JP2004281304A - Polymer electrolyte fuel cell - Google Patents

Polymer electrolyte fuel cell Download PDF

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JP2004281304A
JP2004281304A JP2003073557A JP2003073557A JP2004281304A JP 2004281304 A JP2004281304 A JP 2004281304A JP 2003073557 A JP2003073557 A JP 2003073557A JP 2003073557 A JP2003073557 A JP 2003073557A JP 2004281304 A JP2004281304 A JP 2004281304A
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gas
flow path
flow
meandering
fuel cell
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JP4403706B2 (en
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Yoshiaki Enami
義晶 榎並
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Fuji Electric Co Ltd
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Fuji Electric Holdings Ltd
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells

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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a fuel cell in which there is no stay of water droplets in the gas passage made of a plurality of zigzag flow grooves equipped to the separator and a stable operation can be obtained even in the partial load condition. <P>SOLUTION: In the gas passage made of a plurality of zigzag flow grooves of the identical width which introduces oxidant gas from an oxidant entrance manifold 2 to an oxidant exit manifold 3 provided at the separator 1, the depth of the grooves in the sections e-f, g-h, i-j, and k-l containing the bending portions where the flow direction of the zigzag flow grooves is reversed is made shallow and the cross section of the passage is reduced, thereby, the velocity of flow of the oxidant in these sections is increased, thereby discharging the water droplets. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、固体高分子形燃料電池に係り、特にそのセパレータに備えられるガス流路の構成に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
固体高分子形燃料電池は、白金触媒を含む触媒層および反応ガスを透過する拡散層からなる電極をイオン交換膜の両面に配して形成される膜電極接合体と、その外面に配されるガス不透過性のセパレータとを、交互に複数層積層して構成される。セパレータには、膜電極接合体の電極に反応ガスを供給するためのガス流路となる溝が備えられており、溝と溝の間のリブを介してセパレータは電極と接している。
この固体高分子形燃料電池は、運転温度が常温〜100℃程度と比較的低い温度であること、電解質膜は乾燥すると特性が低下するので、反応ガスを加湿して供給する必要があること、さらに、電池反応に伴って反応生成水が生じること等の要因が重なって、運転条件によっては、セパレータのガス流路内に水滴が凝縮する可能性がある。凝縮した水滴がガス流路内に滞留すると反応ガスの流れに偏りを生じて電池特性に悪影響を及ぼすので、通常の固体高分子形燃料電池では、凝縮した水滴をガス流によって外部に排出する構成が採られている。
【0003】
図5は、従来の固体高分子形燃料電池のガス流路の構成例を示すセパレータの正面図で、膜電極接合体の酸化剤電極に対向して配される面の正面図である。図に見られるように、方形平板状のセパレータ1には、周辺部に酸化剤入口マニホールド2、酸化剤出口マニホールド3、燃料入口マニホールド4、燃料出口マニホールド5が設けられ、中央部にガス流路8が設けられている。この従来例の構成では、並列に配した4本の蛇行する等断面積の流路によりガス流路8が形成されており、酸化剤入口マニホールド2より導入された酸化剤ガスは、ガス流路8を蛇行して流れて電池反応に寄与したのち、残余のガスは酸化剤出口マニホールド3へと排出される。本構成では、ガスの加湿や電池反応に伴ってガス流路8で凝縮した水滴は、供給される酸化剤ガスの圧力によりガス流路8から酸化剤出口マニホールド3へと排出される。
