JP2006007184A - Method and apparatus for treating ballast water - Google Patents
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本発明は、バラスト水の処理方法に係り、特にバラスト水中に存在する微生物を死滅させて海水等の環境汚染を防止するためのバラスト水の処理方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a method for treating ballast water, and more particularly, to a method for treating ballast water for killing microorganisms present in ballast water to prevent environmental pollution such as seawater.
貨物船やタンカーなどが空荷で航行する際、船体を安定させるため、タンクにバラスト水（海水）を積み込むが、寄港先で荷物を積む際、外部に捨てられるので、その水に入っていた生物が本来の生息地でない環境中に広がり、世界各地で移入生物である貝や魚、海草類が繁殖し大きな問題となっている。
従来一般的に水中の微生物を死滅させようとしてとられている技術は、以下のごときものである。
［１］細菌類への対策として塩素滅菌処理がとられているが、滅菌対策としては有効であるが塩素と有機物が結びついて新たにトリハロメタンが生成されることが研究の結果わかってきた。トリハロメタンは発ガン性物質とされているので、この方法はベストの方法ではない。
［２］微生物には水中に浮遊しているＳＳ分（固形分）に付着していることが多いので、凝集剤を用いて沈殿させ脱水処理する方法。
［３］多数の連通細孔を有する膜を使用し、微生物を濾過・除去する方法。
［４］オゾンによる酸化分解、紫外線による酸化分解。
When cargo ships or tankers navigate with empty cargo, ballast water (seawater) is loaded into the tank in order to stabilize the hull, but when loading cargo at the port of call, it was discarded outside, so it was in the water Living organisms spread in environments where they are not native habitats, and shellfish, fish, and seaweeds that are migratory organisms breed throughout the world, creating a major problem.
Conventionally, techniques generally used for killing microorganisms in water are as follows.
[1] Chlorine sterilization treatment has been taken as a countermeasure against bacteria, but it has been found as a result of research that trihalomethane is newly produced by combining chlorine and organic substances, although effective as a sterilization countermeasure. Since trihalomethane is considered a carcinogen, this method is not the best method.
[2] A method in which microorganisms often adhere to the SS content (solid content) floating in water, so that they are precipitated using a flocculant and dehydrated.
[3] A method of filtering and removing microorganisms using a membrane having many communicating pores.
[4] Oxidative decomposition by ozone, oxidative decomposition by ultraviolet rays.
これらの方法については、上記［１］は塩素の使用に対する拒否反応は、ますます高まっており、トリハロメタン生成は避けられない。
［２］、［３］、［４］についてはいずれも大量処理には向かない。
With regard to these methods, the above [1] has increasingly increased the rejection reaction to the use of chlorine, and the generation of trihalomethane is inevitable.
[2], [3], and [4] are all not suitable for mass processing.
この船舶の目的地への航行中、海水中には微生物が生息しており、それにより船舶が航行中に繁殖を繰り返し、バラスト水は汚染される。
こうして汚染されたバラスト水を目的地で、そのまま海域等へ廃棄すると寄港地の海水、土壌等を汚染し、生態系を破壊することになる。
そのため、国際海事機関（ＩＭＯ）は生態系の破壊防止のため国際条約を採択したが、この条約に基づく処理規準は発表され、それによれば動物プランクトン、植物プランクトン、コレラ菌、大腸菌、腸球菌他あらゆる微生物が処理の対象とされている。
すなわち、ＩＭＯによるバラスト水処理装置の処理能力基準は、（１）５０μm以上の生物（動物プランクトン）：１０個／ｍ3未満、（２）１０〜５０μm未満の生物（植物プランクトン）：１０個／ｍｌ未満、（３）コレラ菌：１ｃｆｕ／１００ｍｌ未満、大腸菌：２５０ｃｆｕ／１００ｍｌ未満、（４）腸球菌：１００ｃｆｕ／１００ｍｌ未満、である。
（ｃｆｕ：ｃｏｌｏｎｙ ｆｏｒｍｉｎｇ ｕｎｉｔの略称：細菌検査の結果に使用される単位で、培地で培養した菌がつくる集団（コロニー）の数。例えば「２００ｃｆｕ／ｍｌ以下」とは、「１ｍｌ中に２００コロニー以下」という意味）
上記基準を達成するバラスト水の処理としては、バラスト水の廃棄処分が寄港地で短時間（１日以内位）にて大量（１０万ｔ程度）行われることから、短時間にて大量の処理ができる処理システムを採用しなければならないし、また確実に微生物を死滅させる処理システムでなければならない。
While the ship is sailing to its destination, microorganisms inhabit the seawater, so that the ship repeats breeding while navigating, and the ballast water is contaminated.
