JP2004358292A - Purifying agent using chitin and chitosan derivative hydrogel - Google Patents

Purifying agent using chitin and chitosan derivative hydrogel Download PDF

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JP2004358292A
JP2004358292A JP2003156434A JP2003156434A JP2004358292A JP 2004358292 A JP2004358292 A JP 2004358292A JP 2003156434 A JP2003156434 A JP 2003156434A JP 2003156434 A JP2003156434 A JP 2003156434A JP 2004358292 A JP2004358292 A JP 2004358292A
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chitin
derivative
purifying agent
chitosan
agent according
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JP4181449B2 (en
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Fumio Yoshii
文男 吉井
Naotane Nagasawa
尚胤 長澤
Toshiaki Yagi
敏明 八木
Hiroshi Mitomo
宏志 三友
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Japan Atomic Energy Agency
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Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve the problem: natural materials such as starch, chitin, and chitosan, although there is a method for synthesizing a water absorbent by chemical crosslinkage by using a reagent, these chemical substances are strongly poisonous, cause the environmental pollution of a working site, and remain in the water absorbent. <P>SOLUTION: Water is added to CM (carboxymethyl)-chitin and/or CM-chitosan, and the mixture is kneaded sufficiently into paste. Water absorbent hydrogel obtained by irradiating the paste with ionizing radiation adsorbs harmful metals which are desorbed by pH adjustment. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、沼地、工場廃水、温泉水及び鉱山廃水中の有害金属や腐敗臭を除去するキチン誘導体及びキトサン誘導体及びハイドロゲルに関するものである。材料としては、水溶性のCM−キチン(カルボキシメチル化キチン)及びCM−キトサン(カルボキシ化キトサン)を高濃度ペースト状照射によって得た橋かけハイドロゲルである。本発明のハイドロゲルは、親水性ポリマーから成っており水に馴染みやすいため、水中の汚染物質を除去しやすく環境保全に役立つ高分子吸水ゲルである。
【0002】
【従来技術】
吸水性のゲルには、アクリル酸ソーダ、デンプンにアクリル酸をグラフト重合したもの、ポリエチレンオキサイド、ポリビニルアルコール、アクリルアミド、ポリビニルピロリド水溶液を電離性放射線で照射し、橋かけ反応によって得られる高分子吸水ゲルがある。水溶性高分子をホルマリンやグルタルアルデヒドなどによる化学処理による橋かけによって得られる吸水ゲルもある。吸水ゲルは、農業、医療、衛生用品の分野で多量に使用されている。今後も生産量が増大していくことが予測されている。 CM−キチン及びCM−キトサンは水との濃度が10%以上のペースト状態で照射を行うと橋かけ反応が起き、生分解性吸水ゲルになることは公知である(例えば、特許文献1)。
【0003】
【特許文献1】
特願2001−362131号
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
アクリル酸ソーダなどのような水溶性ポリマーを橋かけして得られる吸水ゲルは、使い捨てオムツなどの衛生用品に広く使われている。しかし、幼児や病院で使った使い捨てオムツなどは、主に焼却処理により処分されている。濡れたオムツなどを焼却炉に入れると、燃焼温度が低下しダイオキシンの発生にもつながる。土壌中に埋設処理した場合は分解せず、長い期間滞留する。
【0005】