【0004】
なお、図5において、燃料入口マニホールド4から導入された燃料ガスは、膜電極接合体の燃料電極に対向する、セパレータ1の裏面の図示しないガス流路を通流して、電池反応に寄与し、燃料出口マニホールド5へと排出される。また、図5に示されている6および7は、燃料電池の温度調整用の冷却水を給排するための冷却水入口マニホールドおよび冷却水出口マニホールドである。
上記のごときガス流路8を備え、所定の流速の酸化剤ガスを供給すれば、ガス流路8に水滴が凝縮しても酸化剤ガスの圧力によって酸化剤出口マニホールド3へと排出することができるが、固体高分子形燃料電池が部分負荷条件で運転される場合には、負荷電流の減少に対応して供給される反応ガスの流量も減少するので、例えば水滴を重力に逆らって移動させる必要のある上向きの流路や、拡散層を通してのガス透過に起因してガス流速が低下する蛇行流路の折り返し部分等においては、凝縮した水滴の排出が困難となり、ガス流路に滞留しやすくなる。
【0005】
このうち反応ガスの流れが上向きとなる流路は、例えば図5の構成のセパレータ1を、酸化剤入口マニホールド2が酸化剤出口マニホールド3より低い位置となるように配設した場合に存在することとなる。また、蛇行流路が、例えば後述の図4(a)の構成に見られるごとく、上下端で折り返すよう構成されたガス流路の場合にも反応ガスが上向きに流れる流路が存在する。電池を水平に配置して反応ガスを水平方向に通流させる構成では、反応ガスが上向きに流れる流路は存在しないし、燃料ガスと酸化剤ガスを共に上方に配した入口マニホールドから下方に配した出口マニホールドへと通流させれば、ガスの流れが上向きとなる流路を回避することができるが、電池内部の燃料ガスと酸化剤ガスの間の水循環を促進するために、一般に、燃料ガスと酸化剤ガスの流れ方向を対向、あるは交差させる方式が採られるので、電池を水平に配置する場合を除いて、いずれかの反応ガスの流路に上向き流路が存在することとなる。
【0006】
一方、図5に見られる蛇行流路においては、屈曲した蛇行流路のうち特に最も内側の流路が折り返し近接して配置されているので、上流側流路と下流側流路との反応ガスの圧力差によって、その間を隔てる拡散層を通してガスの透過が生じる。このため、この蛇行流路を流れるガスの流量は屈曲部に近づくに従って低下する。このガス流量の低下の度合は、複数の蛇行流路のうち内側に位置する流路ほど大きくなる。供給ガス流量が多い定格運転条件においては、このように蛇行流路の屈曲部で流量低下が生じても、セル電圧を大きく変化させるような反応ガスの濃度分布を生じることはないが、供給ガス流量の少ない部分負荷条件においてこのような蛇行流路の屈曲部での流量低下が生じると、上向き流路はもとより水平流路においても凝縮した水滴の排出が困難となるので、ガス流路内へ水滴が滞留し、並列に連結された各流路への反応ガスの分配が不均等になり、セル電圧が不安定となる。
【0007】
この拡散層を通しての反応ガスの透過に起因する不具合を回避する方策として特許文献1および特許文献2には以下の方式が提言されている。
図6は、特許文献1に基づく従来の固体高分子形燃料電池のガス流路の構成例を示すセパレータの正面図である。本方式は、屈曲した複数の蛇行流路を互いに隔てるリブの幅を特に広くとることによって、上記の拡散層を通しての反応ガスの透過量を低減し、不具合を解消しようとするものである。また、図7は、同じく特許文献1に基づく従来の固体高分子形燃料電池のガス流路の他の構成例を示すセパレータの正面図で、本方式は、屈曲した複数の蛇行流路を互いに隔てるリブの幅を流路間の圧力差に対応して設定したものである。すなわち、本構成では、流路間の圧力差が相対的に小さい屈曲部近傍ほどリブの幅を狭くし、流路間の圧力差が相対的に大きくなる屈曲部から離れるにしたがってリブの幅を広くしている。また、図8は、特許文献2に基づく従来の固体高分子形燃料電池のガス流路の構成例を示すセパレータの正面図である。本方式は、屈曲した複数の蛇行流路を互いに隔てるリブに接する部分の拡散層に、部分的な圧縮や充填、あるいは透過防止シートの付設を行って、拡散層のガス透過率を局部的に低下させ、ガスの透過を抑制する方式である。
【0008】
【特許文献1】
特開2001−76746号公報
【0009】
【特許文献2】
特開2003−17091号公報
【0010】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上記のように、膜電極接合体の電極に対向して配されるセパレータに複数の蛇行流路からなる反応ガス流路を備えた固体高分子形燃料電池においては、反応ガスの供給が低下する部分負荷条件で運転する際に、蛇行流路の屈曲部およびその近傍や、重力に逆らって上向きに流れる上向き流路において、発電運転に伴って生成された水滴の排出が不十分となって、水滴の滞留が生じ、反応ガスの均等な配分が損なわれてセル特性が低下するという問題点がある。
この問題点を解決するものとして前述のごとき方策がすでに提言されているが、これらの方策においても、面内の反応ガス濃度分布の均一度の低下や製作コストの上昇等の難点があり、未だ決定的な方策は得られていない。
【0011】
本発明はかかる従来技術の現状を考慮してなされたもので、本発明の目的は、セパレータに備えた複数の蛇行通流溝の並列接続体からなる反応ガス流路によって膜電極接合体の電極に反応ガスを供給するものにおいて、部分負荷条件で運転する際にも、ガス流路への水滴の滞留が回避され、安定して発電運転が行える固体高分子形燃料電池を提供することにある。
【0012】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明においては、上記の目的を達成するために、
電解質膜をアノードとカソードとにより挟んで構成された膜電極接合体と、アノードおよびカソードに燃料ガスおよび酸化剤ガスを供給するためのガス流路を備えたガス不透過性材料よりなるセパレータとを備え、上記のガス流路が、流れ方向を反転させながら蛇行する複数の蛇行通流溝を並列に形成されたものである固体高分子形燃料電池において、
