodium hydroxide solution, and hydrophilicity to allow sodium hydroxide solution to easily pass through the electrode. For this purpose, Japanese Patent No. 3553775 proposes a method of disposing a hydrophilic layer between a membrane and an electrode.
However, these industrial electrolytic systems have the problem that the operating conditions of the gas diffusion electrode cannot be sufficiently obtained because the operating conditions are severer than in the case of a fuel cell. In particular, the problem of deterioration due to the generation of hydrogen peroxide has not been solved.

白金に替わる安価な触媒の検討は以前から行われており、アルカリ領域では、スピネル型、ペロブスカイト型、パイロクロア型の酸化物や二酸化マンガン(特にγ-MnOOHが最良)などが優れている。金属キレート錯体も高活性であり、Ni、CO、Feイオンを中心金属とするポルフィリン、フタロシアニンなどの配位錯体は特に検討が進んでいる。これらを熱処理した触媒も活性が向上することが報告されている(参考文献: Electrochemical Hydrogen Technologies, ELSEVIER, (1990))。
特開平8-302493号公報では、白金-カーボン粒子に代わって銀触媒単体粒子が安定で、触媒価格の面で実用性が高いことを開示している。しかしながら、電解性能として、また、耐食性、安定性の観点から改良の余地があった。
以上述べた従来技術を踏まえると、食塩電解用ガス拡散電極触媒としても、高性能(安定)かつ安価な触媒成分とその製造技術の開発が重要であることが示唆される。
Inexpensive catalysts for platinum have been studied for a long time, and in the alkaline region, spinel-type, perovskite-type, pyrochlore-type oxides and manganese dioxide (especially γ-MnOOH) are excellent. Metal chelate complexes are also highly active, and coordination complexes such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines that have Ni, CO, and Fe ions as the central metal are particularly under investigation. It has been reported that the activity of these heat-treated catalysts is also improved (reference: Electrochemical Hydrogen Technologies, ELSEVIER, (1990)).
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-302493 discloses that silver catalyst single particles are stable in place of platinum-carbon particles and are highly practical in terms of catalyst price. However, there has been room for improvement in terms of electrolytic performance and in terms of corrosion resistance and stability.
Based on the above-described conventional technology, it is suggested that development of a high-performance (stable) and inexpensive catalyst component and its manufacturing technology is important as a gas diffusion electrode catalyst for salt electrolysis.

このように燃料電池用にしても食塩電解用にしても従来のガス拡散電極は、白金を不可欠な触媒成分としているため、高価にならざるをえずしかも白金の消耗が大きいため、実操業を行う際の大きな障害となっている。
PEFC用の非白金系カソード触媒として、Ir、Ru、錯体、活性炭、各種金属酸化物などが検討されてきたが、触媒活性と耐食性の両面で、白金系触媒に替わり得るものは未開発であった。
従って本発明は前述の従来技術の問題点を解消し、比較的安価な触媒金属を使用して従来とほぼ同等の電極活性を有するガス拡散電極とその製造方法、及び当該ガス拡散電極を用いる燃料電池及び食塩電解セルを提供することを目的とする。
Thus, the conventional gas diffusion electrode for both fuel cells and salt electrolysis uses platinum as an indispensable catalyst component, so it must be expensive and consumes much platinum. It has become a major obstacle to doing.
Ir, Ru, complexes, activated carbon, various metal oxides, etc. have been studied as non-platinum cathode catalysts for PEFC, but there are no developments that can replace platinum catalysts in terms of both catalytic activity and corrosion resistance. It was.
Accordingly, the present invention solves the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, uses a relatively inexpensive catalytic metal, has a gas diffusion electrode having almost the same electrode activity as that of the prior art, a method for manufacturing the same, and a fuel using the gas diffusion electrode It aims at providing a battery and a salt electrolysis cell.

本発明は、多孔性基材、該多孔性基材に担持された触媒及び疎水性材料を含んで成るガス拡散電極において、前記触媒がRu、Ti、Mo、W、V、Ir、Nb、W、Cu、Ni 、La、Ca、Cu、 Zr及びTaから選ばれる2種以上の金属及び/又は金属化合物から構成されることを特徴とするガス拡散電極である。前記多孔性基材は弁金属製としても良い。これらのガス拡散電極は燃料電池用や食塩電解セル用として使用できる。   The present invention relates to a gas diffusion electrode comprising a porous substrate, a catalyst supported on the porous substrate and a hydrophobic material, wherein the catalyst is Ru, Ti, Mo, W, V, Ir, Nb, W A gas diffusion electrode comprising two or more metals and / or metal compounds selected from Cu, Ni, La, Ca, Cu, Zr and Ta. The porous substrate may be made of valve metal. These gas diffusion electrodes can be used for fuel cells and salt electrolysis cells.

以下本発明を詳細に説明する。
本発明のガス拡散電極は、その触媒金属として白金を使用せず、Ru、Ti、Mo、W、V、Ir、Nb、W、Cu、Ni 、La、Ca、Cu、 Zr及びTaから選ばれる少なくとも2種以上の金属及び/又は金属化合物を使用する。白金を使用しないため安価にガス拡散電極を製造でき、更に前述の金属を2種以上組み合わせると、白金を使用する従来のガス拡散電極に匹敵する性能を有するガス拡散電極が得られる。特に好ましい金属の組み合わせは、Ir-Ti、Ir-Mo、Ru-Ti及びRu-Moなどである。
単成分系であると、触媒粒子が大きい、電気伝導率が小さい、比表面積が小さい、などの欠点が生じるため、本発明では採用しない。
The present invention will be described in detail below.
The gas diffusion electrode of the present invention does not use platinum as its catalytic metal, and is selected from Ru, Ti, Mo, W, V, Ir, Nb, W, Cu, Ni, La, Ca, Cu, Zr and Ta At least two kinds of metals and / or metal compounds are used. Since platinum is not used, a gas diffusion electrode can be manufactured at low cost. Further, when two or more of the above metals are combined, a gas diffusion electrode having performance comparable to that of a conventional gas diffusion electrode using platinum can be obtained. Particularly preferred metal combinations include Ir—Ti, Ir—Mo, Ru—Ti and Ru—Mo.
The single component system has disadvantages such as large catalyst particles, small electric conductivity, and small specific surface area, and is not employed in the present invention.

前記多孔性基材として弁金属繊維または粉末、またはそれらの焼結体、または、表面がそれらの金属で被覆された構造体を使用でき、カーボン製多孔性基材と異なり、耐久性が高く、過酷な条件での使用が可能になる。
このガス拡散電極は燃料電池や食塩電解セルの電極としても使用可能である。触媒中に燃料電池触媒で常用されているカーボン粉末を使用しないため、特に燃料電池における活性酸素の発生が抑制され、電解性能が長期に亘って安定に作動する。
As the porous substrate, valve metal fibers or powder, or a sintered body thereof, or a structure whose surface is coated with the metal can be used, and unlike a carbon porous substrate, the durability is high. It can be used under severe conditions.
This gas diffusion electrode can also be used as an electrode for a fuel cell or a salt electrolysis cell. Since the carbon powder commonly used in the fuel cell catalyst is not used in the catalyst, the generation of active oxygen in the fuel cell is particularly suppressed, and the electrolysis performance operates stably over a long period of time.

