JP2004213947A - Sealed alkaline primary battery - Google Patents

Sealed alkaline primary battery Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004213947A
JP2004213947A JP2002379788A JP2002379788A JP2004213947A JP 2004213947 A JP2004213947 A JP 2004213947A JP 2002379788 A JP2002379788 A JP 2002379788A JP 2002379788 A JP2002379788 A JP 2002379788A JP 2004213947 A JP2004213947 A JP 2004213947A
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JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
battery
negative electrode
primary battery
valve
alkaline primary
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JP2002379788A
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JP4562984B2 (en
Inventor
Kunihiko Miyamoto
邦彦 宮本
Takashi Kato
隆 加藤
Teiji Okayama
定司 岡山
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FDK Twicell Co Ltd
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Toshiba Battery Co Ltd
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  • Gas Exhaust Devices For Batteries (AREA)
  • Primary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a sealed alkaline primary battery improved in safety in abnormally high temperature. <P>SOLUTION: The sealed alkaline primary battery has a tightly sealed inside-out structure that is so structured that a hollow cylindrical positive electrode mold body 2 is inserted into a bottomed metal container 1 used as a positive electrode terminal at the same time; a gelatinous negative electrode 4 is enclosed in its inside by interlaying a separator 3; current is collected by a negative electrode collector comprising a metal rod 5, a hat-like negative electrode terminal 8 and an electrically insulating gasket 6. The battery is provided with a return type valve 9 for keeping the battery internal pressure in a certain range. The valve 9 is disposed in a space surrounded by a metal plate 7 and the terminal 8, formed so as to cover a gas exhaust hole 7a of the metal plate 7, and preferably formed of a rubber-like elastic body deformed by stress of 1-3 MPa at 25°C. The return type valve is preferably set at a pressure lower than valve actuation pressure at 25°C in exceeding 100°C. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、復帰式弁を備えた密閉型アルカリ一次電池に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、市販円筒型一次電池は、二酸化マンガン−亜鉛一次電池(通称アルカリ乾電池)に代表される様に、電池缶が正極端子を、電池蓋が負極端子を、兼ねる通例とは正負極が逆になるインサイドアウト構造がとられている。例えば、図3あるいは図4のような構造が一般的である。図3と図4の違いは、金属リング7の有無の差のみである。
【0003】
図3において、1は正極端子を兼ねる有底円筒形の金属缶であり、この金属缶1の内側に中空円筒状の正極活物質を含有する正極合剤2が収容されている。この正極合剤2の中空内部には不織布などからなる有底円筒状のセパレータ3を介して、ゲル状亜鉛負極材料4が充填されている。そして、この負極材料4には金属棒からなる負極集電棒5が挿着され、この負極集電棒5の一端は負極材料4の表面から突出してガス排出孔8aを設けた陰極端子を兼ねる帽子状金属封口板8に電気的に接続されている。そして正極となる金属缶1内面と、負極集電棒5の突出部外周面には、薄膜部6cを設けたプラスティック樹脂からなる絶縁ガスケット6、さらにその内側にガス排出孔7aを設けたリング状金属板7が配置され、これらは電気的に絶縁されている。そして金属缶1の開口部は、かしめられて密封口されている。
【0004】
このような構造の市販円筒型一次電池の安全設計は、主として機器内放置を想定した過放電や二次電池の充電器への装填を想定した充電などの誤使用時の破裂防止を考慮したものである。しかし、これらは何れも(電池自らの発熱も含めて)電池への大きな熱の印加を伴わないものであり、必ずしも十分な安全設計とは言い難かった。この構造における防爆機能は、ガスケット6の薄膜部6cによってなされる。即ち、誤充電、過放電などにより電池内部にガスが発生し、電池内圧が一定以上に上昇した時、ガスケット6の薄膜部6cが開裂して、リング状金属板および帽子状金属封口板8のそれぞれに設けられたガス排出孔7a、8aを通してガスが逃げるようにして電池の破裂事故を防いでいる。
つまり、従来のガスケット6に具備させる薄膜開裂機能として重要なことは、(1)常に薄膜部6cの開裂圧力が電池耐圧よりも小さいことと、しかしながらその一方で一度開裂させたら復帰させることが出来ず、場合によっては漏液に至ることもあるため、(2)通常の使用あるいはその延長となる使用では開裂しないこと、そして(3)その開裂圧力公差が小さいこと(開裂圧力バラツキが小さいこと)、の3つに集約される。
【0005】
ところで、電池のエネルギー密度を上げることは電池開発に課せられた永遠のテーマである。一般に電池のエネルギー密度を上げることと、安全性を確保することとは、トレードオフの関係にあり、これを両立させるためには、誤使用時の電池系外への安全な形での段階的なエネルギーの散逸を行うことが必須である。例えば誤使用時には電池内部にガス発生などを伴うが、ガス発生量や発生速度に合わせた電池系外への段階的なガス排出もこれに通じる。ところが従来の市販円筒型一次電池(インサイドアウト型)に採られている防爆構造では、電池のエネルギー密度を上げながら、これに合わせた段階的なガス排出機能を具備させることができない。なぜならば、電池のエネルギー密度を上げることに合わせて必然的に誤使用時の電池内部のガス発生量も増えることになるが、上述(1)と(2)の関係から電池耐圧(クリンプ圧力)も上げざるを得ないからである。つまり従来の防爆構造では、ガスケット薄膜開裂圧力と電池耐圧は必然的に接近せざるを得ないところに大きな矛盾がある。本来電池のエネルギー密度を上げながらガス排出圧力を電池耐圧(クリンプ圧力)に対して十分に下げる電池設計としなければ、十分な安全性は確保できない。しかしインサイドアウト型構造を有する電池においてこの点を注目した報告や提案は全くない。
【0006】
一般に、インサイドアウト型構造をとるガスケット6には、寸法安定性などの観点から、従来、ポリアミド樹脂(ナイロン樹脂)が広く用いられている。そのため、常温付近の薄膜部6cの開裂圧力公差が±2MPa(±20kgf/cm)程度となり、円筒クリンプ封口における電池耐圧は、一般に10MPa(100kgf/cm)程度となるため、必然的にガスケット6の薄膜開裂圧力中心値は常温付近で一般に8MPa(80kgf/cm)程度もの高い値に設定されている。このため、電池にあまり大きな熱が印加されない常温付近での誤充電、過放電などでは、常にガスケット薄膜部の開裂圧力が電池耐圧よりも小さくなるため安全性は保たれているものの、火中投入等の様に、電池に対して急激な熱の印加と、電池内部での内圧上昇がほぼ同時に起ると、ガスケットが軟化し全体的に外側に膨らみ変形することによって、薄膜部6cへの応力集中が緩和されてから薄膜部6cが開裂するため、開裂圧力が大きくなり、電池耐圧を超えて破裂することがある。このように、現在のインサイドアウト型電池においては、安全に対する配慮が十分とは言えないのが実状である。しかし、この方式以外の防爆弁機構について検討された報告や提案は全くない。