(1)ガス流路を構成する蛇行通流溝の流れ方向が反転する屈曲部分を含む区間の流路断面積を、その前後の区間より小さくすることとする。
【0013】
(2)さらに(1)において、小さな流路断面積を有する区間の長さを、並列に形成された複数の各蛇行通流溝で同一とする。
(3)また、ガス流路を構成する蛇行通流溝の重力に抗して流れる区間の流路断面積を、その前後の区間より小さくすることとする。
流路断面積を減少させると、反比例してガスの流速が増大する。したがって上記の(1)のごとく、蛇行通流溝の流れ方向が反転する屈曲部分を含む区間の流路断面積を小さくすれば、反応ガスが拡散層を透過して通流溝を流れる反応ガスの流量が低下しても、通流溝中の反応ガスの流速を高く維持できるので、部分負荷条件等の反応ガスの流量が低下する場合にあっても、凝縮した水滴の反応ガスにより排出が可能となる。したがって、通流溝への水滴の滞留は回避されて適正な反応ガスの濃度分布が得られることとなる。
【0014】
さらに(2)のごとく、小さな流路断面積を有する区間の長さを複数の各蛇行通流溝で同一とすれば、各蛇行通流溝を流れる反応ガスの流路抵抗を同一にすることが可能となり、各蛇行通流溝の反応ガスの流量を均等にすることができる。また(3)のごとく、凝縮した水滴の排出がより困難な、重力に抗して流れる区間について、選択的に流路断面積が小さく設定すれば、この区間の反応ガスの流速が高く維持される。したがって、部分負荷条件等の反応ガスの流量が低下する場合にあっても、水滴を排出して反応ガスを適正に流すことが可能となる。
【0015】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態を図面を用いて説明する。なお、本発明は以下に示した実施例に限定されるものではなく、同一理念に基づく固体高分子形燃料電池に広く適用されるものである。
<実施例1>
図1(a)は、本発明の固体高分子形燃料電池の第1の実施例のガス流路の構成を示すセパレータの正面図、図1(b)は、図1(a)のガス流路の溝の深さの変化を示す特性図で、縦軸は溝の深さ、横軸はガスの流れに沿った溝の位置である。なお、図1(a)において、図5に示した従来例と同一の機能を有する構成要素には同一の符号を付し、重複する説明は省略する。
【0016】
本実施例の特徴は、酸化剤入口マニホールド2と酸化剤出口マニホールド3との間に配設された酸化剤ガスのガス流路8が、図1(a)に見られるように、流れ方向を反転させながら蛇行する4本の同一幅を有する蛇行通流溝より構成され、かつ図1(b)に見られるように、蛇行通流溝の流れ方向が反転する屈曲部分を含む区間、すなわち、図中のe〜f、g〜h、i〜j、k〜lの区間の流路断面積が、その前後の区間より小さく形成されていることにある。特に本実施例では溝の深さが連続的に変化するよう構成されており、例えば e〜fの区間においては、eから中央部aに至る区間は直線的に溝の深さを浅くし、中央部aからfに至る区間は直線的に溝の深さを深くしている。
【0017】
図1(b)の縦軸に用いられているDは通流溝の最も深い位置の深さ、KDは最も浅い位置の深さであり、典型的な値は、D= 0.5〜1.0 mm、K=0.5〜0.9である。セパレータ1は、一般に、樹脂によりガス不透過性を付与したカーボンを主成分とする材料を用いて形成され、上記の形状の通流溝は、圧縮成形、射出成形、あるいは機械加工等によって形成される。
本実施例の構成では、上記のように、蛇行通流溝の屈曲部分を含む区間の通流溝の深さを浅くすることによって流路断面積を減少させているので、この区間の酸化剤ガスの流速は増大する。したがって、部分負荷条件のために供給量が低下し、さらに拡散層を介しての透過によって酸化剤ガスの流量が減少しても、凝縮した水滴の排出が可能となる。また、上記のe〜f、g〜h、i〜j、k〜lの区間は、並列に接続された4本の通流溝の区間の長さが同一となるよう選定されているので、各蛇行通流溝の流路抵抗はほぼ同一に保持され、反応ガスの流量を均等に保持することができる。
【0018】
なお、本実施例では、蛇行通流溝の屈曲部分を含む区間の通流溝の深さを、上記のe〜f、g〜h、i〜j、k〜lの区間で同一の深さで変化させるものとしているが、各区間で異なる深さに選定して流速を調節することとしてもよい。また、本実施例は、酸化剤ガスのガス流路について蛇行通流溝の屈曲部分を含む区間の通流溝の深さを浅くする措置を講じた例であるが、燃料ガスのガス流路についても同様の措置を講ずれば、同様にガス流路への水滴の滞留を防止して、燃料ガスを供給することができる。燃料ガスは、一般的に発電に伴うガスの消費によって流速が低下しやすいので、本実施例のごとき措置を講ずれば大きな効果が得られることとなる。
【0019】
<実施例2>
図2(a)は、本発明の固体高分子形燃料電池の第2の実施例のガス流路の構成を示すセパレータの正面図、図2(b)は、図2(a)のガス流路の溝の深さの変化を示す特性図で、縦軸は溝の深さ、横軸はガスの流れに沿った溝の位置である。
本実施例の構成と第1の実施例の構成との相違点は、図2(b)に見られるように、前後の区間より流路断面積を小さく形成した蛇行通流溝の屈曲部分を含む区間e〜f、g〜h、i〜j、k〜lの溝の深さにあり、第1の実施例では溝の深さが連続的に変化するよう選定されていたのに対して、本実施例では、一様な深さKDに選定して、この区間の酸化剤ガスの流速を上昇させ、凝縮した水滴を排出している。
【0020】
本構成では、溝の深さが不連続に変化するためガス流路の圧力損失が増大するという難点があるが、この種の溝は機械加工で容易に形成することができるので、低コストで製作できるという利点がある。
<実施例3>
図3(a)は、本発明の固体高分子形燃料電池の第3の実施例のガス流路の構成を示すセパレータの正面図、図3(b)は、図3(a)のガス流路の溝の深さの変化を示す特性図で、縦軸は溝の深さ、横軸はガスの流れに沿った溝の位置である。
【0021】
