JP2003029232A - Manufacturing method of spacerless liquid crystal display element - Google Patents
Manufacturing method of spacerless liquid crystal display elementInfo
- Publication number
- JP2003029232A JP2003029232A JP2001217472A JP2001217472A JP2003029232A JP 2003029232 A JP2003029232 A JP 2003029232A JP 2001217472 A JP2001217472 A JP 2001217472A JP 2001217472 A JP2001217472 A JP 2001217472A JP 2003029232 A JP2003029232 A JP 2003029232A
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- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- liquid crystal
- crystal display
- substrate
- manufacturing
- display element
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明はスペーサーレス液晶
表示素子の製造方法に関するものである。TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a spacerless liquid crystal display device.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】エアーバックを用いたシール材の加圧硬
化工程においてセルギャップ精度を向上させる液晶表示
素子の製造方法が特開平８−１４６４３９号公報で開示
されている。2. Description of the Related Art Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-146439 discloses a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device which improves the cell gap accuracy in a pressure hardening process of a sealing material using an air bag.
【０００３】図１は液晶表示素子の構成を示す断面図で
ある。液晶表示素子は、第１の基板１０および第２の基
板２０間に、液晶３０を封入した構成となっている。第
１基板１０は、ガラス基板１１上に、カラーフィルター
保護膜１２、カラーフィルターのブラックマトリクス１
３、カラーフィルター層１４、透明電極１５、絶縁膜１
６および配向膜１７が形成されて構成されている。ま
た、第２の基板２０は、ガラス基板２１上に、透明電極
２２、絶縁膜２３および配向膜２４が形成されて構成さ
れている。FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing the structure of a liquid crystal display element. The liquid crystal display element has a structure in which a liquid crystal 30 is sealed between the first substrate 10 and the second substrate 20. The first substrate 10 includes a glass substrate 11, a color filter protective film 12, and a color filter black matrix 1.
3, color filter layer 14, transparent electrode 15, insulating film 1
6 and the alignment film 17 are formed. In addition, the second substrate 20 is configured by forming a transparent electrode 22, an insulating film 23, and an alignment film 24 on a glass substrate 21.
【０００４】また、第１、第２の基板１０、２０間の間
隔（以下、セルギャップという）を一定に保つため、液
晶３０中にスペーサー３１および接着粒子３２が散布し
て設けられている。さらに第１、第２の基板１０、２０
間の周囲には、グラスファイバー、シリカにより構成さ
れるシールスペーサー３３およびエポキシを用いたシー
ル材３４が配設されている。Further, spacers 31 and adhesive particles 32 are dispersed in the liquid crystal 30 in order to keep the distance between the first and second substrates 10 and 20 (hereinafter referred to as cell gap) constant. Furthermore, the first and second substrates 10 and 20
Around the space, a seal spacer 33 made of glass fiber and silica and a seal material 34 using epoxy are arranged.
【０００５】特開平８−１４６４３９号公報で開示され
た発明は、第１の基板と第２の基板を、その間にシール
材を用いて接着した後、第１、第２の基板を加圧しつつ
前記シール材を硬化させ、その後、前記第１の基板と第
２の基板間に液晶を注入して液晶表示素子を製造するよ
うにした液晶表示素子の製造方法において、前記第１、
第２の基板を加圧しつつ前記シール材を硬化させる工程
は、前記第１、第２の基板の少なくとも一方の上に加圧
部材を位置し、エアーバックを用いて第１、第２の基板
に加圧するものであって、前記加圧部材を、前記シール
材の形成範囲より大きく、かつ前記第１、第２の基板の
外形より小さい範囲の面積を有するものとして、前記加
圧を行うことを特徴とする液晶表示素子の製造方法であ
る。In the invention disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 8-146439, the first substrate and the second substrate are bonded together by using a sealing material, and then the first and second substrates are pressed. In the method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device, the liquid crystal is injected between the first substrate and the second substrate to cure the sealing material, and then the first,
In the step of curing the sealing material while pressing the second substrate, the pressing member is located on at least one of the first and second substrates, and the first and second substrates are formed by using an air bag. The pressing is performed with the pressing member having an area larger than the forming range of the sealing material and smaller than the outer shapes of the first and second substrates. And a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display element.