【0007】
一方、ニッケル・カドミウム電池、ニッケル水素電池に代表されるアルカリ二次電池では、充電を常とするため、その際のある一定以上の内圧上昇を抑制するため、復帰式の防爆弁機構が開発されている。
すなわち、金属集電体に活物質を保持した正極、及び負極をセパレータを介して捲回してなる電極群に電解液を含浸させ、これを外装缶内に収納し、外装缶の開口部に皿状端子キャップを備えた封口板をかしめ固定する構造の電池において封口板及び端子キャップにガス抜き穴を形成し、封口板と端子キャップで形成される空間内に弾性体を配置して、復帰式の防爆弁機構を実現している(特許文献1参照)。
【0008】
しかしインサイドアウト型の電池に比べ、上記の電池(アルカリ二次電池)は、a)正負極の配置が逆で集電がシンプルな構造であると共に、b)正負極活物質がそれぞれの金属集電体に強固に保持されているところが異なっており、これらのことが復帰式の防爆構造を具備し易くしている。一方、このようなアルカリ二次電池の防爆弁機構を、インサイドアウト型電池への適用について検討してみると、特に後者b)につき、防爆弁作動後の、正負極活物質粒子の防爆弁部への残留が防爆復帰に支障を与えることが課題となる。例えば、インサイドアウト型の電池の負極に復帰式の防爆機構を具備させた場合を考えてみる。上記公知の電池においては、電解液が、液状であるのに対して、インサイドアウト型電池においては、電解液に相当するゲル状負極は亜鉛粒子を含有するものである点で大きく異なっている。すなわちこのような防爆弁が作動して電解液またはゲル状負極がガス排出孔から漏出した場合、従来の電解液であれば、電池容器内圧が低下すれば、防爆弁は復帰し、電池としては支障なく再使用が可能である。一方、亜鉛粒子を含有するインサイドアウト型の電池の場合には、防爆弁が作動しゲル状負極が漏出した場合、防爆弁とガス排出孔との接触部に亜鉛粒子が残留して、電池容器の気密を保持することができなくなる。
【0009】
このように、インサイドアウト型の電池においては、復帰式の防爆機構を具備させる発想そのものが存在せず、安全性の高い電池を実現することが難しかった。
【0010】
【特許文献1】特開平11−40123号公報
【0011】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、特に異常高温の際の安全性向上がなされた密閉型アルカリ一次電池を提供しようとするものである。
【0012】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、正極端子を兼ねる有底金属容器に中空円筒状の正極成形体を挿入し、その内側に円筒状のセパレータを介してゲル状負極が充填され金属棒、帽子状負極端子、電気絶縁性ガスケットなどからなる負極集電体で集電され、密封口されるインサイドアウト構造を有する密閉型アルカリ電池において、電池内圧を一定の範囲に保つ復帰式弁を備えたことを特徴とする密閉型アルカリ一次電池である。
【0013】
前記本発明において、前記復帰式弁は、25℃雰囲気において1〜3MPa(10〜30kgf/cm)で作動するように設計されていることが好ましい。前記復帰式弁の弁作動圧力が、100℃を超えた時点で、25℃の時点での弁作動圧力よりも小さくなる様に設計されていることが好ましい。
【0014】
前記復帰式弁は負極集電体に備えられ、電気絶縁性ガスケットと、その内側に配される金属板と帽子状負極端子のそれぞれにガス排出孔をもうけると共に、前記金属板と前記帽子状負極端子の間に、前記金属板のガス排出孔を閉塞する弾性体を内装し、前記金属板と前記帽子状端子鍔部とを溶接で組立てられていることを特徴としている。この電池においては、ゲル状負極材料がリング状金属板のガス排出孔と、通常、これを押圧閉塞している弾性体との間に介在しないように抑制する手段を備えていることが好ましい。
【0015】
または、前記復帰式弁は正極金属容器底に備えられ帽子状正極端子と前記正極金属容器底のそれぞれにガス排出孔を設けると共に、前記帽子状正極端子と前記正極金属容器との間に、前記正極金属容器のガス排出孔を閉塞する弾性体を内装し、前記正極金属容器と前記帽子状正極端子鍔部とを溶接して組立てられていることを特徴としている。この電池においては、正極材料がガス排出孔から電解液とともに漏出しないよう、抑止する手段を備えていることが好ましい。
【0016】
さらに、前記弾性体としては、エチレン−プロピレン−共役ジエン化合物の三元共重合体を主成分とするゴム、クロロプレン・ゴム、ニトリル・ゴムのいずれかであることを特徴としている。
【0017】
【発明の実施の形態】
[第1の実施の形態]
以下、第1の実施の形態についてについて、図面を参照しながら詳細に説明する。図1は、いわゆるインサイド・アウト構造(電池缶体が正極側、電池蓋側が負極側となっている構造)と呼ばれているJIS規格のLR6形(単3形)の電池に、本発明を応用した例である。
【0018】
図1において1は、正極端子を兼ねる有底円筒形の金属缶であり、この金属缶1の内部に中空円筒状の正極活物質を含有する正極合剤2が収容されている。この正極合剤2の中空内部には不織布などからなる有底円筒状のセパレータ3を介して、ゲル状亜鉛負極材料4が充填されている。そして、この負極材料4には金属棒からなる負極集電棒5が挿着され、この負極集電棒5の一端は負極材料4の表面から突出して陰極端子を兼ねる金属封口板8に電気的に接続されている。そして、正極となる金属缶1内面と、負極集電棒5の突出部外周面には、二重環状のプラスチック樹脂からなる絶縁ガスケット6、さらに、その内側にリング状金属板7が配設され、これらは絶縁されている。また、金属缶1の開口部はかしめられて液密に封止されている。
【0019】
絶縁ガスケット6、リング状金属板7、及び金属封口板8には、それぞれにガス排出孔6a、7a、及び8aが形成されており、金属封口板8と、リング状金属板7とで形成される空間には、リング状金属板7に形成されたガス排出孔7aに接するように中空円筒状の弾性体9が覆設されている。尚、図1においては中空円筒状の弾性体を用いた例を示したが、必ずしもこの形状である必要はなく、立方体状でも円柱状でも構わない。
【0020】
この復帰式弁9は、ゴム状弾性体で作製されることが好ましい。具体的には、エチレン−プロピレン−共役ジエン化合物の三元共重合体を主成分とするゴム(EPDM)、クロロプレン・ゴム、及びニトリル・ゴムなどが挙げられる。これらの内で、エチレン−プロピレン−共役ジエン化合物の三元共重合体を主成分とするゴム(EPDM)が、アルカリなどの薬品に対する耐性があり、最も好ましい。また、この復帰式弁の設計は、25℃の環境において1〜3MPa(10〜30kgf/cm)の圧力設計とするのが好ましい。この圧力設計の範囲を下回った復帰式弁の場合には、電池のわずかな圧力変化で防爆弁が作動し、条件が悪いと漏液を生じるため好ましくない。一方、圧力設計が上記範囲を上回った場合、高温時のガス排出が不十分となるため条件が悪いと破裂を生じるため好ましくない。このような圧力設計は、復帰式弁室の高さに対するゴム状弾性体の高さ、ガス排出孔の孔径、ゴム状弾性体の弾性率などを適切に設定することによって調整可能である。
さらにこの復帰式弁の弁作動圧力が、100℃を超えた時点で25℃の時点での弁作動圧力よりも小さくなる様に設計されていることが好ましい。さらに、この復帰式弁の弁作動圧力は、100℃を超えた温度から高温の領域に至るまで、弁作動圧力が単調に低下する温度特性を有していることが好ましい。これは、通常100℃以内での弁の復帰機能が重要で100℃を超えると、電解液の沸騰も開始されるため、内圧上昇が顕著になるため弁作動圧力を下げてガス排出能力を高めるである。この機能を付与させるためには、EPDMを主成分としてこれに他の成分、例えばカーボンブラック、熱可塑性樹脂、加硫促進剤などを適宜配合し、ゴム弾性の温度特性を設計することによって可能となる。
この復帰式弁は、ブロック状のゴム状弾性体、または、リング状のゴム状弾性体で形成することができる。
【0021】
上記防爆弁機構を有する電池において、ゲル状負極が防爆弁機構に到達しないように、漏出抑止手段を採用することが好ましい。
このゲル状負極の流動抑止手段としては、図1に見られるように、ガスケット6のガス排出孔6aとして亜鉛粒子が通らない程度の割れ目を付与したものを用いることによって実現できる。また、他の方法としては、図示しないが、ゲル状負極4のガスケット6側表面に対向する表面を被覆するように、セパレータ紙のような隔離材を負極集電棒に嵌合して配置しても良い。
【0022】
次に、本実施の形態で用いられる正極材料、負極材料、及び電解液について詳細に説明する。
(正極材料)
本発明で用いる正極活物質は、オキシ水酸化ニッケル粒子を主体とするものが適している。
さらに、亜鉛もしくはコバルト単独あるいはその両方を共晶しているオキシ水酸化ニッケルは、低電解液比率でもその構造変化を少なくできるので好ましい。オキシ水酸化ニッケルに共晶させる亜鉛もしくはコバルトの量としては、1〜7%の範囲が好ましい。亜鉛の量がこの範囲を下回ると、条件によっては正極が膨潤するため、その利用率が低下し、放電容量が低下する。またこの範囲を上回ると、相対的にニッケル純度が低下するため、高容量化に適さなくなる。
【0023】
また、水酸化ニッケル表面に、さらに高導電性の高次コバルト化合物を被着させた複合オキシ水酸化物とすることが、オキシ水酸化ニッケル粒子同士の電子導電性を確保する理由で好ましい。
前記表面に被着するコバルト化合物としては、出発原料として例えば、水酸化コバルト(Co(OH))、一酸化コバルト(CoO)、三酸化二コバルト(Co)、などをあげることができ、これを酸化処理してオキシ水酸化コバルト(CoOOH)、四酸化三コバルト(Co)などの高導電性高次コバルト酸化物に転化させる。
