JP2004144595A - Apparatus for inspecting appearance of long-length member with smooth irregularity - Google Patents

Apparatus for inspecting appearance of long-length member with smooth irregularity Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004144595A
JP2004144595A JP2002309363A JP2002309363A JP2004144595A JP 2004144595 A JP2004144595 A JP 2004144595A JP 2002309363 A JP2002309363 A JP 2002309363A JP 2002309363 A JP2002309363 A JP 2002309363A JP 2004144595 A JP2004144595 A JP 2004144595A
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Japan
Prior art keywords
camera
image
long
illumination
cameras
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JP2002309363A
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Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Hiroshi Hara
原 博
Shinichi Yoshida
吉田 慎一
Shigeki Hada
葉田 茂喜
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Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
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Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
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Priority to JP2002309363A priority Critical patent/JP2004144595A/en
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  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Investigating Materials By The Use Of Optical Means Adapted For Particular Applications (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an apparatus for inspecting the appearance of a long-length member with smooth irregularity, which can stably detect a defective appearance of the long-length member such as defective coating or the like of a stranded wire being coated. <P>SOLUTION: The apparatus is provided with a plurality of lighting devices 10 being arranged in the circumferential direction around a coated PC (prestressed concrete wire) strand (long-length member) (A) in order to light the stranded wire (A), and a plurality of cameras C1, C3, C5 and C7 being arranged in directions in which light beams from the lighting devices 10 are reflected regularly in effect by surfaces of the stranded wire (A). When the surface of the stranded wire (A) is photographed by using the cameras, a photograph timing and a light on/off timing are controlled by a synchronizing means so that the lighting device 10, which is actually positioned opposite to the camera in such a state that the stranded wire is sandwiched between them on the optical axis of the camera, is lit off, and other lighting devices are lit on. Then, image processing is carried out based on images being photographed with the cameras, and thereby detecting the defective coating. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、なめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体の外観検査装置と外観検査方法に関するものである。特に、樹脂被覆PC鋼より線における樹脂被覆の不良を画像処理にて安定して検査できる外観検査装置および外観検査方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
波付け管の樹脂被覆におけるピンホールなどを検査する技術として、目視による外観検査や特許文献1に記載の技術が知られている。特許文献1に記載の技術は、被検材(樹脂被覆波付け管)の軸方向と直交する方向にカメラを配置し、カメラと波付け管との間にハーフミラーを配置する。さらに、被検材を照らす照明を設ける。この照明の直接光とハーフミラーで反射された光のバランスにより被検材表面を均一に照らし、カメラで被検材表面の画像を得る。そして、得られた画像を微分して被検材における樹脂被覆の欠陥を検知する。
【0003】
【特許文献1】
特開平7−253402号公報
【0004】
一方、橋梁などの建築材料として用いられるPC鋼より線でもエポキシ樹脂などの被覆が形成されたものがあり、その被覆表面における気泡(微小孔)、塗料過小部(割れ)、ふくれ(凸部)を不良として検査する必要がある。微小孔や割れがあると水の浸入による錆びの発生につながり、表面のふくれは施工時に不都合となる。そのため、これらの不良を、例えば3300m以上の製造単位全長・全周にわたって検査し、品質保証する必要がある。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、上記の従来技術を樹脂被覆PC鋼より線の外観検査に利用しようとした場合、次のような問題があった。
【0006】
(1)目視検査では長時間安定した精度で検査することが難しい。
樹脂被覆PC鋼より線は、より線表面に樹脂被覆が施されているため、被覆表面により溝が現れて凹凸があり、的確に不良を見つけ出すことは難しい。特に、上記の不良は良好部と同系色である上、最大160mm/secで製造ラインを高速移動する製品の不良を目視で確実に検知することは非常に困難である。