【０００６】前記製造方法によりセルギャップ精度を±
０.１μｍ〜±０.０５μｍとすることができたとされて
いる。The cell gap accuracy is ±
It is said that the thickness could be set to 0.1 μm to ± 0.05 μm.
【０００７】前記液晶表示素子は１個ずつ製造されるこ
とは少なく、多面取りの量産流動基板上に複数（多数）
の単個液晶表示素子シール部を設け、量産流動基板を接
着してシール材を硬化後単個液晶表示素子に切断分離す
る方法が採られている。図２は１つの量産流動基板１か
ら４個の液晶表示素子２を取り出す場合の例を示してい
る上面図である。シール材３を硬化した後、図の点線で
示す部分を切断して４個の液晶表示素子２を取り出すよ
うにしている。シール材３の切れている部分は液晶を注
入するための注入口である。小型の液晶表示素子では１
つの量産流動基板から５０個〜数１００個の液晶表示素
子を取り出している。図６は２６８個取りの例で上面図
である。The liquid crystal display elements are rarely manufactured one by one, and a plurality (a large number) of liquid crystal display elements are produced on a multi-fabricated mass production flow substrate.
In this method, a single liquid crystal display element sealing portion is provided, a mass production flow substrate is adhered, the sealing material is cured, and then the single liquid crystal display element is cut and separated. FIG. 2 is a top view showing an example in which four liquid crystal display elements 2 are taken out from one mass production flow substrate 1. After the sealing material 3 is cured, the portion shown by the dotted line in the figure is cut to take out the four liquid crystal display elements 2. The cut portion of the sealing material 3 is an injection port for injecting liquid crystal. 1 for small LCD
Fifty to several hundreds of liquid crystal display elements are taken out from one mass production flow substrate. FIG. 6 is a top view of an example of taking 268 pieces.
【０００８】[0008]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】液晶として強誘電性液
晶や反強誘電性液晶を用いる場合は、セルギャップを１
μｍ程度にしなければならない。また、液晶表示素子を
ビューファインダーやプロジェクションテレビのように
レンズで拡大して見る用途に使用する場合は、液晶中に
スペーサを入れることができない（拡大するとスペーサ
ーが見えて画質が低下するため）。When a ferroelectric liquid crystal or an antiferroelectric liquid crystal is used as the liquid crystal, the cell gap is set to 1
It should be about μm. In addition, when the liquid crystal display element is used for magnifying with a lens such as a viewfinder or a projection television, a spacer cannot be inserted in the liquid crystal (because the spacer is visible and the image quality deteriorates when magnified).
【０００９】１つの量産流動基板から５０個〜数１００
個の液晶表示素子を取り出す製造方法では、加圧板を使
用してエアーバックで加圧しても、多数のシール材を均
一に加圧することができず、ギャップ不良が発生しやす
い。シール材の中にはギャップを決めるスペーサ部材が
混入してあり、塗布した時点では２〜３μｍの厚さを有
している。２枚の量産流動基板をシール材を介して重ね
て平坦に押しつけると、加圧が弱い部分ではスペーサ部
材の大きさで決まるギャップ値までシール材を十分に潰
しきれなかったり、加圧が強すぎる部分ではスペーサ部
材の無い表示部のギャップが狭くなってしまう。場合に
よっては、表示部の上下基板が接触し配向膜が損傷し液
晶の配向不良を引き起こすこともある。前記現象は基板
の大きなうねりに起因するところが大きいが、加圧板の
凹凸によっても加圧ムラが生じることがある。50 to several hundreds from one mass production fluidized substrate
In the manufacturing method in which individual liquid crystal display elements are taken out, even if a pressure plate is used to pressurize with an air bag, it is not possible to pressurize a large number of sealing materials uniformly, and gap defects easily occur. A spacer member that determines the gap is mixed in the seal material, and has a thickness of 2 to 3 μm when applied. When two mass-produced fluidized substrates are stacked and pressed flat with a sealant, the sealant cannot be crushed sufficiently to the gap value determined by the size of the spacer member in the portion where the pressure is weak, or the pressure is too strong. In the portion, the gap of the display portion without the spacer member becomes narrow. In some cases, the upper and lower substrates of the display unit may come into contact with each other to damage the alignment film and cause alignment failure of the liquid crystal. The phenomenon is largely due to a large undulation of the substrate, but unevenness of the pressure may occur due to unevenness of the pressure plate.
