JP2004342554A - Manufacturing method of anode active material of lithium secondary battery - Google Patents
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- JP2004342554A JP2004342554A JP2003140341A JP2003140341A JP2004342554A JP 2004342554 A JP2004342554 A JP 2004342554A JP 2003140341 A JP2003140341 A JP 2003140341A JP 2003140341 A JP2003140341 A JP 2003140341A JP 2004342554 A JP2004342554 A JP 2004342554A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
Description
【０００１】
【発明が属する技術分野】
本発明は、Ｆ原子を含有するリチウムコバルト系のリチウム二次電池正極活物質の製造方法に関するものである。
【０００２】
【従来の技術】
近年、家庭電器においてポータブル化、コードレス化が急速に進むに従い、ラップトップ型パソコン、携帯電話、ビデオカメラ等の小型電子機器の電源としてリチウムイオン二次電池が実用化されている。このリチウムイオン二次電池については、１９８０年に水島等によりコバルト酸リチウムがリチウムイオン二次電池の正極活物質として有用であるとの報告（「マテリアル リサーチブレティン」ｖｏｌ１５，Ｐ７８３−７８９（１９８０）〕）がなされて以来、リチウム系複合酸化物に関する研究開発が活発に進められており、これまで多くの提案がなされている。
【０００３】
例えば、正極活物質としてＦ原子を含有するリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物が提案されている（例えば、特許文献１〜３参照。）。
【０００４】
特許文献１（特開平７−３３４４３号公報）のＦ原子を含有するリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物は、コバルト酸リチウムとガス状ハロゲン化合物とを接触させて得られるものであり、通常このようなにして得られるコバルト酸リチウムはその表面層においてのみＦ原子が存在しＦ原子を粒子内部にまで存在させることができない。
【０００５】
また、特許文献２（特開２００２−２９８８４６号公報）及び特許文献３（特開２００２−２１６７６０号公報）のＦ原子を含有するリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物はフッ素化合物としてフッ化リチウム（ＬｉＦ）を用いているが、単にフッ化リチウムを用いただけではリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の粒子内部のＦ原子の含有率を高めることができず、また、これを１０００〜１１００℃で焼成して平均粒径が１０μｍ以上とした正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池に至っても、未だ満足のできる負荷特性、サイクル特性、高温保存特性及び低温特性、更には安全性を実現することができない。
【０００６】
【特許文献１】
特開平７−３３４４３号公報
【特許文献２】
特開２００２−２９８８４６号公報
【特許文献３】
特開２００２−２１６７６０号公報
【０００７】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明者らは、かかる実情において鋭意研究を重ねた結果、リチウム化合物、コバルト化合物及びフッ素化合物とを混合し、次いで焼成を行うＦ原子を含有するリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の製造方法において、前記フッ素化合物として特定比表面積のフッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）を用い、各原料の混合比と焼成温度を特定範囲として得られるリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池は、特に負荷特性、サイクル特性、高温保存特性及び低温特性、更には安全性が向上することを見出し本発明を完成するに至った。
【０００８】
即ち、本発明の目的はリチウム二次電池の正極活物質として用いたときに、特に負荷特性、サイクル特性、高温保存特性及び低温特性、更には安全性を向上させることができるリチウム二次電池正極活物質の製造方法を提供することにある。
【０００９】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明が提供しようするリチウム二次電池正極活物質の製造方法は、リチウム化合物、コバルト化合物及びフッ素化合物とを混合し、次いで焼成を行うＦ原子を含有するリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の製造方法において、ＢＥＴ比表面積が１ｍ２／ｇ以上のフッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）を用い、リチウム化合物、コバルト化合物及びフッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）とをＣｏ原子に対するモル比で、Ｌｉ原子０．９０〜１．１０、Ｆ原子０．００１〜０．１５で混合し、温度８００〜１１００℃で焼成を行うことを特徴とするリチウム二次電池正極活物質の製造方法である。
また、係るリチウム二次電池正極活物質の製造方法において、前記コバルト化合物はＢＥＴ比表面積が２ｍ２／ｇ以上のものを用いることが好ましく、前記焼成は１０００〜１１００℃で行うことが更に好ましい。
【００１０】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。
本発明に係るリチウム二次電池正極活物質の製造方法は、リチウム化合物、コバルト化合物及びフッ素化合物とを混合し、次いで焼成を行うＦ原子を含有するリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の製造方法において、前記フッ素化合物として特定比表面積のフッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）を用い、各原料の混合比を特定範囲内に設定し、尚且つ特定温度範囲で焼成を行うことにその特徴がある。
【００１１】
用いることができる第１の原料のリチウム化合物は、例えば、リチウムの酸化物、水酸化物、炭酸塩、硝酸塩及び有機酸塩等が挙げられるが、これらの中で、工業的に安価な炭酸リチウムが好ましい。
かかるリチウム化合物の物性等は特に制限されるものではないが、微細なものが反応性の面で好ましく、レーザー回折法から求められる平均粒径が２０μｍ以下、好ましくは１０μｍ以下のものが特に好ましい。
【００１２】
用いることができる第２の原料のコバルト化合物は、例えば、コバルトの酸化物、水酸化物、炭酸塩、硝酸塩及び有機酸塩等が挙げられるが、工業的に安価で、反応性、更には焼成中に副生する副生物の安全性の面で四酸化三コバルト（Ｃｏ３Ｏ４）又はオキシ水酸化コバルト（ＣｏＯＯＨ）を用いることが特に好ましい。
前記コバルト化合物の物性はＢＥＴ比表面積が１ｍ２／ｇ以上であることが好ましく、特に該コバルト化合物のＢＥＴ比表面積が２ｍ２／ｇ以上のものを用いると、フッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）との相乗効果が高まり、フッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）の存在下においてもリチウム化合物とコバルト化合物の共溶融温度で容易に反応するため後述する計算式（１）から求められるリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の粒子内部のＦ原子の含有量（Ｃ）を更に４０重量％以上に高めることができ、該リチウム二次電池正極活物質とするリチウム二次電池のサイクル特性、負荷特性、低温特性を更に向上させることができる。
【００１３】