【0007】
(2)特許文献1に記載の技術では、次の事情によりやはり安定した不良検知が難しく、さらには構造が複雑であるなどの問題もあった。
▲1▼ハーフミラー収納ボックスなどが樹脂被覆PC鋼より線の表面に映り、これを不良として誤検出する。
▲2▼構造が複雑で、組立作業性、検出再現性、メンテナンス性が悪い。
▲3▼カメラの感度、ハーフミラーの透過率や照明の光量を最適に組み合わせることが難しい。
【0008】
従って、本発明の主目的は、被覆より線の被覆不良など、長尺体の外観不良を安定して検知できるなめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体の外観検査装置および外観検査方法を提供することにある。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、カメラでの撮影のタイミングと、照明の点灯・消灯のタイミングを適切に同期させることで上記の目的を達成する。
【0010】
すなわち、本発明外観検査装置は、なめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体の周方向に配置されて長尺体を照らす複数の照明と、照明からの光が長尺体の表面で実質的に正反射する方向に配置された複数のカメラと、前記カメラで長尺体の表面を撮影する際、実質的にカメラの光軸上において長尺体を挟んでカメラと反対側に位置する照明を消灯し、それ以外の照明が点灯するように撮影のタイミングと照明の点灯・消灯のタイミングを制御する同期手段と、カメラで撮影された画像を元に長尺体の外観不良を検知する画像処理手段とを具えることを特徴とする。
【0011】
また、本発明外観検査方法は、なめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体の周方向に配置された照明で長尺体を照らし、照明からの光が長尺体の表面で実質的に正反射する方向に複数のカメラを配置して、前記カメラで長尺体の表面を撮影する際、実質的にカメラの光軸上において長尺体を挟んでカメラと反対側に位置する照明を消灯し、それ以外の照明が点灯するように撮影のタイミングと照明の点灯・消灯のタイミングとを同期させ、前記カメラで撮影された画像を画像処理して長尺体の外観不良を検知することを特徴とする。
【0012】
カメラでの撮影時、長尺体の撮影側の照明を点灯し、背景側の照明を消灯することで、ハレーションを防止して鮮明な長尺体の画像を得ることができ、高精度に長尺体の外観不良を検知することができる。
【0013】
以下、本発明をより詳しく説明する。
本発明の検査対象は、なめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体である。「なめらか」とは、長尺体の表面粗さが小さい状態を言う。特にカメラで撮影した際に、長尺体表面に照明が映る程度に表面粗さが小さく、実質的に鏡面状であるものが挙げられる。また、「凹凸を有する」とは、例えば撮影により陰影が生じる程度の凹凸があることを言う。より具体的には、より線のように、より溝が表面に現われた線材が挙げられる。長尺体の具体例としては被覆より線がある。より代表的なものとしては、樹脂被覆PC鋼より線が挙げられる。さらに、本発明の検査対象は被覆のあるものの他、被覆のないものであっても構わない。
【0014】
照明はなめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体の周方向に配置された複数から構成される。より具体的には、複数の照明ユニットを周方向に配列したリング状の照明とし、その周方向の一部を消灯して残部を点灯できるように構成したものが挙げられる。照明の数は、後述するカメラの台数に対応して周方向の照明領域を分割できる台数が好ましい。このようなリング状の照明を用いることで、なめらかな凹凸のある長尺体をほぼ均一に照明することが可能となる。照明ユニットには電球や発光ダイオード(LED)などが利用できる。
【0015】
カメラは長尺体の画像を捉えられるものであれば特に限定されない。例えば、CCDカメラやC−MOSカメラなどが利用できる。カメラの台数は長尺体全周にわたって撮影できるように少なくとも4台程度は用いることが好ましい。特に、長尺体を8方向から撮影できるように8台用いることが好適である。
【0016】
カメラの配置は同一円周上に全てのカメラを配置しても良いし、周方向の配置がずれたカメラを長手方向にずらして配置してもよい。特に、複数台のカメラに対して単一リング状の照明を用いることで、カメラ1台に対して1台のリング状の照明を用いる必要がなく、リング状の照明の台数を削減することができる。
【0017】
また、カメラは前記照明光が長尺体で実質的に正反射する向きに配置する。すなわち、撮影ポイントを斜め方向から照明し、撮影ポイントで長尺体と直交する線を中心として対称の方向にカメラを設置する。このカメラの配置により、照明自体が長尺体に映った画像を取り込み、精度よく不良検知を行うことができる。
【0018】
同期手段はカメラの撮影タイミングと照明の点灯・消灯のタイミングを制御する。つまり、実質的にカメラの光軸上において長尺体を挟んでカメラと反対側に位置する照明を消灯し、それ以外の照明が点灯するように制御する。それにより、長尺体の撮影側の照明を点灯し、背景側の照明を消灯することで、ハレーションを防止して鮮明な長尺体の画像を得ることができる。例えばリング状の照明を用いる場合、消灯領域が周方向に回転してゆくように制御されることになる。
【0019】
画像処理手段は、得られた長尺体表面の画像を元に種々の処理を施し、不良の有無を検知する。例えば、得られた画像を長尺体の長手方向に微分する微分手段と、明度の変化率が大きい箇所を補足できるようなしきい値を設定して微分後の画像データを二値化処理する二値化手段を具えるものが好適である。このような画像処理手段により、長尺体の外観不良、例えば被覆の不良は、微小孔や割れは黒く、ふくれはその周囲が黒く認識され、精度よく検知することができる。
【0020】
この画像処理手段は、カメラで撮影された画像において、長尺体表面に付着した異物を除去するために、明画像収縮手段を有することが好ましい。長尺体の表面には、長尺体の表面性状が良好であるにも関わらず、製造ライン中に浮遊する異物が付着する箇所が多数ある。前述したように、例えば被覆の不良では、微小孔や割れは黒く、ふくれはその周囲が黒く映って暗部として認識される。一方、前記の異物は白っぽい明部として認識される。そこで、得られた画像に明部収縮処理(暗部膨張処理)を施すことにより、画像上から異物を除去し、真に長尺体表面の欠陥部のみを検出することができる。
【0021】
さらに、本発明装置は、検出した不良個所にマーキングするマーキング機構を有することが好適である。長尺体表面の不良箇所が発見されれば、その周辺は切断して廃棄するため、後に不良箇所を容易に判別できるようマーキングを行う。マーキングは押印やラベルの貼り付けなど種々の手段が利用できる。
【0022】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態を説明する。
〔実施例1〕
<検査対象>
まず、本発明装置を説明するのに先立って、検査対象となる被覆PC鋼より線の構成について図1に基づいて説明する。図1(A)は樹脂被覆PC鋼より線の断面図、(B)は側面図である。同図に示すように、この樹脂被覆PC鋼より線Aは、複数のPC鋼線Bがより合わせられ、そのより線の外周にエポキシ樹脂などの樹脂被覆Cが形成されている。被覆Cは表面により溝が現れるように形成されている。本例では、外径φ15.2mmのPC鋼より線にエポキシ被覆を形成した製品を検査する場合を例とする。
【0023】
<製造・検査ライン>
このような被覆PC鋼より線の被覆検査は、図2に示す製造・検査ライン中で行われる。すなわち、PC鋼より線をサプライ100から供給し、エポキシ樹脂塗装機110に導入して樹脂被覆を形成する。この樹脂被覆は例えば粉体塗装により行われる。被覆されたPC鋼より線は水冷槽120に導入されて被覆の冷却が行われる。その後、被覆PC鋼より線は本発明検査装置1に導入され、被覆の不良が検査される。検査の結果、不良が検知された箇所には、マーキング手段50によりラベルが貼り付けられ、被覆PC鋼より線は巻き取りドラム130に巻き取られる。検査を行う際の被覆PC鋼より線の進行速度は最大10m/分程度である。