【００１０】[0010]
【課題を解決するための手段】量産流動基板の多面取り
基板を使ったスペーサーレス液晶表示素子の製造方法で
あって、少なくとも、量産流動基板に単個液晶表示素子
シール部を設ける工程と、上下基板を位置合わせして重
ねる工程と、重ね合わせた基板を定盤（ステージ）に載
置する工程と、基板の上に加圧板を載置する工程と、該
加圧板をエアーバックにより加圧する工程を有するスペ
ーサーレス液晶表示素子の製造方法において、スペーサ
ーレス液晶表示素子の表示部とシール部より内側を加圧
しないスペーサーレス液晶表示素子の製造方法とする。A method of manufacturing a spacerless liquid crystal display device using a multi-layered substrate of a mass production fluidized substrate, which comprises at least a step of providing a single liquid crystal display device seal portion on the mass production fluidized substrate, Steps of aligning and stacking substrates, placing the stacked substrates on a surface plate (stage), placing a pressure plate on the substrate, and pressing the pressure plate with an air bag In the method of manufacturing a spacerless liquid crystal display element having the above, there is provided a method of manufacturing a spacerless liquid crystal display element in which the inside of the display portion and the seal portion of the spacerless liquid crystal display element is not pressed.
【００１１】量産流動基板の多面取り基板を使ったスペ
ーサーレス液晶表示素子の製造方法において、少なくと
も、量産流動基板に単個液晶表示素子シール部を設ける
工程と、上下基板を位置合わせして重ねる工程と、重ね
合わせた基板を定盤（ステージ）に載置する工程と、量
産流動基板に設けられた単個液晶表示素子シール部と概
略一致する桟部を有するマスクを載置する工程と、該マ
スクの上に加圧板を載置する工程と、該加圧板をエアー
バックにより加圧する工程を有するスペーサーレス液晶
表示素子の製造方法とする。In a method of manufacturing a spacerless liquid crystal display element using a multi-layered substrate of a mass production fluidized substrate, at least a step of providing a single liquid crystal display element seal portion on the mass production fluidized substrate and a step of aligning and superposing upper and lower substrates. And a step of placing the superposed substrates on a surface plate (stage), a step of placing a mask having a cross section that substantially coincides with a single liquid crystal display element seal portion provided on a mass production flow substrate, A spacerless liquid crystal display device manufacturing method includes a step of placing a pressure plate on a mask and a step of pressing the pressure plate with an air bag.
【００１２】マスクと加圧板を可撓性のある部材とす
る。さらに、マスクと加圧板を一体化し、一工程省略し
たスペーサーレス液晶表示素子の製造方法とする。The mask and the pressure plate are flexible members. Further, the mask and the pressure plate are integrated, and a manufacturing method of a spacerless liquid crystal display device in which one step is omitted is provided.
【００１３】[0013]
【発明の実施の形態】以下、１つの量産流動基板から４
個の液晶表示素子を取り出す場合の例で本発明を説明す
る。本発明に関する液晶表示素子は液晶中にスペーサを
入れることができない所謂スペーサ−レス液晶表示素子
である。BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION From one mass production flow substrate to four
The present invention will be described by taking an example of taking out one liquid crystal display element. The liquid crystal display device according to the present invention is a so-called spacer-less liquid crystal display device in which a spacer cannot be inserted in the liquid crystal.
【００１４】図３は図２のＡ−Ａ断面図であり、図４は
重ね合わせた基板をステージに載置した断面図、図５は
さらにマスクと加圧板を載置した断面図である。FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along the line AA of FIG. 2, FIG. 4 is a sectional view in which the superposed substrates are placed on a stage, and FIG. 5 is a sectional view in which a mask and a pressure plate are further placed.
