JP2002336348A - Fixture for level sensor and venous blood reservoir for artificial heart and lungs attached with the same - Google Patents
Fixture for level sensor and venous blood reservoir for artificial heart and lungs attached with the sameInfo
- Publication number
- JP2002336348A JP2002336348A JP2001145491A JP2001145491A JP2002336348A JP 2002336348 A JP2002336348 A JP 2002336348A JP 2001145491 A JP2001145491 A JP 2001145491A JP 2001145491 A JP2001145491 A JP 2001145491A JP 2002336348 A JP2002336348 A JP 2002336348A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- level sensor
- reservoir
- ridge
- fixture
- venous blood
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、レベルセンサー用
固定具および該固定具を取付けた人工心肺の静脈血リザ
ーバに関するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a fixture for a level sensor and a venous blood reservoir of a heart-lung machine to which the fixture is attached.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】例えば、心臓外科手術を行なう場合に
は、人工心肺体外循環血液回路の一部としてリザーバと
呼ばれる血液の貯溜槽が用いられる。このリザーバに
は、常に必要に応じた一定レベルの血液が貯溜されてい
なければならない。万一、血液が一定レベル以下となる
と、血液回路中にエアーが混入するなどの危険があるか
らである。2. Description of the Related Art For example, when performing cardiac surgery, a blood storage tank called a reservoir is used as a part of an extracorporeal blood circulation circuit. The reservoir must always contain a certain level of blood as needed. This is because if the blood becomes lower than a certain level, there is a danger that air enters the blood circuit.
【０００３】このような血液レベル（液面）を監視する
ためには、通常レベルセンサーが取付けられる。すなわ
ち、該リザーバ本体の外側から、該リザーバの任意の
（必要な）高さに取り付け、液面が設定値より下ったと
きにアラーム、アラート等の警報の発信やポンプの作動
停止機構との連動が行なわれるようになっている。In order to monitor such a blood level (liquid level), a level sensor is usually mounted. That is, it is attached to an arbitrary (necessary) height of the reservoir from the outside of the reservoir body, and issues an alarm such as an alarm or an alert when the liquid level falls below a set value, and interlocks with a pump operation stop mechanism. Is performed.
【０００４】レベルセンサーとしては、超音波方式のも
のが大多数であり、血液と空気の超音波の反射速度、反
射率の違いから液面の有無を感知している。Most of the level sensors are of the ultrasonic type, and the presence or absence of a liquid level is sensed based on the difference between the reflection speed and the reflectance of blood and air with respect to the ultrasonic wave.
【０００５】該レベルセンサーの取り付け方法は、ディ
スポーサブルのマウントパッド（例えば合成樹脂製）を
リザーバ本体の任意の平滑面に両面テープで貼り付け、
該マウントパッドにセンサー本体を取り付ける方法が多
い。そして、該マウントパッドは、センサーの位置決め
と固定のためのものである。[0005] The mounting method of the level sensor is such that a disposable mount pad (for example, made of synthetic resin) is attached to an arbitrary smooth surface of a reservoir body with a double-sided tape,
There are many ways to attach the sensor body to the mount pad. The mount pad is for positioning and fixing the sensor.
【０００６】[0006]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】リザーバー中の血液レ
ベルは、人工心肺の使用中において、しばしばその最低
限界を再設定することが望ましい場合が生ずる。この
際、マウントパッド自体を張り替える必要がある。During use of a heart-lung machine, it is often desirable to reset the minimum blood level in the reservoir. At this time, it is necessary to replace the mount pad itself.
【０００７】しかしながら、張り替えによるマウントパ
ッドの粘着力の低下は、センサーの脱落やセンサーの誤
動作を起こす可能性がある。[0007] However, a decrease in the adhesive strength of the mount pad due to the replacement may cause the sensor to fall off or cause the sensor to malfunction.
【０００８】このため、張り替えには、新しいマウント
パッドを使用する必要があり、手間と時間がかかってい
た。[0008] For this reason, the replacement requires the use of a new mount pad, which requires time and effort.
【０００９】[0009]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】したがって、本発明の
目的は、新規なリザーバのレベルセンサー用固定具およ
び該固定具を取付けた人工心肺の静脈血リザーバを提供
することにある。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel fixture for a level sensor of a reservoir and a venous blood reservoir of a heart-lung machine to which the fixture is attached.
【００１０】本発明の他の目的は、リザーバのレベルセ
ンサーが任意の位置で極めて簡単に取付け可能な固定具
および該固定具を取付けた人工心肺の静脈血リザーバを
提供することにある。It is another object of the present invention to provide a fixture in which the level sensor of the reservoir can be attached very easily at any position and a venous blood reservoir for a heart-lung machine equipped with the fixture.