【0024】
<検査装置>
本発明装置の構成を図3に基づいて説明する。図3(A)は本発明装置におけるカメラと照明の配置を示す正面図、同(B)はその端面図である。
【0025】
(照明)
図3に示すように、本発明装置は被覆PC鋼より線Aが貫通走行するリング状の照明10を具えている。この照明10は、複数の照明ユニットを被覆PC鋼より線Aの周方向に組み合わせて構成され、各ユニットを独立して点灯・消灯できるように構成されている。本例では、リング状の照明10を周方向に4つの領域A1,A3,A5,A7に等分して、各領域ごとに点灯・消灯を行う。図3(B)において、カメラC1,C3,C5,C7の内側に示される円内のうち、斜線部は消灯領域を、白抜き部は点灯領域を示している。各照明ユニットにはLEDを用いた。
【0026】
(カメラ)
カメラC1,C3,C5,C7(20)にはCCDカメラを用いた。このカメラC1,C3,C5,C7は、被覆PC鋼より線Aの同一円周上に4台のカメラC1,C3,C5,C7を配置して一つのリング状の照明10と組み合わせて組み合わせ体を構成している。この組み合わせ体を2つ用意してより線の長手方向にずらして配置し、合計8つのカメラと2つのリング状の照明を用いた。一方の組み合わせ体における各カメラC1,C3,C5,C7と、他方の組み合わせ体における各カメラの周方向の配置はずれており、両組み合わせ体を利用することで、被覆PC鋼より線Aを八方から撮影できるように構成した。なお、図3(A)では一方の組み合わせ体しか示していないが、他方の組み合わせ体には、カメラC1,C3,C5,C7とは45度ずれた配置の各カメラC2,C4,C6,C8が具えられている。
【0027】
このようなリング状の照明10とカメラC1,C3,C5,C7は、図3(A)に示すように、各照明ユニットの光がほぼ正反射する方向に各カメラC1,C3,C5,C7が位置するように配置される。また、カメラC1,C3,C5,C7の光軸上においてより線Aを挟んでカメラC1,C3,C5,C7と反対側にも照明ユニットが配置されることになる。これらのカメラC1,C3,C5,C7は、実際にはより線Aに貫通される環状の円盤(図示せず)に支持されている。
【0028】
(同期手段)
そして、同期手段30(後述する図6)でカメラ20(C1〜C8)の撮影タイミングと照明10の点灯・消灯タイミングを同期させることで、被覆PC鋼より線表面の撮影を行う。
【0029】
同期手段30は、被覆PC鋼より線に対して、撮影するカメラ側の照明を点灯し、このカメラの背景になる側の照明を消灯するように撮影のタイミングと照明の点灯・消灯タイミングを制御する。
【0030】
例えば、図3(B)において、カメラC1で撮影する場合、そのカメラの背景側となる領域A5の照明を消灯し、他の照明が点灯されるように制御する。次に、カメラC3で撮影する場合、そのカメラの背景側となる領域A7の照明を消灯し、他の照明が点灯されるように制御する。そして、図4のタイミングチャートに示すように、カメラC5、C7だけでなく、カメラC2,C4,C6,C8も同様に撮影と部分的な消灯を同期させる。このタイミングチャートにおいて、斜線部が消灯時間である。このように、カメラの撮影がC1→C3→C5→C7の順に行われるのに伴って、消灯される領域がA5→A7→A1→A3と移動する。この同期により、図5に示すように、撮影するカメラ20の背景だけが消灯され、それ以外の領域における照明は全て点灯されることになり、凹凸のあるより線表面を均一に照明し、かつハレーションの少ない鮮明な画像を得ることができる。本例では、57msec周期で各領域が順次消灯されるように制御し、この処理を両組み合わせ体において並列処理することで合計8台のカメラでの撮影を行っている。
【0031】
(画像処理手段)
得られた画像は画像処理手段40で画像処理される。画像処理手順を図6に基づいて説明する。図6は本発明装置の機能ブロック図である。
【0032】
まず、撮影された画像はデジタルデータに変換されて画像メモリ41に記憶される。このメモリ41に記憶された画像データを読み出して明部収縮処理42を行う。通常、正常な被覆部は明るい暗部として認識され、被覆の欠陥は暗い暗部として認識されるのに対し、正常な被覆表面に付着した異物は明部として認識される。明部収縮処理42は、製造ラインにおいて被覆表面に付着した異物などを画像上から除去するための処理である。
【0033】
その概要を図7により説明する。図7の升目の各々は画像における単一の画素を示し、斜線部は被覆が正常な明るい暗部、白抜き部は異物の付着した明部を示している。このような画像において、太線で囲んだ走査枠400内に入る画素の明暗を検知する。ここでは3×3の合計9画素分の領域を走査枠400としている。図7に示す位置に走査枠400があった場合、この枠内で最も明度の低い画素の明度に走査枠400の中心画素の明度を置換する。この場合、走査枠400の中心画素は明部であるため、暗部に置換される。この走査を全画面にわたって行い明部を収縮する。本例では、全画面の走査を4回繰り返し、ほぼ明部を全て暗部に置換している。
【0034】
明部収縮処理を行った後、二値化処理43を行い、さらに二値化画像において暗画素面積測定44を行うことで割れを検知する。
【0035】
一方、微小孔やふくれは、明部収縮処理画像に対して微分処理45を行う。明部収縮処理画像における被覆PC鋼より線の長手方向の明度分布を図8に示す。図の実線が正常な被覆部の明度分布であり、破線は微小孔がある部分の明度分布である。このように、微小孔があって明度の分布にばらつきがある場合と、被覆は正常だがより溝の存在により明度の分布にばらつきがある場合とを区別することが難しい。
【0036】
そこで、明部収縮処理画像に対して横方向(より線軸方向)への微分を行ってから二値化処理46を行う。微分後の明度分布を図9に示す。ここでも実線が正常な被覆部の明度分布であり、破線は微小孔がある部分の明度分布である。この微分値は絶対値を示しているため、微小孔があって明度の大きく低下した箇所は、明度の下降部と上昇部のいずれもが大きなピークとして示される。従って、このピーク部の存在を認識できるしきい値で微分後の画像に二値化処理46を施し、さらに二値化画像における暗画素面積測定47を行えば、確実に微小孔やふくれを検知することができる。
【0037】
割れの場合、微小孔、ふくれのいずれの場合であっても、欠陥が見つかった場合、次に述べるマーキング手段50に欠陥信号48を出力する。
【0038】
(マーキング手段)
画像処理手段40で被覆の欠陥が検知された場合、マーキング手段50で不良位置にマーキングを行う。マーキング手段50は、図6に示すように、被覆PC鋼より線にラベルを貼り付けるラベル貼付部51と、貼り付けられたラベルを押えて、凹凸のあるより線にラベルが容易に剥がれないように接着させる押圧ローラ55〜58とを有する。ラベル貼付部51は、欠陥位置の演算を行う演算部52と、演算部52の演算結果に対応してラベルを被覆PC鋼より線に貼り付ける貼付ローラ53とを有する。
【0039】
まず、演算部52で、カメラの撮影ポイント(欠陥位置)から貼付ローラ53までの距離とより線A(図10参照)の走行速度とから、欠陥位置が貼付ローラ53の下方に位置する時間tを求める。次に、欠陥信号48が出力された際のカメラの撮影時間から丁度時間t経過後により線表面にラベルL(図10参照)を貼り付けできるように貼付ローラ53を駆動する。貼付ローラ53は剥離紙に接着されたラベルLを順次繰り出すと共に、より線Aの表面まで降下して繰り出されたラベルLをより線表面に貼り付ける。その後、上昇して次にラベルLを貼り付ける場合に備える。
【0040】