本発明のリチウム二次電池正極活物質の製造方法において、第３の原料のフッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）はＢＥＴ比表面積が１ｍ２／ｇ以上、好ましくは５ｍ２／ｇ以上のものを用いることが一つの重要な要件となる。本発明において用いるフッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）のＢＥＴ比表面積を当該範囲とする理由は、１ｍ２／ｇ未満ではリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の粒子内部にＦ原子とＭｇ原子を均一に分布させることが困難になる傾向があり、該リチウム二次正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の負荷特性、サイクル特性、高温保存特性及び低温特性、更には安全性の向上が低いものとなることによる。また、該フッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）はレーザー回折法から求められる平均粒径が１０μｍ以下、好ましくは５μｍ以下であると、更に均一にＦ原子とＭｇ原子を粒子内部に分布させることができることから特に好ましい。
【００１４】
前記第１〜第３の原料のリチウム化合物、コバルト化合物及びフッ素マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）は、製造履歴は問わないが、高純度リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造するために、可及的に不純物含有量が少ないものであることが好ましい。
【００１５】
反応操作は、まず、前記第１〜第３の原料のリチウム化合物、コバルト化合物及びフッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）とを所定量混合する。混合は、乾式又は湿式のいずれの方法でもよいが、製造が容易であるため乾式が好ましい。乾式混合の場合は、原料が均一に混合するようなブレンダー等を用いることが好ましい。
【００１６】
上記した第１〜第３の原料のリチウム化合物、コバルト化合物及びフッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）の配合割合は、Ｃｏ原子に対するモル比で、Ｌｉ原子０．９０〜１．１０、好ましくは０．９５〜１．０５、Ｆ原子０．００１〜０．１５、好ましくは０．００２〜０．１０であり、この配合割合で後述する焼成を行うことにより、得られるリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物に対してＦ原子を０．２０〜３重量％、好ましくは０．０４〜２重量％含有したリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物で、尚且つ粒子内部においてもＦ原子の含有量が従来になく高いものを得ることができる。本発明において、前記第１〜第３の原料の配合割合を当該範囲とする理由は、当該範囲以外では、該リチウム二次電池正極活物質とするリチウム二次電池に、優れた負荷特性、サイクル特性、高温保存特性及び低温特性、更には安全性を付与することができなくなり、例えば、Ｆ原子の含有量がリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物に対して３重量％を越えるとリチウム二次電池の放電容量が減少し、一方、Ｆ原子の含有量がリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物に対して０．２０重量％未満ではＦ原子の効果による負荷特性、サイクル特性、高温保存特性及び低温特性、更には安全性の向上が見られないためである。
【００１７】
次いで、前記第１〜第３の原料のリチウム化合物、コバルト化合物及びフッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）が均一混合された混合物を焼成する。
【００１８】
本発明においてこの焼成温度を８００〜１１００℃とすることが一つの重要な要件となる。本発明において、焼成温度を当該範囲とする理由は、８００℃未満ではリチウム化合物、コバルト化合物及びフッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）との固相反応が十分に起こらないためＦ原子及びＭｇ原子が粒子内部まで入りにくく、また、１１００℃を越えると目的とするリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物が分解を起こすため好ましくない。特に本発明のリチウム二次電池正極活物質の製造方法において１０００℃を越える温度、即ち１０００〜１１００℃で焼成を行うと粒子成長が著しいため平均粒径が１０μｍ以上となり、これに伴って比表面積が小さくなるため、該リチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の安全性を更に向上させることができる。
【００１９】
焼成時間は２〜２４時間、好ましくは５〜１０時間とすることが好ましい。焼成は大気中又は酸素雰囲気中のいずれで行ってもよく、特に制限されるものではない。また、これら焼成は必要により何度でも行うことができる。
【００２０】
焼成後は、適宜冷却し、必要に応じ粉砕してリチウム二次電池正極活物質を得る。
なお、必要に応じて行われる粉砕は、焼成して得られる正極活物質がもろく結合したブロック状のものである場合等に適宜行うが、該正極活物質の粒子自体は特定の平均粒径、ＢＥＴ比表面積を有するものである。即ち、得られるリチウム二次電池正極活物質は、平均粒径が１．０〜２０μｍ、好ましくは５．０〜２０μｍであり、ＢＥＴ比表面積が０．１〜２．０ｍ２／ｇ、好ましくは０．２〜１．５ｍ２／ｇ、さらに好ましくは０．３〜１．０ｍ２／ｇである。
【００２１】
かくして得られるリチウム二次電池正極活物質は、Ｆ原子を０．０２〜３重量％含有し、下記計算式（１）から求められる粒子内部のＦ原子の含有量（Ｃ）が１０重量％以上、好ましくは３０重量％を越える。
【数１】
Ａ；リチウム二次電池正極活物質の粒子表面上に存在するＦ原子の量。
Ｂ；リチウム二次電池正極活物質中に含有されているＦ原子の全量。
Ｃ；リチウム二次電池正極活物質の粒子内部に存在するＦ原子の量。
【００２２】
また、本発明の製造方法で得られるリチウム二次電池正極活物質は、残存アルカリの含有量が０．１重量％以下、好ましくは０．０５重量％以下で、該リチウム二次電池正極活物質２０ｇを水１００ｍｌに分散させたときの分散液の２５℃におけるｐＨが９．５〜１２．０、好ましくは９．５〜１０．５であると、不純物、例えば炭酸リチウム、水酸化リチウム等の残存アルカリに由来するガスの発生を抑制し、該リチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の高温保存特性を向上させることができる。
【００２３】
本発明の製造方法で得られるリチウム二次電池正極活物質は、正極、負極、セパレータ、及びリチウム塩を含有する非水電解質からなるリチウム二次電池の正極活物質として用いることができ、また、本発明のリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池は、特に負荷特性、サイクル特性、高温保存特性及び低温特性、更には安全性が向上する。
【００２４】
【実施例】
以下、本発明を実施例により詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
＜酸化コバルト（Ｃｏ３Ｏ４）の調製＞
・試料Ｃｏ−１、Ｃｏ−２
特開平４−３２１５２３号公報の四酸化三コバルトの製造方法に従って、硫酸コバルト・６水和物１３．７ｋｇを純水１５Ｌに溶解し、コバルト水溶液を作成した。次いで炭酸水素アンモニウム９ｋｇを純水６Ｌに溶解した後、攪拌しながら前記のコバルト水溶液を１時間かけて添加した。添加終了後３０分間攪拌して沈澱を生成させ、次いで濾過して沈澱物を回収し、６０Ｌの純水で２回リパルプして洗浄を行った。次いで、沈澱物を４２０℃で３時間電気炉で焼成し、冷却後、粉砕し得られたものを、Ｘ線回折測定で確認したところ四酸化三コバルトであることを確認した。また、走査型電子顕微鏡（ＳＥＭ）より観察した結果、平均粒径が０．０２μｍで、ＢＥＴ比表面積は４４．５ｍ２／ｇであった。この四酸化三コバルト試料をＣｏ−１とし、更にこのＣｏ−１を粉砕及び分級してＢＥＴ比表面積が１０４ｍ２／ｇの四酸化三コバルトを調製し、これをＣｏ−２試料とした。
・試料Ｃｏ−３、Ｃｏ−４
特願２００２−１６２７２６号の四酸化三コバルトの製造方法に従って、２０Ｌ容量のステンレスタンクに、予め１．８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ＣｏＳＯ４として）の硫酸コバルト水溶液を４Ｌ張り、これを６０℃に加温し、そこに１ｍｏｌ／Ｌの炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液１４．４Ｌを２時間かけて６０℃に温度を維持しながら滴下した。なお、滴下終了後の反応系内のｐＨは６．７であった．