本実施例の構成の特徴は、蛇行通流溝の屈曲部分を含む区間の始点と終点を蛇行通流溝の直線部の中央部にとり、図3(a)に見られるごとく、深さがDとなる場所をこの中央部のe,f,g,h,iに限定し、蛇行通流溝の屈曲部分を含む区間を e〜f、f〜g、g〜h、h〜iと連続させてガス流路を構成した点にある。
この構成においては、蛇行通流溝の深さが全長に渡って浅くなるので、圧力損失を第1の実施例と同等に抑えるためには、Dの値を第1の実施例のDより大きくする必要がある。
【0022】
<実施例4>
図4(a)は、本発明の固体高分子形燃料電池の第4の実施例のガス流路の構成を示すセパレータの正面図、図4(b)は、図4(a)のガス流路の溝の深さの変化を示す特性図で、縦軸は溝の深さ、横軸はガスの流れに沿った溝の位置である。
本実施例は、セパレータが垂直に配置され、反応ガスが重力に抗して上方に流れるガス流路を有する固体高分子形燃料電池に係る実施例で、図4(a)のセパレータ1は紙面の下方を下部に、紙面の上方を鉛直方向上部に配して設置される。したがって、酸化剤入口マニホールド2より導入された酸化剤ガスは、上方あるいは下方に流れる直線状流路と上下端の折り返し流路よりなる同一幅の蛇行通流溝を流れて、酸化剤出口マニホールドより排出される。
【0023】
本実施例の構成の特徴は、上記の流路のうち上方に流れる区間、すなわち、図4(a)のe〜f、g〜h、i〜jの区間の溝の深さが、図4(b)に見られるごとく、その前後の区間の深さ(D)より小さい値(KD)に設定されていることにある。したがって、この上方に流れる区間ではガスの流速がその前後の区間のガスの流速の(1/K)倍に上昇するので、Kの値を適正に選定することによって、ガスの供給流量が低下する部分負荷条件においても、凝縮した水滴を排出するに足る流速を得ることが可能となる。
本実施例においては、ガスが上方に流れる区間のみ溝の深さを浅くして流路断面積を減少させているが、第1〜第3の実施例のごとく蛇行通流溝の屈曲部分を含む区間の流路断面積を減少させる構成を同時に採用することもできる。
【0024】
なお、本実施例は、酸化剤ガスのガス流路についてガスが上方に流れる区間の通流溝の深さを浅くした例であるが、燃料ガスのガス流路についても同様の措置を講ずれば、同様にガス流路への水滴の滞留を防止して、燃料ガスを安定して供給することが可能となる。
【0025】
【発明の効果】
以上述べたように、本発明においては、固体高分子形燃料電池を、
(1)請求項1に記載のごとく構成することとしたので、蛇行通流溝の屈曲部分を含む区間の流速が上昇し、部分負荷条件で運転する際にも、ガス流路への水滴の滞留が回避され、安定して発電運転が行える固体高分子形燃料電池が得られることとなった。また、さらには請求項2に記載のごとく構成すれば、反応ガスが各ガス流路に均等に分散して供給されるのでより安定して発電運転が行える固体高分子形燃料電池が得られる。
【0026】
(2)また、請求項3に記載のごとく構成することとすれば、蛇行通流溝の反応ガスが上方に流れる区間の流速が上昇し、部分負荷条件で運転する際にも、ガス流路への水滴の滞留が回避されることとなるので、安定して発電運転が行える固体高分子形燃料電池として好適である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】(a)は、本発明の第1の実施例のガス流路の構成を示すセパレータの正面図、(b)は、(a)のガス流路の溝の深さの変化を示す特性図
【図2】(a)は、本発明の第2の実施例のガス流路の構成を示すセパレータの正面図、(b)は、(a)のガス流路の溝の深さの変化を示す特性図
【図3】(a)は、本発明の第3の実施例のガス流路の構成を示すセパレータの正面図、(b)は、(a)のガス流路の溝の深さの変化を示す特性図
【図4】(a)は、本発明の第4の実施例のガス流路の構成を示すセパレータの正面図、(b)は、(a)のガス流路の溝の深さの変化を示す特性図
【図5】固体高分子形燃料電池のガス流路の従来例を示すセパレータの正面図
【図6】固体高分子形燃料電池のガス流路の他の従来例を示すセパレータの正面図
【図7】固体高分子形燃料電池のガス流路の他の従来例を示すセパレータの正面図
【図8】固体高分子形燃料電池のガス流路の他の従来例を示すセパレータの正面図
【符号の説明】
1 セパレータ
2 酸化剤入口マニホールド
3 酸化剤出口マニホールド
4 燃料入口マニホールド
5 燃料出口マニホールド
8 ガス流路
[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, and more particularly, to a configuration of a gas flow path provided in a separator thereof.
[0002]
[Prior art]
The polymer electrolyte fuel cell has a membrane electrode assembly formed by arranging electrodes composed of a catalyst layer containing a platinum catalyst and a diffusion layer permeable to a reaction gas on both sides of an ion exchange membrane, and is arranged on an outer surface thereof. A plurality of gas-impermeable separators are alternately stacked. The separator is provided with a groove serving as a gas flow path for supplying a reaction gas to the electrode of the membrane electrode assembly, and the separator is in contact with the electrode via a rib between the grooves.