【0024】
上記本発明の正極活物質は、例えば次の方法によって製造することができる。亜鉛及びコバルトをドープした水酸化ニッケル粒子に、水酸化コバルトを添加し、大気雰囲気中で攪拌しながら水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を噴霧する。引き続きマイクロウェーブ加熱を施すことにより水酸化ニッケル表面にコバルト高次酸化物の層が形成された複合水酸化ニッケル粒子が生成する。さらに、この反応系に次亜塩素酸ナトリウムなどの酸化剤を添加して酸化を進め、コバルト高次酸化物が被着した複合オキシ水酸化ニッケルを製造することができる。これによって導電性が極めて優れた正極活物質を得ることができる。
【0025】
かかる際に用いるコバルト粒子あるいはコバルト化合物粒子は、比表面積が2.5〜30m/gである水酸化コバルトを用いることが好ましい。コバルト粒子あるいはコバルト化合物粒子としてこの範囲のものを採用することによって水酸化ニッケルと水酸化コバルトとの接触面積が確保され、正極の利用率の向上につながる。
【0026】
また、上記ニッケル水酸化物の正極活物質にY、Er、Yb、Caの化合物を添加することにより、貯蔵時の容量維持率を改善することができる。用いられる上記化合物としては、例えばY、Er、Yb、などの金属酸化物、およびCaFなどの金属フッ化物があげられる。これらの金属酸化物および金属フッ化物は、正極活物質であるニッケル水酸化物に対して、0.1〜2質量%の範囲で用いることができる。金属酸化物もしくは金属フッ化物の配合量が上記範囲を下回った場合、貯蔵特性の改善効果が得られず、一方配合量が上記範囲を上回った場合、相対的に正極活物質の量が減るので高容量化に適さなくなるため好ましくない。
本発明においては、正極の導電性を改善するために、正極材料に炭素粒子を含有させることが望ましい。
かかる炭素粒子としては、例えばアセチレンブラック、カーボンブラック等を用いることができる。配合量は、正極活物質:炭素粒子=100:3〜10(質量比)の範囲が適切である。炭素粒子の配合比がこれより高いと活物質量が相対的に減少するため高容量化に適さなくなり、一方、炭素粒子の配合比がこれより低いと電子電導性が相対的に低下するので高出力特性に適さなくなる。
【0027】
(負極材料)
本発明で用いられる負極材料は、負極活物質である亜鉛合金を主成分とする負極材料であり、公知の二酸化マンガン−亜鉛一次電池で使用されている亜鉛ゲルを用いることができる。この負極材料は、ゲル状であることが取り扱いの点で望ましい。これを負極材料をゲル状とするためには、負極活物質に電解液及び増粘剤を添加することにより容易にゲル化することができる。
【0028】
本発明において用いる亜鉛合金は、無汞化亜鉛合金として知られている水銀及び鉛を含まない亜鉛合金を用いることができる。具体的には、インジウム0.06質量%、ビスマス0.014質量%、アルミニウム0.0035質量%を含む亜鉛合金が、水素ガス発生の抑制効果があり望ましい。特にインジウム、ビスマスは放電性能を向上させるため望ましい。
負極作用物質として純亜鉛ではなく亜鉛合金を用いる理由は、アルカリ性電解液中での自己溶解速度を遅くし、密閉系の電池製品とした場合の電池内部での水素ガス発生を抑制して、漏液による事故を防止するためである。
【0029】
また、亜鉛合金の形状は、表面積を大きくして大電流放電に対応できるように粉末状とすることが望ましい。本発明において好ましい亜鉛合金の平均粒径は、100〜350μmの範囲が好ましい。亜鉛合金の平均粒径が上記範囲を上回った場合、表面積が比較的小さくなり大電流放電に対応することは困難になる。また、平均粒径が上記範囲を下回った場合、電池組み立て時の取り扱いが難しく、電解液及びゲル化剤と均一に混合することが困難になるばかりでなく、表面が活性であることから酸化されやすく不安定である。
【0030】
また、本発明において用いられる増粘剤としては、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリアクリル酸塩、CMC、アルギン酸などを用いることができる。特に、ポリアクリル酸ナトリウムが、強アルカリに対する耐薬品性に優れているため好ましい。
【0031】
(電解液)
本発明で用いられる電解液は、水酸化カリウム、水酸化ナトリウムなどのアルカリ塩を溶質として用いた水溶液が好ましく、特に、水酸化カリウムを用いることが、好ましい。
【0032】
また、本発明においては、上記水酸化カリウムなどのアルカリ塩を水に溶解した電解液中に亜鉛化合物を添加することが望ましい。かかる亜鉛化合物としては、酸化亜鉛、水酸化亜鉛などの化合物が挙げられるが、特に酸化亜鉛が好ましい。電解液として少なくとも亜鉛化合物を含有するアルカリ性水溶液を用いるのは、アルカリ性水溶液中での亜鉛合金の自己溶解が酸性系の電解液と比較して格段に少なく、更には亜鉛合金のアルカリ性電解液中での自己溶解を亜鉛化合物、例えば酸化亜鉛を溶解して亜鉛イオンを予め存在させておくことにより更に抑制するためである。
【0033】
[第2の実施の形態]
第2の実施の形態について図面を参照しながら詳細に説明する。図2は、本発明を上記第1の実施の形態と同様、いわゆるインサイドアウト構造の電池に応用した例である。図2において、図1と同様の構成要素については、同一の符号を付し、詳細な説明は省略する。
【0034】
図1において、防爆弁機構は負極集電体に復帰式弁を備えた例を示したが、第2の実施の形態においては、図2に見られるように、正極容器部分に防爆弁機構を設けた例である。すなわち、図2において、正極である電池容器1の底部にガス排出孔1aを形成し、その周囲に、ガス排出孔21aを形成した正極端子部となる帽子状正極端子部21を形成する。そして、電池容器1の底部と、帽子状正極端子部21とで形成される空間に、復帰式弁となるゴム状弾性体9を前記ガス排出孔1aを覆うように覆設する。これによって防爆弁機構が形成される。
尚、この防爆弁機構において、ゲル状負極材料のみならず、正極活物質の割れあるいは欠けなどによって生じた破砕粒子がガス排出孔1aを経由して電解液とともに漏出しないようにセパレータ22を配置することが好ましい。
【0035】
【実施例】
(正極の作製)
高次コバルト層が表面に形成され、亜鉛を5%ドープしたオキシ水酸化ニッケル粒子90質量部に、比表面積が3m/gの黒鉛粉末5.4質量部、及びバインダーとしてのポリエチレン樹脂0.1質量部を加えて10分間撹拌混合する。その後、40質量%の水酸化カリウム水溶液4.6質量部を加え、汎用混合容器で30分間混合して混合物を得た。次いで、この混合物を外径13.3mm、内径9.0mm、高さ(長さ)13.7mmの中空円筒状に加圧成形して、正極合剤ペレットを作製した。
【0036】
(負極の作製)
インジウム0.01質量部、ビスマス0.01質量部及びアルミニウム0.003質量部を含む平均粒径200μm程度の亜鉛合金粉末64.6質量部に、ポリアクリル酸(ゲル化剤)0.38質量部を加え、汎用混合容器で5分間撹拌・混合して均一な混合系を得た。
一方、酸化亜鉛3.5質量%を溶解した35質量%の水酸化カリウム水溶液35質量部に、水酸化テトラブチルアンモニウム0.0006質量部を加え、10分間撹拌・混合して充分に分散させる。次いで、この分散系に、前記亜鉛合金粉末系の混合物を4分間かけて徐々に加えるとともに、200×10Pa(150mmHg)以下の減圧状態で撹拌・混合し、さらに、1.33×10Pa(10mmHg)以下の減圧状態で5分間撹拌・混合して、ほぼ均一組成のゲル状負極を作製した。
【0037】
(電池の組立)
図1(負極に復帰式弁を具備するインサイドアウト構造)を例に述べる。
電池サイズはAAである。公知のオキシ水酸化ニッケルを主成分とする正極合剤ペレット2を有底円筒状の金属からなる電池容器1の内部に収容し、正極合剤の中空部にセパレータ3を配置すると共に、この内側に公知の亜鉛合金、高吸水性高分子材料、アルカリ電解液からなる亜鉛合金ゲル4を充填し、金属棒5、電気絶縁性ガスケット6、金属板7、帽子状負極端子8、弾性体9からなる復帰式ベントを備える負極集電体で密封口した。この時のニッケル亜鉛一次電池の設計は、負極理論容量/正極理論容量=1.1、正極理論容量に対する電解液比率1.2ml/Ahとした。
【0038】
電気絶縁性ガスケット6、金属板7、帽子状負極端子7には、ガス排出孔が設けられており、弾性体7はエチレン−プロピレン−共役ジエン化合物の三元共役重合体を主成分とするゴム(EPDM)を用い、金属板7と帽子状負極端子8との間に金属板7の孔を閉塞するように圧迫・配置し、帽子状負極揃子8の鍔部と金属板7とを溶接する構成としている。弾性体7の高さ、あるいは金属板7の孔7aの直径を変えることによって弁作動圧を任意に変えることが出来る。
【0039】
こうして作製された任意の弁作動を有する負極集電体、従来の負極集電体(復帰式弁を備えていないもの)のみを変えて、各々n=40(サンプル数40)の電池試作を行い、n=20ずつの2つに分け、バーナ加熱試験ならびに30分以内に70℃に上げ、そのまま70℃に4時間保持し、30分以内に20℃に下げ、そのまま20℃を2時間保持し、30分以内に−20℃に下げ、そのまま−20℃に4時間保持し、30分以内に20℃に上げる一連の温度サイクルを合計10サイクル繰返した後、1週間放置して漏液の確認を行うヒート・サイクル試験を行った。尚、これら負極集電体に組み込んだ復帰式弁の100℃を超えた時点での弁作動圧力を確認するために、150℃における弁作動圧力を確認したところ、いずれも25℃における弁作動圧力に対して20%程度低下することを確認した。又、バーナ加熱試験とは、UL2054のプロジェクティル・テストに準ずる試験である。試験結果を表1に示す。
【0040】
【表1】

Figure 2004213947