If the polluted ballast water is discarded to the sea area as it is, the seawater, soil, etc. of the port of call will be contaminated and the ecosystem will be destroyed.
Therefore, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted an international treaty to prevent the destruction of ecosystems, but the standards for treatment based on this treaty have been announced, according to which zooplankton, phytoplankton, cholera, Escherichia coli, enterococci All microorganisms are targeted for treatment.
That is, the treatment capacity standard of the ballast water treatment apparatus by IMO is (1) organisms of 50 μm or more (zooplankton): less than 10 / m 3 , (2) organisms of less than 10-50 μm (phytoplankton): 10 / Less than ml, (3) Vibrio cholerae: less than 1 cfu / 100 ml, E. coli: less than 250 cfu / 100 ml, (4) Enterococci: less than 100 cfu / 100 ml.
(Cfu: abbreviation of colony forming unit: the number of colonies formed by bacteria cultured in a medium, which is a unit used for the results of bacterial tests. For example, “200 cfu / ml or less” means “200 colonies in 1 ml” Meaning "
As for the treatment of ballast water that achieves the above standards, disposal of ballast water is carried out in a short time (less than one day) at the port of call in a short time (about 100,000 tons). It must be able to adopt a treatment system that can perform the process, and must be a treatment system that reliably kills microorganisms.
本発明は、前記課題を解決するものであって、下記方法によりバラスト水の微生物を死滅させるバラスト水の処理方法である。
（１）船舶のバラスト水を導出管を介して取り出し、その導出管内のバラスト水に超音波を照射し、水中で生じる超音波の衝撃波によりバラスト水中に存在する微生物を破壊せしめて死滅することを特徴とするバラスト水の処理方法。
（２）船舶のバラスト水を導出管を介して取り出し、その導出管内のバラスト水に超音波を照射し、水中で生じる超音波の衝撃波によりバラスト水中に存在する微生物を破壊せしめて死滅する前項（１）記載のバラスト水の処理方法において、予めバラスト水に過酸化水素を添加混合し、その水中に超音波を照射することを特徴とする方法。
This invention solves the said subject, Comprising: It is the processing method of the ballast water which kills the microorganisms of ballast water by the following method.
(1) Taking out the ballast water of the ship through the outlet pipe, irradiating the ballast water in the outlet pipe with ultrasonic waves, destroying the microorganisms existing in the ballast water by the ultrasonic shock wave generated in the water and killing them. A characteristic ballast water treatment method.
(2) The item described above, in which the ballast water of the ship is taken out through the outlet pipe, the ballast water in the outlet pipe is irradiated with ultrasonic waves, and the microorganisms existing in the ballast water are destroyed by ultrasonic shock waves generated in the water. 1) The method for treating ballast water according to 1), wherein hydrogen peroxide is added to and mixed with ballast water in advance, and ultrasonic waves are irradiated into the water.