以上のように、本発明のガス拡散電極では、白金を除く、2種以上の金属成分からなる触媒を使用する。
従来技術では、酸性電解質中での酸素還元に用いる電極触媒は、主に白金あるいは白金基合金であるが、白金は高価であるばかりでなく、作動につれて消耗もする。
これに対し本発明のガス拡散電極は、高価かつ消耗の大きい白金を使用しない。本発明で使用する金属は白金に比して一桁以上安価であり、酸素過電圧は白金よりもやや劣るものの、安定性があり実用性が高い。従って安価に製造でき実用的の高いガス拡散電極が提供でき、ガス拡散電極の利用を促進し、エネルギー節減に寄与するものと期待される。
As described above, the gas diffusion electrode of the present invention uses a catalyst composed of two or more metal components excluding platinum.
In the prior art, the electrode catalyst used for oxygen reduction in an acidic electrolyte is mainly platinum or a platinum-based alloy, but platinum is not only expensive but also consumed as it operates.
In contrast, the gas diffusion electrode of the present invention does not use expensive and highly consumed platinum. The metal used in the present invention is one digit or more cheaper than platinum, and the oxygen overvoltage is slightly inferior to platinum, but is stable and highly practical. Accordingly, it is expected that a gas diffusion electrode that can be manufactured at a low cost and has high practicality can be provided, and the utilization of the gas diffusion electrode is promoted to contribute to energy saving.

以下に本発明のガス拡散電極の各要素に関し詳細に説明する。   Hereinafter, each element of the gas diffusion electrode of the present invention will be described in detail.

[触媒とその製法]
触媒金属はRu、Ti、Mo、W、V、Ir、Nb、W、Cu、Ni 、La、Ca、Cu、 Zr及びTaから選ばれる2種以上の金属であり、好ましくはRu、Ti、Mo、W、V、Irから選ばれる2種以上の金属である。
本発明の電極触媒に含まれる金属組成比は、2成分の場合、モル比で1:9〜9:1の範囲にあることが好ましい。この比率以外の範囲では成分の複合化による触媒の高活性及び機械的、化学的安定性が得られない。これらの金属イオンを含む化合物としては、塩化物、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、炭酸塩、有機錯体などが好ましく、特に、後述の熱分解後に原料塩の成分が残留しない点で、硝酸塩、有機錯体が好ましい。
[Catalyst and its production method]
The catalytic metal is at least two metals selected from Ru, Ti, Mo, W, V, Ir, Nb, W, Cu, Ni, La, Ca, Cu, Zr and Ta, preferably Ru, Ti, Mo Two or more metals selected from W, V and Ir.
In the case of two components, the metal composition ratio contained in the electrode catalyst of the present invention is preferably in the range of 1: 9 to 9: 1 by molar ratio. In the range other than this ratio, high activity and mechanical and chemical stability of the catalyst due to the combination of components cannot be obtained. As compounds containing these metal ions, chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, carbonates, organic complexes and the like are preferable, and nitrates and organic complexes are particularly preferable in that the components of the raw material salts do not remain after thermal decomposition described below. .

これらの金属イオンを含む溶液を調製する場合、溶媒としては水、アルコール、それらの混合溶液が好ましい。
上記化合物を溶解させた溶液を熱分解する場合、焼成温度として300〜600℃に制御された雰囲気炉またはスプレードライアー内にて前記溶液を噴霧し、焼成時間10-60分で、微小の触媒粒子を製造させ、これをサイクロン式の捕集装置等で回収することが好ましい。
When preparing a solution containing these metal ions, the solvent is preferably water, alcohol, or a mixed solution thereof.
When pyrolyzing the solution in which the above compound is dissolved, the catalyst is sprayed in an atmosphere furnace or spray dryer controlled at a firing temperature of 300 to 600 ° C., and the firing time is 10 to 60 minutes. It is preferable to collect this and collect it with a cyclone-type collection device or the like.

また、錯体重合法で調製することも可能であり、代表的な製法としては、各金属のクエン酸錯体を生成させ、それにエチレングリコールを加えてポリエステル化し、さらに、それを空気中で350℃程度の低温で良好に固溶した多元系金属酸化物を合成する。
また、各金属塩の溶液から金属種を同時に沈殿させる、共沈法による合成も可能である。
前記触媒の代表的寸法(全粒子の90%以上)は1〜100nmであり、製造雰囲気は、大気中とすることが好ましい。
触媒は製法に応じて金属(金属合金)、金属酸化物などの形態で多孔性基材上に形成又は担持される。
It can also be prepared by a complex polymerization method. A typical production method is to form a citric acid complex of each metal, add ethylene glycol to the polyester, and further convert it to about 350 ° C in air. A multi-component metal oxide that is well-dissolved at a low temperature is synthesized.
In addition, synthesis by a coprecipitation method in which metal species are simultaneously precipitated from a solution of each metal salt is also possible.
The typical dimension of the catalyst (90% or more of all particles) is 1 to 100 nm, and the production atmosphere is preferably in the air.
The catalyst is formed or supported on the porous substrate in the form of metal (metal alloy), metal oxide or the like according to the production method.

[触媒の形態]
本発明のガス拡散電極は、多孔性基材と該多孔性基材に担持された触媒及び疎水性材料を含むが、その形態は2種類に大別される。2種類の形態を図1及び図2に示す。
図1に示す形態は、多孔性基材の表面に、多数の触媒粒子と多数の疎水性粒子を電解質を介して担持した例である(以下第1形態ともいう)。
図2に示す形態は、多孔性基材表面全体に層状に触媒を被覆し、この触媒層に多数の疎水性粒子を電解質を介して担持した例である(以下第2形態ともいう)。
[Catalyst form]
The gas diffusion electrode of the present invention includes a porous base material, a catalyst supported on the porous base material, and a hydrophobic material, and the forms are roughly classified into two types. Two forms are shown in FIGS.
The form shown in FIG. 1 is an example in which a large number of catalyst particles and a large number of hydrophobic particles are supported on the surface of a porous substrate via an electrolyte (hereinafter also referred to as a first form).
The form shown in FIG. 2 is an example in which the entire surface of the porous base material is coated with a catalyst and a large number of hydrophobic particles are supported on the catalyst layer via an electrolyte (hereinafter also referred to as a second form).

[触媒スラリー]
第1形態のガス拡散電極の製造の場合、前記触媒粒子と水、有機溶剤等の溶媒とからなり、高分子電解質、フッ素樹脂微粒子を添加した塗料を調製することが好ましい。触媒粉末、フッ素樹脂微粒子、繊維焼結体などで出来た三次元的なガス流通通路を兼ねた疎水性かつ多孔性材料の内部及び外表面に塗料を塗布して120〜370℃で乾燥、焼成することによって触媒を形成した反応層を有するガス拡散電極が得られる。触媒粉末のバインダーとして高分子固体電解質成分を用いると接触面積が増大し性能向上が期待できる。本塗料を用いて、後述の多孔性材料や高分子電解質膜に上記塗料を塗付する方法などもある。
[Catalyst slurry]
In the case of producing the gas diffusion electrode of the first form, it is preferable to prepare a coating material comprising the catalyst particles and a solvent such as water or an organic solvent, to which a polymer electrolyte and fluororesin fine particles are added. Apply paint to the inside and outside surfaces of hydrophobic and porous materials that also serve as a three-dimensional gas flow path made of catalyst powder, fluororesin fine particles, fiber sintered body, etc., and dry and calcinate at 120-370 ° C By doing so, a gas diffusion electrode having a reaction layer in which a catalyst is formed is obtained. When a polymer solid electrolyte component is used as the binder of the catalyst powder, the contact area increases and performance improvement can be expected. There is also a method of applying the paint to a porous material or a polymer electrolyte membrane described later using the paint.