次いで滴下終了後、温度を６０℃に維持したままｐＨ８になるまで４ｍｏｌ／Ｌの水酸化ナトリウム溶液を加え、このｐＨと温度を維持しながら３時間の熟成を行った。
次いで、濾過に要する時間を確認しながら、固液分離後、回収した沈澱物を１０％スラリーとした時の２５℃における電気伝導度を電気伝導度計で確認しながら電気伝導度が１００μｓ／ｃｍ以下となるまで十分に押水洗浄を行い、乾燥して沈澱物８５６．１ｇを得た（収率９９．９６％）。
次に、この沈澱物を９００℃で５時間電気炉で焼成し、冷却後、粉砕し得られたものを、Ｘ線回折測定で確認したところ凝集状の四酸化三コバルトであることを確認した。また、走査型電子顕微鏡（ＳＥＭ）より観察した結果、一次粒子の粒径が０．５〜２μｍで、二次粒子の平均粒径が１４．１μｍで、ＢＥＴ比表面積は０．６２ｍ２／ｇであった。これをＣｏ−４試料とした。
次いで、上記で得られたＣｏ−４試料を粉砕及び分級してＢＥＴ比表面積が１．０２ｍ２／ｇの四酸化三コバルトを調製し、これをＣｏ−３試料とした。
また、前記で調製したＣｏ−１、Ｃｏ−２、Ｃｏ−３及びＣｏ−４試料のＢＥＴ比表面積を表１に示した。
【表１】
実施例１〜４
表２に示したＣｏ原子とＬｉ原子のモル比となるように各酸化コバルト試料、Ｌｉ２ＣＯ３（平均粒径７μｍ）を秤量し、更に市販のＭｇＦ２（Ａｌｄｒｉｃｈ社製）を粉砕、分級してＢＥＴ比表面積６．５ｍ２／ｇ、平均粒径７μｍのＭｇＦ２を調製し、表２に示したＦ原子のモル比となるようにこの調製したＭｇＦ２と各原料を乾式で十分に混合した後１０２０℃で５時間焼成した。該焼成物を粉砕、分級してＦ原子含有リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を得た。得られたものの主物性を表３に示す。
【００２６】
比較例１
表２に示したＣｏ原子とＬｉ原子のモル比となるように酸化コバルト（試料Ｃｏ−１）、Ｌｉ２ＣＯ３（平均粒径７μｍ）を秤量し、更に市販のＭｇＦ２（Ａｌｄｒｉｃｈ社製）を粉砕、分級してＢＥＴ比表面積６．５ｍ２／ｇ、平均粒径７μｍのＭｇＦ２を調製し、表２に示したＦ原子のモル比となるようにこの調製したＭｇＦ２と各原料を乾式で十分に混合した後７００℃で５時間焼成した。該焼成物を粉砕、分級してＦ原子含有リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を得た。得られたものの主物性を表３に示す。
【００２７】
比較例２
Ｌｉ原子、Ｃｏ原子のモル比が１．０３：１．００となるように酸化コバルト（試料Ｃｏ−１）、Ｌｉ２ＣＯ３（平均粒径７μｍ）を乾式で十分に混合した後１０２０℃で５時間焼成した。該焼成物を粉砕、分級してリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を得た。得られたものの主物性を表３に示す。
【００２８】
参考例１
表２に示したＣｏ原子とＬｉ原子のモル比となるように酸化コバルト試料（Ｃｏ−１）、Ｌｉ２ＣＯ３（平均粒径７μｍ）を秤量し、更に表２に示したＦ原子のモル比となるように市販のＭｇＦ２（ＢＥＴ比表面積０．１ｍ２／ｇ、平均粒径１００μｍ）を乾式で十分に混合した後１０２０℃で５時間焼成した。該焼成物を粉砕、分級してＦ原子含有リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を得た。得られたものの主物性を表３に示す。
【表２】
＜物性の評価＞
▲１▼リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の粒子内部のＦ原子の量
実施例１〜４、比較例１〜２及び参考例１で得られたリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物０．５ｇに水１００ｍｌを加え、２５℃で十分に攪拌して、リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の粒子表面からＦ原子を水に溶出させ、溶液中のＦ原子の量をイオンクロマトグラフィーにより定量した。次に、原料のフッ素化合物の添加量から求められる理論量から下記計算式（１）により、リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の粒子内部のＦ原子の存在割合（Ｃ）を求めた。その結果を表３に示した。
【数２】
Ａ：リチウム二次電池正極活物質を水に分散させて粒子表面から溶出するＦ原子の量をイオンクロマトグラフィーで定量分析した値。
Ｂ：フッ化マグネシウム（ＭｇＦ２）の添加量から求められるリチウム二次電池正極活物質粒子中に理論上含有された全Ｆ原子の量。
Ｃ：リチウム二次電池正極活物質の粒子内部に存在するＦ原子の量。
▲２▼分散液のｐＨ及び残存アルカリの含有量
実施例１〜４、比較例１〜２及び参考例１で得られたリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物２０ｇに水１００ｍｌを加え、２５℃で５分間十分に攪拌した。次いで、濾過し、その濾過液のｐＨをｐＨメーターで測定した。更に、該濾過液６０ｇを０．１ＮのＨＣｌを用いてアルカリ滴定により、該リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物に含まれる残存アルカリ分を測定し、その結果を表３に示した。
▲３▼平均粒径
平均粒径はレーザー回折法により求めた。
【表３】
＜電池性能試験＞
（１）リチウム二次電池の作製；
上記のように製造した実施例１〜４、比較例１〜２及び参考例１で得られたリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物９１重量％、黒鉛粉末６重量％、ポリフッ化ビニリデン３重量％を混合して正極剤とし、これをＮ−メチル−２−ピロリジノンに分散させて混練ペーストを調製した。該混練ペーストをアルミ箔に塗布したのち乾燥、プレスして直径１５ｍｍの円盤に打ち抜いて正極板を得た。
この正極板を用いて、セパレーター、負極、正極、集電板、取り付け金具、外部端子、電解液等の各部材を使用してリチウム二次電池を製作した。このうち、負極は金属リチウム箔を用い、電解液にはエチレンカーボネートとメチルエチルカーボネートの１：１混練液１リットルにＬｉＰＦ６ １モルを溶解したものを使用した。
【００３１】
（２）電池の性能評価
作製したリチウム二次電池を室温で作動させ、下記の電池性能を評価した。
＜容量維持率、エネルギー維持率の測定＞
室温にて正極に対して定電流電圧（ＣＣＣＶ）０．５Ｃで４．３Ｖまで充電した後、０．２Ｃで２．７Ｖまで放電させる充放電を１サイクルとして、放電容量およびエネルギー密度を測定した。
次いで、上記放電容量及びエネルギー密度の測定における充放電を２０サイクル行い、下記式（２）により容量維持率を算出し、また、下記式（３）によりエネルギー維持率を算出した。その結果を表４に示す。また、実施例１〜４、比較例２で調製したリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いたリチウム二次電池のこの条件下での放電特性図を図１〜５にそれぞれ示した。
【数３】
＜負荷特性の評価＞
まず、正極に対して定電流電圧（ＣＣＣＶ）充電により０．５Ｃで５時間かけて、４．３Ｖまで充電した後、放電レート０．２Ｃ、１．０Ｃ、２．０Ｃで２．７Ｖまで放電させる充放電を行い、これらの操作を１サイクルとして１サイクル毎に放電容量とエネルギー密度を測定した。
このサイクルの各放電レートで３サイクル繰り返し、３サイクル目の放電容量とエネルギー密度を求めた。その結果を表４に示す。
また、実施例１〜４及び比較例２で調製したリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いたリチウム二次電池について同様に行い、０．２Ｃ、１．０Ｃ、２．０Ｃでの放電特性図を図６〜１０にそれぞれ示した。
なお、エネルギー密度の値が高い方が、高負荷放電時でもより多くのエネルギーを利用でき、同じ放電容量の場合にはより高電圧での放電が可能である事を示し、即ち、負荷特性が優れていることを示す。
【表４】
【００３３】
＜高温保存特性の評価＞
実施例１及び比較例２で調製したリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いたリチウム二次電池について、室温にて正極に対して定電流電圧（ＣＣＣＶ）０．５Ｃで４．３Ｖまで５時間かけて充電した後、０．２Ｃで２．７Ｖまで放電させる充放電を１サイクル行った。次いで、同様に２サイクル目の充電を行った後、リチウム二次電池を８０℃に調整された恒温室中で３週間放置（自己放電）した。
次に、リチウム二次電池を恒温室から取り出して、室温まで冷却後、放電レート０．２Ｃで放電を行った。その際の放電特性図を図１１に示した。