（３）船舶のバラスト水に１０ｐｐｍ〜１，０００ｐｐｍの次亜塩素酸ソーダ又は／及び塩素を添加し、その水中に超音波を照射することを特徴とする前記（１）記載のバラスト水の処理方法。
（４）角型又は丸型のバラスト水導出管の管壁に多数個の超音波振動子を線状配置又は面状配置に取り付け、その導出管中に微生物を含むバラスト水を導入し、導出管の管内のバラスト水中に超音波を照射することにより、水中で生じる超音波の衝撃波により微生物を破壊せしめて死滅することを特徴とするバラスト水の処理方法。
（５）２８〜２００ＫＨｚの範囲から選ばれる各種周波数の複数種を同時にバラスト水中に照射することを特徴とすることを特徴とする前記（１）〜（４）のいずれか１項に記載のバラスト水の処理方法。
（６）２８〜２００ＫＨｚの範囲から選ばれる各種周波数を経時的に切り替えて複数種の周波数の超音波を水中に照射することを特徴とする前記（１）〜（４）のいずれか１項に記載のバラスト水の処理方法。
（７）２８〜２００ＫＨｚの周波数に代えて１〜１０ＭＨｚの周波数の超音波をバラスト水中に照射することを特徴とすることを特徴とする前記（１）〜（５）のいずれか１項に記載のバラスト水の処理方法。
（８）前記（１）〜（６）いずれか１項に記載の処理されたバラスト水に、１〜１０ＭＨｚの周波数の超音波を照射することを特徴とするバラスト水の処理方法。
（９）振動子から発生した振動エネルギーをホーンによって収束させ、振動変位を大きくさせた後、微生物を含むバラスト水に超音波を照射することを特徴とする前記（１）〜（８）のいずれか１項に記載のバラスト水の処理方法。
（１０）バラスト水を多数の導出管を束ねて構成したハニカム構造の導出管に導き、その中でバラスト水に超音波を照射し、水中で生じる超音波の衝撃波によりバラスト水中に存在ずる微生物を破壊せしめて死滅することを特徴とする前記（１）〜（９）のいずれか１項に記載のバラスト水の処理方法。
(3) The treatment of ballast water according to (1) above, wherein 10 ppm to 1,000 ppm of sodium hypochlorite or / and chlorine is added to the ballast water of the ship, and ultrasonic waves are irradiated into the water. Method.
(4) A large number of ultrasonic vibrators are attached in a linear arrangement or a planar arrangement on the tube wall of a square or round ballast water outlet tube, and the ballast water containing microorganisms is introduced into the outlet tube and led out. A method for treating ballast water, comprising: irradiating ultrasonic waves into ballast water in a pipe of a pipe to destroy and kill microorganisms by an ultrasonic shock wave generated in the water.
(5) The ballast according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein a plurality of types of various frequencies selected from a range of 28 to 200 KHz are simultaneously irradiated into the ballast water. Water treatment method.
(6) In any one of the above (1) to (4), various frequencies selected from the range of 28 to 200 KHz are switched over time, and ultrasonic waves of a plurality of types of frequencies are irradiated into water. The method for treating ballast water as described.
(7) The ultrasonic wave having a frequency of 1 to 10 MHz is irradiated into the ballast water instead of the frequency of 28 to 200 KHz, and any one of the above (1) to (5) is characterized. Ballast water treatment method.
(8) A method for treating ballast water, comprising irradiating the treated ballast water according to any one of (1) to (6) with an ultrasonic wave having a frequency of 1 to 10 MHz.
(9) Any one of the above (1) to (8), wherein the vibration energy generated from the vibrator is converged by a horn and the vibration displacement is increased, and then ultrasonic waves are applied to the ballast water containing microorganisms. The method for treating ballast water according to claim 1.
(10) Ballast water is guided to a honeycomb-structured lead-out pipe configured by bundling a large number of lead-out pipes, in which the ballast water is irradiated with ultrasonic waves, and microorganisms that are present in the ballast water by ultrasonic shock waves generated in the water. The method for treating ballast water according to any one of (1) to (9), wherein the ballast water is killed by being destroyed.
（１１）管壁に多数個の超音波振動子を線状配置又は面状配置に取り付けてなる角型又は丸型の管体であって、一端に被処理バラスト水の導入口を有し、他端に処理済みバラスト水の取り出し口を有してなることを特徴とするバラスト水の微生物死滅処理装置。
（１２）管壁に多数個の超音波振動子を線状配置又は面状配置に取り付けてなる角型又は丸型の管体であって、一端に被処理バラスト水の導入口を有し、他端に処理済みバラスト水の取り出し口を有してなるバラスト水の微生物死滅処理装置の多数本を束ねてハニカム構造状に配置してなることを特徴とするバラスト水の微生物死滅処理装置。
(11) A square or round tube body in which a large number of ultrasonic transducers are attached to a tube wall in a linear arrangement or a planar arrangement, and has an inlet for treated ballast water at one end, A ballast water microbial killing apparatus characterized by having a treated ballast water outlet at the other end.