貼付ローラ53によりより線Aの表面にラベルLが貼られた場合、ラベルLは凹凸のあるより線Aの表面に沿って貼られるわけではない。すなわち、より線Aを軸方向から見た場合、ラベルLのほぼ中間部がより線Aと接触しているだけで、ラベルLの両端部はより線Aから浮き上がった状態になっている。そこで、貼付ローラ53よりも下流において、押圧ローラ55〜58で部分的に浮き上がったラベルLを押し付け、より線Aに密着させる。本例では、図10、図11に示すように、より線Aを上下、斜め右上、斜め左上から挟む合計4つの押圧ローラ55〜58を用いた。まず上流側に位置する上下の押圧ローラ55,56に挟まれて被覆PC鋼より線Aが下流に送られ、その際、押圧ローラ55によりラベルLの中央部がより線Aに押し付けられる。続いて、斜め右上と斜め左上に位置する両押圧ローラ57,58でもより線Aを挟み込み、浮き上がったラベルLの両端部をより線Aに押し付ける。このようなラベルLの貼り付けにより、容易にラベルLが剥がれることがなく、後に欠陥位置を容易に判別することができる。
【0041】
〔実施例2〕
実施例1では、4つのカメラに対して1つのリング状照明を組み合わせ、その組み合わせ体2組をより線の軸方向にずらして配置したが、図12に示すように、8つのカメラC1〜C8をより線Aのほぼ同一周方向に配置して、単一のリング状の照明10を組み合わせてもよい。
【0042】
この場合、リング状の照明10の数を削減することができて一層好ましい。この実施例2の場合、リング状の照明10は8つの領域に分割されて、各領域ごとに点灯と消灯が行われるように構成すればよい。
【0043】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明検査装置および検査方法によれば、カメラでの撮影時、長尺体の撮影側の照明を点灯し、背景側の照明を消灯することで、ハレーションを防止して鮮明な長尺体の画像を得ることができる。従って、高精度に被覆の不良など、外観不良を検知することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】(A)は樹脂被覆PC鋼より線の断面図、(B)は同側面図である。
【図2】樹脂被覆PC鋼より線の製造・検査ラインの説明図である。
【図3】(A)は本発明装置におけるカメラと照明の配置を示す正面図、同(B)はその端面図である。
【図4】本発明装置において照明の点灯・消灯のタイミングを示すタイミングチャートである。
【図5】本発明装置における照明状態の説明図である。
【図6】本発明装置の機能ブロック図である。
【図7】明部収縮処理の説明図である。
【図8】明部収縮処理画像における被覆PC鋼より線の長手方向の明度分布を示すグラフである。
【図9】微分後の明度分布を示すグラフである。
【図10】マーキング手段の側面図である。
【図11】押圧ローラの配置図である。
【図12】実施例2の構成を示し、(A)は本発明装置におけるカメラと照明の配置を示す正面図、同(B)はその端面図である。
【符号の説明】
1 本発明検査装置
10 リング状の照明
20(C1〜C8) カメラ
30 同期手段
40 画像処理手段
41 画像メモリ
42 明部収縮処理
43 二値化処理
44 暗画素面積測定
45 微分処理
46 二値化処理
47 暗画素面積測定
48 欠陥信号
50 マーキング手段
51 ラベル貼付部
52 演算部
53 貼付ローラ
55〜58 押圧ローラ
100 サプライ
110 エポキシ樹脂塗装機
120 水冷槽
130 巻き取りドラム
400 走査枠
A1,A3,A5,A7 領域
A 樹脂被覆PC鋼より線
B PC鋼線
C 樹脂被覆
L ラベル
[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an appearance inspection apparatus and an appearance inspection method for a long body having smooth irregularities. In particular, the present invention relates to a visual inspection apparatus and a visual inspection method capable of stably inspecting resin coating defects on a resin-coated PC steel strand by image processing.
[0002]
[Prior art]
As a technique for inspecting a pinhole or the like in a resin coating of a corrugated pipe, a visual appearance inspection and a technique described in Patent Document 1 are known. In the technique described in Patent Document 1, a camera is arranged in a direction orthogonal to the axial direction of a test material (resin-coated corrugated pipe), and a half mirror is disposed between the camera and the corrugated pipe. Further, lighting for illuminating the test material is provided. The surface of the test material is uniformly illuminated by the balance between the direct light of the illumination and the light reflected by the half mirror, and an image of the test material surface is obtained by a camera. Then, the obtained image is differentiated to detect a resin coating defect on the test material.
[0003]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-253402
On the other hand, there is also a PC steel stranded wire used as a building material for bridges, etc., on which a coating such as epoxy resin is formed, and air bubbles (micropores), paint undersized portions (cracks), blisters (bulges) on the coating surface. Must be inspected as defective. If there are minute holes or cracks, rust will be generated due to the intrusion of water, and blisters on the surface will be inconvenient during construction. For this reason, it is necessary to inspect these defects over the entire length and circumference of a manufacturing unit of, for example, 3300 m or more, and to assure quality.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, when the above-mentioned conventional technology is used for the appearance inspection of a resin-coated PC steel strand, there are the following problems.