また、図１１に室温にて正極に対して定電流電圧（ＣＣＣＶ）０．５Ｃで４．３Ｖまで５時間かけて充電した後、０．２Ｃで２．７Ｖまで放電させる充放電を１サイクル行った後、２サイクル目の充電を行い、室温で放電レート０．２Ｃで放電を行い、その際の放電特性を図１１に合わせて併記した。
図１１の結果より、本発明のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いたリチウム二次電池は比較例２のＬｉＣｏＯ２を正極活物質として用いたものと比べ、８０℃で３週間放置後においても放電容量及び平均放電電圧が高いことから高温保存特性に優れていることが分かる。
【００３４】
＜低温特性の評価＞
実施例１〜３及び比較例２で調製したリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いたリチウム二次電池について、室温にて正極に対して定電流電圧（ＣＣＣＶ）０．５Ｃで４．３Ｖまで５時間かけて充電した後、０．２Ｃで２．７Ｖまで放電させる充放電を１サイクル行った。次いで、同様に２サイクル目の充電を行った後、リチウム二次電池を−１０℃に調整された冷蔵庫中で放電レート０．２Ｃで放電を行った。その際の放電特性図を図１２〜１５に示した。
また、図１２〜１５に室温にて正極に対して定電流電圧（ＣＣＣＶ）０．５Ｃで４．３Ｖまで５時間かけて充電した後、０．２Ｃで２．７Ｖまで放電させる充放電を１サイクル行った後、２サイクル目の充電を行い、室温で放電レート０．２Ｃで放電を行い、その際の放電特性を図１２〜１５に合わせて併記した。
図１２〜１５の結果より、本発明のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いたリチウム二次電池は比較例１のＬｉＣｏＯ２を正極活物質として用いたものと比べ、−１０℃の低温においても放電容量及び放電電圧が高いことから低温特性に優れていることが分かる。
【００３５】
＜安全性の評価＞
輿石、喜多、和田（平成１３年１１月２１日〜２３日開催 第４２回 電池討論会 講演要旨集、４６２〜４６３頁）、太田、大岩、石垣ら（平成１３年１１月２１日〜２３日開催 第４２回 電池討論会 講演要旨集、４７０〜４７１頁）及び特開２００２−１５８００８号公報の電池の熱安定性評価方法に基づいて、実施例１、３及び比較例２で調製したリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いたリチウム二次電池を正極に対して、定電流電圧（ＣＣＣＶ）充電により０．５Ｃで５時間かけて、４．３Ｖまで充電した後、アルゴン雰囲気下でリチウム二次電池を分解し、リチウムを引き抜きデインターカレーションした正極活物質を含有する正極板を取り出した。次いで、この取り出した各正極板から正極活物質を５．０ｍｇ削り取り、エチレンカーボネートとメチルエチルカーボネートの１：１混練液１リットルにＬｉＰＦ６１モルを溶解した液５．０μｍｌと一緒に示差走査熱量測定（ＤＳＣ）用密閉式セル（ＳＵＳセル）に封入し、昇温速度２℃／ｍｉｎにて示差走査熱量測定装置（ＳＩＩエポリードサービス社製、形式ＤＳＣ６２００）にて示差熱量変化を測定した。その示差熱量変化の結果を図１６及び表５に示す。
この図１６の縦軸の熱量は、測定した正極活物質の重さで割った値を用いた。なお、図１６において発熱ピークの高さが最大になった時の温度が高く、また、発熱開始からの発熱量の勾配が緩やかな方が、熱安定性、即ち電池安全性が優れていることを示す。
【表５】
また、本発明のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物（実施例１、３）は、発熱開始温度から発熱ピークの高さが最大となる時の温度までの発熱量の勾配が緩やかであることから電池の安全性に優れていることが分かる。
【００３６】
【発明の効果】
上記したとおり、本発明の製造方法で得られるリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池は、特に、負荷特性、サイクル特性、高温保存特性及び低温特性、更には安全性を向上させることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】実施例１で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池のサイクル特性を示す図。
【図２】実施例２で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池ののサイクル特性を示す図。
【図３】実施例３で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池ののサイクル特性を示す図。
【図４】実施例４で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池ののサイクル特性を示す図。
【図５】比較例２で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池ののサイクル特性を示す図。
【図６】実施例１で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の０．２Ｃ、１Ｃと２Ｃでの負荷特性を示す図。
【図７】実施例２で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の０．２Ｃ、１Ｃと２Ｃでの負荷特性を示す図。
【図８】実施例３で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の０．２Ｃ、１Ｃと２Ｃでの負荷特性を示す図。
【図９】実施例４で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の０．２Ｃ、１Ｃと２Ｃでの負荷特性を示す図。
【図１０】比較例２で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の０．２Ｃ、１Ｃと２Ｃでの負荷特性を示す図。
【図１１】実施例１及び比較例２で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の高温保存特性を示す放電特性図。
【図１２】実施例１で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の低温特性を示す放電特性図。
【図１３】実施例２で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の低温特性を示す放電特性図。
【図１４】実施例３で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の低温特性を示す放電特性図。
【図１５】比較例２で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の低温特性を示す放電特性図。
【図１６】実施例１、３及び比較例２で得られたリチウム二次電池正極活物質からリチウムを引き抜きデインターカレーションした正極活物質の示差熱量変化を示す図。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for producing a lithium cobalt-based lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material containing an F atom.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, as home appliances become more portable and cordless, lithium ion secondary batteries have been put into practical use as power supplies for small electronic devices such as laptop personal computers, mobile phones, and video cameras. Regarding this lithium-ion secondary battery, Mizushima et al. Reported in 1980 that lithium cobaltate was useful as a positive electrode active material for a lithium-ion secondary battery ("Material Research Bulletin" vol. 15, P783-789 (1980)). ), Research and development on lithium-based composite oxides have been actively promoted, and many proposals have been made so far.