(12) A square or round tube body in which a large number of ultrasonic transducers are attached to a tube wall in a linear arrangement or a planar arrangement, and has an inlet for treated ballast water at one end, A microbial killing apparatus for ballast water, characterized in that a plurality of microbial killing apparatuses for ballast water having an outlet for treated ballast water at the other end are bundled and arranged in a honeycomb structure.
バラスト水を簡単かつ短時間に微生物死滅処理ができるので、如何なる港にも寄港することができ、環境汚染することがない。 Since ballast water can be easily killed in a short period of time, it can be called at any port without causing environmental pollution.
本発明の実施の形態について説明する。
まず、超音波について説明すると、（１）超音波は水中や金属などによく伝わる音波などである。音波は波動であり、周波数と振幅によって決まる。振幅は音の強さに関係し、音圧で表される。
（２）超音波の大きな特長の一つにキャビテーション効果がある。５０ＫＨｚの超音波を水中に照射したとき即１気圧（１０万パスカル）以上になり、圧力が小さくなる負圧の時は真空（ゼロ気圧の空洞）になり、媒質が気化し、気泡が発生し、このような激しい正圧と負圧のはげしい繰り返しにより、媒質が引きちぎられ空洞が発生し、空洞がつぶれる時、衝撃波が発生し、その圧力は数百〜数千気圧になり、温度も４０００℃以上といわれているが、気泡発生からつぶれる迄の時間は０．１マイクロ秒（１０００万分の１秒）程度である。この時５０キロヘルツの場合１秒間に５０，０００回上下の方向に振動し、その振動の距離は０．０２ｍｍ（２０μm）となり、上側に１０μm、下側に１０μm動き、この時の最大速度は、３．１４ｍ／秒となる。
振幅は、数十ミクロン（μm）と小さいが、加速度が大きくエネルギー密度は非常に大きい。圧電振動子が往復運動折り返し地点での加速度は重力加速度Ｇの約１０万倍となる。
振幅は数１０ミクロンと小さくても加速度が大きいので、音響エネルギー密度は非常に高いものになる。
（３）超音波を水中に照射する場合、水中でのエネルギーの減衰は空気に比べてはるかに小さいが、それでも水中にて減衰するので減衰を小さくし音響エネルギー密度を一定以上保持するためには径が３０ｃｍ以下の角又は円状のパイプに多くの振動子を取り付け、そのパイプの中に微生物を含む水を通し、水が超音波の照射を受けている時間を１０秒以上とすれば、キャビテーションが十分に働き、水に含まれる微生物のプランクトン、原虫、真菌、細菌、ウィルスは、破壊され分解・殺菌されて死滅する。
このパイプに取り付ける振動子の周波数は、例えば２８ＫＨｚ、５０ＫＨｚ、１００ＫＨｚ、２００ＫＨｚの４種類とし、周波数によりその効果がおよぶ定在波を移動させるには、これらの異なる周波数のものを高速で切り替える方法が必要になる。
なお、微生物の種類によりエネルギーが大きい２８ＫＨｚのみで超音波照射を行うこともある。また、必要により振動エネルギーをホーンによって収束させ、振幅を大きくさせ強力なエネルギーを照射する方法がある。
（４）過酸化水素水・次亜塩素酸ソーダ・塩素等はいずれも、酸化剤としての力をもっているが、超音波との併用により、僅かの添加量にて高い効果が可能となる。
Embodiments of the present invention will be described.
First, ultrasonic waves will be described. (1) Ultrasonic waves are sound waves that are often transmitted to water and metals. Sound waves are waves and are determined by frequency and amplitude. Amplitude is related to sound intensity and is represented by sound pressure.