[多孔性基材]
第1形態の場合、電極基材としてカーボンから成るクロス、繊維焼結体等の多孔性材料を用いることが好ましい。基材はガス、液の供給、除去のため、適度の多孔性を有しかつ十分な電導性を保つことが好ましい。厚さ0.01〜5mm、空隙率が30〜95%、代表的孔径としては0.001〜1mmが好ましい。カーボンクロスは数μmの細いカーボン繊維を数百本の束とし、これを織布としたものであるが、気液透過性に優れた材料であり好ましく使用できる。カーボンペーパーはカーボン原料繊維を製紙法にて薄膜の前駆体とし、これを焼結したものであるが、これも使用に適する材料である。上記基体材料の表面は一般的に疎水性であり、酸素ガスの供給の観点からは好ましい材料である。
[Porous substrate]
In the case of the first embodiment, it is preferable to use a porous material such as a cloth made of carbon or a fiber sintered body as the electrode base material. It is preferable that the substrate has an appropriate porosity and sufficient conductivity for supplying and removing gas and liquid. The thickness is preferably 0.01 to 5 mm, the porosity is 30 to 95%, and the typical pore diameter is preferably 0.001 to 1 mm. The carbon cloth is a bundle of hundreds of fine carbon fibers having a thickness of several μm, which is used as a woven fabric. However, it is a material excellent in gas-liquid permeability and can be preferably used. Carbon paper is obtained by using carbon raw material fibers as a thin film precursor by a paper manufacturing method and sintering it, and is also a material suitable for use. The surface of the base material is generally hydrophobic and is a preferable material from the viewpoint of supplying oxygen gas.

電極用多孔性基材として高導電性材料の使用が好ましい。前記カーボン材料は導電性ではあるが、金属に比較すれば劣っており、1mΩcm以下にすることは困難である。性能を改善する目的で、プレス加工を施すことができる。プレス加工は、カーボン材料を圧縮することによって全体の導電性を高めるとともに、圧力を加えて使用した際の導電性変化を低減させ、かつ、触媒と基体の接合度が向上することによる導電性向上に寄与する。
また、基体および触媒層の圧縮、及び触媒と基体の接合度の向上によって、原料酸素ガスの供給能力も向上する。プレス加工装置としては、ホットプレス、ホットローラーなどの公知の装置を利用できる。プレスは、室温〜360℃にて、圧力1-50kgf/cm2で行うことが望ましい。
It is preferable to use a highly conductive material as a porous substrate for an electrode. Although the carbon material is conductive, it is inferior to metal, and it is difficult to make it 1 mΩcm or less. For the purpose of improving performance, press working can be performed. Press working increases the overall conductivity by compressing the carbon material, reduces the change in conductivity when used under pressure, and improves the conductivity by improving the degree of bonding between the catalyst and the substrate. Contribute to.
Further, the supply capacity of the raw material oxygen gas is improved by compressing the base and the catalyst layer and improving the degree of bonding between the catalyst and the base. As the press working apparatus, a known apparatus such as a hot press or a hot roller can be used. The pressing is desirably performed at room temperature to 360 ° C. and a pressure of 1-50 kgf / cm 2 .

[多孔性基材への触媒形成]
第2形態の場合は、触媒スラリーを作製せずに多孔性基材に直接触媒成分を形成する。この場合、多孔性基材として、チタンなどの弁金属繊維、粉末、それらの焼結体で形成され、または表面が弁金属で被覆された空孔を有する構造体を使用することが好ましい。弁金属繊維、粉末、それらの焼結体としては、市販されている材料がそのまま使用できる。構造体への弁金属皮膜の製法は電気めっき、無電解めっき、CVD、蒸着などの公知の手法が選択できる。
これらの方法で得られる電極は、熱分解による金属酸化物の形成により、触媒酸化物との結合力が格段に向上するため、より安定な電極性能を得ることができる。
[Catalyst formation on porous substrate]
In the case of the second form, the catalyst component is formed directly on the porous substrate without preparing a catalyst slurry. In this case, it is preferable to use, as the porous base material, a structure having pores formed of valve metal fibers such as titanium, powder, or a sintered body thereof or having a surface covered with the valve metal. Commercially available materials can be used as they are as the valve metal fibers, powders, and sintered bodies thereof. A known method such as electroplating, electroless plating, CVD, or vapor deposition can be selected as a method for producing the valve metal film on the structure.
The electrodes obtained by these methods can obtain more stable electrode performance because the bond strength with the catalyst oxide is remarkably improved by the formation of the metal oxide by thermal decomposition.

触媒は実質的に第1形態と同じ仕様が好ましい。
塗布、乾燥、焼成は数回に分けて実施すると、均質な触媒層が得られるので特に好ましい。触媒を形成させた多孔性基材は通常親水性であり、ガス拡散性を向上させるために、疎水性材料を塗布し固着する。疎水性材料としては、フッ化ピッチ、フッ化黒鉛、フッ素樹脂が好ましく、特に耐久性のあるフッ素樹脂を200℃から400℃の温度において焼成して使用することは均一かつ良好な性能を得るために好ましい方法である。フッ素成分の粉末の粒径は0.005〜1μmが好ましい。
The catalyst preferably has substantially the same specifications as in the first embodiment.
It is particularly preferable to apply the coating, drying and firing in several times since a homogeneous catalyst layer can be obtained. The porous substrate on which the catalyst is formed is usually hydrophilic, and a hydrophobic material is applied and fixed to improve gas diffusibility. As the hydrophobic material, fluorinated pitch, fluorinated graphite, and fluororesin are preferable. In particular, durable fluororesin is baked at a temperature of 200 ° C to 400 ° C to obtain uniform and good performance. This is a preferable method. The particle size of the fluorine component powder is preferably 0.005 to 1 μm.

[燃料電池]
イオン交換膜燃料電池においては、イオン交換膜の特性が重要であるが、イオン交換膜として化学的安定性に優れたものには、ポリパーフルオロスルホン酸を成膜したものが知られており、例えば米国デュポン社製:商品名ナフィオン、旭硝子(株)製:商品名フレミオン、旭化成ケミカルズ(株)製:商品名アシプレックス等がある。最近では、酸化耐性の優れた膜、PBIなどの炭化水素系膜でも高耐食性、メタノールなどの有機原料の透過防止性に優れた市販品もあり、利用可能である。
[Fuel cell]
In ion-exchange membrane fuel cells, the characteristics of ion-exchange membranes are important, but those with excellent chemical stability as ion-exchange membranes are known to have formed polyperfluorosulfonic acid, For example, there is a product name Nafion manufactured by DuPont, USA, a product name Flemion manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., and a product name Aciplex manufactured by Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation. Recently, there are commercially available products having excellent oxidation resistance and hydrocarbon-based films such as PBI, which have high corrosion resistance and excellent permeation-preventing properties of organic materials such as methanol.

燃料電池として作動させるために、作製したガス拡散電極に高分子固体電解質膜を積層して圧着する必要がある。この工程は膜が可塑性になる温度に加熱して圧着するのが好ましい。前記触媒は、前記したとおり、高分子固体電解質膜に直接形成することも可能であり、この場合にはガス供給層として疎水性の多孔性材料を挟んで触媒を形成した膜と一体化すればよい。加熱の際の好ましい温度は膜の材質により異なるが、圧着時に膜材質が、軟化若しくは半溶融状態になり、かつ分解温度より低い温度が好ましく、パーフルオロスルホン酸系の高分子電解質膜では100〜150℃で行なうことが好ましい。上記電極を2枚用意し反応層側を内側にして電解質を挟む構造(膜−電極接合体、MEA)とする。   In order to operate as a fuel cell, it is necessary to laminate and pressure-bond a polymer solid electrolyte membrane on the produced gas diffusion electrode. In this step, the film is preferably heated and pressure-bonded to a temperature at which the film becomes plastic. As described above, the catalyst can be directly formed on the polymer solid electrolyte membrane. In this case, if the catalyst is integrated with a membrane in which a hydrophobic porous material is sandwiched as a gas supply layer, Good. The preferred temperature at the time of heating varies depending on the material of the membrane, but the membrane material is in a softened or semi-molten state at the time of pressure bonding, and is preferably a temperature lower than the decomposition temperature. It is preferable to carry out at 150 ° C. A structure (membrane-electrode assembly, MEA) is prepared in which two electrodes are prepared and the electrolyte is sandwiched with the reaction layer side inside.