【0041】
表1から、従来式負極集電体を用いた比較例3は、バーナ加熱試験による破裂確率が極めて高いことが確認される。これは、バーナ加熱によって電池内部に急激な熱の印加と、電池内部での内圧上昇がほぼ同時に起こったため、その内圧によってガスケット薄膜部に応力が集中する前に、ガスケットが軟化し全体的に外側に膨らみ、薄膜部が十分に開裂せず、電池耐圧を超えたためと思われる。実際、破裂した電池の負極集電体はガスケットが溶融し、薄膜部の開裂は認められないか、もしくは不充分な開裂状態で金属板の孔を閉塞している様子が観察された。
【0042】
これに対して復帰式弁を備える実施例1、2、3、比較例1、2は、比較例3に比べてバーナ加熱試験による破裂確率がゼロか極めて少ないことが確認できる。これは、バーナ加熱による電池内部への急激な熱の印加と、電池内部での内圧上昇にも関わらず、電池内に発生したガスがスムーズに外に抜けてくれたため、電池内圧が電池耐圧を超えることなく破裂に至り難かったことが推測される。実際、弁作動圧を下げたもの程、電池内部に発生したガスが外に抜けるタイミンクが早く破裂し難い様子が観察された。
【0043】
ヒート・サイクル試験では、比較例1のみ1/20の漏液が認められた。漏液した電池を分解したところ、金属板孔と弾性体の周辺部分での電解液付着が認められたことから、25℃における弁作動圧の設定が0.3MPa(3kgf/cm)では不充分であることか推測される。
【0044】
以上の結果から、バーナ加熱試験ならびにヒート・サイクル試験を両立できる構造は復帰式弁を備え、かつ25℃における弁作動圧を1〜3MPa(10〜30kgf/cm)の範囲に設定したものといえる。尚、復帰式弁のところで電池内圧をコントロールするので必ずしもガスケットの構造は従来のように内圧上昇による開裂機構を備えた薄膜部を設ける必要はない。
【0045】
図4のように、正極に復帰式ベントを具備するインサイドアウト構造で、上記と同様な負極理論容量/正極理論容量=1.1、正極理論容量に対する電解液比率1.2ml/Ahのニッケル亜鉛一次電池を試作した際も表1と同様な結果が得られた。この場合もこれら正極端子に組み込んだ復帰式弁の100℃を超えた時点での弁作動圧力を確認するために150℃における弁作動圧力を確認したところ、いずれも25℃における弁作動圧力に対して20〜30%程度低下することを確認した。尚、正極に復帰式弁を具備する場合、必ずしも負極のガスケットには上記と同様に、内圧上昇による開裂機構を備えた薄膜部を設ける必要はない。
【0046】
また、復帰式弁を負極に具備しようと、正極に具備しようと、25℃における弁作動圧を1〜3MPa(10〜30kgf/cm)の範囲に保ち、復帰式弁の150℃における弁作動圧力を25℃における弁作動圧力よりも20〜30%程度低下するように設計したものを用いる限り、弾性体はクロロプレンゴム、ニトリル・ゴムのいずれかでも同様な結果か得られる。
【0047】
以上の結果から、インサイドアウト構造のアルカリ一次電池で、復帰式弁を備え、その復帰弁の弾性体としてエチレン−プロピレン−共役ジエン化合物の三元共重合体を主成分とするゴム(EPDM)、クロロプレン・ゴム、ニトリル・ゴムのいずれかで、かつ25℃における弁作動圧を1〜3MPa(10〜30kgf/cm)の範囲に設計し100℃を超えた時点で、25℃の弁作動圧力よりも低下する用に設計したものは、バーナ加熱試験のような異常高温に晒された際の安全性がこれまでになく向上するだけでなく、ヒート・サイクル試験のような耐漏液に対する信頼性も充分に確保したものとなる。
【0048】
尚、上記実施例は、AAタイプの電池を上げたが、本発明の構成、材料、パラメータを踏襲することによって必ずしもこのタイプに限定されない。また、電池系もインサイドアウト構造を有する限り、ニッケル亜鉛一次電池に限定されない。最後に、この発明の重要な点は、安全性に優れたインサイドアウト型構造をとりながら、電池内圧上昇による弁作動圧力と電池耐圧との差を大きくとれるという発想そのものにある。このことによって電池耐圧を十分に確保しながら、電池のエネルギー密度を同時に十分に高めることが可能となり、電池の高容量化とユーザの誤使用時の安全性確保とを両立できる。このことは、正負極容量比や液比率など電池設計の許容範囲を広げ、電池設計そのものを容易にすることを意味する。
【0049】
【発明の効果】
以上、本発明によれば、異常高温に晒された際の安全性がこれまでになく向上するだけでなく、耐漏液に対する信頼性も十分に確保できるので、その工業的価値は大きい。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の一実施例である密閉型アルカリ一次電池の断面図。
【図2】本発明の他の実施例である密閉型アルカリ一次電池の断面図。
【図3】従来の密閉型アルカリ一次電池の概略断面図。
【図4】従来の他の密閉型アルカリ一次電池の概略断面図。
【符号の説明】
1…金属容器
1a,6a,7a,8a…ガス排出孔
2…正極合剤
3…セパレータ
4…ゲル状負極
5…負極集電棒
6…絶縁ガスケット
6b…襞状部
6c…薄膜部
7…金属板
8…金属封口板
9…ゴム状弾性体
21…帽子状正極端子部
22…セパレータ[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a sealed alkaline primary battery provided with a return valve.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, a commercially available cylindrical primary battery, as represented by a manganese dioxide-zinc primary battery (commonly known as an alkaline dry battery), has a positive / negative pole opposite to the usual case where a battery can serves as a positive terminal and a battery lid serves as a negative terminal. Inside-out structure. For example, a structure as shown in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4 is common. The only difference between FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 is the difference in the presence or absence of the metal ring 7.
[0003]
In FIG. 3, reference numeral 1 denotes a bottomed cylindrical metal can also serving as a positive electrode terminal. Inside the metal can 1, a positive electrode mixture 2 containing a hollow cylindrical positive electrode active material is accommodated. The hollow inside of the positive electrode mixture 2 is filled with a gelled zinc negative electrode material 4 via a bottomed cylindrical separator 3 made of nonwoven fabric or the like. A negative electrode current collecting rod 5 made of a metal rod is inserted into the negative electrode material 4, and one end of the negative electrode current collecting rod 5 projects from the surface of the negative electrode material 4 and serves as a cathode terminal having a gas discharge hole 8a. It is electrically connected to the metal sealing plate 8. An insulating gasket 6 made of a plastic resin provided with a thin film portion 6c is provided on the inner surface of the metal can 1 serving as a positive electrode and an outer peripheral surface of a protruding portion of the negative electrode current collector rod 5, and a ring-shaped metal provided with a gas discharge hole 7a inside the thin film portion. Plates 7 are arranged, which are electrically insulated. The opening of the metal can 1 is caulked and sealed.