(2) One of the major features of ultrasonic waves is the cavitation effect. When the ultrasonic wave of 50KHz is irradiated into water, the pressure immediately becomes 1 atm (100,000 Pascal) or more, and when the pressure is low, the pressure becomes vacuum (zero-pressure cavity), the medium is vaporized, and bubbles are generated. By such intense repetition of positive pressure and negative pressure, the medium is torn and a cavity is generated, and when the cavity is collapsed, a shock wave is generated, the pressure becomes several hundred to several thousand atmospheres, and the temperature is 4000 ° C. It is said that the time from the generation of bubbles to the collapse is about 0.1 microsecond (one tenth of a millionth of a second). At this time, in the case of 50 kilohertz, it vibrates up and down 50,000 times per second, the vibration distance is 0.02 mm (20 μm), 10 μm on the upper side, 10 μm on the lower side, the maximum speed at this time is 3.14 m / sec.
The amplitude is as small as several tens of microns (μm), but the acceleration is large and the energy density is very large. The acceleration at the point where the piezoelectric vibrator turns back and forth is about 100,000 times the gravitational acceleration G.
Since the acceleration is large even if the amplitude is as small as several tens of microns, the acoustic energy density is very high.
(3) When irradiating ultrasonic waves into water, the attenuation of energy in water is much smaller than that of air, but it still attenuates in water, so to reduce attenuation and maintain acoustic energy density above a certain level. If many vibrators are attached to a square or circular pipe with a diameter of 30 cm or less, water containing microorganisms is passed through the pipe, and the time that the water is irradiated with ultrasonic waves is 10 seconds or more, Cavitation works well, and microbial plankton, protozoa, fungi, bacteria, and viruses contained in water are destroyed, decomposed, sterilized, and killed.
The frequency of the vibrator attached to this pipe is, for example, four types of 28 KHz, 50 KHz, 100 KHz, and 200 KHz, and in order to move the standing wave whose effect depends on the frequency, there is a method of switching these different frequencies at high speed. I need it.
In addition, ultrasonic irradiation may be performed only at 28 KHz having a large energy depending on the type of microorganism. Further, there is a method of irradiating strong energy by converging vibration energy with a horn if necessary, increasing the amplitude.
(4) Hydrogen peroxide solution, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine, etc. all have power as oxidizing agents, but when used in combination with ultrasonic waves, a high effect can be achieved with a small amount of addition.
本発明の実施例のバラスト水超音波処理装置の一例を図１により説明する。
すなわち、図１の断面図に示すごとく、ステンレス製の角パイプ１の壁面に超音波振動子２ａ、２ｂ、２ｃ・・を上下に、かつ間隔を置いて多数個取り付ける。
なお、超音波振動子２ａは２８ＫＨｚ発振のもの、２ｂは５０ＫＨｚ発振のもの、２ｃは１００ＫＨｚ発振のものを示す。
この超音波照射処理パイプ１００の入口１０からバラスト水を導入し、超音波照射を行った後、出口２０から微生物が死滅処理されたバラスト水が放出される。
本装置では、種々の周波数の超音波が照射されるので、大小各種微生物を効率的に死滅させることができる。
An example of a ballast water ultrasonic treatment apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
That is, as shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1, a plurality of
The
Ballast water is introduced from the
In this apparatus, since ultrasonic waves of various frequencies are irradiated, various large and small microorganisms can be efficiently killed.