この両側からそれぞれ燃料と酸化剤を供給する。水素の供給量は理論量の1〜2倍程度が良い。原料である水素ガスは天然ガス、石油改質で生成した水素ガスを利用してもよいが、CO混入率は少ない方がいい。通常の燃料電池用触媒では10ppmが許容される。供給ガスは必要に応じて湿潤処理を施す。
酸素の供給量は理論量の1〜2倍程度が良い。原料である酸素ガスとしては空気を用いるか、市販のボンベを利用してもよいが、空気またはPSA装置により空気から濃縮された酸素を用いてもよい。一般に酸素濃度が大きいほど、大きい電流密度を流すことができる。
Fuel and oxidant are supplied from both sides. The supply amount of hydrogen is preferably about 1 to 2 times the theoretical amount. As the raw material hydrogen gas, natural gas or hydrogen gas generated by petroleum reforming may be used, but it is preferable that the CO contamination rate is small. A typical fuel cell catalyst allows 10 ppm. The supply gas is wetted as necessary.
The supply amount of oxygen is preferably about 1 to 2 times the theoretical amount. As the raw material oxygen gas, air or a commercially available cylinder may be used, but air or oxygen concentrated from the air by a PSA device may be used. In general, the greater the oxygen concentration, the greater the current density that can flow.

電極の外側にはこれに電流を供給し、ガスの供給、排出を行うための集電体を配置する。集電体としては黒鉛、チタン、ステンレスなどの良伝導性かつ耐食性があり、溝加工を施すか、代わりに同材料のメッシュやルーバーを形成した空孔を有する材料を用いることができる。
2枚の給電体により膜-電極接合体と集電体を重ねて挟み込むことで電池セルが構成される。給電体には、電流を供給し、ガスの供給、排出を行うための溝などの開口部がある。
On the outside of the electrode, a current collector is disposed for supplying current and supplying and discharging gas. As the current collector, a material having good conductivity and corrosion resistance, such as graphite, titanium, stainless steel, or the like, which has been subjected to grooving or instead has a hole formed with a mesh or louver of the same material can be used.
A battery cell is formed by sandwiching a membrane-electrode assembly and a current collector with two power feeding members. The power feeder has an opening such as a groove for supplying current and supplying and discharging gas.

次に燃料電池の構造につき説明する。
図3は、本発明のガス拡散電極を使用した燃料電池を例示する概略断面図である。
高分子固体電解質として機能するイオン交換膜1の両面には、それぞれガス拡散電極である板状の酸素極(カソード)2及び水素極(アノード)3がそれぞれの反応層側を内側にしてイオン交換膜1に密着し、両極でイオン交換膜1を密着状態で挟む構造(膜−電極接合体、MEA)となっている。
Next, the structure of the fuel cell will be described.
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a fuel cell using the gas diffusion electrode of the present invention.
A plate-like oxygen electrode (cathode) 2 and a hydrogen electrode (anode) 3, which are gas diffusion electrodes, are ion-exchanged on both sides of the ion exchange membrane 1 functioning as a polymer solid electrolyte with the reaction layer side inside. It has a structure (membrane-electrode assembly, MEA) that is in close contact with the membrane 1 and that sandwiches the ion exchange membrane 1 in both electrodes.

両極2、3は、Ru、Ti、Mo、W、V、Ir、Nb、W、Cu、Ni 、La、Ca、Cu、 Zr及びTaから選ばれる2種以上の金属や金属酸化物などの触媒粒子を疎水性樹脂などのバインダーとともにカーボンペーパーなどの電極基体に被覆し焼成して構成されている。
前記酸素極2及び水素極3のそれぞれのイオン交換膜1とは反対面の周縁には、額縁状の酸素極用ガスケット4と水素極用ガスケット5が密着している。当該酸素極用ガスケット4と水素極用ガスケット5のそれぞれの内縁側には、多孔性の酸素極用集電体6と水素極用集電体7が、酸素極2及び水素極3に接触するように設置されている。
前記酸素極用ガスケット4には、イオン交換膜に向かう側に複数の凹面が形成された酸素極フレーム8の周縁が接触し、この酸素極フレーム8と酸素極2間に酸素極室9が形成されている。
The bipolar electrodes 2 and 3 are catalysts such as Ru, Ti, Mo, W, V, Ir, Nb, W, Cu, Ni, La, Ca, Cu, Zr, and Ta. The particles are coated with an electrode substrate such as carbon paper together with a binder such as a hydrophobic resin and fired.
A frame-shaped oxygen electrode gasket 4 and a hydrogen electrode gasket 5 are in close contact with the peripheral edges of the oxygen electrode 2 and the hydrogen electrode 3 opposite to the ion exchange membrane 1. A porous oxygen electrode current collector 6 and a hydrogen electrode current collector 7 are in contact with the oxygen electrode 2 and the hydrogen electrode 3 on the inner edge sides of the oxygen electrode gasket 4 and the hydrogen electrode gasket 5, respectively. It is installed as follows.
The oxygen electrode gasket 4 is in contact with the periphery of an oxygen electrode frame 8 having a plurality of concave surfaces on the side facing the ion exchange membrane, and an oxygen electrode chamber 9 is formed between the oxygen electrode frame 8 and the oxygen electrode 2. Has been.

他方、前記水素極用ガスケット5には、イオン交換膜に向かう側に複数の凹面が形成された水素極フレーム10の周縁が接触し、この水素極フレーム10と水素極3間に水素極室11が形成される。
12は酸素極フレーム8の上部に横向きに開口された酸素ガス供給口、13は酸素極フレーム8の下部に横向きに開口された未反応酸素ガス及び生成水取出口、14は水素極フレーム10の上部に横向きに開口された水素ガス供給口、15は水素極フレーム10の下部に横向きに開口された未反応水素ガス取出口である。
On the other hand, the peripheral edge of the hydrogen electrode frame 10 having a plurality of concave surfaces formed on the side facing the ion exchange membrane is in contact with the hydrogen electrode gasket 5, and a hydrogen electrode chamber 11 is formed between the hydrogen electrode frame 10 and the hydrogen electrode 3. Is formed.
12 is an oxygen gas supply port that is opened laterally at the top of the oxygen electrode frame 8, 13 is an unreacted oxygen gas and product water outlet that is opened laterally at the bottom of the oxygen electrode frame 8, and 14 is an outlet of the hydrogen electrode frame 10. A hydrogen gas supply port 15 that opens laterally at the top, and 15 is an unreacted hydrogen gas outlet that opens laterally at the bottom of the hydrogen electrode frame 10.

このような構成から成る燃料電池の酸素極2及び水素極3にそれぞれ酸素含有ガスと燃料の水素を供給する。水素の供給量は理論量の1〜2倍程度が良い。原料である水素ガスは天然ガス、石油改質で生成した水素ガスを利用してもよいが、CO混入率はできるだけ少なくし、10ppm程度まで許容される。供給ガスは必要に応じて湿潤処理を施す。酸素の供給量も理論量の1〜2倍程度が良い。一般に酸素濃度が大きいほど、大きい電流密度で電流を流すことができる。   An oxygen-containing gas and fuel hydrogen are respectively supplied to the oxygen electrode 2 and the hydrogen electrode 3 of the fuel cell having such a configuration. The supply amount of hydrogen is preferably about 1 to 2 times the theoretical amount. As the raw material hydrogen gas, natural gas or hydrogen gas generated by petroleum reforming may be used, but the CO contamination rate is reduced as much as possible and is allowed to about 10 ppm. The supply gas is wetted as necessary. The supply amount of oxygen is also preferably about 1 to 2 times the theoretical amount. In general, the larger the oxygen concentration, the larger the current density that allows a current to flow.