The operating temperature of this polymer electrolyte fuel cell is a relatively low temperature of about room temperature to about 100 ° C., and the characteristics of the electrolyte membrane are reduced when the electrolyte membrane is dried. Further, factors such as the generation of reaction product water accompanying the battery reaction overlap, and depending on the operating conditions, water droplets may condense in the gas passage of the separator. If the condensed water droplets stay in the gas flow path, the flow of the reaction gas will be biased and adversely affect the cell characteristics. Is adopted.
[0003]
FIG. 5 is a front view of a separator showing a configuration example of a gas flow path of a conventional polymer electrolyte fuel cell, and is a front view of a surface of a membrane electrode assembly that is arranged to face an oxidizing electrode. As shown in the figure, an oxidant inlet manifold 2, an oxidant outlet manifold 3, a fuel inlet manifold 4, and a fuel outlet manifold 5 are provided in a peripheral portion of a rectangular flat separator 1, and a gas flow passage is provided in a central portion. 8 are provided. In the configuration of this conventional example, a gas flow path 8 is formed by four meandering flow paths of equal cross-sectional area arranged in parallel, and the oxidizing gas introduced from the oxidizing agent inlet manifold 2 is supplied to the gas flow path. After flowing meandering 8 and contributing to the battery reaction, the remaining gas is exhausted to the oxidant outlet manifold 3. In this configuration, water droplets condensed in the gas flow path 8 due to humidification of the gas or battery reaction are discharged from the gas flow path 8 to the oxidant outlet manifold 3 by the pressure of the supplied oxidant gas.
[0004]
In FIG. 5, the fuel gas introduced from the fuel inlet manifold 4 flows through a gas flow path (not shown) on the back surface of the separator 1 facing the fuel electrode of the membrane electrode assembly, and contributes to the battery reaction. The fuel is discharged to the fuel outlet manifold 5. Reference numerals 6 and 7 shown in FIG. 5 denote a cooling water inlet manifold and a cooling water outlet manifold for supplying and discharging cooling water for adjusting the temperature of the fuel cell.
By providing the gas flow path 8 as described above and supplying the oxidizing gas at a predetermined flow rate, even if water droplets condense in the gas flow path 8, it can be discharged to the oxidizing agent outlet manifold 3 by the pressure of the oxidizing gas. However, when the polymer electrolyte fuel cell is operated under partial load conditions, the flow rate of the supplied reactant gas also decreases in accordance with the decrease in the load current, so that, for example, water droplets are moved against gravity. It is difficult to discharge condensed water droplets in the upward flow path that is necessary or in the folded part of the meandering flow path where the gas flow rate is reduced due to gas permeation through the diffusion layer, and it is easy to stay in the gas flow path Become.
[0005]
The flow path in which the flow of the reaction gas is upward is present when, for example, the separator 1 having the configuration shown in FIG. 5 is disposed such that the oxidant inlet manifold 2 is positioned lower than the oxidant outlet manifold 3. It becomes. In addition, as shown in the configuration of FIG. 4A described below, for example, the meandering flow path is a gas flow path configured to be folded at the upper and lower ends, and there is a flow path in which the reaction gas flows upward. In the configuration in which the batteries are arranged horizontally and the reactant gas flows in the horizontal direction, there is no flow path for the reactant gas to flow upward, and the fuel gas and the oxidant gas are arranged downward from the inlet manifold where both are arranged. If the gas flows through the outlet manifold, the flow path in which the gas flows upward can be avoided.However, in order to promote the water circulation between the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas inside the battery, the fuel is generally used. Since the flow direction of the gas and the oxidizing gas is opposed to or intersects with each other, there is an upward flow path in any of the reaction gas flow paths except when the batteries are arranged horizontally. .
[0006]
On the other hand, in the meandering flow path shown in FIG. 5, since the innermost flow path among the bent meandering paths is particularly folded back and arranged, the reaction gas between the upstream flow path and the downstream flow path is formed. The pressure difference causes gas permeation through the diffusion layer separating them. For this reason, the flow rate of the gas flowing through the meandering flow path decreases as approaching the bent portion. The degree of the decrease in the gas flow rate increases as the flow path is located inside the plurality of meandering flow paths. Under the rated operating condition where the supply gas flow rate is large, even if the flow rate decreases at the bent portion of the meandering flow path, the concentration distribution of the reaction gas that greatly changes the cell voltage does not occur, but the supply gas flow rate does not change. If the flow rate decreases at the bent portion of the meandering flow path under the partial load condition where the flow rate is small, it becomes difficult to discharge condensed water droplets not only in the upward flow path but also in the horizontal flow path. The water droplets stay and the distribution of the reaction gas to the respective flow paths connected in parallel becomes uneven, and the cell voltage becomes unstable.
[0007]
Patent Literature 1 and Patent Literature 2 propose the following method as a measure for avoiding the problem caused by the permeation of the reaction gas through the diffusion layer.