【００１５】図３は、量産流動基板１に単個液晶表示素
子シール部３を設ける工程と、上下基板１ａ、１ｂを位
置合わせして重ねる工程が終了した断面図である。シー
ル部３間の液晶が注入される表示部分にはスペーサ−が
ない。FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view in which the step of providing the single liquid crystal display element seal portion 3 on the mass production flow substrate 1 and the step of aligning and stacking the upper and lower substrates 1a and 1b are completed. There is no spacer in the display portion where the liquid crystal is injected between the seal portions 3.
【００１６】図４は、エアバック加圧装置の定盤（ステ
ージ）４に、重ね合わせた基板を載置する工程を終了し
た状態図である。ステージ４の上面にはシール部３およ
びその外周を受ける突起部４ａ、４ｂ、４ｃが設けられ
ており、シール部３より内側を加圧しない形状にしてあ
る。FIG. 4 is a state diagram in which the step of placing the superposed substrates on the surface plate (stage) 4 of the airbag pressurizing device is completed. On the upper surface of the stage 4, the seal portion 3 and projections 4a, 4b, 4c for receiving the outer periphery thereof are provided, and the inside of the seal portion 3 is not pressed.
【００１７】図５は、量産流動基板１に設けられた単個
液晶表示素子シール部３と概略一致する桟部５ａを有す
るマスク５を載置する工程と、該マスクの上に加圧板６
を載置する工程が終了した状態図である。マスク５は、
シール部３およびその外周を押さえる桟部５ａが設けら
れており、加圧時にシール部３より内側を加圧しない形
状にしてある。桟部５ａを残した形状のマスク５は、基
板１ａで液晶表示素子の表示部となる部分とシール部３
より内側は加圧しないように中抜きされている。マスク
と加圧板は可撓性を有する０.５〜１ｍｍの樹脂または
金属板を使用するのが好ましい。FIG. 5 shows a step of placing a mask 5 having a cross section 5a which substantially coincides with the single liquid crystal display element seal section 3 provided on the mass production flow substrate 1, and a pressing plate 6 on the mask.
FIG. 6 is a state diagram in which the step of placing the is finished. Mask 5
The seal portion 3 and the crosspiece 5a that holds down the outer periphery of the seal portion 3 are provided, and the inner side of the seal portion 3 is not pressurized when pressure is applied. The mask 5 having a shape in which the crosspieces 5a are left is formed on the substrate 1a, which serves as the display portion of the liquid crystal display element, and the seal portion 3.
The inner side is hollowed out so as not to pressurize. It is preferable to use a flexible resin or metal plate of 0.5 to 1 mm for the mask and the pressure plate.
【００１８】次に、加圧板６をエアーバック（不図示）
により加圧する。エアーバックでの加圧は量産流動基板
の中心部から開始し、エアーバックの膨らみに合わせて
徐々に周縁部にひろがる。加圧終了後、貼り合わせた量
産流動基板をＵＶ照射機に移しシール材を硬化する。Next, the pressure plate 6 is attached to an air bag (not shown).
Pressurize with. Pressurization with the air bag starts from the center of the mass-produced fluidized substrate and gradually spreads to the peripheral edge according to the bulge of the air bag. After the pressurization is finished, the bonded mass production fluidized substrate is transferred to a UV irradiator to cure the sealing material.
【００１９】前記製造方法により、液晶表示素子の周辺
シール部３と周辺シール部３の外側のみを加圧すること
ができ、低圧で加圧することができる。By the manufacturing method described above, it is possible to pressurize only the peripheral seal portion 3 of the liquid crystal display element and the outside of the peripheral seal portion 3, and it is possible to pressurize at a low pressure.
【００２０】本実施形態では、ステージ側にもシール部
３およびその外周を受ける突起部４ａ、４ｂ、４ｃが設
けているが、ステージ側は平坦な面でも良い。In this embodiment, the seal portion 3 and the projections 4a, 4b and 4c for receiving the outer periphery thereof are also provided on the stage side, but the stage side may be a flat surface.