[0006]
(1) In a visual inspection, it is difficult to inspect with stable accuracy for a long time.
Since the resin-coated PC steel stranded wire has a resin coating on the surface of the stranded wire, a groove appears on the surface of the stranded wire to have irregularities, and it is difficult to accurately find a defect. In particular, the above-mentioned defect has a similar color to that of the good portion, and it is very difficult to reliably visually detect the defect of a product moving at a high speed of 160 mm / sec on a production line.
[0007]
(2) The technique described in Patent Document 1 has another problem that stable failure detection is difficult due to the following circumstances, and the structure is complicated.
{Circle around (1)} A half mirror storage box or the like is reflected on the surface of the resin-coated PC steel stranded wire, and this is erroneously detected as defective.
{Circle around (2)} The structure is complicated and the assembly workability, detection reproducibility, and maintainability are poor.
(3) It is difficult to optimally combine the sensitivity of the camera, the transmittance of the half mirror, and the amount of illumination light.
[0008]
Accordingly, a main object of the present invention is to provide an appearance inspection apparatus and an appearance inspection method for a long body having smooth irregularities capable of stably detecting a poor appearance of a long body such as a poor covering of a stranded wire. is there.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention achieves the above object by appropriately synchronizing the timing of photographing with a camera and the timing of turning on and off lights.
[0010]
That is, the visual inspection device of the present invention is provided with a plurality of illuminations arranged in the circumferential direction of a long body having smooth irregularities and illuminating the long body, and light from the illumination is substantially regularly reflected on the surface of the long body. A plurality of cameras arranged in the direction of the camera, when shooting the surface of the elongate body with the camera, the illumination substantially positioned on the optical axis of the camera on the opposite side of the camera with the elongate body therebetween is turned off. A synchronizing means for controlling the timing of shooting and the timing of turning on / off the lights so that other lights are turned on, and an image processing means for detecting a poor appearance of a long body based on an image taken by a camera. It is characterized by comprising.
[0011]
Further, the appearance inspection method of the present invention illuminates the elongated body with illumination arranged in the circumferential direction of the elongated body having smooth irregularities, and the direction in which light from the illumination is substantially regularly reflected on the surface of the elongated body. Arrange a plurality of cameras, when shooting the surface of the elongated body with the camera, substantially turn off the illumination located on the optical axis of the camera on the opposite side of the camera with the elongated body sandwiched, It is characterized in that the timing of shooting and the timing of turning on / off the lights are synchronized so that the other lights are turned on, and the image taken by the camera is subjected to image processing to detect the appearance defect of the elongated body. .
[0012]
When shooting with a camera, the lighting on the shooting side of the long body is turned on, and the lighting on the background side is turned off, so that halation can be prevented and a clear image of the long body can be obtained. Defective appearance of the measuring body can be detected.
[0013]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
The inspection object of the present invention is a long body having smooth irregularities. “Smooth” means a state in which the surface roughness of a long body is small. In particular, when the image is taken with a camera, the surface of the long body has a small surface roughness such that illumination is reflected on the surface of the long body, and the surface is substantially mirror-like. Further, “having irregularities” means that there are irregularities such that shadows are generated by photographing, for example. More specifically, a wire material in which more grooves appear on the surface, such as a stranded wire, may be used. A specific example of the elongated body is a stranded wire. A more typical example is a resin-coated PC steel strand. Furthermore, the inspection object of the present invention may be one having a coating or one having no coating.
[0014]
The illumination is composed of a plurality of elongated bodies having smooth irregularities arranged in a circumferential direction. More specifically, there is a ring-shaped illumination in which a plurality of illumination units are arranged in a circumferential direction so that a part in the circumferential direction can be turned off and the rest can be turned on. The number of illuminations is preferably a number that can divide the circumferential illumination area in accordance with the number of cameras described below. By using such a ring-shaped illumination, it is possible to illuminate a long body having smooth irregularities almost uniformly. A light bulb, a light emitting diode (LED), or the like can be used for the lighting unit.
[0015]
The camera is not particularly limited as long as it can capture an image of a long body. For example, a CCD camera or a C-MOS camera can be used. It is preferable to use at least about four cameras so that images can be taken over the entire circumference of the long body. In particular, it is preferable to use eight long bodies so that they can be photographed from eight directions.
[0016]
The cameras may be arranged such that all cameras are arranged on the same circumference, or cameras whose circumferential arrangement is shifted may be arranged shifted in the longitudinal direction. In particular, by using a single ring-shaped illumination for a plurality of cameras, it is not necessary to use one ring-shaped illumination for one camera, and the number of ring-shaped illuminations can be reduced. it can.
[0017]
Further, the camera is arranged in a direction in which the illumination light is substantially regularly reflected by the elongated body. That is, the photographing point is illuminated from an oblique direction, and the camera is installed in a symmetrical direction about a line orthogonal to the elongated body at the photographing point. With this camera arrangement, the illumination itself can capture an image reflected on a long body, and defect detection can be performed accurately.
[0018]
The synchronizing means controls the photographing timing of the camera and the timing of turning on / off the illumination. In other words, control is performed so that the illumination located substantially on the optical axis of the camera on the opposite side of the long body from the camera is turned off, and the other illuminations are turned on. Thus, by turning on the illumination on the photographing side of the long body and turning off the illumination on the background side, halation can be prevented and a clear image of the long body can be obtained. For example, when ring-shaped illumination is used, control is performed so that the light-off region rotates in the circumferential direction.
[0019]
The image processing means performs various processes based on the obtained image of the surface of the elongated body, and detects whether or not there is a defect. For example, a differentiating means for differentiating the obtained image in the longitudinal direction of the elongated body, and a threshold value for setting a portion capable of complementing a portion where the rate of change in brightness is large, and binarizing the differentiated image data It is preferable to provide a means for converting the value. By such an image processing means, a defect in the appearance of the long body, for example, a defect in the coating, is recognized as black with small holes and cracks and black around the blister, and can be accurately detected.