[0004]
The safety design of a commercially available cylindrical primary battery with such a structure is mainly designed to prevent rupture in case of misuse, such as overdischarge assuming leaving in the device or charging assuming loading of the secondary battery into the charger. It is. However, none of these involves the application of large heat to the battery (including the heat generated by the battery itself), and it was not always a sufficient safety design. The explosion-proof function in this structure is performed by the thin film portion 6c of the gasket 6. That is, when gas is generated inside the battery due to erroneous charging, overdischarge, or the like, and the internal pressure of the battery rises above a certain level, the thin film portion 6c of the gasket 6 is cleaved, and the ring-shaped metal plate and the hat-shaped metal sealing plate 8 Gas escapes through the gas discharge holes 7a and 8a provided in each of the gas discharge holes to prevent a battery rupture accident.
In other words, the important points of the thin film tearing function provided in the conventional gasket 6 are (1) that the tearing pressure of the thin film portion 6c is always smaller than the withstand voltage of the battery, but it is possible to return once it is split. In some cases, liquid leakage may occur. Therefore, (2) it should not be cleaved by normal use or its extended use, and (3) its cleavage pressure tolerance should be small (the variation in cleavage pressure should be small). , Are collected.
[0005]
By the way, increasing the energy density of a battery is an eternal theme imposed on battery development. In general, increasing the energy density of a battery and ensuring safety are in a trade-off relationship, and in order to achieve both, it is necessary to take steps in a safe form outside the battery system in the event of misuse. It is essential to dissipate great energy. For example, when the battery is misused, gas is generated inside the battery, and the stepwise discharge of gas to the outside of the battery system according to the gas generation amount and the generation speed is also applied. However, in the explosion-proof structure employed in the conventional commercially available cylindrical primary battery (inside-out type), it is not possible to provide a stepwise gas discharge function corresponding to this while increasing the energy density of the battery. This is because the amount of gas generated inside the battery at the time of misuse will inevitably increase as the energy density of the battery increases. However, the battery withstand voltage (crimp pressure) is determined from the relationship described in (1) and (2) above. Because it has to be raised. In other words, in the conventional explosion-proof structure, there is a great contradiction in that the gasket thin film breaking pressure and the battery pressure must necessarily be close to each other. Unless the battery is designed so that the gas discharge pressure is sufficiently reduced with respect to the battery withstand pressure (crimp pressure) while increasing the energy density of the battery, sufficient safety cannot be ensured. However, there is no report or proposal focusing on this point in a battery having an inside-out type structure.
[0006]
Generally, a polyamide resin (nylon resin) is widely used for the gasket 6 having an inside-out type structure from the viewpoint of dimensional stability and the like. Therefore, the tolerance of the tearing pressure of the thin film portion 6c at around normal temperature is about ± 2 MPa (± 20 kgf / cm 2 ), and the pressure resistance of the battery in the cylindrical crimp sealing is generally about 10 MPa (100 kgf / cm 2 ). The thin film breaking pressure center value of No. 6 is generally set to a value as high as about 8 MPa (80 kgf / cm 2 ) around room temperature. For this reason, in the case of erroneous charge or overdischarge near room temperature, where too much heat is not applied to the battery, the gasket thin-film portion always has a lower breaking pressure than the battery withstand pressure. When the sudden application of heat to the battery and the increase of the internal pressure inside the battery occur almost at the same time, the gasket softens and swells outward as a whole, thereby causing a stress on the thin film portion 6c. Since the thin film portion 6c is ruptured after the concentration is alleviated, the rupture pressure increases, and the rupture may exceed the withstand voltage of the battery. As described above, in the current inside-out type battery, it is a fact that the safety is not sufficiently considered. However, there have been no reports or proposals on explosion-proof valve mechanisms other than this method.
[0007]
On the other hand, for alkaline secondary batteries such as nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, a return-type explosion-proof valve mechanism has been developed in order to always charge and to suppress the internal pressure rise above a certain level. ing.
That is, a positive electrode in which an active material is held on a metal current collector, and an electrode group formed by winding a negative electrode through a separator are impregnated with an electrolytic solution, stored in an outer can, and placed in an opening of the outer can. In a battery having a structure in which a sealing plate provided with a terminal cap is swaged and fixed, a gas vent hole is formed in the sealing plate and the terminal cap, and an elastic body is arranged in a space formed by the sealing plate and the terminal cap, and the return type is provided. (See Patent Document 1).
[0008]
However, as compared with the inside-out type battery, the above-mentioned battery (alkaline secondary battery) has a structure in which a) the positive and negative electrodes are arranged in reverse and the current collection is simple, and They differ in that they are firmly held by an electrical body, which facilitates the provision of a return-type explosion-proof structure. On the other hand, when the explosion-proof valve mechanism of such an alkaline secondary battery is examined for application to an inside-out type battery, particularly for the latter b), the explosion-proof valve portion of the positive and negative electrode active material particles after the explosion-proof valve is activated. The problem is that the residue on the blast impairs the return to explosion proof. For example, consider a case in which a negative electrode of an inside-out type battery is provided with a return-type explosion-proof mechanism. In the above-mentioned known batteries, the electrolyte is liquid, whereas in the inside-out type battery, the gelled negative electrode corresponding to the electrolyte contains zinc particles. In other words, when such an explosion-proof valve is operated and the electrolyte or the gelled negative electrode leaks from the gas discharge hole, if the conventional electrolyte is used, if the internal pressure of the battery container decreases, the explosion-proof valve returns, and the battery Reuse is possible without hindrance. On the other hand, in the case of an inside-out type battery containing zinc particles, when the explosion-proof valve operates and the gelled negative electrode leaks, zinc particles remain in the contact portion between the explosion-proof valve and the gas exhaust hole, and the battery container Can not be kept airtight.
[0009]
As described above, in the inside-out type battery, there was no idea to provide a return-type explosion-proof mechanism, and it was difficult to realize a highly safe battery.
[0010]
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H11-40123
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a sealed alkaline primary battery with improved safety particularly at abnormally high temperatures.
[0012]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to the present invention, a hollow cylindrical positive electrode molded body is inserted into a bottomed metal container also serving as a positive electrode terminal, and a gel negative electrode is filled through a cylindrical separator inside a metal rod, a hat-shaped negative electrode terminal, and an electric insulating member. Sealed alkaline battery having an inside-out structure in which the current is collected by a negative electrode current collector composed of a conductive gasket and sealed, and provided with a return valve that keeps the internal pressure of the battery within a certain range. It is an alkaline primary battery.
[0013]
In the present invention, it is preferable that the return valve is designed to operate at 1 to 3 MPa (10 to 30 kgf / cm 2 ) in a 25 ° C. atmosphere. It is preferable that the valve operating pressure of the return-type valve be designed to be smaller than the valve operating pressure at 25 ° C. when the valve operating pressure exceeds 100 ° C.
[0014]
The return valve is provided on the negative electrode current collector, and an electrically insulating gasket, a metal plate disposed inside the gasket, and a hat-shaped negative electrode terminal are provided with gas discharge holes, and the metal plate and the hat-shaped negative electrode are provided. An elastic body for closing a gas discharge hole of the metal plate is provided between the terminals, and the metal plate and the cap-shaped terminal flange are assembled by welding. In this battery, it is preferable to provide a means for suppressing the gel-like negative electrode material from intervening between the gas discharge hole of the ring-shaped metal plate and the elastic body which normally presses and closes the hole.
[0015]
Alternatively, the return valve is provided at the bottom of the positive metal container and a gas discharge hole is provided at each of the hat-shaped positive terminal and the bottom of the positive metal container, and between the hat-shaped positive terminal and the positive metal container, An elastic body for closing a gas discharge hole of the positive metal container is provided therein, and the positive metal container and the hat-shaped positive terminal flange are assembled by welding. In this battery, it is preferable to provide a means for preventing the positive electrode material from leaking together with the electrolyte from the gas discharge hole.
[0016]
Further, the elastic body is characterized in that it is any one of rubber, chloroprene rubber, and nitrile rubber mainly containing a terpolymer of ethylene-propylene-conjugated diene compound.
[0017]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[First Embodiment]
Hereinafter, the first embodiment will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows the present invention applied to a LR6 (AA) type battery of JIS standard called a so-called inside-out structure (a structure in which a battery can body is a positive electrode side and a battery lid side is a negative electrode side). This is an example of application.
[0018]
In FIG. 1, reference numeral 1 denotes a bottomed cylindrical metal can also serving as a positive electrode terminal. Inside the metal can 1, a positive electrode mixture 2 containing a hollow cylindrical positive electrode active material is accommodated. The hollow inside of the positive electrode mixture 2 is filled with a gelled zinc negative electrode material 4 via a bottomed cylindrical separator 3 made of nonwoven fabric or the like. A negative electrode current collecting rod 5 made of a metal bar is inserted into the negative electrode material 4, and one end of the negative electrode current collecting rod 5 projects from the surface of the negative electrode material 4 and is electrically connected to a metal sealing plate 8 also serving as a cathode terminal. Have been. An insulating gasket 6 made of a double annular plastic resin is disposed on the inner surface of the metal can 1 serving as the positive electrode and on the outer peripheral surface of the protruding portion of the negative electrode current collecting rod 5, and further, a ring-shaped metal plate 7 is provided inside the insulating gasket 6. These are insulated. The opening of the metal can 1 is caulked and sealed in a liquid-tight manner.