デンプンやキチンやキトサンのような天然材料は、ホルマリン、グルタルアルデヒド、エピクロルヒドリンなどの試薬を使い化学橋かけにより吸水剤を合成する方法がある。しかし、これらの化学物質は毒性が強く、作業現場の環境汚染と吸水剤中への残留といった問題がある。このため環境に負荷を与えない材料による吸水剤が求められている。土壌中の微生物によって分解・消化し、使用後の処理の容易な生分解性高分子は環境低負荷型材料として注目されている。ハイドロゲルは親水性ポリマーから成っており水に馴染みやすいため、金属と結合しやすい官能基を導入すれば、水中の有害物質の除去に応用できると考えられる。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明においては、CM−キチン及び/又はCM−キトサンに水を添加し、よく練りペースト(糊)状にして、電離性放射線を照射して得られる高吸水性ハイドロゲルゲが有害金属を吸着しpH調整により吸着有害金属を脱離するものである。
【0007】
前述したように、CM−キチン及びCM−キトサンは水との濃度が10%以上のペースト状態で照射を行うと橋かけ反応が起き、生分解性吸水ゲルになることは公知である。このゲルの実用化の促進を図るため、CM−キチン及びCM−キトサンハイドロゲルの金属イオンや腐敗物質の吸着特性を明らかにするため、鋭意研究を行った。
【0008】
本発明では、ペースト状で放射線橋かけしたCM−キチン、CM−キトサン及びその混合物が有害金属や腐敗臭物質を捕集し、除去することで本発明の課題を解決した。
【0009】
CM−キチン誘導体、CM−キトサン誘導体及びその混合物は、10〜60%の高濃度のペースト状で橋かけ反応が起きる。60%以上の濃度では水が均一に分散しないため放射線橋かけが起きにくい。
【0010】
ペースト状橋かけにより得られたハイドロゲルは、水中の金属イオンを捕集し、捕集した金属はpHを酸性側に調整することにより脱離できる技術を開発し本発明を完成した。
【0011】
捕集できる金属は次のようなものである。
ナトリウム、カリウム等のアルカリ金属、マグネシウム、カルシウム等のアルカリ土類金属、銅、マンガン、亜鉛、ニッケル、鉛、カドニウム、鉄、ウラン、バナジウム、水銀、クロム、チタン、セレン、砒素、ホウ素などの水に溶ける金属イオン若しくは金属化合物イオンなどである。
【0012】
CM−キチン及びCM−キトサンの高濃度ペースト液に電離性放射線の照射橋かけにより得られるハイドロゲルは、工業的生産のためコバルト−60からのγ線と加速器による電子線、X線が好ましい。電子加速器は厚物の照射ができる加速電圧1MeV以上の中エネルギーから高エネルギー電子加速器が最も好ましい。照射前の試料に圧力をかけフィルム状に加工すれば1MeV以下の低エネルギー電子加速器でも電子線が透過するため放射線橋かけによりハイドロゲルを得ることができる。照射中の酸素による橋かけへの影響はほとんどないが、照射中の水分の蒸発防止及び橋かけ密度の低下を抑制するため、ポリエステルなどのプラスチックフィルムなどにより上面をカバーして照射するのが望ましい。
【0013】
本発明の電離性放射線は、γ線、電子線、X線であり,照射の線量は0.1 〜 1,000 kGyである。
【0014】
本発明で用いられる材料は、室温の水に溶解しペースト(糊)状を形成するCM−キチンとCM−キトサンである。
【0015】
CM−キチンはカニやエビの甲羅から得られるキチンをカルボキシメチル化し、CM−キトサンは、キチンを脱アセチル化し、カルボキシメチル化したものである。カルボキシメチル化による置換度は0.05から1.0のものが合成でき、水に溶解する。
【0016】
【発明の実施の形態】
ペースト状態での照射により得たCM−キトサン及びCM−キチンゲルの橋かけの割合を示すゲル分率と金属の吸脱着の方法については、次の(1)と(2)に示す。
【0017】
(1) ゲル分率
照射後得られたハイドロゲルを凍結乾燥し、50℃真空乾燥器中で恒量になるまで乾燥する。乾燥した試料を200メッシュのステンレス網に入れ、多量の水に48時間浸漬する。橋かけしない溶解成分は水側に移るため、ゲル成分のみが金網中に残る。ゲル分を包含したステンレス網をメタノール中に1時間浸漬し、その後50℃で24時間乾燥する。ゲル分率は次式により算出する。
【0018】
ゲル分率(%)=(溶解成分を除いたゲル重量/初期乾燥重量)x 100
(2) 金属吸着と脱着の測定
ペースト状で照射により得られたゲルを乾燥し、既知濃度の金属イオンを含む水溶液に一定時間浸漬し、吸着により減少した水溶液のUV吸収測定からゲル1グラム当たりに吸着した金属の量を求めた。
【0019】
橋かけCM−キチン及びCM−キトサンに吸着された金属は、0.1Mの塩酸で洗うことにより脱離した。
【0020】
【実施例(比較例)】
(比較例1)
硫酸銅の0.005モル(銅イオン320ppm)水溶液を調製(pH5.5)し、その中に未照射のCM−キトサン粉末の2グラムを添加した。CM−キトサンは銅イオンを吸着し、水溶液のブルーの色が時間の経過とともに減少した。しかし、沈殿物の回収に手間を要するのと金属の脱離が困難である。
【0021】
(実施例1)
CM−キトサン30%/水70%の割合で混合したペースト状試料をシート状に加工し、電子線の100kGy照射によりCM−キトサンハイドロゲルを合成した。ゲル分率45%の得られたシートを5mm角程度に切り2グラムを比較例1と同様の銅イオン水溶液に180分まで浸漬した。水溶液中の銅イオンによるブルーの色がCM−キトサンゲルの吸着により徐々に減少した。CM−キトサンハイドロゲルの銅イオンの吸着は表1の通りである。
【0022】
【表1】

Figure 2004358292
【0023】
(実施例2)
CM−キチン30%/水70%の割合で混合したペースト状試料をシート状に加工し、電子線の75kGy照射によりCM−キチンハイドロゲルを合成した。ゲル分率65%の得られたハイドロゲルシートは実施例1と同じ方法により金属の吸着を行った。