【００１１】[0011]
【課題を解決するための手段】これらの諸目的は、下記
（１）〜（６）により達成される。These objects are achieved by the following (1) to (6).
【００１２】（１）凸条の内側壁部の下部の少なくとも
一部が凹没することにより内側に突出してレベルセンサ
ーの爪部係止部位を形成してなる２本の凸条を、互いに
平行に設けてなる人工心肺の静脈血リザーバのレベルセ
ンサー用固定具。(1) At least a part of the lower portion of the inner wall portion of the ridge is recessed and protruded inward to form a claw portion locking portion of the level sensor, and the two ridges are parallel to each other. Fixture for level sensor of venous blood reservoir of cardiopulmonary bypass provided in.
【００１３】（２）該凸条の両端は、他の凸条の両端と
それぞれ連結されてなる前記（１）に記載の固定具。(2) The fixture according to (1), wherein both ends of the ridge are respectively connected to both ends of another ridge.
【００１４】（３）該凹没部は、該凸条の内側に形成さ
れた溝部である前記（１）または（２）に記載の固定
具。(3) The fixing device according to the above (1) or (2), wherein the recessed portion is a groove formed inside the ridge.
【００１５】（４）凸条の内側壁部の下部の少なくとも
1部が凹没することにより頂部内部側付近で内側に突出
してセンサーの爪部係止部を形成してなる２本の凸条よ
りなるレベルセンサー用固定具を、実質的に透明なリザ
ーバの側壁に互いに平行に設けてなる人工心肺の静脈血
リザーバ。(4) At least the lower part of the inner side wall of the ridge.
A level sensor fixture consisting of two ridges formed by projecting inward near the inner side of the top by forming a claw portion of the sensor by recessing one part of the top portion, to a substantially transparent reservoir. A cardiopulmonary venous blood reservoir provided parallel to the side walls.
【００１６】（５）該凸条の両端は、他の凸条の両端と
それぞれ連結させてなる前記（４）に記載のリザーバ。(5) The reservoir according to (4), wherein both ends of the ridge are respectively connected to both ends of another ridge.
【００１７】（６）該凹没部は、該凸条の内側に形成さ
れた溝部である前記（４）または（５）に記載のリザー
バ。(6) The reservoir according to (4) or (5), wherein the concave portion is a groove formed inside the ridge.
【００１８】[0018]
【発明の実施の形態】つぎに、図面を参照しながら、本
発明の実施態様を説明する。すなわち、図1および図２
に示すように、凸条１，１の内側壁部の下部の少なくと
も１部が凹没することにより頂部内側付近で内側に突出
してレベルセンサーの爪部係止部位２を形成してなる２
本の凸条１，１を互いに相対させて平行に設けてなるも
のである。この場合、センサーの爪部係止部位２を形成
する凹没部は、図２に示すように溝部３であってもよ
い。Next, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. 1 and 2
As shown in FIG. 2, at least one portion of the lower portion of the inner wall portion of the ridges 1, 1 is recessed and protrudes inward near the inside of the top to form a claw portion locking portion 2 of the level sensor 2.
The ridges 1, 1 of the book are provided in parallel with each other. In this case, the recessed / recessed portion forming the claw locking portion 2 of the sensor may be the groove 3 as shown in FIG.
【００１９】前記、２本の凸条は、両端でそれぞれ連結
部材４，４で連結することが、平行を容易に保たせるう
えで好ましい。この連結部材４，４は、図１および図２
に示すように、半円状として凸条１，１と一体的に形成
させて全体として０字状に形成することができる。この
場合、図２に示すように、凸条１と連結部材４とが同じ
高さであってもよい。It is preferable that the two ridges be connected at both ends by connecting members 4 and 4, respectively, in order to easily maintain the parallelism. The connecting members 4, 4 are shown in FIGS.
As shown in the figure, the ridges 1 and 1 can be integrally formed as a semicircle to form a 0-shape as a whole. In this case, as shown in FIG. 2, the ridge 1 and the connecting member 4 may have the same height.
【００２０】また、図３および図４に示すように、連結
部材４，４を直線状とし、かつその高さを低くし、例え
ば溝部３の下部の高さを同じにしてもよい。Further, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the connecting members 4 and 4 may be linear and have a lower height, for example, the lower portion of the groove 3 may have the same height.
【００２１】さらに、図５および図６に示すように、前
記凹没部を溝部とせずに、該凸条１，１の頂部付近を内
側に突出させることにより凹没部を形成し、その結果、
センサーの爪部係止部位２を形成させてもよい。Further, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the recessed portion is formed by projecting the vicinity of the top of the ridges 1 and 1 inward without forming the recessed portion as a groove. ,
The claw locking portion 2 of the sensor may be formed.