[0020]
This image processing means preferably has a bright image shrinking means in order to remove foreign matter adhering to the surface of the elongated body in an image taken by the camera. On the surface of the elongate body, there are many places to which foreign substances floating in the production line adhere, despite the good surface properties of the elongate body. As described above, for example, in the case of poor coating, the micropores and cracks are black, and the bulge is recognized as a dark part because its periphery is black. On the other hand, the foreign matter is recognized as a whitish bright part. Therefore, by applying the bright part contraction processing (dark part expansion processing) to the obtained image, foreign matter can be removed from the image, and only the defective part on the surface of the long body can be truly detected.
[0021]
Further, it is preferable that the apparatus of the present invention has a marking mechanism for marking a detected defective portion. If a defective portion on the surface of the long body is found, the surrounding area is cut and discarded, so that marking is performed so that the defective portion can be easily identified later. Various means such as imprinting and labeling can be used for marking.
[0022]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described.
[Example 1]
<Inspection target>
First, prior to describing the apparatus of the present invention, the configuration of a coated PC stranded wire to be inspected will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 1A is a sectional view of a resin-coated PC steel strand, and FIG. 1B is a side view. As shown in the figure, a plurality of PC steel wires B are joined to the resin-coated PC steel strand A, and a resin coating C such as an epoxy resin is formed on the outer periphery of the strand. The coating C is formed such that a groove appears on the surface. In this example, a case where a product in which an epoxy coating is formed on a PC steel stranded wire having an outer diameter of 15.2 mm is inspected will be described as an example.
[0023]
<Manufacturing / inspection line>
Such a coating inspection of the coated PC stranded wire is performed in a manufacturing / inspection line shown in FIG. That is, a PC steel strand is supplied from the supply 100 and introduced into the epoxy resin coating machine 110 to form a resin coating. This resin coating is performed by, for example, powder coating. The coated PC steel strand is introduced into a water cooling bath 120 to cool the coating. Thereafter, the coated PC steel stranded wire is introduced into the inspection apparatus 1 of the present invention, and a coating defect is inspected. As a result of the inspection, a label is affixed by the marking means 50 to a portion where a defect is detected, and the coated PC stranded wire is wound around the winding drum 130. The traveling speed of the coated PC strand at the time of the inspection is about 10 m / min at the maximum.
[0024]
<Inspection device>
The configuration of the device of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 3A is a front view showing the arrangement of a camera and lighting in the apparatus of the present invention, and FIG. 3B is an end view thereof.
[0025]
(illumination)
As shown in FIG. 3, the apparatus of the present invention is provided with a ring-shaped lighting 10 through which a coated PC strand A runs. The lighting unit 10 is configured by combining a plurality of lighting units in the circumferential direction of the coated APC strand strand A, so that each unit can be turned on and off independently. In this example, the ring-shaped illumination 10 is equally divided into four regions A1, A3, A5, and A7 in the circumferential direction, and lighting and extinguishing are performed for each region. In FIG. 3B, in a circle shown inside the cameras C1, C3, C5, and C7, a hatched portion indicates a light-off region, and a white portion indicates a light-on region. LED was used for each lighting unit.
[0026]
(camera)
CCD cameras were used as the cameras C1, C3, C5, and C7 (20). The cameras C1, C3, C5, and C7 are combined with one another by arranging four cameras C1, C3, C5, and C7 on the same circumference of the coated PC strand A and combining them with one ring-shaped illumination 10. Is composed. Two of these combined bodies were prepared and staggered in the longitudinal direction of the strand, and a total of eight cameras and two ring-shaped illuminations were used. Each camera C1, C3, C5, C7 in one combination is displaced from the circumferential direction of each camera in the other combination. By using both combinations, the coated PC steel strand A can be drawn from all directions. It was configured to be able to shoot. Although only one combination is shown in FIG. 3 (A), the other combination has cameras C2, C4, C6, and C8 arranged at 45 degrees from cameras C1, C3, C5, and C7. Is provided.
[0027]
As shown in FIG. 3A, the ring-shaped illumination 10 and the cameras C1, C3, C5, and C7 are connected to the respective cameras C1, C3, C5, and C7 in a direction in which the light of each illumination unit is substantially regularly reflected. Are arranged to be located. Further, an illumination unit is also arranged on the optical axis of the cameras C1, C3, C5, C7 on the opposite side to the cameras C1, C3, C5, C7 with the stranded line A interposed therebetween. These cameras C1, C3, C5 and C7 are actually supported by an annular disk (not shown) penetrating through the stranded wire A.
[0028]
(Synchronization means)
Then, by synchronizing the photographing timing of the cameras 20 (C1 to C8) with the turning on / off timing of the lighting 10 by the synchronizing means 30 (FIG. 6 described later), the surface of the coated PC steel strand is photographed.
[0029]
The synchronization means 30 controls the shooting timing and the lighting on / off timing so that the lighting on the camera side to be photographed is turned on for the coated PC strand and the lighting on the background side of the camera is turned off. I do.
[0030]
For example, in FIG. 3B, when shooting with the camera C1, the illumination of the area A5 on the background side of the camera is turned off, and control is performed so that other illuminations are turned on. Next, when taking a picture with the camera C3, control is performed so that the illumination of the area A7 on the background side of the camera is turned off and the other illuminations are turned on. Then, as shown in the timing chart of FIG. 4, not only the cameras C5 and C7, but also the cameras C2, C4, C6 and C8 synchronize the shooting and the partial extinguishing similarly. In this timing chart, a hatched portion is a light-off time. In this way, as the camera captures images in the order of C1, C3, C5, and C7, the area to be turned off moves from A5 to A7 to A1 to A3. By this synchronization, as shown in FIG. 5, only the background of the camera 20 to be photographed is turned off, and the illumination in all other areas is turned on, and the uneven stranded wire surface is uniformly illuminated, and A clear image with less halation can be obtained. In this example, control is performed so that each area is sequentially turned off at a cycle of 57 msec, and this processing is performed in parallel in both combinations, so that a total of eight cameras are used for shooting.
[0031]
(Image processing means)
The obtained image is processed by the image processing means 40. The image processing procedure will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of the device of the present invention.