[0019]
Gas discharge holes 6a, 7a, and 8a are formed in the insulating gasket 6, the ring-shaped metal plate 7, and the metal sealing plate 8, respectively, and are formed by the metal sealing plate 8 and the ring-shaped metal plate 7. A hollow cylindrical elastic body 9 is provided so as to be in contact with the gas discharge hole 7a formed in the ring-shaped metal plate 7 in the space. Although FIG. 1 shows an example in which a hollow cylindrical elastic body is used, the elastic body need not always have this shape, and may have a cubic shape or a cylindrical shape.
[0020]
This return valve 9 is preferably made of a rubber-like elastic body. Specific examples include a rubber (EPDM) containing a terpolymer of an ethylene-propylene-conjugated diene compound as a main component, chloroprene rubber, and nitrile rubber. Among them, rubber (EPDM) containing a terpolymer of an ethylene-propylene-conjugated diene compound as a main component is most preferable because it has resistance to chemicals such as alkali. In addition, it is preferable that the design of the return valve be a pressure design of 1 to 3 MPa (10 to 30 kgf / cm 2 ) in a 25 ° C. environment. In the case of a return-type valve having a pressure lower than the range of the pressure design, the explosion-proof valve is operated by a slight change in the pressure of the battery. On the other hand, if the pressure design exceeds the above range, gas discharge at high temperature becomes insufficient, and if the conditions are poor, rupture occurs, which is not preferable. Such a pressure design can be adjusted by appropriately setting the height of the rubber-like elastic body with respect to the height of the return-type valve chamber, the hole diameter of the gas discharge hole, the elastic modulus of the rubber-like elastic body, and the like.
Further, it is preferable that the valve operating pressure of this return type valve is designed to be smaller than the valve operating pressure at 25 ° C. when it exceeds 100 ° C. Further, it is preferable that the valve operating pressure of the return valve has a temperature characteristic in which the valve operating pressure monotonously decreases from a temperature exceeding 100 ° C. to a high temperature region. This is because the return function of the valve within 100 ° C. is usually important, and when the temperature exceeds 100 ° C., the boiling of the electrolyte starts, and the internal pressure rises remarkably. It is. In order to impart this function, EPDM can be used as a main component, and other components such as carbon black, a thermoplastic resin, a vulcanization accelerator and the like are appropriately blended and the temperature characteristics of rubber elasticity are designed. Become.
This return valve can be formed of a block-like rubber-like elastic body or a ring-like rubber-like elastic body.
[0021]
In the battery having the explosion-proof valve mechanism, it is preferable to employ a leakage prevention means so that the gelled negative electrode does not reach the explosion-proof valve mechanism.
As shown in FIG. 1, this gel-type negative electrode can be realized by using a gasket 6 having a gas discharge hole 6 a provided with a crack such that zinc particles do not pass through, as shown in FIG. 1. As another method, although not shown, an isolating material such as separator paper is fitted to the negative electrode current collecting rod and disposed so as to cover the surface of the gelled negative electrode 4 facing the gasket 6 side surface. Is also good.
[0022]
Next, the positive electrode material, the negative electrode material, and the electrolytic solution used in the present embodiment will be described in detail.
(Positive electrode material)
As the positive electrode active material used in the present invention, those mainly containing nickel oxyhydroxide particles are suitable.
Further, nickel oxyhydroxide in which zinc or cobalt alone or both are eutectic is preferable because its structural change can be reduced even at a low electrolytic solution ratio. The amount of zinc or cobalt eutectic in nickel oxyhydroxide is preferably in the range of 1 to 7%. If the amount of zinc falls below this range, the positive electrode swells depending on the conditions, so that the utilization rate decreases and the discharge capacity decreases. In addition, when the ratio exceeds this range, the purity of nickel is relatively lowered, so that it is not suitable for increasing the capacity.
[0023]
Further, it is preferable to use a composite oxyhydroxide in which a highly conductive high-order cobalt compound is adhered to the surface of nickel hydroxide for the purpose of securing the electronic conductivity between the nickel oxyhydroxide particles.
Examples of the cobalt compound deposited on the surface include, as starting materials, cobalt hydroxide (Co (OH) 2 ), cobalt monoxide (CoO), dicobalt trioxide (Co 2 O 3 ), and the like. This can be oxidized to convert it to a highly conductive high order cobalt oxide such as cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) or tricobalt tetroxide (Co 3 O 4 ).
[0024]
The positive electrode active material of the present invention can be produced, for example, by the following method. Cobalt hydroxide is added to nickel hydroxide particles doped with zinc and cobalt, and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is sprayed while stirring in an air atmosphere. Subsequently, by performing microwave heating, composite nickel hydroxide particles having a layer of cobalt higher oxide formed on the surface of nickel hydroxide are generated. Further, an oxidizing agent such as sodium hypochlorite is added to the reaction system to proceed with the oxidation to produce a composite nickel oxyhydroxide coated with a cobalt higher oxide. Thereby, a positive electrode active material having extremely excellent conductivity can be obtained.
[0025]
As the cobalt particles or the cobalt compound particles used in this case, it is preferable to use cobalt hydroxide having a specific surface area of 2.5 to 30 m 3 / g. By employing the cobalt particles or the cobalt compound particles having the above range, a contact area between nickel hydroxide and cobalt hydroxide is secured, which leads to an improvement in the utilization rate of the positive electrode.
[0026]
Further, by adding a compound of Y, Er, Yb, and Ca to the positive electrode active material of the nickel hydroxide, the capacity retention during storage can be improved. Examples of the compounds used include metal oxides such as Y 2 O 3 , Er 2 O 3 , and Yb 2 O 3 , and metal fluorides such as CaF 2 . These metal oxides and metal fluorides can be used in the range of 0.1 to 2% by mass based on nickel hydroxide as the positive electrode active material. When the amount of the metal oxide or the metal fluoride falls below the above range, the effect of improving the storage characteristics cannot be obtained.On the other hand, when the amount of the metal oxide or the metal fluoride exceeds the above range, the amount of the positive electrode active material decreases relatively. It is not preferable because it is not suitable for increasing the capacity.
In the present invention, in order to improve the conductivity of the positive electrode, it is desirable to include carbon particles in the positive electrode material.
As such carbon particles, for example, acetylene black, carbon black and the like can be used. The compounding amount is appropriately in the range of positive electrode active material: carbon particles = 100: 3 to 10 (mass ratio). If the compounding ratio of the carbon particles is higher than this, the amount of the active material is relatively reduced, so that it is not suitable for increasing the capacity. On the other hand, if the compounding ratio of the carbon particles is lower than this, the electron conductivity relatively decreases, so Not suitable for output characteristics.
[0027]
(Negative electrode material)
The negative electrode material used in the present invention is a negative electrode material mainly containing a zinc alloy as a negative electrode active material, and may be a zinc gel used in a known manganese dioxide-zinc primary battery. This negative electrode material is desirably in a gel form in terms of handling. In order to make the negative electrode material into a gel state, the negative electrode active material can be easily gelled by adding an electrolytic solution and a thickener.
[0028]
As the zinc alloy used in the present invention, a zinc alloy containing no mercury and lead, which is known as a non-melting zinc alloy, can be used. Specifically, a zinc alloy containing 0.06% by mass of indium, 0.014% by mass of bismuth, and 0.0035% by mass of aluminum is preferable because it has an effect of suppressing hydrogen gas generation. In particular, indium and bismuth are desirable for improving discharge performance.
The reason for using a zinc alloy instead of pure zinc as the negative electrode active material is that the rate of self-dissolution in an alkaline electrolyte is slowed, and the generation of hydrogen gas inside the battery when a closed battery product is used is suppressed. This is to prevent accidents caused by liquid.
[0029]
Further, the shape of the zinc alloy is desirably a powder so that the surface area can be increased to cope with a large current discharge. In the present invention, the average particle size of the zinc alloy is preferably in the range of 100 to 350 μm. When the average particle size of the zinc alloy exceeds the above range, the surface area becomes relatively small, and it becomes difficult to cope with a large current discharge. When the average particle size is less than the above range, handling during battery assembly is difficult, and not only is it difficult to uniformly mix with the electrolyte and the gelling agent, but also the surface is oxidized because the surface is active. Easy and unstable.