[0003]
For example, lithium cobalt-based composite oxides containing an F atom as a positive electrode active material have been proposed (for example, see Patent Documents 1 to 3).
[0004]
The lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide containing an F atom disclosed in Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-33443) is obtained by bringing lithium cobalt oxide into contact with a gaseous halogen compound. The lithium cobalt oxide obtained has F atoms only in its surface layer, and F atoms cannot be present inside the particles.
[0005]
The lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide containing an F atom disclosed in Patent Document 2 (JP-A-2002-298846) and Patent Document 3 (JP-A-2002-216760) uses lithium fluoride (LiF) as a fluorine compound. However, the use of lithium fluoride alone cannot increase the content of F atoms inside the particles of the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide, and it is baked at 1000 to 1100 ° C. to obtain an average particle size. However, even with a lithium secondary battery using a positive electrode active material having a particle size of 10 μm or more, satisfactory load characteristics, cycle characteristics, high-temperature storage characteristics, low-temperature characteristics, and safety cannot be realized yet.
[0006]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-33443 [Patent Document 2]
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-298846 [Patent Document 3]
JP 2002-216760 A
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present inventors have conducted intensive studies in such circumstances, and as a result, in a method for producing a lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide containing an F atom, in which a lithium compound, a cobalt compound and a fluorine compound are mixed and then calcined, A lithium secondary battery using a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery obtained by using magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) having a specific specific surface area as a fluorine compound and a mixing ratio of each raw material and a sintering temperature in a specific range is particularly suitable for load characteristics. The present invention was found to improve the cycle characteristics, the high-temperature storage characteristics, the low-temperature characteristics, and the safety, and completed the present invention.
[0008]
That is, an object of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery that can improve load characteristics, cycle characteristics, high-temperature storage characteristics and low-temperature characteristics, and furthermore, when used as a positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery. An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an active material.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery provided by the present invention is directed to a method for producing a lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide containing an F atom, in which a lithium compound, a cobalt compound and a fluorine compound are mixed and then calcined. , BET specific surface area using a 1 m 2 / g or more magnesium fluoride (MgF 2), a lithium compound, a cobalt compound and a magnesium fluoride (MgF 2) in a molar ratio to Co atoms, Li atom from 0.90 to 1 10. A method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, comprising mixing F atoms at 0.001 to 0.15 and baking at a temperature of 800 to 1100 ° C.
In the method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, it is preferable that the cobalt compound has a BET specific surface area of 2 m 2 / g or more, and the calcination is more preferably performed at 1000 to 1100 ° C.
[0010]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
The method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is a method for producing a lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide containing an F atom, in which a lithium compound, a cobalt compound and a fluorine compound are mixed and then calcined. It is characterized in that magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) having a specific specific surface area is used as the fluorine compound, the mixing ratio of each raw material is set within a specific range, and firing is performed in a specific temperature range.
[0011]
The lithium compound as the first raw material that can be used includes, for example, lithium oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, nitrates, and organic acid salts. Is preferred.
The physical properties and the like of such lithium compounds are not particularly limited, but fine ones are preferred in terms of reactivity, and those having an average particle diameter determined by a laser diffraction method of 20 μm or less, preferably 10 μm or less are particularly preferred.
[0012]
The cobalt compound as the second raw material that can be used includes, for example, cobalt oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, nitrates, and organic acid salts, and is industrially inexpensive, reactive, and calcined. It is particularly preferable to use tricobalt tetroxide (Co 3 O 4 ) or cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) from the viewpoint of the safety of by-products produced therein.
As for the physical properties of the cobalt compound, it is preferable that the BET specific surface area is 1 m 2 / g or more. In particular, when the BET specific surface area of the cobalt compound is 2 m 2 / g or more, the cobalt compound has a BET specific surface area higher than that of magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ). The synergistic effect is enhanced, and the lithium-cobalt compound oxide particles easily react at the co-melting temperature of the lithium compound and the cobalt compound even in the presence of magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ). The content (C) of the internal F atom can be further increased to 40% by weight or more, and the cycle characteristics, load characteristics, and low-temperature characteristics of the lithium secondary battery used as the positive electrode active material of the lithium secondary battery are further improved. Can be.
[0013]
In the method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention, magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) as the third raw material has a BET specific surface area of 1 m 2 / g or more, preferably 5 m 2 / g or more. Is one important requirement. The reason why the BET specific surface area of the magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) used in the present invention is in the above range is that if it is less than 1 m 2 / g, F atoms and Mg atoms are uniformly distributed inside the particles of the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide. This is because the load characteristics, the cycle characteristics, the high-temperature storage characteristics and the low-temperature characteristics, and the safety of the lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary positive electrode active material are less improved. When the average particle size of the magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) determined by a laser diffraction method is 10 μm or less, preferably 5 μm or less, F atoms and Mg atoms can be more uniformly distributed inside the particles. Particularly preferred.
[0014]
The production histories of the lithium compounds, cobalt compounds and magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) as the first to third raw materials are not limited. However, in order to produce a high-purity lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide, impurities are contained as much as possible. It is preferred that the amount is small.
[0015]
In the reaction operation, first, a lithium compound, a cobalt compound and magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) of the first to third raw materials are mixed in a predetermined amount. Mixing may be performed by either a dry method or a wet method, but a dry method is preferred because of easy production. In the case of dry mixing, it is preferable to use a blender or the like that uniformly mixes the raw materials.