前記ガス供給により、水素極側で水素が水素イオンと電子に解離する。この電子が水素極端子から外部負荷に供給されてエネルギー付与を行った後、酸素極端子を通って酸素極に達し、供給される酸素及び水素極からイオン交換膜を透過してくる水素イオンと反応して水を生成する。
使用する酸素極2及び水素極3の触媒は、白金以外の2種以上の金属や金属酸化物であり、安価で、耐久性に優れ、触媒活性が長期間維持される。
By the gas supply, hydrogen dissociates into hydrogen ions and electrons on the hydrogen electrode side. After the electrons are supplied to the external load from the hydrogen electrode terminal and applied with energy, the oxygen reaches the oxygen electrode through the oxygen electrode terminal, and the supplied hydrogen and hydrogen ions that pass through the ion exchange membrane from the hydrogen electrode and Reacts to produce water.
The catalyst of the oxygen electrode 2 and the hydrogen electrode 3 to be used is two or more kinds of metals and metal oxides other than platinum, is inexpensive, has excellent durability, and maintains the catalytic activity for a long time.

[食塩電解]
ガス拡散電極は、前記燃料電池と場合と同様に製造できる。本発明のガス拡散電極は、安価で、耐久性に優れるため、過酷な条件で使用される食塩電解セルでも好適に使用できる。
食塩電解セルでは、このガス拡散電極以外にも次のような部材を使用できる。
[Salt electrolysis]
The gas diffusion electrode can be manufactured in the same manner as the fuel cell. Since the gas diffusion electrode of the present invention is inexpensive and excellent in durability, it can be suitably used even in a salt electrolysis cell used under severe conditions.
In the salt electrolysis cell, the following members can be used in addition to the gas diffusion electrode.

まず親水層の使用である。
高電流密度かつ大型の食塩電解セルに2室型ガス拡散電極を適用する場合、親水層を膜と電極の間に配置すると、電解液の維持及び反応場からの除去に効果がある。親水層としては、耐食性を有する金属や樹脂からなる多孔性構造体が好ましい。電極反応に寄与しない部品であるため、導電性は無くても良い。例としてカーボン、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化セリウム、炭化珪素などのセラミックス、親水性化したPTFE、FEPなどの樹脂、金属例として銀が好ましい。形状は厚さが0.01〜5mmのシートが好ましい。活性な化学種がイオン交換膜を破損することを防止するために、マンガン酸化物などを塗布することも可能である。
The first is the use of a hydrophilic layer.
When the two-chamber gas diffusion electrode is applied to a large salt electrolysis cell having a high current density, if a hydrophilic layer is disposed between the membrane and the electrode, it is effective in maintaining the electrolyte and removing it from the reaction field. As the hydrophilic layer, a porous structure made of corrosion-resistant metal or resin is preferable. Since it is a part that does not contribute to the electrode reaction, it does not have to be conductive. Preferred examples include carbon, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, silicon carbide and other ceramics, hydrophilic PTFE and FEP resins, and metal examples such as silver. The shape is preferably a sheet having a thickness of 0.01 to 5 mm. In order to prevent active chemical species from damaging the ion exchange membrane, manganese oxide or the like can be applied.

前記親水層は膜と陰極の間に配置されるために弾力性があり、圧力の不均一な分布が生じる場合に変形しこれを吸収する材料が好ましい。また陰極液を常に保持する材料、構造であることが好ましく、必要に応じて親水性材料を表面に形成させておく。構造は、網、織物、不織物、発泡体、粉末を原料とし孔形成剤と各種バインダーでシート状に成形した後、溶剤により孔形成粒子を除去させた焼結板、それらを重ねたものなどが良い。孔形成剤により形成される代表的孔径は0.005〜5mmである。
以上により、充分なガス透過性と水酸化ナトリウム溶液による湿潤を避けるための充分な疎水性、及び水酸化ナトリウム溶液が電極内を容易に透過できるための親水性を同時に保有し、且つ、高導電性を有するガス拡散電極系が構築される。
Since the hydrophilic layer is disposed between the membrane and the cathode, it is elastic, and a material that deforms and absorbs uneven pressure distribution is preferable. Moreover, it is preferable that it is a material and a structure which always hold | maintain a catholyte, and a hydrophilic material is formed in the surface as needed. The structure is a sintered plate with nets, woven fabrics, non-woven fabrics, foams, powders made from a raw material, molded into a sheet with a pore-forming agent and various binders, and then the pore-forming particles are removed with a solvent, and a stack of them. Is good. A typical pore size formed by the pore forming agent is 0.005 to 5 mm.
As described above, it has sufficient gas permeability, sufficient hydrophobicity to avoid wetting by sodium hydroxide solution, and hydrophilicity that allows sodium hydroxide solution to easily pass through the electrode, and has high conductivity. A gas diffusion electrode system having the property is constructed.

次いで導電性支持材である。ガス拡散電極を電解セルに配置する際に、電極を支え、また電気的導通を補助する目的として導電性支持材を用いることができる。支持材としては、適切な均一性かつクッション性を有することが好ましい。ニッケル、ステンレスなどの金属メッシュ、スプリング、板ばね、ウェブ状などの公知材料を使用すればよい。銀以外の材料を使用する場合には銀めっきを施すことが耐食性の観点から好ましい。
電極を電解セルに配置するには、0.05〜30kgf/cm2の圧力で膜、気液透過層、ガス陰極、支持体とを一体化することが好ましい。陰極支持体と膜の間に挟んだ気液透過層及びガス陰極は、支持体の弾性及び陽極液の液高さによる水圧差により固定されることになる。これらの部材はセル組み立ての前に、先に一体化しておき、膜と同様にセルガスケットに挟み込むか、支持体に固定させておいてもよい。
Next, a conductive support material. When the gas diffusion electrode is disposed in the electrolytic cell, a conductive support can be used for the purpose of supporting the electrode and assisting electrical conduction. The support material preferably has appropriate uniformity and cushioning properties. A known material such as a metal mesh such as nickel or stainless steel, a spring, a leaf spring, or a web may be used. In the case of using a material other than silver, it is preferable to perform silver plating from the viewpoint of corrosion resistance.
In order to dispose the electrode in the electrolytic cell, it is preferable to integrate the membrane, the gas-liquid permeable layer, the gas cathode, and the support at a pressure of 0.05 to 30 kgf / cm 2 . The gas-liquid permeable layer and the gas cathode sandwiched between the cathode support and the membrane are fixed by the water pressure difference depending on the elasticity of the support and the liquid height of the anolyte. These members may be integrated before cell assembly, and may be sandwiched between cell gaskets or fixed to a support in the same manner as the membrane.