FIG. 6 is a front view of a separator showing a configuration example of a gas flow path of a conventional polymer electrolyte fuel cell based on Patent Document 1. This method aims to reduce the permeation amount of the reaction gas through the diffusion layer and to solve the problem by making the width of the rib separating the plurality of bent meandering channels particularly large. FIG. 7 is a front view of a separator showing another example of the gas flow path of the conventional polymer electrolyte fuel cell also based on Patent Document 1. In this method, a plurality of bent meandering flow paths are connected to each other. The width of the separating rib is set according to the pressure difference between the flow paths. That is, in this configuration, the width of the rib is narrowed near the bent portion where the pressure difference between the flow paths is relatively small, and the width of the rib is increased as the distance from the bent portion where the pressure difference between the flow paths becomes relatively large is increased. It is wide. FIG. 8 is a front view of a separator showing a configuration example of a gas flow path of a conventional polymer electrolyte fuel cell based on Patent Document 2. According to this method, the compression layer is partially compressed or filled, or a permeation prevention sheet is attached to the diffusion layer in contact with the rib that separates the plurality of bent meandering channels from each other, so that the gas permeability of the diffusion layer is locally controlled. This is a method of reducing gas transmission and suppressing gas permeation.
[0008]
[Patent Document 1]
JP 2001-76746 A
[Patent Document 2]
JP-A-2003-17091
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
As described above, in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell including the reaction gas flow path including a plurality of meandering flow paths in the separator disposed to face the electrode of the membrane / electrode assembly, the supply of the reaction gas decreases. When operating under partial load conditions, the bent portion of the meandering flow path and its vicinity, and in the upward flow path that flows upward against gravity, the discharge of water droplets generated along with the power generation operation becomes insufficient, There is a problem that the retention of water droplets occurs, the uniform distribution of the reaction gas is impaired, and the cell characteristics deteriorate.
The above-mentioned measures have already been proposed to solve this problem.However, even with these measures, there are difficulties such as a decrease in the uniformity of the in-plane reaction gas concentration distribution and an increase in the production cost, and there are still difficulties. No definitive measures have been obtained.
[0011]
The present invention has been made in view of the current state of the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide an electrode of a membrane electrode assembly by a reaction gas flow path comprising a parallel connection of a plurality of meandering flow grooves provided in a separator. The object of the present invention is to provide a polymer electrolyte fuel cell capable of stably generating electric power by avoiding stagnation of water droplets in a gas flow path even when operating under partial load conditions. .
[0012]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In the present invention, in order to achieve the above object,
A membrane electrode assembly comprising an electrolyte membrane sandwiched between an anode and a cathode, and a separator made of a gas-impermeable material having a gas flow path for supplying a fuel gas and an oxidizing gas to the anode and the cathode. In the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, wherein the gas flow path is formed by forming a plurality of meandering flow grooves meandering while reversing the flow direction in parallel.
(1) The cross-sectional area of the passage including the bent portion where the flow direction of the meandering flow groove constituting the gas passage is reversed is made smaller than that of the preceding and following sections.
[0013]
(2) Further, in (1), the length of the section having a small flow path cross-sectional area is the same for each of the plurality of meandering flow grooves formed in parallel.
(3) The cross-sectional area of the meandering flow groove constituting the gas flow path in the section flowing against the gravity is made smaller than the sections before and after the section.
Reducing the channel cross-sectional area increases the gas flow rate in inverse proportion. Therefore, as described in (1) above, if the flow path cross-sectional area of the section including the bent portion where the flow direction of the meandering flow groove is reversed is reduced, the reaction gas permeates the diffusion layer and flows through the flow groove. Even if the flow rate of the reaction gas in the flow groove decreases, the flow rate of the reaction gas in the flow groove can be maintained high. It becomes possible. Therefore, stagnation of water droplets in the flow channel is avoided, and an appropriate concentration distribution of the reaction gas can be obtained.
[0014]
Further, as in (2), if the length of the section having a small flow path cross-sectional area is the same in each of the plurality of meandering flow grooves, the flow path resistance of the reaction gas flowing in each of the meandering flow grooves is made equal. And the flow rate of the reaction gas in each of the meandering flow grooves can be made uniform. Also, as shown in (3), in a section in which it is more difficult to discharge condensed water droplets and flows against the gravity, if the cross-sectional area of the flow path is selectively set small, the flow velocity of the reaction gas in this section is maintained high. You. Therefore, even when the flow rate of the reaction gas decreases under a partial load condition or the like, it is possible to discharge the water droplets and flow the reaction gas properly.
[0015]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described below, but is widely applied to a polymer electrolyte fuel cell based on the same principle.
<Example 1>
FIG. 1A is a front view of a separator showing a configuration of a gas flow channel of a first embodiment of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention, and FIG. 1B is a gas flow diagram of FIG. FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing a change in the depth of a groove in a road, in which the vertical axis represents the groove depth and the horizontal axis represents the position of the groove along the gas flow. In FIG. 1A, components having the same functions as those of the conventional example shown in FIG. 5 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description will be omitted.
[0016]
The feature of the present embodiment is that the gas flow path 8 of the oxidizing gas disposed between the oxidizing agent inlet manifold 2 and the oxidizing agent outlet manifold 3 has a flow direction as shown in FIG. A section including a bent portion in which the flow direction of the meandering flow groove is constituted by four meandering flow grooves having the same width and meandering while being reversed, and as shown in FIG. In the figure, the cross-sectional area of the flow channel in the sections e to f, g to h, i to j, and k to l is formed smaller than the sections before and after it. In particular, in the present embodiment, the depth of the groove is configured to change continuously. For example, in the section from ef to f, the section from e to the center a is linearly reduced in groove depth, In the section from the central part a to f, the depth of the groove is linearly increased.