【0024】
【表2】
Figure 2004358292
【0025】
以上の結果から、放射線照射により得たCM−キトサン及びCM−キチンハイドロゲルは、親水性が大きいため金属イオンを容易に吸着した。これらは0.1モルの塩酸で洗うことにより銅イオンを脱離することができるため、繰り返して使用することができる。
【0026】
【発明の効果】
CM−キチン及びCM−キトサンハイドロゲルは、金属で汚染された工場廃水や湖水の有害金属及び腐敗臭の浄化に応用できる。また、海水や水溶液中に溶解している希少金属の捕集もこの技術は応用できる。これらの捕集材は、生分解性の天然由来であるため、使用後の処理が容易であるという利点があり、発展が期待できる吸着剤である。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a chitin derivative, a chitosan derivative, and a hydrogel that remove harmful metals and putrefaction odor in swamps, industrial wastewater, hot spring water, and mine wastewater. The material is a crosslinked hydrogel obtained by irradiation of high-concentration paste-like water-soluble CM-chitin (carboxymethylated chitin) and CM-chitosan (carboxylated chitosan). The hydrogel of the present invention is a polymer water-absorbing gel which is made of a hydrophilic polymer and is easily compatible with water, so that it is easy to remove contaminants in water and is useful for environmental protection.
[0002]
[Prior art]
The water-absorbing gel is made of sodium acrylate, starch obtained by graft polymerization of acrylic acid, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, acrylamide, or polyvinyl pyrrolide aqueous solution, which is irradiated with ionizing radiation and polymer absorption obtained by a crosslinking reaction. There is a gel. There is also a water-absorbing gel obtained by crosslinking a water-soluble polymer by a chemical treatment with formalin, glutaraldehyde, or the like. Water-absorbing gels are used in large quantities in the fields of agriculture, medical care and hygiene products. It is expected that production will increase in the future. It is known that CM-chitin and CM-chitosan, when irradiated with water in a paste state having a concentration of 10% or more, undergo a crosslinking reaction and become a biodegradable water-absorbing gel (for example, Patent Document 1).
[0003]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-362131 [0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
BACKGROUND ART A water-absorbing gel obtained by crosslinking a water-soluble polymer such as sodium acrylate is widely used in sanitary articles such as disposable diapers. However, infants and disposable diapers used in hospitals are mainly disposed of by incineration. Placing wet diapers etc. in an incinerator lowers the combustion temperature and leads to the generation of dioxins. When buried in soil, it does not decompose and stays for a long time.