【００２１】[0021]
【発明の効果】本発明によるスペーサーレス液晶表示素
子の製造方法によれば、多面取りの量産流動基板全面に
おいて、シール材を有する部分のみの加圧となるので、
狭ギャップスペーサーレス液晶表示素子のギャップ制御
が可能となる。According to the manufacturing method of the spacerless liquid crystal display element of the present invention, only the portion having the sealing material is pressed on the entire surface of the multi-fabricated mass production flow substrate.
It is possible to control the gap of a liquid crystal display device without a narrow gap spacer.
【００２２】マスクと加圧板に可撓性を持たせること
で、量産流動基板の中心部から徐々に周縁部に加圧部を
広げるエアーバック加圧に合わせて、マスクと加圧板が
撓むため、２枚の量産流動性基板間の空気の抜けがよ
く、狭ギャップスペーサーレス液晶表示素子のギャップ
制御が可能となるとともに、製造時間も短縮できる。Since the mask and the pressure plate have flexibility, the mask and the pressure plate are bent in accordance with the air bag pressure which gradually expands the pressure part from the central part of the mass production flow substrate to the peripheral part. Air can be satisfactorily released between the two mass-produced fluidity substrates, the gap control of the narrow gap spacer-less liquid crystal display device can be performed, and the manufacturing time can be shortened.
【００２３】加圧板とマスクを一体化することにより製
造工程を少なくできる。By integrating the pressure plate and the mask, the number of manufacturing steps can be reduced.
【図１】液晶表示素子の構成を示す断面図FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a liquid crystal display element.
【図２】１つの量産流動基板１から４個の液晶表示素子
を取り出す場合の例を示している上面図FIG. 2 is a top view showing an example in which four liquid crystal display elements are taken out from one mass production flow substrate 1.
【図３】図２のＡ−Ａ断面図3 is a sectional view taken along line AA of FIG.
【図４】重ね合わせた基板をステージに載置した断面図FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the stacked substrates placed on a stage.
【図５】さらにマスクと加圧板を載置した断面図FIG. 5 is a sectional view in which a mask and a pressure plate are further placed.
【図６】２６８個取りの例で上面図FIG. 6 is a top view of an example of taking 268 pieces.
１ 量産流動基板 １ａ 上基板 １ｂ 下基板 ２ 液晶表示素子 ３ シール部 ４ 定盤（ステージ） ４ａ 突起 ４ｂ 突起 ４ｃ 突起 ５ マスク ５ａ マスクの桟部 ６ 加圧板 １０ 第１の基板 １１ ガラス基板 １２ カラーフィルター保護膜 １３ ブラックマトリクス １４ カラーフィルター層 １５ 透明電極 １６ 絶縁膜 １７ 配向膜 ２０ 第２の基板 ２１ ガラス基板 ２２ 透明電極 ２３ 絶縁膜 ２４ 配向膜 ３０ 液晶 ３１ スペーサ− ３２ 接着粒子 ３３ シールスペーサ− ３４ シール材 1 Mass production flow substrate 1a Upper substrate 1b Lower substrate 2 Liquid crystal display element 3 Seal part 4 surface plate (stage) 4a protrusion 4b protrusion 4c protrusion 5 masks 5a Mask cross section 6 pressure plate 10 First substrate 11 glass substrate 12 Color filter protective film 13 Black Matrix 14 Color filter layer 15 Transparent electrode 16 Insulating film 17 Alignment film 20 Second substrate 21 glass substrate 22 Transparent electrode 23 Insulating film 24 Alignment film 30 liquid crystal 31 Spacer 32 Adhesive particles 33 Seal spacer 34 Seal material
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Claims (4)
ペーサーレス液晶表示素子の製造方法であって、少なく
とも、量産流動基板に単個液晶表示素子シール部を設け
る工程と、上下基板を位置合わせして重ねる工程と、重
ね合わせた基板を定盤（ステージ）に載置する工程と、
基板の上に加圧板を載置する工程と、該加圧板をエアー
バックにより加圧する工程を有するスペーサーレス液晶
表示素子の製造方法において、スペーサーレス液晶表示
素子の表示部とシール部より内側を加圧しないことを特
徴とするスペーサーレス液晶表示素子の製造方法。1. A method of manufacturing a spacerless liquid crystal display device using a multi-sided substrate of a mass production fluidized substrate, wherein at least a step of providing a single liquid crystal display device sealing portion on the mass production fluidized substrate and aligning the upper and lower substrates. And stacking them, and placing the stacked substrates on a surface plate (stage),
In a method of manufacturing a spacerless liquid crystal display element, which includes a step of placing a pressure plate on a substrate and a step of pressurizing the pressure plate with an air bag, the inside of the display portion and the seal portion of the spacerless liquid crystal display element is added. A method for manufacturing a spacerless liquid crystal display device, which is characterized by not pressing.