[0016]
The mixing ratio of the lithium compound, the cobalt compound and the magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) of the first to third raw materials is 0.90 to 1.10, preferably 0.95, in terms of molar ratio to Co atom. To 1.05, F atom 0.001 to 0.15, preferably 0.002 to 0.10. By performing the calcination described below at this compounding ratio, the lithium cobalt-based composite oxide obtained is To obtain a lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide containing 0.20 to 3% by weight, preferably 0.04 to 2% by weight, of F atoms and having an unusually high F atom content even inside the particles. Can be. In the present invention, the reason for setting the mixing ratio of the first to third raw materials in the above range is that, outside the above range, the lithium secondary battery used as the positive electrode active material of the lithium secondary battery has excellent load characteristics and cycle characteristics. Characteristics, high-temperature storage characteristics, low-temperature characteristics, and safety cannot be imparted. For example, if the content of F atoms exceeds 3% by weight with respect to the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide, the discharge of the lithium secondary battery will occur. On the other hand, when the content of F atoms is less than 0.20% by weight based on the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide, the load characteristics, cycle characteristics, high-temperature storage characteristics and low-temperature characteristics due to the effect of F atoms, and furthermore, safety is reduced This is because no improvement in the properties is observed.
[0017]
Then firing the lithium compound of the first to third raw material, a mixture of cobalt compounds and magnesium fluoride (MgF 2) are uniformly mixed.
[0018]
In the present invention, one important requirement is to set the firing temperature to 800 to 1100 ° C. In the present invention, the reason for setting the firing temperature to the range is that if the temperature is lower than 800 ° C., a solid phase reaction with a lithium compound, a cobalt compound, and magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) does not sufficiently occur, so that F atoms and Mg atoms are contained inside the particles. If the temperature exceeds 1100 ° C., the intended lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide is undesirably decomposed. In particular, in the method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, when calcination is performed at a temperature exceeding 1000 ° C., that is, 1000 to 1100 ° C., the average particle diameter becomes 10 μm or more due to remarkable particle growth, and the specific surface area Therefore, the safety of the lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material can be further improved.
[0019]
The firing time is preferably 2 to 24 hours, and more preferably 5 to 10 hours. The firing may be performed in the air or in an oxygen atmosphere, and is not particularly limited. These firings can be performed as many times as necessary.
[0020]
After firing, the mixture is appropriately cooled and pulverized as necessary to obtain a lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material.
The pulverization performed as necessary is appropriately performed, for example, when the positive electrode active material obtained by baking is in the form of a brittlely bonded block, and the particles of the positive electrode active material have a specific average particle size, It has a BET specific surface area. That is, the obtained lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material has an average particle size of 1.0 to 20 μm, preferably 5.0 to 20 μm, and a BET specific surface area of 0.1 to 2.0 m 2 / g, preferably 0.2~1.5m 2 / g, more preferably from 0.3~1.0m 2 / g.
[0021]
The lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material thus obtained contains F atoms in an amount of 0.02 to 3% by weight, and the content (C) of F atoms in the particles obtained from the following formula (1) is 10% by weight or more. , Preferably more than 30% by weight.
(Equation 1)
A: the amount of F atoms present on the particle surface of the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material.
B: The total amount of F atoms contained in the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material.
C: the amount of F atoms present inside the particles of the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material.
[0022]
The lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained by the production method of the present invention has a residual alkali content of 0.1% by weight or less, preferably 0.05% by weight or less. When the pH at 25 ° C. of the dispersion obtained by dispersing 20 g in 100 ml of water is 9.5 to 12.0, preferably 9.5 to 10.5, impurities such as lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide may be used. Generation of gas derived from residual alkali can be suppressed, and the high-temperature storage characteristics of a lithium secondary battery using the positive electrode active material of the lithium secondary battery can be improved.
[0023]
The lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained by the production method of the present invention can be used as a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and a positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery including a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt, The lithium secondary battery using the positive electrode active material of the lithium secondary battery of the present invention has particularly improved load characteristics, cycle characteristics, high-temperature storage characteristics, low-temperature characteristics, and safety.
[0024]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
<Preparation of cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 )>
-Samples Co-1 and Co-2
13.7 kg of cobalt sulfate hexahydrate was dissolved in 15 L of pure water to prepare a cobalt aqueous solution in accordance with the method for producing tricobalt tetroxide disclosed in JP-A-4-321523. Next, 9 kg of ammonium bicarbonate was dissolved in 6 L of pure water, and the above-mentioned aqueous cobalt solution was added over 1 hour while stirring. After completion of the addition, the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes to form a precipitate, and then the precipitate was recovered by filtration and repulped twice with 60 L of pure water for washing. Next, the precipitate was fired in an electric furnace at 420 ° C. for 3 hours, cooled, and pulverized. The obtained product was confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurement to be tricobalt tetroxide. Further, as a result of observation with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the average particle size was 0.02 μm, and the BET specific surface area was 44.5 m 2 / g. This cobalt trioxide sample was designated as Co-1, and this Co-1 was further pulverized and classified to prepare a cobalt trioxide having a BET specific surface area of 104 m 2 / g, which was designated as Co-2 sample.
-Sample Co-3, Co-4
According to the method for producing tricobalt tetroxide in Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-162726, 4 liters of a 1.8 mol / L (as CoSO 4 ) aqueous solution of cobalt sulfate was previously placed in a 20-liter stainless steel tank, and heated to 60 ° C. Then, 14.4 L of a 1 mol / L aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was added dropwise thereto over 2 hours while maintaining the temperature at 60 ° C. The pH in the reaction system after the completion of the dropwise addition was 6.7.
Then, after completion of the dropwise addition, a 4 mol / L sodium hydroxide solution was added until the pH reached 8 while maintaining the temperature at 60 ° C., and aging was performed for 3 hours while maintaining the pH and temperature.
Then, while confirming the time required for filtration, after solid-liquid separation, the electric conductivity at 25 ° C. when the recovered precipitate was made into a 10% slurry was checked with an electric conductivity meter at 25 ° C., and the electric conductivity was 100 μs / cm. Washing was carried out sufficiently until the water content became as follows, and dried to obtain 856.1 g of a precipitate (yield: 99.96%).
Next, this precipitate was baked in an electric furnace at 900 ° C. for 5 hours, cooled, and then pulverized. The obtained product was confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurement to be agglomerated tricobalt tetroxide. . Further, as a result of observation with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the particle diameter of the primary particles was 0.5 to 2 μm, the average particle diameter of the secondary particles was 14.1 μm, and the BET specific surface area was 0.62 m 2 / g. Met. This was used as a Co-4 sample.
Next, the Co-4 sample obtained above was pulverized and classified to prepare tricobalt tetroxide having a BET specific surface area of 1.02 m 2 / g, which was used as a Co-3 sample.
Table 1 shows the BET specific surface areas of the Co-1, Co-2, Co-3 and Co-4 samples prepared above.
[Table 1]
Examples 1-4
Each cobalt oxide sample and Li 2 CO 3 (average particle size: 7 μm) were weighed so that the molar ratio of Co atoms to Li atoms shown in Table 2 was obtained, and then commercially available MgF 2 (manufactured by Aldrich) was pulverized and classified. Then, MgF 2 having a BET specific surface area of 6.5 m 2 / g and an average particle diameter of 7 μm was prepared, and the prepared MgF 2 and each raw material were sufficiently dry-dried so as to have a molar ratio of F atoms shown in Table 2. After mixing, the mixture was fired at 1020 ° C. for 5 hours. The fired product was pulverized and classified to obtain an F atom-containing lithium cobalt-based composite oxide. Table 3 shows the main physical properties of the obtained product.