[0005]
For natural materials such as starch, chitin and chitosan, there is a method of synthesizing a water absorbing agent by chemical crosslinking using a reagent such as formalin, glutaraldehyde, epichlorohydrin and the like. However, these chemicals are highly toxic and have problems such as environmental pollution at work sites and residual in water absorbing agents. For this reason, there is a demand for a water-absorbing agent made of a material that does not burden the environment. Biodegradable polymers that are decomposed and digested by microorganisms in soil and are easy to treat after use have attracted attention as environmentally friendly materials. Since the hydrogel is made of a hydrophilic polymer and is easily compatible with water, introduction of a functional group that easily binds to a metal is considered to be applicable to removal of harmful substances in water.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In the present invention, water is added to CM-chitin and / or CM-chitosan to form a well-kneaded paste (paste), and the superabsorbent hydrogele obtained by irradiating with ionizing radiation adsorbs harmful metals. Adsorbed harmful metals are desorbed by pH adjustment.
[0007]
As described above, it is known that when irradiated with CM-chitin and CM-chitosan in a paste state having a concentration of 10% or more with water, a cross-linking reaction occurs to form a biodegradable water-absorbing gel. In order to promote the practical use of this gel, intensive studies were conducted to clarify the adsorption characteristics of CM-chitin and CM-chitosan hydrogel for metal ions and putrefactive substances.
[0008]
In the present invention, CM-chitin, CM-chitosan and a mixture thereof, which have been radiation-crosslinked in a paste form, collect and remove harmful metals and putrefactive odor substances, thereby solving the problem of the present invention.
[0009]
The crosslinking reaction of the CM-chitin derivative, the CM-chitosan derivative and a mixture thereof occurs in a paste form having a high concentration of 10 to 60%. At a concentration of 60% or more, water is not uniformly dispersed, so that radiation crosslinking hardly occurs.
[0010]
The hydrogel obtained by the paste-like crosslinking captures metal ions in water, and has developed a technology capable of desorbing the collected metal by adjusting the pH to an acidic side, thereby completing the present invention.
[0011]
The metals that can be collected are as follows.
Alkali metals such as sodium and potassium, alkaline earth metals such as magnesium and calcium, water such as copper, manganese, zinc, nickel, lead, cadmium, iron, uranium, vanadium, mercury, chromium, titanium, selenium, arsenic, and boron Metal ions or metal compound ions soluble in water.
[0012]
The hydrogel obtained by cross-linking high-concentration pastes of CM-chitin and CM-chitosan with ionizing radiation is preferably γ-rays from cobalt-60, electron beams and X-rays by an accelerator for industrial production. The electron accelerator is most preferably a medium energy to high energy electron accelerator capable of irradiating a thick object with an acceleration voltage of 1 MeV or more. If pressure is applied to the sample before irradiation and the sample is processed into a film shape, the electron beam passes through even a low energy electron accelerator of 1 MeV or less, so that a hydrogel can be obtained by crosslinking with radiation. Oxygen during irradiation has little effect on cross-linking, but it is desirable to irradiate by covering the top surface with a plastic film such as polyester to prevent evaporation of water during irradiation and to suppress a decrease in cross-linking density. .
[0013]
The ionizing radiation of the present invention is a gamma ray, an electron beam, or an X-ray, and the irradiation dose is 0.1 to 1,000 kGy.
[0014]
The materials used in the present invention are CM-chitin and CM-chitosan which dissolve in water at room temperature to form a paste (paste).
[0015]
CM-chitin is carboxymethylated chitin obtained from crab and shrimp shells, and CM-chitosan is deacetylated and carboxymethylated chitin. Compounds having a degree of substitution by carboxymethylation of from 0.05 to 1.0 can be synthesized and dissolved in water.
[0016]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The gel fraction indicating the cross-linking ratio of CM-chitosan and CM-chitin gel obtained by irradiation in the paste state and the method of metal adsorption and desorption are shown in the following (1) and (2).
[0017]
(1) The hydrogel obtained after irradiation with the gel fraction is freeze-dried and dried in a vacuum dryer at 50 ° C. until a constant weight is obtained. The dried sample is placed in a 200 mesh stainless steel net and immersed in a large amount of water for 48 hours. Since the non-crosslinked dissolved components move to the water side, only the gel components remain in the wire mesh. The stainless steel mesh containing the gel is immersed in methanol for 1 hour, and then dried at 50 ° C. for 24 hours. The gel fraction is calculated by the following equation.