食塩電解でガス拡散電極を使用する場合、イオン交換膜としてはフッ素樹脂系の膜が耐食性の面から最適である。陽極はDSE、DSAと呼ばれるチタン製の不溶性電極であり、膜と密着して用いることができるよう多孔性であることが好ましい。前記ガス拡散電極と膜を密着させる必要がある場合には前もってそれらを機械的に結合させておくか、或いは電解時に圧力を与えておけば十分である。圧力は0.05〜30kgf/cmが好ましい。電解条件としては、温度は60〜95℃が好ましく、電流密度は10〜100A/dmが好ましい。
酸素供給量は4電子還元において理論的に消費される量の1.05〜2倍が好適である。必要に応じて酸素ガスは加湿する。加湿方法としてはセル入口に70〜95℃に加温された加湿装置を設け、酸素ガスを通すことで自由に制御できる。現在市販されている膜の性能では、陽極水の濃度を150〜200g/Lに保つと加湿する必要がない。一方新規に開発された膜では加湿する必要がない。水酸化ナトリウム濃度は25〜40wt%が適当であるが、基本的には膜の特性によって決まる。
When a gas diffusion electrode is used for salt electrolysis, a fluororesin film is optimal as an ion exchange film from the viewpoint of corrosion resistance. The anode is a titanium insoluble electrode called DSE or DSA, and is preferably porous so that it can be used in close contact with the membrane. If it is necessary to bring the gas diffusion electrode and the film into close contact with each other, it is sufficient to mechanically connect them in advance or to apply pressure during electrolysis. The pressure is preferably 0.05 to 30 kgf / cm 2 . As electrolysis conditions, the temperature is preferably 60 to 95 ° C., and the current density is preferably 10 to 100 A / dm 2 .
The oxygen supply amount is preferably 1.05 to 2 times the amount theoretically consumed in the 4-electron reduction. If necessary, oxygen gas is humidified. The humidification method can be freely controlled by providing a humidifier heated to 70 to 95 ° C. at the cell inlet and passing oxygen gas. In the performance of the membrane currently on the market, it is not necessary to humidify the anode water when the concentration of the anode water is kept at 150 to 200 g / L. On the other hand, the newly developed membrane does not need to be humidified. A sodium hydroxide concentration of 25-40 wt% is appropriate, but basically it depends on the characteristics of the membrane.

次に食塩電解セルの構造につき説明する。
図4は、本発明のガス拡散電極を使用した3室法電解セルを例示する概略断面図である。
3室法電解セル21は、パーフルオロスルホン酸系の陽イオン交換膜22により、陽極室23と陰極室24と区画されている。陽イオン交換膜22の陽極室23側には、多孔性の寸法安定性陽極25が密着し、陽イオン交換膜22の陰極室側には間隔を空けて、ガス拡散陰極26が設置され、このガス拡散陰極26により前記陰極室24が陽イオン交換膜22側の陰極液室27と反対側の陰極ガス室28に区画されている。前記ガス拡散陰極26は、Ru、Ti、Mo、W、V、Ir、Nb、W、Cu、Ni 、La、Ca、Cu、 Zr及びTaから選ばれる2種以上の金属や金属酸化物などの触媒粒子を、疎水性樹脂などのバインダーとともにカーボンペーパーなどの電極基体に被覆し焼成して構成されている。
Next, the structure of the salt electrolysis cell will be described.
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a three-chamber method electrolysis cell using the gas diffusion electrode of the present invention.
The three-chamber electrolysis cell 21 is divided into an anode chamber 23 and a cathode chamber 24 by a perfluorosulfonic acid-based cation exchange membrane 22. A porous dimensionally stable anode 25 is in close contact with the anode chamber 23 side of the cation exchange membrane 22, and a gas diffusion cathode 26 is installed on the cathode chamber side of the cation exchange membrane 22 with a space therebetween. The cathode chamber 24 is partitioned by a gas diffusion cathode 26 into a cathode gas chamber 28 opposite to the catholyte chamber 27 on the cation exchange membrane 22 side. The gas diffusion cathode 26 is made of two or more metals or metal oxides selected from Ru, Ti, Mo, W, V, Ir, Nb, W, Cu, Ni, La, Ca, Cu, Zr and Ta. The catalyst particles are configured by coating an electrode substrate such as carbon paper together with a binder such as a hydrophobic resin and baking.

この電解セル21の陽極室23に食塩水を、陰極液室27に希釈水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を、陰極ガス室28に酸素含有ガスをそれぞれ供給しながら両極間に通電すると、陽極室23で生成するナトリウムイオンが陽イオン交換膜22を透過して陰極液室27に到達する。一方陰極ガス室28に供給される酸素含有ガス中の酸素は、ガス拡散陰極26内を拡散し電極触媒層中の触媒粒子により水と反応して水酸イオンに還元されて陰極液室27に移行し、前記ナトリウムイオンと結合して水酸化ナトリウムを生成する。   When the sodium chloride is supplied to the anode chamber 23 of the electrolytic cell 21, the diluted sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is supplied to the catholyte chamber 27, and the oxygen-containing gas is supplied to the cathode gas chamber 28, electricity is generated between the two electrodes. Sodium ions pass through the cation exchange membrane 22 and reach the catholyte chamber 27. On the other hand, oxygen in the oxygen-containing gas supplied to the cathode gas chamber 28 diffuses in the gas diffusion cathode 26, reacts with water by the catalyst particles in the electrode catalyst layer, and is reduced to hydroxide ions to enter the catholyte chamber 27. It migrates and combines with the sodium ions to produce sodium hydroxide.

図5は、本発明のガス拡散陰極を装着した2室型(ゼロギャップタイプ)食塩電解セルを例示する概略図である。
2室法電解セル31は、パーフルオロスルホン酸系の陽イオン交換膜32により、陽極室33と陰極ガス室34と区画されている。陽イオン交換膜32の陽極室33側には、多孔性の寸法安定性陽極35が密着し、陽イオン交換膜32の陰極ガス室34側には図4と同じ構成のガス拡散陰36が密着して設置されている。
FIG. 5 is a schematic view illustrating a two-chamber type (zero gap type) salt electrolysis cell equipped with the gas diffusion cathode of the present invention.
The two-chamber electrolysis cell 31 is divided into an anode chamber 33 and a cathode gas chamber 34 by a perfluorosulfonic acid cation exchange membrane 32. A porous dimensionally stable anode 35 is in close contact with the anode chamber 33 side of the cation exchange membrane 32, and a gas diffusion cathode 36 having the same configuration as that of FIG. 4 is in close contact with the cathode gas chamber 34 side of the cation exchange membrane 32. Installed.

この電解セル31の陽極室33に食塩水を、陰極ガス室34に湿潤酸素含有ガスをそれぞれ供給しながら両極間に通電すると、陽極室33で生成するナトリウムイオンが陽イオン交換膜32を透過して陰極ガス室34内のガス拡散陰極36に到達する。一方陰極ガス室34に供給される酸素含有ガス中の酸素は、ガス拡散陰極36の電極触媒層中の触媒により水酸イオンに還元されて前記ナトリウムイオンと結合して水酸化ナトリウムを生成し、酸素含有ガスとともに供給される水分に溶解して水酸化ナトリウム水溶液が生成する。
なお図5の電解セル31で、陽イオン交換膜32とガス拡散陰極36間に親水層を配置しても良い。
When a saline solution is supplied to the anode chamber 33 of the electrolysis cell 31 and a wet oxygen-containing gas is supplied to the cathode gas chamber 34, the sodium ions generated in the anode chamber 33 permeate the cation exchange membrane 32. Thus, the gas diffusion cathode 36 in the cathode gas chamber 34 is reached. On the other hand, oxygen in the oxygen-containing gas supplied to the cathode gas chamber 34 is reduced to hydroxide ions by the catalyst in the electrode catalyst layer of the gas diffusion cathode 36 and combined with the sodium ions to generate sodium hydroxide, A sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is formed by dissolving in water supplied together with the oxygen-containing gas.
In the electrolytic cell 31 of FIG. 5, a hydrophilic layer may be disposed between the cation exchange membrane 32 and the gas diffusion cathode 36.