[0026]
Comparative Example 1
Cobalt oxide (sample Co-1) and Li 2 CO 3 (average particle size: 7 μm) were weighed so that the molar ratio of Co atoms to Li atoms shown in Table 2 was obtained, and further, commercially available MgF 2 (manufactured by Aldrich) Was pulverized and classified to prepare MgF 2 having a BET specific surface area of 6.5 m 2 / g and an average particle size of 7 μm. The prepared MgF 2 and each raw material were mixed so that the molar ratio of F atoms shown in Table 2 was obtained. After thoroughly mixing in a dry system, the mixture was baked at 700 ° C. for 5 hours. The fired product was pulverized and classified to obtain an F atom-containing lithium cobalt-based composite oxide. Table 3 shows the main physical properties of the obtained product.
[0027]
Comparative Example 2
Cobalt oxide (sample Co-1) and Li 2 CO 3 (average particle diameter 7 μm) are thoroughly mixed in a dry manner so that the molar ratio of Li atoms and Co atoms is 1.03: 1.00, and then, at 1020 ° C. It was baked for 5 hours. The fired product was pulverized and classified to obtain a lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide. Table 3 shows the main physical properties of the obtained product.
[0028]
Reference Example 1
A cobalt oxide sample (Co-1) and Li 2 CO 3 (average particle size: 7 μm) were weighed so that the molar ratio of Co atoms to Li atoms shown in Table 2 was obtained. A commercially available MgF 2 (BET specific surface area: 0.1 m 2 / g, average particle diameter: 100 μm) was thoroughly mixed in a dry system so as to obtain a ratio, and then calcined at 1020 ° C. for 5 hours. The fired product was pulverized and classified to obtain an F atom-containing lithium cobalt-based composite oxide. Table 3 shows the main physical properties of the obtained product.
[Table 2]
<Evaluation of physical properties>
{Circle around (1)} Amount of F atoms inside particles of lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide To 100 g of water was added 0.5 g of the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide obtained in Examples 1-4, Comparative Examples 1-2 and Reference Example 1. After stirring sufficiently at 25 ° C., F atoms were eluted from the particle surfaces of the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide into water, and the amount of F atoms in the solution was quantified by ion chromatography. Next, the abundance ratio (C) of F atoms in the particles of the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide was determined from the theoretical amount determined from the added amount of the raw material fluorine compound, using the following formula (1). Table 3 shows the results.
(Equation 2)
A: A value obtained by quantitatively analyzing the amount of F atoms eluted from the particle surface by dispersing the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material in water by ion chromatography.
B: The amount of all F atoms theoretically contained in the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material particles determined from the amount of magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) added.
C: the amount of F atoms present inside the particles of the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material.
{Circle around (2)} pH and content of residual alkali of dispersion liquid 100 ml of water was added to 20 g of the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide obtained in Examples 1-4, Comparative Examples 1-2 and Reference Example 1, and the mixture was heated at 25 ° C for 5 minutes. Stir well. Next, the mixture was filtered, and the pH of the filtrate was measured with a pH meter. Further, 60 g of the filtrate was subjected to alkali titration using 0.1 N HCl to measure the residual alkali content contained in the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide, and the results are shown in Table 3.
(3) Average particle size The average particle size was determined by a laser diffraction method.
[Table 3]
<Battery performance test>
(1) Preparation of lithium secondary battery;
91% by weight of the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide, 6% by weight of graphite powder, and 3% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride obtained in Examples 1-4, Comparative Examples 1-2 and Reference Example 1 produced as described above were mixed. This was used as a positive electrode agent, and this was dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone to prepare a kneaded paste. The kneaded paste was applied to an aluminum foil, dried, pressed and punched into a disk having a diameter of 15 mm to obtain a positive electrode plate.
Using this positive electrode plate, a lithium secondary battery was manufactured using each member such as a separator, a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a current collector, a mounting bracket, an external terminal, and an electrolyte. Among them, a metal lithium foil was used for the negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution obtained by dissolving 1 mol of LiPF 6 in 1 liter of a 1: 1 kneading solution of ethylene carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate was used.
[0031]
(2) Battery Performance Evaluation The prepared lithium secondary battery was operated at room temperature, and the following battery performance was evaluated.
<Measurement of capacity maintenance rate and energy maintenance rate>
After charging the positive electrode at room temperature to 4.3 V at a constant current voltage (CCCV) of 0.5 C and discharging it to 2.7 V at 0.2 C as one cycle, the discharge capacity and the energy density were measured. .
Next, charging and discharging in the measurement of the discharge capacity and the energy density were performed for 20 cycles, the capacity retention was calculated by the following equation (2), and the energy retention was calculated by the following equation (3). Table 4 shows the results. FIGS. 1 to 5 show discharge characteristics diagrams of lithium secondary batteries using the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide prepared in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Example 2 as the positive electrode active material under these conditions.
[Equation 3]
<Evaluation of load characteristics>
First, the positive electrode is charged to 4.3 V by constant current voltage (CCCV) charging at 0.5 C for 5 hours, and then discharged to 2.7 V at a discharge rate of 0.2 C, 1.0 C, and 2.0 C. These operations were defined as one cycle, and the discharge capacity and energy density were measured every cycle.
Three cycles were repeated at each discharge rate of this cycle, and the discharge capacity and energy density at the third cycle were determined. Table 4 shows the results.
The same procedure was performed for a lithium secondary battery using the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide prepared in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Example 2 as a positive electrode active material, and discharge was performed at 0.2C, 1.0C, and 2.0C. The characteristic diagrams are shown in FIGS.
It should be noted that a higher value of the energy density indicates that more energy can be used even during high-load discharge, and that discharge at a higher voltage is possible with the same discharge capacity. Indicates that it is excellent.
[Table 4]
[0033]
<Evaluation of high-temperature storage characteristics>
For a lithium secondary battery using the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 as a positive electrode active material, at room temperature, a constant current voltage (CCCV) of 0.5 C to 4.3 V with respect to the positive electrode at room temperature. After charging for 5 hours, one cycle of charge / discharge for discharging at 0.2 C to 2.7 V was performed. Next, after similarly performing the second cycle charging, the lithium secondary battery was allowed to stand (self-discharge) for 3 weeks in a constant temperature room adjusted to 80 ° C.
Next, the lithium secondary battery was taken out of the constant temperature chamber, cooled to room temperature, and then discharged at a discharge rate of 0.2C. FIG. 11 shows a discharge characteristic diagram at that time.
In addition, FIG. 11 shows that the positive electrode was charged at a constant current voltage (CCCV) of 0.5 C to 4.3 V over 5 hours at room temperature over 5 hours, and then discharged and charged to 2.7 V at 0.2 C for one cycle. After that, charging was performed in the second cycle, and discharging was performed at room temperature at a discharge rate of 0.2 C. The discharging characteristics at that time are also shown in FIG.