[0018]
Gel fraction (%) = (Gel weight excluding dissolved components / Initial dry weight) × 100
(2) Measurement of metal adsorption and desorption The gel obtained by irradiation in paste form was dried, immersed in an aqueous solution containing a known concentration of metal ions for a certain period of time, and the UV absorption of the aqueous solution reduced by adsorption was measured per gram of gel. The amount of metal adsorbed on the sample was determined.
[0019]
The metal adsorbed on the crosslinked CM-chitin and CM-chitosan was eliminated by washing with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid.
[0020]
Example (Comparative Example)
(Comparative Example 1)
A 0.005 molar (320 ppm copper ion) aqueous solution of copper sulfate was prepared (pH 5.5), and 2 g of unirradiated CM-chitosan powder was added thereto. CM-chitosan adsorbed copper ions, and the blue color of the aqueous solution decreased over time. However, it takes time and effort to collect the precipitate, and it is difficult to remove the metal.
[0021]
(Example 1)
A paste-like sample mixed at a ratio of 30% CM-chitosan / 70% water was processed into a sheet, and a CM-chitosan hydrogel was synthesized by irradiating 100 kGy with an electron beam. The obtained sheet having a gel fraction of 45% was cut into about 5 mm square, and 2 g of the sheet was immersed in the same copper ion aqueous solution as in Comparative Example 1 for 180 minutes. The blue color due to copper ions in the aqueous solution gradually decreased due to the adsorption of the CM-chitosan gel. The adsorption of copper ions on the CM-chitosan hydrogel is as shown in Table 1.
[0022]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004358292
[0023]
(Example 2)
A paste-like sample mixed at a ratio of 30% CM-chitin / 70% water was processed into a sheet, and a CM-chitin hydrogel was synthesized by irradiating 75 kGy with an electron beam. The obtained hydrogel sheet having a gel fraction of 65% was subjected to metal adsorption by the same method as in Example 1.
[0024]
[Table 2]
Figure 2004358292
[0025]
From the above results, CM-chitosan and CM-chitin hydrogel obtained by irradiation with radiation were large in hydrophilicity and easily adsorbed metal ions. These can be used repeatedly because copper ions can be eliminated by washing with 0.1 mol of hydrochloric acid.
[0026]
【The invention's effect】
CM-chitin and CM-chitosan hydrogel can be applied to purification of toxic metals and putrefactive odors in industrial wastewater and lake water contaminated with metals. This technique can also be applied to the collection of rare metals dissolved in seawater or an aqueous solution. Since these trapping materials are biodegradable natural sources, they have the advantage of easy treatment after use, and are adsorbents that can be expected to develop.

Claims (11)

放射線橋かけによって得られるキトサン誘導体、キチン誘導体又はその混合物のハイドロゲルからなる、金属又は腐敗物質を吸着後に脱離可能な浄化剤。A purifying agent comprising a hydrogel of a chitosan derivative, a chitin derivative or a mixture thereof obtained by radiation crosslinking and capable of desorbing a metal or a putrefactive substance after adsorption. キチン誘導体及びキトサン誘導体が、(a)その水酸基の一部を、メチル、エチル、カルボキシメチル、ヒドロキシプロピル基、若しくはその少なくとも2つの基によるアルキル化によって置換された誘導体、(b)その水酸基の一部を、アセチル、ヘキサノイル、デカノイル、ホルミル、プロピオニル、ビチリル、ベンゾイル基、若しくはその少なくとも2つの基によるアリル化によって置換された誘導体、(c)アミノ基の一部を、メチル、エチル、カルボキシメチル、ヒドロキシプロピル基、若しくはその少なくとも2つの基によるアルキル化によって置換された誘導体、(d)アミノ基の一部を、アセチル、ヘキサノイル、デカノイル、ホルミル、プロピオニル、ビチリル、ベンゾイル基、若しくはその少なくとも2つの基によるアリル化よって置換された誘導体、(e)アミノ基の一部を、スルホン基を有する硫酸化、ニトロ化、若しくはシップ塩基形成化により置換された誘導体、又は(f)水酸基とアミノ基の両方の一部が上記の官能基によって置換された誘導体である請求項1記載の浄化剤。