[0030]
Further, as the thickener used in the present invention, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, CMC, alginic acid and the like can be used. In particular, sodium polyacrylate is preferable because of its excellent chemical resistance to strong alkalis.
[0031]
(Electrolyte)
The electrolyte used in the present invention is preferably an aqueous solution using an alkali salt such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide as a solute, and particularly preferably potassium hydroxide.
[0032]
Further, in the present invention, it is desirable to add a zinc compound to an electrolyte obtained by dissolving an alkali salt such as potassium hydroxide in water. Examples of such a zinc compound include compounds such as zinc oxide and zinc hydroxide, and zinc oxide is particularly preferred. The use of an alkaline aqueous solution containing at least a zinc compound as the electrolytic solution is that the self-dissolution of the zinc alloy in the alkaline aqueous solution is significantly less than that of the acidic electrolytic solution, and furthermore, in the alkaline electrolytic solution of the zinc alloy. Is further suppressed by dissolving a zinc compound, for example, zinc oxide and pre-existing zinc ions.
[0033]
[Second embodiment]
A second embodiment will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 2 shows an example in which the present invention is applied to a battery having a so-called inside-out structure, similarly to the first embodiment. 2, the same components as those in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof will be omitted.
[0034]
FIG. 1 shows an example in which the explosion-proof valve mechanism is provided with a return valve on the negative electrode current collector. However, in the second embodiment, as shown in FIG. This is an example in which the device is provided. That is, in FIG. 2, a gas discharge hole 1a is formed at the bottom of the battery container 1 which is a positive electrode, and a hat-shaped positive terminal 21 serving as a positive terminal having a gas discharge hole 21a is formed around the gas discharge hole 1a. Then, a rubber-like elastic body 9 serving as a return-type valve is provided so as to cover the gas discharge hole 1a in a space formed by the bottom portion of the battery container 1 and the hat-shaped positive electrode terminal portion 21. This forms an explosion-proof valve mechanism.
In this explosion-proof valve mechanism, the separator 22 is arranged so that not only the gelled negative electrode material but also crushed particles generated by cracking or chipping of the positive electrode active material do not leak together with the electrolyte through the gas discharge hole 1a. Is preferred.
[0035]
【Example】
(Preparation of positive electrode)
A high-order cobalt layer is formed on the surface, 90 parts by mass of nickel oxyhydroxide particles doped with 5% of zinc, 5.4 parts by mass of graphite powder having a specific surface area of 3 m 2 / g, and polyethylene resin as a binder. One part by mass is added and stirred and mixed for 10 minutes. Thereafter, 4.6 parts by mass of a 40% by mass aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide was added and mixed for 30 minutes in a general-purpose mixing vessel to obtain a mixture. Next, this mixture was pressure-formed into a hollow cylindrical shape having an outer diameter of 13.3 mm, an inner diameter of 9.0 mm, and a height (length) of 13.7 mm to produce a positive electrode mixture pellet.
[0036]
(Preparation of negative electrode)
0.36 parts by mass of polyacrylic acid (gelling agent) is added to 64.6 parts by mass of zinc alloy powder having an average particle size of about 200 μm containing 0.01 parts by mass of indium, 0.01 parts by mass of bismuth, and 0.003 parts by mass of aluminum. The mixture was stirred and mixed in a general-purpose mixing vessel for 5 minutes to obtain a uniform mixing system.
Separately, 0.0006 parts by mass of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is added to 35 parts by mass of a 35% by mass aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide in which 3.5% by mass of zinc oxide is dissolved, and the mixture is sufficiently dispersed by stirring and mixing for 10 minutes. Then, the mixture of the zinc alloy powder system was gradually added to the dispersion over 4 minutes, and the mixture was stirred and mixed under a reduced pressure of 200 × 10 4 Pa (150 mmHg) or less, and further 1.33 × 10 3. The mixture was stirred and mixed under a reduced pressure of Pa (10 mmHg) or less for 5 minutes to produce a gelled negative electrode having a substantially uniform composition.
[0037]
(Battery assembly)
FIG. 1 (inside-out structure having a return valve at the negative electrode) will be described as an example.
The battery size is AA. A known positive electrode mixture pellet 2 containing nickel oxyhydroxide as a main component is accommodated in a battery container 1 made of a bottomed cylindrical metal, and a separator 3 is arranged in a hollow portion of the positive electrode mixture, Is filled with a zinc alloy gel 4 composed of a known zinc alloy, a superabsorbent polymer material, and an alkaline electrolyte, and a metal rod 5, an electrically insulating gasket 6, a metal plate 7, a hat-shaped negative electrode terminal 8, and an elastic body 9 And sealed with a negative electrode current collector provided with a returnable vent. At this time, the design of the nickel zinc primary battery was such that the theoretical capacity of the negative electrode / the theoretical capacity of the positive electrode was 1.1, and the ratio of the electrolyte to the theoretical capacity of the positive electrode was 1.2 ml / Ah.
[0038]
Gas discharge holes are provided in the electrically insulating gasket 6, the metal plate 7, and the hat-shaped negative electrode terminal 7, and the elastic body 7 is a rubber mainly composed of a ternary conjugated polymer of an ethylene-propylene-conjugated diene compound. Using (EPDM), the metal plate 7 is pressed and arranged between the metal plate 7 and the hat-shaped negative electrode terminal 8 so as to close the hole of the metal plate 7, and the flange of the hat-shaped negative electrode aligner 8 and the metal plate 7 are welded. Configuration. The valve operating pressure can be arbitrarily changed by changing the height of the elastic body 7 or the diameter of the hole 7a of the metal plate 7.
[0039]
The negative electrode current collector having an arbitrary valve operation and the conventional negative electrode current collector (without a reset valve) thus manufactured were changed, and a battery prototype of n = 40 (40 samples) was performed. , N = 20 each, burner heating test and raised to 70 ° C. within 30 minutes, kept at 70 ° C. for 4 hours, lowered to 20 ° C. within 30 minutes, and kept at 20 ° C. for 2 hours The temperature was lowered to -20 ° C within 30 minutes, kept at -20 ° C for 4 hours, and raised to 20 ° C within 30 minutes. A total of 10 cycles were repeated, and then left for 1 week to check for liquid leakage. A heat cycle test was performed. The valve operating pressure at 150 ° C. was checked in order to check the valve operating pressure of the return type valve incorporated in these negative electrode current collectors at a time exceeding 100 ° C. About 20% lower than that of The burner heating test is a test conforming to the projectile test of UL2054. Table 1 shows the test results.
[0040]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004213947
[0041]
From Table 1, it is confirmed that Comparative Example 3 using the conventional negative electrode current collector has an extremely high burst probability in a burner heating test. This is because the rapid application of heat inside the battery due to the burner heating and the increase in internal pressure inside the battery occurred almost simultaneously, so the gasket softened before the stress concentrated on the gasket thin film due to the internal pressure, and the entire outside This is probably because the thin film portion did not sufficiently cleave and exceeded the withstand voltage of the battery. In fact, in the negative electrode current collector of the ruptured battery, it was observed that the gasket was melted and the thin film portion was not cleaved or the hole in the metal plate was closed in an insufficiently cleaved state.
[0042]
On the other hand, it can be confirmed that Examples 1, 2, and 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 each having the return valve have a rupture probability of zero or extremely small in the burner heating test as compared with Comparative Example 3. This is because despite the rapid application of heat to the inside of the battery due to the burner heating and the internal pressure rise inside the battery, the gas generated inside the battery smoothly escaped to the outside. It is presumed that it was difficult to burst without exceeding. In fact, it was observed that as the valve operating pressure was lowered, the timing at which the gas generated inside the battery escaped to the outside was harder to burst.
[0043]
In the heat cycle test, a leakage of 1/20 was observed only in Comparative Example 1. When the leaked battery was disassembled, it was found that the electrolyte adhered to the metal plate hole and the peripheral portion of the elastic body. Therefore, the valve operating pressure at 25 ° C. was not set at 0.3 MPa (3 kgf / cm 2 ). It is assumed that it is enough.
[0044]
From the above results, it is assumed that the structure capable of satisfying both the burner heating test and the heat cycle test is provided with a return valve, and the valve operating pressure at 25 ° C. is set in the range of 1 to 3 MPa (10 to 30 kgf / cm 2 ). I can say. Since the internal pressure of the battery is controlled at the return valve, the structure of the gasket does not necessarily need to be provided with a thin film portion provided with a cleavage mechanism due to an increase in internal pressure as in the related art.