[0017]
D used on the vertical axis of FIG. 1B is the depth of the deepest position of the flow groove, KD is the depth of the shallowest position, and a typical value is D = 0.5 to 1 0.0 mm, K = 0.5-0.9. The separator 1 is generally formed using a material mainly composed of carbon imparted with gas impermeability by a resin, and the flow groove having the above shape is formed by compression molding, injection molding, machining, or the like. You.
In the configuration of the present embodiment, as described above, the flow channel cross-sectional area is reduced by reducing the depth of the flow groove in the section including the bent portion of the meandering flow groove, so that the oxidizing agent in this section is reduced. The gas flow rate increases. Therefore, even if the supply amount is reduced due to the partial load condition and the flow rate of the oxidizing gas is reduced due to the permeation through the diffusion layer, the condensed water droplets can be discharged. Also, since the above-mentioned sections e to f, g to h, i to j, and k to l are selected so that the lengths of the sections of the four flow grooves connected in parallel are the same, The flow resistance of each of the meandering flow grooves is maintained substantially the same, and the flow rate of the reaction gas can be maintained uniformly.
[0018]
In the present embodiment, the depth of the flow groove in the section including the bent portion of the meandering flow groove is set to the same depth in the above-mentioned sections e to f, g to h, i to j, and k to l. However, the velocity may be adjusted by selecting a different depth in each section. Further, the present embodiment is an example in which a measure is taken to reduce the depth of the flow groove of the section including the bent portion of the meandering flow groove with respect to the gas flow path of the oxidizing gas. If the same measures are taken also for, the fuel gas can be supplied while preventing water droplets from staying in the gas flow path. Generally, the flow rate of the fuel gas tends to decrease due to the consumption of the gas accompanying the power generation. Therefore, if measures such as those in this embodiment are taken, a great effect can be obtained.
[0019]
<Example 2>
FIG. 2A is a front view of a separator showing a configuration of a gas flow channel of a second embodiment of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to the present invention, and FIG. 2B is a gas flow diagram of FIG. FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing a change in the depth of a groove in a road, in which the vertical axis represents the groove depth and the horizontal axis represents the position of the groove along the gas flow.
The difference between the configuration of the present embodiment and the configuration of the first embodiment is that, as shown in FIG. 2B, the bent portion of the meandering flow groove having a smaller cross-sectional area of the flow path than the front and rear sections. In the sections ef, g-h, i-j, and k-l included in the depth of the groove, the depth of the groove is selected to change continuously in the first embodiment. In this embodiment, the uniform depth KD is selected, the flow rate of the oxidizing gas in this section is increased, and condensed water droplets are discharged.
[0020]
In this configuration, there is a disadvantage that the pressure loss of the gas flow path increases because the depth of the groove changes discontinuously. However, since this kind of groove can be easily formed by machining, the cost is low. There is an advantage that it can be manufactured.
<Example 3>
FIG. 3A is a front view of a separator showing the configuration of a gas flow path of a third embodiment of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention, and FIG. 3B is a gas flow chart of FIG. FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing a change in the depth of a groove in a road, in which the vertical axis represents the groove depth and the horizontal axis represents the position of the groove along the gas flow.
[0021]
The configuration of this embodiment is characterized in that the start point and the end point of the section including the bent portion of the meandering flow groove are set at the center of the linear portion of the meandering flow groove, and the depth is D as shown in FIG. Is limited to e, f, g, h, and i at the center, and the section including the bent portion of the meandering flow groove is continuous with e to f, f to g, g to h, and h to i. This constitutes a gas flow path.
In this configuration, since the depth of the meandering flow groove becomes shallow over the entire length, in order to suppress the pressure loss to the same level as in the first embodiment, the value of D is set to be larger than D in the first embodiment. There is a need to.
[0022]
<Example 4>
FIG. 4A is a front view of a separator showing the configuration of a gas flow path of a fourth embodiment of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention, and FIG. 4B is a gas flow chart of FIG. FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing a change in the depth of a groove in a road, in which the vertical axis represents the groove depth and the horizontal axis represents the position of the groove along the gas flow.
This embodiment relates to a polymer electrolyte fuel cell in which a separator is vertically arranged and has a gas flow path in which a reaction gas flows upward against gravity. The separator 1 in FIG. The lower part is located at the lower part, and the upper part of the drawing is disposed at the upper part in the vertical direction. Therefore, the oxidizing gas introduced from the oxidizing agent inlet manifold 2 flows through the meandering flow groove having the same width including the linear flow path flowing upward or downward and the return flow path at the upper and lower ends, and flows from the oxidizing agent outlet manifold. Is discharged.
[0023]
The feature of the configuration of the present embodiment is that the depth of the groove in the section flowing upward in the flow path, that is, the section of ef, gh, and ij in FIG. As shown in (b), the value is set to a value (KD) smaller than the depth (D) of the section before and after that. Therefore, in the section flowing upward, the gas flow rate increases to (1 / K) times the gas flow rate in the section before and after the section. Therefore, by appropriately selecting the value of K, the gas supply flow rate decreases. Even under a partial load condition, it is possible to obtain a flow velocity sufficient to discharge condensed water droplets.