A chitin derivative and a chitosan derivative, (a) a derivative in which a part of the hydroxyl group is substituted by alkylation with a methyl, ethyl, carboxymethyl, hydroxypropyl group or at least two groups thereof, (b) one of the hydroxyl groups Part of which is substituted by allylation with acetyl, hexanoyl, decanoyl, formyl, propionyl, bityryl, benzoyl group or at least two groups thereof, (c) part of the amino group is methyl, ethyl, carboxymethyl, A hydroxypropyl group or a derivative substituted by alkylation with at least two groups thereof, (d) converting part of an amino group to acetyl, hexanoyl, decanoyl, formyl, propionyl, bityryl, benzoyl, or at least two groups thereof; By (E) a derivative in which a part of the amino group is substituted by sulfation, nitration, or formation of a ship base having a sulfone group, or (f) both a hydroxyl group and an amino group. 2. The purifying agent according to claim 1, wherein the purifying agent is a derivative partially substituted with the functional group. 用いたキチン及びキトサン誘導体が、カルボキシメチルキチン(CM−キチン) 及びカルボキシメチルキトサン(CM−キトサン)であり、置換度が0.1〜1.0である請求項1記載の浄化剤。The purifying agent according to claim 1, wherein the chitin and the chitosan derivative used are carboxymethyl chitin (CM-chitin) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CM-chitosan), and the degree of substitution is 0.1 to 1.0. 橋かけに用いる電離性放射線が、γ線、電子線、X線であり、その線量は 0.1 〜 1,000 kGyである、請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の浄化剤。The purifying agent according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the ionizing radiation used for crosslinking is a γ-ray, an electron beam, or an X-ray, and the dose is 0.1 to 1,000 kGy. 放射線橋かけ条件が、キチン及びキトサン誘導体を水と良く練り、5%以上のペースト状で電離性放射線を照射し得られるハイドロゲルからなる請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の浄化剤。The purifying agent according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the radiation crosslinking condition is a hydrogel obtained by kneading chitin and a chitosan derivative well with water and irradiating with ionizing radiation in a paste form of 5% or more. キチン誘導体又はキトサン誘導体はいずれの割合で混合したものでもよい請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の浄化剤。The purifying agent according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the chitin derivative or the chitosan derivative may be mixed in any ratio. 捕集する金属が水中及び有機溶剤中に溶解されている請求項1記載の浄化剤。The purifying agent according to claim 1, wherein the metal to be collected is dissolved in water and an organic solvent. 金属捕集は土壌中、水中、海水中、工場廃水、温泉水、鉱山廃水など金属が溶解している土壌及び液体である請求項8記載の浄化剤。The purifying agent according to claim 8, wherein the metal collection is soil and liquid in which the metal is dissolved, such as soil, water, seawater, industrial wastewater, hot spring water, and mine wastewater. 水中に存在し腐敗臭を発するフミン酸を吸着する請求項1記載の浄化剤。2. The purifying agent according to claim 1, which adsorbs humic acid which is present in water and emits putrefactive odor. 金属及び腐敗臭はキチン誘導体、キトサン誘導体及びその混合物のハイドロゲルのシートや粒子に接触させることにより除去される請求項7乃至9のいずれかに記載の浄化剤。The purifying agent according to any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the metal and the putrefaction odor are removed by contacting a sheet or particles of a hydrogel of the chitin derivative, the chitosan derivative and a mixture thereof. CM−キトサン及びCM−キチンハイドロゲルに吸着した金属は、pHを酸性域漬けることにより脱離し回収され、そのハイドロゲルが繰り返し使用される請求項1乃至10記載の浄化剤。The purifying agent according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the metal adsorbed on the CM-chitosan and CM-chitin hydrogel is desorbed and recovered by soaking the pH in an acidic range, and the hydrogel is used repeatedly.
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