次に本発明によるガス拡散電極の製造及び使用等に関する実施例を説明するが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。   Next, examples relating to the production and use of the gas diffusion electrode according to the present invention will be described, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[実施例1]
次のA〜Hまでの2種類又は3種類の金属酸化物から成る混合物層を、下記のようにチタン棒表面に形成し、更に電極性能を評価した。
A−Ir:Ti = 1:1(モル比)
B−Ir:Mo = 1:1(モル比)
C−Ru:Ti = 1:1(モル比)
D−Ru:Mo = 1:1(モル比)
E−Ru:V = 1:1(モル比)
F−Ru:Ca = 1:1(モル比)
G−Ru:Mo:Ir = 1:1:1(モル比)
[Example 1]
A mixture layer composed of the following two or three kinds of metal oxides A to H was formed on the surface of the titanium rod as described below, and the electrode performance was further evaluated.
A-Ir: Ti = 1: 1 (molar ratio)
B-Ir: Mo = 1: 1 (molar ratio)
C-Ru: Ti = 1: 1 (molar ratio)
D-Ru: Mo = 1: 1 (molar ratio)
E-Ru: V = 1: 1 (molar ratio)
F-Ru: Ca = 1: 1 (molar ratio)
G-Ru: Mo: Ir = 1: 1: 1 (molar ratio)

つまりA〜Gの2又は3成分系触媒それぞれについて、エチレングリコール(和光純薬、一級)を溶媒として、50 g-金属/Lの硝酸水溶液を調製した。チタン棒(φ:1.5 mm)に前記水溶液を塗布し、焼成温度450℃×焼成時間10分→乾燥温度60℃×乾燥時間10分での塗布・焼成工程を5回と繰り返して金属酸化物の混合物層を形成し、電極A〜Hとした。
電解条件は、電解液が0.5 Mの H2SO4で液温は60℃とした。
電位走査範囲1.2 〜 0.2Vの範囲で、走査速度を5 mV / sとしてA〜Gの電極の電圧と電流の関係を測定し、その結果を図6に示した。いずれも酸素還元電流が観察され、酸素の還元能を有することが確認された。
That is, for each of the two- or three-component catalysts A to G, a 50 g-metal / L nitric acid aqueous solution was prepared using ethylene glycol (Wako Pure Chemical, first grade) as a solvent. The aqueous solution is applied to a titanium rod (φ: 1.5 mm), and the coating and baking process at a baking temperature of 450 ° C. × baking time of 10 minutes → drying temperature of 60 ° C. × drying time of 10 minutes is repeated 5 times. A mixture layer was formed as electrodes A to H.
The electrolysis conditions were an electrolyte solution of 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 and a solution temperature of 60 ° C.
The relationship between the voltage and current of the electrodes A to G was measured in the potential scanning range of 1.2 to 0.2 V, the scanning speed was 5 mV / s, and the results are shown in FIG. In both cases, an oxygen reduction current was observed, and it was confirmed that they had oxygen reducing ability.

[実施例2]
実施例1のA〜Dの組成を有する溶液を、電気炉中450℃で空気を循環しながら噴霧し、15分間熱分解後、サイクロン装置に送入し、生成した酸化物触媒粉末を回収した。EPMA分析の結果、それぞれイリジウム、チタン、ルテニウム、モリブデンの酸化物が主成分であることを確認した。
該触媒と界面活性剤を微量添加した水溶媒に、イオン交換樹脂液及びフッ素樹脂微粒子を添加したスラリーを調製し、炭素繊維製の多孔性織布基材の上に塗布し触媒を形成した酸素ガス拡散電極(カソード)を作製した。触媒量は10g/m2となるようにした。対極の水素アノードとしては、市販のPt/C触媒付きガス拡散電極(商品名ELAT、E−TEK社製)を用いた。電極面積は20cm2であった。
[Example 2]
The solution having the composition of A to D of Example 1 was sprayed while circulating air at 450 ° C. in an electric furnace, pyrolyzed for 15 minutes, then sent to a cyclone apparatus, and the produced oxide catalyst powder was recovered. . As a result of EPMA analysis, it was confirmed that oxides of iridium, titanium, ruthenium and molybdenum were the main components, respectively.
A slurry in which ion exchange resin liquid and fluororesin fine particles are added to an aqueous solvent to which a small amount of the catalyst and a surfactant are added is prepared and applied onto a carbon fiber porous woven fabric base material to form a catalyst. A gas diffusion electrode (cathode) was prepared. The amount of catalyst was set to 10 g / m 2 . A commercially available gas diffusion electrode with a Pt / C catalyst (trade name ELAT, manufactured by E-TEK) was used as a hydrogen anode for the counter electrode. The electrode area was 20 cm 2 .

多孔性の2枚の電極の間隙に、高分子固体電解質ナフィオン112を挟み、130℃にて5分間のホットプレスを実施し一体化した。ニッケル発泡体をそれぞれの集電体として電極の裏側に設置し、溝加工を施した黒鉛製の給電体に挟み、セルを組立てた。
水素及び酸素を各電極室に毎分10ml供給した。温度を90℃とし、電圧と電流の関係を測定したところ、20Aの電流でセル電圧はA、B、C、Dの順に、0.50V、0.55V、0.58V及び0.59Vであった。
The polymer solid electrolyte Nafion 112 was sandwiched between the two porous electrodes, and integrated by hot pressing at 130 ° C. for 5 minutes. Nickel foams were installed as respective current collectors on the back side of the electrode, and sandwiched between power supply units made of graphite with grooves, and the cells were assembled.
Hydrogen and oxygen were supplied to each electrode chamber at 10 ml / min. When the temperature was 90 ° C. and the relationship between voltage and current was measured, the cell voltage was 0.50 V, 0.55 V, 0.58 V and 0.59 V in the order of A, B, C and D at a current of 20 A.

[比較例1]
酸素ガス拡散電極(カソード)の触媒として、酸化ルテニウム触媒を調製し、使用したこと以外、実施例2と同様にガス拡散電極の電池試験を実施したところ、20Aの電流でセル電圧0.4Vが得られた。
[Comparative Example 1]
A cell test of the gas diffusion electrode was conducted in the same manner as in Example 2 except that a ruthenium oxide catalyst was prepared and used as a catalyst for the oxygen gas diffusion electrode (cathode). A cell voltage of 0.4 V was obtained at a current of 20 A. It was.

[比較例2]
アノード、カソード共に白金触媒を有する市販のPt/C触媒付きガス拡散電極(商品名ELAT、E−TEK社製)を用いて、実施例2と同様にガス拡散電極製造及び電池試験を実施したところ、20Aの電流でセル電圧は0.58Vであった。
[Comparative Example 2]
Production of a gas diffusion electrode and a battery test were conducted in the same manner as in Example 2 using a commercially available gas diffusion electrode with a Pt / C catalyst (trade name ELAT, manufactured by E-TEK) having a platinum catalyst for both the anode and the cathode. The cell voltage was 0.58 V at a current of 20 A.

[実施例3]
厚さ0.5mmのチタン繊維焼結体を多孔性基材として用いた。実施例1のA及びCの触媒溶液を調製し、静電スプレーにて、前記多孔性基材に塗布し、60℃で5分間乾燥後、450℃の電気炉中で15分間熱分解した。これを3回繰り返した。EPMA分析の結果、イリジウム、ルテニウムの酸化物が主成分であることを確認した。
界面活性剤を微量添加した水溶媒と、イオン交換樹脂液及びフッ素樹脂微粒子をスプレーにて基材に塗布し、乾燥させ酸素ガス拡散電極を作製した。触媒量は10g/m2となるようにした。実施例1と同様のセルにて評価したところ、20Aの電流での電圧は0.42V(電極A)及び0.55V(電極C)であった。
[Example 3]
A titanium fiber sintered body having a thickness of 0.5 mm was used as a porous substrate. A catalyst solution of A and C of Example 1 was prepared, applied to the porous substrate by electrostatic spraying, dried at 60 ° C. for 5 minutes, and then thermally decomposed in an electric furnace at 450 ° C. for 15 minutes. This was repeated three times. As a result of EPMA analysis, it was confirmed that the oxides of iridium and ruthenium were the main components.
A water solvent to which a small amount of a surfactant was added, an ion exchange resin liquid and fluororesin fine particles were applied to a substrate by spraying and dried to produce an oxygen gas diffusion electrode. The amount of catalyst was set to 10 g / m 2 . When evaluated in the same cell as in Example 1, the voltages at a current of 20 A were 0.42 V (electrode A) and 0.55 V (electrode C).