図２に示すものは、限られた時間内に大量の処理を行うためのもので、その仕様をハニカム構造型としたものである。
図２（正面図）におけるハニカム構造のバラスト水超音波処理装置Ａは、超音波照射処理パイプ１００ａ、１００ｂ、１００ｃ・・が支持フレーム３に挿入されて上下左右に隣接・集束されてなるものである。
振動子２ａ、２ｂ、２ｃ・・を取り付けた角又は丸パイプにおいて、微生物を含む水が本パイプの中を通過する場合、１０秒以上の時間を保持することとする。
図１に示す装置を用いるバラスト水の処理においては、その仕様を下記により算定設計した。
〈バラスト水処理能力５０，０００ｔ／８ｈ〉とすると、
・５０，０００ｔ／８ｈ→１．７３６ｔ／秒の処理となる。
・ステンレス製角パイプ径を３００ｍｍとすると
０．３ｍ×０．３ｍ＝０．０９ｍ2 （断面積）
角パイプの長さを６ｍとすると
０．０９ｍ2×６ｍ＝０．５４ｍ3 （容積）
・水の容量は１．７３６ｔ／秒であり１０秒間保持する場合は１７．３６ｔとなる。
１７．３６ｔ÷０．５４ｍ3＝３２本／パイプの数
図２のパイプの数は３６本であるので、この図の装置の容量で処理は可となる。
・よって、１秒間に１．７３６ｔの水をこのパイプに流せば１０秒後には処理が終わり、このパイプから同じ量の処理後の水が排出されることとなる。
・振動子は２８ＫＨｚ〜２００ＫＨｚ迄を長さ６ｍの角パイプに１２個取り付け、高周波電流により振動させるセラミック製のものを使用する。
上記図２のハニカム構造のバラスト水超音波処理装置によるバラスト水の処理結果によれば、前記国際海事機関（ＩＭＯ）基準を十分に満たす微生物が死滅処理されたバラスト水が得られた。
なお、バラスト水への過酸化水素、塩素等の添加は、本装置に入る前に事前に添加し、攪拌した後本装置に導入して、超音波を照射する。
The one shown in FIG. 2 is for performing a large amount of processing within a limited time, and its specification is a honeycomb structure type.
The honeycomb structure ballast water ultrasonic treatment apparatus A in FIG. 2 (front view) is formed by inserting ultrasonic
In the square or round pipe to which the
In the treatment of ballast water using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, the specifications were calculated and designed as follows.
<Ballast water treatment capacity 50,000t / 8h>
・ The processing is 50,000 t / 8 h → 1.736 t / sec.
・ Stainless steel square pipe diameter 300mm 0.3m × 0.3m = 0.09m 2 (Cross sectional area)
If the length of the square pipe is 6m, 0.09m 2 × 6m = 0.54m 3 (volume)
-The capacity | capacitance of water is 1.736t / sec, and when it hold | maintains for 10 seconds, it will be 17.36t.
17.36 t ÷ 0.54 m 3 = 32 pipes / number of pipes Since the number of pipes in FIG. 2 is 36, processing is possible with the capacity of the apparatus in this figure.
-Therefore, if 1.736 t of water is flowed through this pipe per second, the treatment ends after 10 seconds, and the same amount of treated water is discharged from this pipe.
-Use 12 ceramic vibrators that are attached to a square pipe with a length of 6 m from 28 KHz to 200 KHz and vibrate with a high-frequency current.
According to the result of the ballast water treatment by the honeycomb structured ballast water ultrasonic treatment device of FIG. 2, ballast water in which microorganisms that sufficiently satisfy the International Maritime Organization (IMO) standards were killed was obtained.
Note that hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, and the like are added to the ballast water in advance before entering the apparatus, and after stirring, introduced into the apparatus and irradiated with ultrasonic waves.
バラスト水の廃棄による環境汚染が防止できるので、寄港地を選ばず何処へでも自由に寄港できる。 Since environmental pollution due to the disposal of ballast water can be prevented, it is possible to call anywhere regardless of the port of call.
１：ステンレス製の角パイプ、
２（２ａ、２ｂ、２ｃ・・）：超音波振動子、
３：支持フレーム、
１０：バラスト水の入口、
２０：超音波照射処理されたバラスト水の出口、
１００（１００ａ、１００ｂ、１００ｃ・・）：超音波照射処理パイプ、
Ａ：ハニカム構造のバラスト水超音波処理装置、
1: Stainless steel square pipe,
2 (2a, 2b, 2c...): Ultrasonic transducer,
3: Support frame,
10: Ballast water entrance,
20: outlet of ballast water treated with ultrasonic irradiation,
100 (100a, 100b, 100c...): Ultrasonic irradiation processing pipe,
A: Ballast water ultrasonic treatment device having a honeycomb structure,
Claims (12)
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