【００２２】以上述べたような固定具５は、例えば、両
面粘着テープ、両面接着テープ等を介して、図７に示す
ように人工心肺（図示せず）の静脈血リザーバ６の側壁
へ粘着させて使用される。The fixing device 5 as described above is adhered to the side wall of the venous blood reservoir 6 of a heart-lung machine (not shown) as shown in FIG. 7 via a double-sided adhesive tape, a double-sided adhesive tape, or the like. Used.
【００２３】しかして、レベルセンサー７は、通常、図
８に示すように、先端に起音波発信／受信部８を備えか
つケーブル１０に連結されたマウントパッド９の側部に
それぞれ相対して２個の固定用爪１１を有している。As shown in FIG. 8, the level sensor 7 usually has a sound wave transmitting / receiving unit 8 at its tip and is opposed to the side of the mount pad 9 connected to the cable 10 by two. It has a plurality of fixing claws 11.
【００２４】したがって、このようなレベルセンサー７
を固定するには、固定具５の長手方向に２個の固定用爪
１１が位置するようにして起音波発信／受信部８をリザ
ーバ６の所定の位置で押込み、ほぼ９０度回転すること
により、図９に示すように該固定用爪１１が該爪係止部
位２の下面により押圧されて固定される。この場合、図
９に示すように、固定用爪１１が溝部３内に嵌挿される
が、図１０に示すように、固定用爪１１が爪部係止部位
２により押圧されて固定される場合もある。なお、リザ
ーバは、通常、ポリカーボネート、ＡＢＳ樹脂、アクリ
ル樹脂、塩化ビニル樹脂等のごとき透明なプラスチック
製である。Therefore, such a level sensor 7
Is fixed by pushing the sound emission / reception unit 8 at a predetermined position of the reservoir 6 so that the two fixing claws 11 are positioned in the longitudinal direction of the fixing tool 5 and rotating the same approximately 90 degrees. As shown in FIG. 9, the fixing claw 11 is pressed and fixed by the lower surface of the claw locking portion 2. In this case, as shown in FIG. 9, the fixing claw 11 is inserted into the groove portion 3, but as shown in FIG. 10, the fixing claw 11 is pressed and fixed by the claw locking portion 2. There is also. The reservoir is usually made of a transparent plastic such as polycarbonate, ABS resin, acrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin and the like.
【００２５】しかして、このようにしてリザーバ６に、
固定具５を介して取付けられたレベルセンサー７は、設
定液面を変更したい場合には、固定用爪１１を爪部係止
部位２の下面を摺動させて所定の位置に移動させること
により容易に変更できる。Thus, in this way, the reservoir 6
When it is desired to change the set liquid level, the level sensor 7 attached via the fixture 5 moves the fixing claw 11 to a predetermined position by sliding the lower surface of the claw locking portion 2. Can be easily changed.
【００２６】このようにしてリザーバ６に取付けられた
レベルセンサー７は、その超音波発信／受信部８の先端
が通常用いられるゲルを介してリザーバ６の表面と接触
し、スイッチオンすることにより液面のセンシングを開
始し、液面が所定位置以下になるとセンサーに連結され
ている警報が作動する。なお、設定液面を変更したい場
合には、前述のように、レベルセンサー７を摺動させて
所定位置まで上下動させることにより容易に位置を変更
することができる。The level sensor 7 attached to the reservoir 6 in this manner contacts the surface of the reservoir 6 via a commonly used gel at the tip of the ultrasonic transmission / reception unit 8 and switches on the liquid. Surface sensing is started, and when the liquid level falls below a predetermined position, an alarm connected to the sensor is activated. If it is desired to change the set liquid level, as described above, the position can be easily changed by sliding the level sensor 7 up and down to a predetermined position.
【００２７】[0027]
【発明の効果】以上述べたように、本発明によるレベル
センサー用固定具は、凸条の内側壁部の下部の少なくと
も一部が凹没することにより内側に突出してレベルセン
サーの爪部係止部位を形成してなる２本の凸条を互いに
平行に設けてなるものであるから、これをリザーバに取
付けた場合、該固定具の長手方向に２個の固定用爪が位
置するようにして超音波発信／受信部をリザーバの所定
の位置まで押込み、ほぼ９０度回転することにより任意
の位置に容易に固定できるばかりでなく、液面の設定位
置を変更する場合には、これを摺動させて上下動させる
ことにより容易に変更できるという利点がある。As described above, the level sensor fixture according to the present invention protrudes inward when at least a part of the lower portion of the inner wall portion of the ridge is recessed, thereby engaging the claw portion of the level sensor. Since the two ridges forming the part are provided in parallel with each other, when this is attached to the reservoir, the two fixing claws are positioned in the longitudinal direction of the fixing tool. Push the ultrasonic transmission / reception unit to a predetermined position in the reservoir and rotate it approximately 90 degrees to easily fix it at any position, and slide it when changing the liquid surface setting position. There is an advantage that it can be easily changed by moving up and down.