[実施例4]
実施例1のDの触媒粉末と、PTFE水懸濁液(三井フロロケミカル株式会社製30J)を体積比1:1で混合し十分攪拌後、該混合懸濁液を、投影面積当り500g/m2となるように厚さ0.4mmのカーボンクロス基体に塗布し、電気炉中310℃で15分焼成後、プレス機にて、圧力2kgf/cm2でプレス加工を行い、酸素ガス拡散電極を作製した。
陽極として酸化ルテニウムを主成分とするDSE、イオン交換膜としてフレミオンF8020(旭硝子社製)を用い、厚さ0.4mmの親水化処理を行ったカーボンクロスを親水層とし、この親水層をガス拡散電極と前記イオン交換膜間に挟み、前記陽極及びガス拡散電極を内向きに押圧し、イオン交換膜が鉛直方向に位置するように、各部材を密着固定して電解セルを構成した。
[Example 4]
The catalyst powder of Example 1 D and a PTFE water suspension (Mitsui Fluorochemical Co., Ltd. 30J) were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 1, and after sufficient stirring, the mixed suspension was mixed with 500 g / m2 per projected area. 2 is applied to a carbon cloth substrate with a thickness of 0.4 mm, fired at 310 ° C for 15 minutes in an electric furnace, and then pressed with a press at a pressure of 2 kgf / cm 2 to produce an oxygen gas diffusion electrode. did.
Using DSE mainly composed of ruthenium oxide as an anode and Flemion F8020 (manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.) as an ion exchange membrane, a carbon cloth subjected to a hydrophilic treatment with a thickness of 0.4 mm is used as a hydrophilic layer, and this hydrophilic layer is a gas diffusion electrode. And the ion exchange membrane, the anode and the gas diffusion electrode were pressed inward, and each member was closely attached and fixed so that the ion exchange membrane was positioned in the vertical direction to constitute an electrolytic cell.

陰極室水酸化ナトリウム濃度が32wt%となるように陽極室食塩濃度を調整し、又陰極には酸素ガスを理論量の約1.2倍の割合で供給し、陽極液の液温を90℃、電流密度60A/dm2で電解を行ったところ、初期のセル電圧は2.21Vであった。10日間電解を継続したところ、初期からのセル電圧、過電圧の上昇は無く、電流効率は約96%に維持された。0.1mg/L以上の過酸化水素濃度は検出されなかった。 The sodium chloride concentration in the anode chamber was adjusted so that the sodium hydroxide concentration in the cathode chamber was 32 wt%, and oxygen gas was supplied to the cathode at a rate of about 1.2 times the theoretical amount. When electrolysis was performed at a density of 60 A / dm 2 , the initial cell voltage was 2.21 V. When electrolysis was continued for 10 days, the cell voltage and overvoltage did not increase from the beginning, and the current efficiency was maintained at about 96%. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations above 0.1 mg / L were not detected.

本発明のガス拡散電極の第1形態を示す概略図。Schematic which shows the 1st form of the gas diffusion electrode of this invention. 同じく第2形態を示す概略図。Schematic which shows a 2nd form similarly. 本発明のガス拡散電極を使用した燃料電池を例示する概略断面図。1 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a fuel cell using a gas diffusion electrode of the present invention. 本発明のガス拡散陰極を装着した3室型食塩電解セルを例示する概略図。Schematic which illustrates the three-chamber type | mold salt electrolysis cell equipped with the gas diffusion cathode of this invention. 本発明のガス拡散陰極を装着した2室型食塩電解セルを例示する概略図。Schematic which illustrates the two-chamber type | mold salt electrolysis cell equipped with the gas diffusion cathode of this invention. 実施例1におけるガス拡散電極の電圧と電流の関係を示すグラフ。3 is a graph showing the relationship between the voltage and current of a gas diffusion electrode in Example 1.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

1 イオン交換膜
2 酸素極
3 水素極
6 酸素極用集電体
7 水素極用集電体
9 酸素極室
11 水素極室
21 3室法電解セル
22 イオン交換膜
23 陽極室
24 陰極室
25 陽極
26 ガス拡散陰極
27 陰極液室
28 陰極ガス室
31 2室法電解セル
32 イオン交換膜
33 陽極室
34 陰極ガス室
35 陽極
36 ガス拡散陰極
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Ion exchange membrane 2 Oxygen electrode 3 Hydrogen electrode 6 Current collector for oxygen electrode 7 Current collector for hydrogen electrode 9 Oxygen electrode chamber
11 Hydrogen electrode chamber
21 Three-chamber electrolysis cell
22 Ion exchange membrane
23 Anode chamber
24 Cathode chamber
25 Anode
26 Gas diffusion cathode
27 Catholyte compartment
28 Cathode gas chamber
31 Two-chamber electrolysis cell
32 ion exchange membrane
33 Anode chamber
34 Cathode gas chamber
35 anode
36 Gas diffusion cathode

Claims (8)

多孔性基材、該多孔性基材に担持された触媒及び疎水性材料を含んで成るガス拡散電極において、前記触媒がRu、Ti、Mo、W、V、Ir、Nb、W、Cu、Ni 、La、Ca、Cu、 Zr及びTaから選ばれる2種以上の金属及び/又は金属化合物から構成されることを特徴とするガス拡散電極。   In a gas diffusion electrode comprising a porous substrate, a catalyst supported on the porous substrate and a hydrophobic material, the catalyst is Ru, Ti, Mo, W, V, Ir, Nb, W, Cu, Ni A gas diffusion electrode comprising two or more metals and / or metal compounds selected from La, Ca, Cu, Zr and Ta. 多孔性基材が弁金属繊維または粉末、またはそれらの焼結体から成り、または、表面がそれらの金属で被覆されている請求項1記載のガス拡散電極。   The gas diffusion electrode according to claim 1, wherein the porous substrate is made of valve metal fibers or powder, or a sintered body thereof, or the surface thereof is coated with the metal. 触媒が粒子として多孔性基材上に担持されている請求項1記載のガス拡散電極。   The gas diffusion electrode according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst is supported as particles on a porous substrate. 触媒粒子の代表的寸法が1〜100nmである請求項3に記載のガス拡散電極。   The gas diffusion electrode according to claim 3, wherein a typical dimension of the catalyst particles is 1 to 100 nm. 触媒を層状にして多孔性基材上に形成した請求項1記載のガス拡散電極。   The gas diffusion electrode according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst is layered and formed on a porous substrate. 多孔性基材、該多孔性基材に担持された触媒及び疎水性材料を含んで成るガス拡散電極の製造方法において、Ru、Ti、Mo、W、V、Ir、Nb、W、Cu、Ni 、La、Ca、Cu、 Zr及びTaから選ばれる2種以上の金属イオンを含む溶液から、熱分解法、錯体重合法及び共沈法から選択される方法により前記溶液から金属イオンを2種以上の金属及び/又は金属化合物として前記多孔性基材上に析出させることを特徴とするガス拡散電極の製造方法。   In a method for producing a porous substrate, a gas diffusion electrode comprising a catalyst and a hydrophobic material supported on the porous substrate, Ru, Ti, Mo, W, V, Ir, Nb, W, Cu, Ni From a solution containing two or more metal ions selected from La, Ca, Cu, Zr and Ta, two or more metal ions are obtained from the solution by a method selected from a thermal decomposition method, a complex polymerization method and a coprecipitation method. A method for producing a gas diffusion electrode, wherein the metal and / or metal compound is deposited on the porous substrate. 請求項1〜5までのいずれか1項に記載の電極を用いることを特徴とする燃料電池。   A fuel cell using the electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 5. 請求項1〜5までのいずれか1項に記載の電極を用いることを特徴とする食塩電解セル。
A salt electrolysis cell using the electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 5.
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