ペーサーレス液晶表示素子の製造方法において、少なく
とも、量産流動基板に単個液晶表示素子シール部を設け
る工程と、上下基板を位置合わせして重ねる工程と、重
ね合わせた基板を定盤（ステージ）に載置する工程と、
量産流動基板に設けられた単個液晶表示素子シール部と
概略一致する桟部を有するマスクを載置する工程と、該
マスクの上に加圧板を載置する工程と、該加圧板をエア
ーバックにより加圧する工程を有することを特徴とする
スペーサーレス液晶表示素子の製造方法。2. A method for manufacturing a spacerless liquid crystal display device using a multi-layered substrate of a mass production fluidized substrate, wherein at least a step of providing a single liquid crystal display element sealing portion on the mass production fluidized substrate and aligning the upper and lower substrates. A step of stacking and a step of placing the stacked boards on a surface plate (stage),
A step of placing a mask having a cross section that substantially coincides with a single liquid crystal display element sealing portion provided on a mass production fluidized substrate, a step of placing a pressure plate on the mask, and an air bag for the pressure plate. A method of manufacturing a spacerless liquid crystal display device, which comprises the step of applying pressure by means of
とを特徴とする請求項２記載のスペーサーレス液晶表示
素子の製造方法。3. The method for manufacturing a spacerless liquid crystal display device according to claim 2, wherein the mask and the pressure plate have flexibility.
したことを特徴とする請求項２または３記載のスペーサ
ーレス液晶表示素子の製造方法。4. The method for manufacturing a spacerless liquid crystal display device according to claim 2, wherein the mask and the pressure plate are integrated and one step is omitted.
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|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001217472A JP3978319B2 (en) | 2001-07-18 | 2001-07-18 | Manufacturing method of spacerless liquid crystal display element |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001217472A JP3978319B2 (en) | 2001-07-18 | 2001-07-18 | Manufacturing method of spacerless liquid crystal display element |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2003029232A true JP2003029232A (en) | 2003-01-29 |
| JP3978319B2 JP3978319B2 (en) | 2007-09-19 |
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|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001217472A Expired - Lifetime JP3978319B2 (en) | 2001-07-18 | 2001-07-18 | Manufacturing method of spacerless liquid crystal display element |
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| JP (1) | JP3978319B2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2004083950A1 (en) * | 2003-03-18 | 2004-09-30 | Sony Corporation | Display device producing method and display device producing device |
| CN115390304A (en) * | 2022-09-20 | 2022-11-25 | 江西科华电子有限公司 | Liquid crystal display module of leak protection light |
-
2001
- 2001-07-18 JP JP2001217472A patent/JP3978319B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2004083950A1 (en) * | 2003-03-18 | 2004-09-30 | Sony Corporation | Display device producing method and display device producing device |
| US7521272B2 (en) | 2003-03-18 | 2009-04-21 | Sony Corporation | Display device producing method and display device producing device |
| CN115390304A (en) * | 2022-09-20 | 2022-11-25 | 江西科华电子有限公司 | Liquid crystal display module of leak protection light |
| CN115390304B (en) * | 2022-09-20 | 2023-04-07 | 江西科华电子有限公司 | Liquid crystal display module of leak protection light |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3978319B2 (en) | 2007-09-19 |
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