In the present embodiment, the depth of the groove is reduced only in the section where the gas flows upward to reduce the cross-sectional area of the flow path, but the bent portion of the meandering flow groove is reduced as in the first to third embodiments. A configuration for reducing the cross-sectional area of the flow path in the section including the same can be adopted at the same time.
[0024]
Although the present embodiment is an example in which the depth of the flow groove in the section where the gas flows upward in the gas flow path of the oxidizing gas is made shallow, the same measures are taken for the gas flow path of the fuel gas. If this is the case, it is also possible to prevent water droplets from staying in the gas flow path and supply the fuel gas stably.
[0025]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, in the present invention, the polymer electrolyte fuel cell is
(1) Since the configuration is made as described in claim 1, the flow velocity in the section including the bent portion of the meandering flow groove increases, and even when operating under a partial load condition, water droplets into the gas flow path are generated. It is possible to obtain a polymer electrolyte fuel cell in which stagnation is avoided and a stable power generation operation can be performed. Further, according to the second aspect of the present invention, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell capable of more stably generating power can be obtained because the reaction gas is uniformly dispersed and supplied to each gas flow path.
[0026]
(2) According to the third aspect of the present invention, the flow velocity of the section of the meandering flow groove in which the reactant gas flows upward increases, so that the gas flow path can be operated even under the partial load condition. Since the retention of water droplets in the fuel cell is avoided, it is suitable as a polymer electrolyte fuel cell capable of performing a stable power generation operation.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 (a) is a front view of a separator showing a configuration of a gas flow channel according to a first embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 1 (b) shows a change in the depth of a groove of the gas flow channel of FIG. 1 (a). FIG. 2 (a) is a front view of a separator showing a configuration of a gas flow channel according to a second embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 (b) is a depth of a groove of the gas flow channel of FIG. FIG. 3 (a) is a front view of a separator showing a configuration of a gas flow channel according to a third embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 3 (b) is a groove of the gas flow channel of FIG. FIG. 4 (a) is a front view of a separator showing a configuration of a gas flow channel according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 4 (b) is a gas flow diagram of FIG. FIG. 5 is a front view of a separator showing a conventional example of a gas flow path of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. FIG. 6 is a front view of a separator showing a conventional example of a gas flow path of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Sepa showing other conventional examples FIG. 7 is a front view of a separator showing another conventional example of a gas flow path of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. FIG. 8 is a front view of another conventional gas flow path of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Front view of the separator shown [Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Separator 2 Oxidant inlet manifold 3 Oxidant outlet manifold 4 Fuel inlet manifold 5 Fuel outlet manifold 8 Gas flow path

Claims (3)

電解質膜をアノードとカソードとにより挟んで構成された膜電極接合体と、前記のアノードおよびカソードに燃料ガスおよび酸化剤ガスを供給するためのガス流路を備えたガス不透過性材料よりなるセパレータとを備え、前記ガス流路が、流れ方向を反転させながら蛇行する複数の蛇行通流溝を並列に形成されたものである固体高分子形燃料電池において、
前記ガス流路を構成する蛇行通流溝が、流れ方向が反転する屈曲部分を含む区間において、その前後の区間より小さな流路断面積を有することを特徴とする固体高分子形燃料電池。
A membrane electrode assembly comprising an electrolyte membrane sandwiched between an anode and a cathode, and a separator comprising a gas-impermeable material having a gas flow path for supplying a fuel gas and an oxidizing gas to the anode and the cathode. Wherein the gas flow path is formed in parallel with a plurality of meandering flow grooves meandering while reversing the flow direction,
A polymer electrolyte fuel cell, wherein a meandering flow groove forming the gas flow path has a smaller flow path cross-sectional area in a section including a bent portion where the flow direction is reversed than in sections before and after the bent section.
小さな流路断面積を有する前記の区間の長さが、並列に形成された複数の各蛇行通流溝で同一であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の固体高分子形燃料電池。2. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the length of the section having a small flow path cross-sectional area is the same in each of the plurality of meandering flow grooves formed in parallel. 3. 電解質膜をアノードとカソードとにより挟んで構成された膜電極接合体と、前記のアノードおよびカソードに燃料ガスおよび酸化剤ガスを供給するためのガス流路を備えたガス不透過性材料よりなるセパレータとを備え、前記ガス流路が、流れ方向を反転させながら蛇行する複数の蛇行通流溝を並列に形成されたものである固体高分子形燃料電池において、
前記ガス流路を構成する蛇行通流溝が、重力に抗して流れる区間において、その前後の区間より小さな流路断面積を有することを特徴とする固体高分子形燃料電池。
A membrane electrode assembly comprising an electrolyte membrane sandwiched between an anode and a cathode, and a separator comprising a gas-impermeable material having a gas flow path for supplying a fuel gas and an oxidizing gas to the anode and the cathode. Wherein the gas flow path is formed in parallel with a plurality of meandering flow grooves meandering while reversing the flow direction,
A polymer electrolyte fuel cell, wherein a meandering flow groove forming the gas flow path has a smaller flow path cross-sectional area in a section flowing against gravity than sections before and after the section.
JP2003073557A 2003-03-18 2003-03-18 Polymer electrolyte fuel cell Expired - Fee Related JP4403706B2 (en)

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