[0032]
First, a photographed image is converted into digital data and stored in the image memory 41. The image data stored in the memory 41 is read out and the bright part contraction processing 42 is performed. Normally, a normal coating portion is recognized as a bright dark portion, and a coating defect is recognized as a dark dark portion, whereas a foreign matter attached to a normal coating surface is recognized as a bright portion. The bright portion shrinking process 42 is a process for removing foreign matter and the like attached to the coating surface in the production line from the image.
[0033]
The outline will be described with reference to FIG. Each of the squares in FIG. 7 indicates a single pixel in the image, the shaded portion indicates a bright dark portion with normal covering, and the white portion indicates a bright portion with foreign matter attached. In such an image, the brightness of a pixel entering the scanning frame 400 surrounded by a thick line is detected. Here, a 3 × 3 area for a total of 9 pixels is set as the scanning frame 400. When the scanning frame 400 is located at the position shown in FIG. 7, the brightness of the center pixel of the scanning frame 400 is replaced with the brightness of the pixel with the lowest brightness in this frame. In this case, since the central pixel of the scanning frame 400 is a bright part, it is replaced with a dark part. This scanning is performed over the entire screen to reduce the bright portion. In this example, scanning of the entire screen is repeated four times, and almost all bright parts are replaced with dark parts.
[0034]
After performing the bright part contraction processing, the binarization processing 43 is performed, and further, the crack is detected by performing the dark pixel area measurement 44 on the binarized image.
[0035]
On the other hand, for the minute holes and blisters, the differential processing 45 is performed on the bright part contraction processing image. FIG. 8 shows the brightness distribution in the longitudinal direction of the coated PC stranded wire in the bright part shrinkage-processed image. The solid line in the drawing is the lightness distribution of the normal covering portion, and the broken line is the lightness distribution of the portion having the minute holes. As described above, it is difficult to distinguish between a case where the distribution of brightness is uneven due to the presence of the micropores and a case where the distribution of brightness is uneven due to the presence of the grooves due to the presence of the grooves.
[0036]
Therefore, the binarization process 46 is performed after differentiating the bright portion contraction processed image in the horizontal direction (more linear axis direction). FIG. 9 shows the brightness distribution after differentiation. Also in this case, the solid line is the brightness distribution of the normal covering portion, and the broken line is the brightness distribution of the portion having the minute holes. Since this differential value indicates an absolute value, a portion where the brightness is greatly reduced due to the presence of the micropores is shown as a large peak in both the decreasing portion and the increasing portion of the brightness. Therefore, if the binarization processing 46 is performed on the differentiated image with a threshold value that can recognize the presence of the peak portion, and the dark pixel area measurement 47 in the binarized image is further performed, the minute holes and blisters can be reliably detected. can do.
[0037]
In the case of a crack, a defect signal 48 is output to the marking means 50 described below when a defect is found, whether it is a microhole or a blister.
[0038]
(Marking means)
When a defect of the coating is detected by the image processing unit 40, marking is performed at the defective position by the marking unit 50. As shown in FIG. 6, the marking means 50 includes a label attaching section 51 for attaching a label to the coated PC stranded wire, and pressing the attached label so that the label is not easily peeled off the uneven stranded wire. And pressure rollers 55 to 58 to be adhered. The label sticking unit 51 includes a calculating unit 52 that calculates a defect position, and a sticking roller 53 that sticks a label to a coated PC stranded wire in accordance with the calculation result of the calculating unit 52.
[0039]
First, the arithmetic unit 52 calculates the time t at which the defect position is located below the application roller 53 based on the distance from the camera shooting point (defect position) to the application roller 53 and the traveling speed of the stranded line A (see FIG. 10). Ask for. Next, the sticking roller 53 is driven so that the label L (see FIG. 10) can be stuck to the surface of the line just after the time t has elapsed from the photographing time of the camera when the defect signal 48 was output. The sticking roller 53 sequentially feeds out the label L adhered to the release paper, and descends to the surface of the stranded wire A to stick the fed out label L to the stranded wire surface. Then, it rises and prepares for the case where label L is pasted next.
[0040]
When the label L is stuck on the surface of the stranded line A by the sticking roller 53, the label L is not stuck along the surface of the stranded line A having irregularities. That is, when the stranded wire A is viewed from the axial direction, only the middle portion of the label L is in contact with the stranded wire A, and both ends of the label L are raised from the stranded wire A. Therefore, the label L partially lifted by the pressing rollers 55 to 58 is pressed downstream of the sticking roller 53, and is brought into close contact with the strand A. In this example, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, a total of four pressing rollers 55 to 58 sandwiching the stranded line A from up and down, diagonally upper right, and diagonally upper left were used. First, the coated PC steel wire A is sent downstream by being sandwiched between upper and lower pressing rollers 55 and 56 located on the upstream side. At this time, the center of the label L is pressed against the stranded wire A by the pressing roller 55. Subsequently, the line A is also sandwiched between the pressing rollers 57 and 58 located diagonally upper right and diagonally upper left, and both ends of the raised label L are pressed against the line A. By attaching such a label L, the label L does not easily come off, and the defect position can be easily determined later.
[0041]
[Example 2]
In the first embodiment, one ring-shaped illumination is combined with four cameras, and two sets of the combined bodies are displaced in the axial direction of the twisted line. However, as shown in FIG. 12, the eight cameras C1 to C8 are combined. May be arranged in substantially the same circumferential direction of the stranded line A, and a single ring-shaped illumination 10 may be combined.
[0042]
In this case, the number of ring-shaped lights 10 can be reduced, which is more preferable. In the case of the second embodiment, the ring-shaped illumination 10 may be configured to be divided into eight regions, and to be turned on and off for each region.
[0043]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the inspection device and the inspection method of the present invention, at the time of shooting with a camera, the illumination on the imaging side of the long body is turned on, and the illumination on the background side is turned off, thereby preventing halation. A clear image of a long body can be obtained. Therefore, it is possible to detect appearance defects such as coating defects with high accuracy.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1A is a sectional view of a resin-coated PC steel strand, and FIG. 1B is a side view of the same.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram of a production / inspection line of a resin-coated PC steel strand.