11, the lithium secondary battery using the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide of the present invention as the positive electrode active material was left at 80 ° C. for 3 weeks as compared with the lithium secondary battery of Comparative Example 2 using LiCoO 2 as the positive electrode active material. Even afterwards, the discharge capacity and the average discharge voltage are high, indicating that the high-temperature storage characteristics are excellent.
[0034]
<Evaluation of low-temperature characteristics>
3. Regarding the lithium secondary battery using the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide prepared in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 2 as a positive electrode active material, a constant current voltage (CCCV) of 0.5 C with respect to the positive electrode at room temperature. After charging the battery to 3 V for 5 hours, the battery was discharged and charged to 2.7 V at 0.2 C for one cycle. Next, after the second cycle of charging was performed, the lithium secondary battery was discharged at a discharge rate of 0.2 C in a refrigerator adjusted to -10 ° C. FIGS. 12 to 15 show discharge characteristics at that time.
12 to 15 show that the positive electrode was charged at a constant current voltage (CCCV) of 0.5 C to 4.3 V over 5 hours at room temperature over 5 hours, and then discharged at 0.2 C to 2.7 V. After the cycle, the second cycle was charged and discharged at room temperature at a discharge rate of 0.2 C. The discharge characteristics at that time are also shown in FIGS.
12 to 15, the lithium secondary battery using the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide of the present invention as a positive electrode active material has a temperature of −10 ° C. as compared with the lithium secondary battery of Comparative Example 1 using LiCoO 2 as the positive electrode active material. Since the discharge capacity and the discharge voltage are high even at a low temperature, it is understood that the low temperature characteristics are excellent.
[0035]
<Safety evaluation>
Oshiishi, Kita, Wada (The 42nd Battery Symposium, November 21-23, 2001, Abstracts, 462-463), Ota, Oiwa, Ishigaki, etc. (November 21-23, 2001) Held at the 42nd Battery Symposium, Abstracts of Lectures, pp. 470-471) and lithium cobalt prepared in Examples 1, 3 and Comparative Example 2 based on the method for evaluating the thermal stability of batteries disclosed in JP-A-2002-158008. A lithium secondary battery using a lithium-based composite oxide as a positive electrode active material was charged to a positive electrode at a constant current voltage (CCCV) at 0.5 C for 5 hours to 4.3 V, and then charged under an argon atmosphere. The lithium secondary battery was disassembled, lithium was extracted, and a positive electrode plate containing the deintercalated positive electrode active material was taken out. Next, 5.0 mg of the positive electrode active material was scraped off from each of the positive electrode plates taken out, and differential scanning calorimetry was carried out together with 5.0 μml of a solution in which 1 mol of LiPF 6 was dissolved in 1 liter of a 1: 1 kneading solution of ethylene carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate. It was sealed in a closed cell (SUS cell) for measurement (DSC), and the change in differential calorimetry was measured at a heating rate of 2 ° C./min with a differential scanning calorimeter (model DSC6200, manufactured by SII Eporide Service Co., Ltd.). FIG. 16 and Table 5 show the results of the differential calorie change.
The value of heat on the vertical axis in FIG. 16 was obtained by dividing by the measured weight of the positive electrode active material. In FIG. 16, the higher the temperature when the height of the heat generation peak becomes maximum, and the gentler the gradient of the heat generation amount from the start of heat generation, the better the thermal stability, that is, the better the battery safety. Is shown.
[Table 5]
Further, the lithium-cobalt-based composite oxide of the present invention (Examples 1 and 3) has a gentle heat generation gradient from the heat generation start temperature to the temperature at which the height of the heat generation peak is maximum, so that the battery It turns out that it is excellent in safety.
[0036]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, the lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained by the production method of the present invention particularly improves load characteristics, cycle characteristics, high-temperature storage characteristics and low-temperature characteristics, and further improves safety. be able to.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a view showing cycle characteristics of a lithium secondary battery using a lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained in Example 1.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the cycle characteristics of a lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained in Example 2.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the cycle characteristics of a lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained in Example 3.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the cycle characteristics of a lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained in Example 4.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the cycle characteristics of a lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained in Comparative Example 2.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing load characteristics at 0.2 C, 1 C, and 2 C of a lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained in Example 1.
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing load characteristics at 0.2 C, 1 C, and 2 C of a lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained in Example 2.
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing load characteristics at 0.2 C, 1 C, and 2 C of a lithium secondary battery using the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery obtained in Example 3.
FIG. 9 is a graph showing load characteristics at 0.2 C, 1 C, and 2 C of a lithium secondary battery using a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery obtained in Example 4.
FIG. 10 is a graph showing load characteristics at 0.2 C, 1 C, and 2 C of a lithium secondary battery using a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery obtained in Comparative Example 2.
FIG. 11 is a discharge characteristic diagram showing high-temperature storage characteristics of a lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active materials obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 2.
FIG. 12 is a discharge characteristic diagram showing low-temperature characteristics of a lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained in Example 1.
FIG. 13 is a discharge characteristic diagram showing low-temperature characteristics of a lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained in Example 2.
FIG. 14 is a discharge characteristic diagram showing low-temperature characteristics of a lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained in Example 3.
FIG. 15 is a discharge characteristic diagram showing low-temperature characteristics of a lithium secondary battery using the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material obtained in Comparative Example 2.
FIG. 16 is a view showing a change in differential calorie of a positive electrode active material obtained by extracting lithium from the positive electrode active materials of lithium secondary batteries obtained in Examples 1 and 3 and Comparative Example 2 and deintercalating the lithium.
Claims (3)
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Cited By (8)
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| JP2004339032A (en) * | 2003-05-19 | 2004-12-02 | Nippon Chem Ind Co Ltd | Lithium cobalt-based multiple oxide, method of manufacturing the same, lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material and lithium secondary battery |
| US8003256B2 (en) | 2007-07-20 | 2011-08-23 | Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd | Positive electrode active material having magnesium atoms and sulfate groups, method for manufacturing the same, and lithium secondary battery having the same |
| WO2012029730A1 (en) * | 2010-09-02 | 2012-03-08 | 日本化学工業株式会社 | Lithium cobalt oxide, process for producing same, positive active material for lithium secondary battery, and lithium secondary battery |
| JP2018195581A (en) * | 2017-05-19 | 2018-12-06 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | Positive electrode active material, method for manufacturing the same, and secondary battery |
| JP2018206747A (en) * | 2016-07-05 | 2018-12-27 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | Positive electrode active material, method for manufacturing positive electrode active material, and secondary battery |
| CN109792049A (en) * | 2016-10-12 | 2019-05-21 | 株式会社半导体能源研究所 | The manufacturing method of positive active material particle and positive active material particle |
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