[0045]
As shown in FIG. 4, an inside-out structure in which a positive electrode is provided with a return-type vent, the same negative electrode theoretical capacity / positive electrode theoretical capacity as above = 1.1, nickel zinc having an electrolyte solution ratio of 1.2 ml / Ah to the positive electrode theoretical capacity When a primary battery was prototyped, the same results as in Table 1 were obtained. In this case as well, when the valve operating pressure at 150 ° C. was checked in order to check the valve operating pressure at a time point when the return type valve incorporated in these positive electrode terminals exceeded 100 ° C., the valve operating pressure at 25 ° C. It was confirmed that the temperature decreased by about 20 to 30%. When the positive electrode is provided with a return valve, the gasket of the negative electrode does not necessarily need to be provided with a thin film portion provided with a cleavage mechanism due to an increase in internal pressure, as described above.
[0046]
Regardless of whether the return valve is provided on the negative electrode or the positive electrode, the valve operating pressure at 25 ° C. is maintained in the range of 1 to 3 MPa (10 to 30 kgf / cm 2 ). As long as the pressure is designed to be lower than the valve operating pressure at 25 ° C. by about 20 to 30%, the same result can be obtained by using either chloroprene rubber or nitrile rubber as the elastic body.
[0047]
From the above results, an alkaline primary battery having an inside-out structure, provided with a return valve, and a rubber (EPDM) containing a ternary copolymer of an ethylene-propylene-conjugated diene compound as a main component as an elastic body of the return valve, The valve operating pressure at 25 ° C. is set in the range of 1 to 3 MPa (10 to 30 kgf / cm 2 ) with either chloroprene rubber or nitrile rubber, and when it exceeds 100 ° C., the valve operating pressure of 25 ° C. Designed to be lower than ever, not only will safety than ever be exposed to abnormally high temperatures, such as in burner heating tests, be improved, but also the reliability against leak-resistant liquids, such as heat cycle tests Will also be fully secured.
[0048]
In the above embodiment, the AA type battery is used, but the type, the material, and the parameter of the present invention are not necessarily limited to this type by following the configuration, materials, and parameters. Further, the battery system is not limited to the nickel zinc primary battery as long as it has an inside-out structure. Lastly, the important point of the present invention lies in the idea that the difference between the valve operating pressure due to the increase in the battery internal pressure and the battery withstand pressure can be made large while taking the inside-out type structure excellent in safety. This makes it possible to simultaneously sufficiently increase the energy density of the battery while sufficiently securing the withstand voltage of the battery, and to achieve both the increase in the capacity of the battery and the security when the user misuses the battery. This means that the allowable range of the battery design such as the positive and negative electrode capacity ratio and the liquid ratio is widened, and the battery design itself is facilitated.
[0049]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, not only the safety when exposed to an abnormally high temperature is improved than ever, but also the reliability against liquid leakage can be sufficiently ensured, so that its industrial value is great.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a sealed alkaline primary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a sealed alkaline primary battery according to another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of a conventional sealed alkaline primary battery.
FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view of another conventional sealed alkaline primary battery.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Metal container 1a, 6a, 7a, 8a ... Gas discharge hole 2 ... Positive electrode mixture 3 ... Separator 4 ... Gelled negative electrode 5 ... Negative current collector rod 6 ... Insulating gasket 6b ... Folded part 6c ... Thin film part 7 ... Metal plate 8 Metal sealing plate 9 Rubber-like elastic body 21 Hat-like positive electrode terminal part 22 Separator

Claims (8)

正極端子を兼ねる有底金属容器に中空円筒状の正極成形体を挿入し、その内側に有底円筒状のセパレータを介してゲル状負極が充填され、金属棒、帽子状負極端子、電気絶縁性ガスケットなどからなる負極集電体で集電され、密封口されるインサイドアウト構造を有する密閉型アルカリ一次電池において、
電池内圧を一定の範囲に保つ復帰式弁を備えたことを特徴とする密閉型アルカリ一次電池。
A hollow cylindrical positive electrode molded body is inserted into a bottomed metal container that also serves as a positive electrode terminal, and the inside of the hollow cylindrical positive electrode molded body is filled with a gelled negative electrode via a bottomed cylindrical separator. In a sealed alkaline primary battery having an inside-out structure in which current is collected by a negative electrode current collector made of a gasket and the like, which is sealed,
A sealed alkaline primary battery comprising a return valve for keeping the battery internal pressure within a certain range.
前記復帰式弁が、25℃雰囲気で1〜3MPa(10〜30kgf/cm)で弁作動するように設計されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の密閉型アルカリ一次電池。 2. The sealed alkaline primary battery according to claim 1, wherein the return valve is designed to operate at 1 to 3 MPa (10 to 30 kgf / cm 2 ) in a 25 ° C. atmosphere. 3. 前記復帰式弁の弁作動圧力が100℃を超えた時点で25℃の時点での弁作動圧力よりも小さくなる様にされていることを特徴とする請求項1または請求項2に記載の密閉型アルカリ一次電池。The hermetic seal according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the valve operating pressure of the return valve is set to be lower than the valve operating pressure at a time of 25 ° C when the valve operating pressure exceeds 100 ° C. Type alkaline primary battery. 前記復帰式弁は負極集電体に備えられ、電気絶縁性ガスケットと、その内側に配される金属板と帽子状負極端子のそれぞれにガス排出孔をもうけると共に、前記金属板と前記帽子状負極端子の間に、前記金属板のガス排出孔を閉塞する弾性体を内装し、前記金属板と前記帽子状端子鍔部とを溶接して組立てられていることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれかに記載の密閉型アルカリ一次電池。The return valve is provided on the negative electrode current collector, and an electrically insulating gasket, a metal plate disposed inside the gasket, and a hat-shaped negative electrode terminal are provided with gas discharge holes, and the metal plate and the hat-shaped negative electrode are provided. An elastic body for closing a gas discharge hole of the metal plate is provided between the terminals, and the metal plate and the cap-shaped terminal flange are assembled by welding. Item 6. A sealed alkaline primary battery according to any one of Items 3 to 7. 前記密閉型アルカリ一次電池において、
電池内圧を一定の範囲に保つ復帰式弁、及び、その復帰式弁へのゲル状負極の漏出抑止手段を備えたことを特徴とする請求項4に記載の密閉型アルカリ一次電池。
In the sealed alkaline primary battery,
5. The sealed alkaline primary battery according to claim 4, further comprising: a return valve for keeping the internal pressure of the battery within a certain range; and a means for suppressing the leakage of the gelled negative electrode to the return valve.
前記復帰式弁は正極金属容器底に備えられ、帽子状正極端子と前記正極金属容器底のそれぞれにガス排出孔を設けると共に、前記帽子状正極端子と前記正極金属容器との間に、前記正極金属容器のガス排出孔を閉塞する弾性体を内装し、前記正極金属容器と前記帽子状正極端子鍔部とが溶接によって組立てられていることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれかに記載の密閉型アルカリ一次電池。The return valve is provided at the bottom of the positive metal container, and a gas discharge hole is provided in each of the hat-shaped positive terminal and the bottom of the positive metal container, and the positive electrode is provided between the hat-shaped positive terminal and the positive metal container. 4. An elastic body for closing a gas discharge hole of a metal container, wherein the positive metal container and the hat-shaped positive terminal flange are assembled by welding. A sealed alkaline primary battery according to claim 1. 前記密閉型アルカリ一次電池において、電池内圧を一定の範囲に保つ復帰式弁、及びその復帰式弁への中空円筒状の正極成形体から脱離した正極合剤の漏出抑止手段を備えたことを特徴とする請求項6に記載の密閉型アルカリ一次電池。In the sealed alkaline primary battery, a return-type valve for maintaining the internal pressure of the battery within a certain range, and a means for preventing leakage of the positive electrode mixture detached from the hollow cylindrical positive electrode molded body to the return-type valve. The sealed alkaline primary battery according to claim 6. 前記弾性体がエチレン−プロピレン−共役ジエン化合物の三元共重合体を主成分とするゴム、クロロプレン・ゴム、またはニトリル・ゴムのいずれかであることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項7のいずれかに記載の密閉型アルカリ一次電池。8. The rubber according to claim 1, wherein the elastic body is any one of a rubber, a chloroprene rubber, and a nitrile rubber mainly containing a terpolymer of an ethylene-propylene-conjugated diene compound. The sealed alkaline primary battery according to any one of the above.
JP2002379788A 2002-12-27 2002-12-27 Sealed alkaline primary battery Expired - Fee Related JP4562984B2 (en)

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JP2006135070A (en) * 2004-11-05 2006-05-25 Nichicon Corp Aperture sealing plate having a pressure valve and electronic component using the same
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