FIG. 3A is a front view showing an arrangement of a camera and lighting in the device of the present invention, and FIG. 3B is an end view thereof.
FIG. 4 is a timing chart showing the timing of turning on and off the illumination in the device of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of an illumination state in the device of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of the device of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram of a bright part contraction process.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing a lightness distribution in the longitudinal direction of a coated PC stranded wire in a bright part contraction processed image.
FIG. 9 is a graph showing a brightness distribution after differentiation.
FIG. 10 is a side view of the marking means.
FIG. 11 is a layout diagram of a pressing roller.
12A and 12B show a configuration of a second embodiment, in which FIG. 12A is a front view showing an arrangement of a camera and illumination in the device of the present invention, and FIG. 12B is an end view thereof.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Inspection apparatus 10 of this invention 10 Ring-shaped illumination 20 (C1-C8) Camera 30 Synchronization means 40 Image processing means 41 Image memory 42 Bright part contraction processing 43 Binarization processing 44 Dark pixel area measurement 45 Differentiation processing 46 Binarization processing 47 Dark pixel area measurement 48 Defect signal 50 Marking means 51 Label sticking unit 52 Calculation unit 53 Sticking roller 55-58 Pressing roller 100 Supply 110 Epoxy resin coating machine 120 Water cooling tank 130 Winding drum 400 Scanning frame A1, A3, A5, A7 Area A Resin-coated PC steel strand B PC steel wire C Resin-coated L Label

Claims (5)

なめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体の周方向に配置されて長尺体を照らす複数の照明と、
照明からの光が長尺体の表面で実質的に正反射する方向に配置された複数のカメラと、
前記カメラで長尺体の表面を撮影する際、実質的にカメラの光軸上において長尺体を挟んでカメラと反対側に位置する照明を消灯し、それ以外の照明が点灯するように撮影のタイミングと照明の点灯・消灯のタイミングとを制御する同期手段と、
前記カメラで撮影された画像を元に長尺体表面の不良を検知する画像処理手段とを具えることを特徴とするなめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体の外観検査装置。
A plurality of illuminations arranged in the circumferential direction of the elongated body having smooth irregularities to illuminate the elongated body,
A plurality of cameras arranged in a direction in which light from the illumination is substantially specularly reflected on the surface of the elongated body,
When taking an image of the surface of the elongate body with the camera, light is turned off substantially on the optical axis of the camera on the opposite side to the camera with the elongate body therebetween, and the other lights are turned on. Synchronization means for controlling the timing of lighting and the timing of turning on and off the lighting,
An image processing means for detecting a defect on the surface of the elongate body based on an image taken by the camera, and a visual inspection apparatus for the elongate body having smooth irregularities.
前記照明は長尺体が貫通走行されるリング状で、複数台のカメラに単一のリング状の照明が対応されるよう配置されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のなめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体の外観検査装置。2. The smooth unevenness according to claim 1, wherein the illumination is a ring shape through which a long body passes, and a single ring illumination is arranged to correspond to a plurality of cameras. 3. Long-body appearance inspection device. 前記画像処理手段は、カメラで撮影された画像において、明部として認識される長尺体表面に付着した異物を除去するために、明画像収縮手段を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のなめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体の外観検査装置。2. The image processing unit according to claim 1, wherein the image processing unit includes a bright image contracting unit for removing a foreign substance attached to the surface of the elongated body recognized as a bright part in an image captured by a camera. 3. Long body appearance inspection device with smooth unevenness. さらに、検出した不良個所にマーキングするマーキング機構を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のなめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体の外観検査装置。The apparatus for visually inspecting a long body having smooth irregularities according to claim 1, further comprising a marking mechanism for marking a detected defective portion. なめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体の周方向に配置された照明で長尺体を照らし、
照明からの光が長尺体の表面で実質的に正反射する方向に複数のカメラを配置して、
前記カメラで長尺体の表面を撮影する際、実質的にカメラの光軸上において長尺体を挟んでカメラと反対側に位置する照明を消灯し、それ以外の照明が点灯するように撮影のタイミングと照明の点灯・消灯のタイミングとを同期させ、
前記カメラで撮影された画像を画像処理して長尺体の外観不良を検知することを特徴とするなめらかな凹凸を有する長尺体の外観検査方法。
Illuminate the long body with lighting arranged in the circumferential direction of the long body with smooth irregularities,
Arrange multiple cameras in the direction where the light from the illumination is substantially specularly reflected on the surface of the elongated body,
When taking an image of the surface of the elongate body with the camera, light is turned off substantially on the optical axis of the camera on the opposite side to the camera with the elongate body therebetween, and the other lights are turned on. And the timing of turning on and off the lights,
A method for inspecting the appearance of a long body having smooth irregularities, wherein image processing is performed on an image taken by the camera to detect a poor appearance of the long body.
JP2002309363A 2002-10-24 2002-10-24 Apparatus for inspecting appearance of long-length member with smooth irregularity Pending JP2004144595A (en)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2008506939A (en) * 2004-07-16 2008-03-06 ファルドー・ジャン−フランソワ Surface analysis of elongated objects
KR101012637B1 (en) 2008-08-22 2011-02-09 (주) 인텍플러스 Optical measurememt system the shape of an object and measurement method using the same
JP2012026890A (en) * 2010-07-23 2012-02-09 Mitsubishi Cable Ind Ltd Surface defect inspection device and method thereof
JP2015001486A (en) * 2013-06-18 2015-01-05 三菱電機株式会社 Wire evaluation device and manufacturing method of wire

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2008506939A (en) * 2004-07-16 2008-03-06 ファルドー・ジャン−フランソワ Surface analysis of elongated objects
KR101012637B1 (en) 2008-08-22 2011-02-09 (주) 인텍플러스 Optical measurememt system the shape of an object and measurement method using the same
JP2012026890A (en) * 2010-07-23 2012-02-09 Mitsubishi Cable Ind Ltd Surface defect inspection device and method thereof
JP2015001486A (en) * 2013-06-18 2015-01-05 三菱電機株式会社 Wire evaluation device and manufacturing method of wire

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