【００２８】また、前記固定具を取付けたリザーバは、
前記のように、任意の位置にレベルセンサーを容易に固
定できるだけでなく、液面の設定位置も容易に変更でき
るという利点がある。Further, the reservoir to which the fixing device is attached is
As described above, there is an advantage that not only the level sensor can be easily fixed to an arbitrary position, but also the set position of the liquid level can be easily changed.
【図１】 本発明によるレベルセンサー用固定具の例を
示す正面図。FIG. 1 is a front view showing an example of a fixture for a level sensor according to the present invention.
【図２】 図１のＡ−Ａ線に沿う断面図。FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line AA of FIG. 1;
【図３】 本発明によるレベルセンサー用固定具の他の
例を示す正面図。FIG. 3 is a front view showing another example of the level sensor fixture according to the present invention.
【図４】 図３のＢ−Ｂ線に沿う断面図。FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along the line BB in FIG. 3;
【図５】 本発明によるレベルセンサー用固定具のさら
に他の例を示す正面図。FIG. 5 is a front view showing still another example of the level sensor fixture according to the present invention.
【図６】 図５のＣ−Ｃ線に沿う断面図。FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along line CC of FIG. 5;
【図７】 本発明によりリザーバの一例を示す斜視図。FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing an example of a reservoir according to the present invention.
【図８】 本発明による固定具で係止固定されるレベル
センサーの一例を示す斜視図。FIG. 8 is a perspective view showing an example of a level sensor locked and fixed by the fixture according to the present invention.
【図９】 本発明による固定具によるレベルセンサーの
リザーバへの係止固定状態の一例を示す図７のＤ−Ｄ線
に沿う断面図。9 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line DD of FIG. 7, showing an example of a state where the level sensor is locked and fixed to the reservoir by the fixture according to the present invention.
【図１０】 本発明による固定具によるレベルセンサー
のリザーバへの係止固定の他の例を示す断面図。FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of locking and fixing the level sensor to the reservoir by the fixing device according to the present invention.
１…凸条、 ２…爪部係止部位、 ３…溝部、 ４…凸条連結部、 ５…固定具、 ６…リザーバ、 ７…レベルセンサー、 ８…超音波発信部／受信部、 ９…マウントパッド、 １０…ケーブル、 １１…固定用爪。 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Convex ridge, 2 ... Claw part locking part, 3 ... Groove part, 4 ... Convex ridge connection part, 5 ... Fixture, 6 ... Reservoir, 7 ... Level sensor, 8 ... Ultrasonic transmission / reception part, 9 ... Mounting pad, 10 ... cable, 11 ... fixing nail.
Claims (6)
が凹没することにより内側に突出してレベルセンサーの
爪部係止部位を形成してなる２本の凸条を、互いに平行
に設けてなる人工心肺の静脈血リザーバのレベルセンサ
ー用固定具。At least a portion of a lower portion of an inner wall portion of a ridge is recessed and protruded inward to form a claw portion locking portion of a level sensor. Fixture for level sensor of venous blood reservoir of cardiopulmonary bypass provided.
ぞれ連結されてなる請求項１に記載の固定具。2. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein both ends of the ridge are connected to both ends of another ridge, respectively.
溝部である請求項１または２に記載の固定具。3. The fixing tool according to claim 1, wherein the recess is a groove formed inside the ridge.
が凹没することにより頂部内部側付近で内側に突出して
センサーの爪部係止部を形成してなる２本の凸条よりな
るレベルセンサー用固定具を、実質的に透明なリザーバ
の側壁に互いに平行に設けてなる人工心肺の静脈血リザ
ーバ。4. At least one portion of the lower portion of the inner wall portion of the ridge is recessed and protruded inward near the inner side of the top to form a claw engagement portion of the sensor. A venous blood reservoir for a cardiopulmonary bypass, wherein the level sensor fixture is provided parallel to the side wall of the substantially transparent reservoir.
ぞれ連結させてなる請求項４に記載のリザーバ。5. The reservoir according to claim 4, wherein both ends of said ridge are respectively connected to both ends of another ridge.
溝部である請求項４または５に記載のリザーバ。6. The reservoir according to claim 4, wherein the recess is a groove formed inside the ridge.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001145491A JP2002336348A (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2001-05-15 | Fixture for level sensor and venous blood reservoir for artificial heart and lungs attached with the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001145491A JP2002336348A (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2001-05-15 | Fixture for level sensor and venous blood reservoir for artificial heart and lungs attached with the same |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2002336348A true JP2002336348A (en) | 2002-11-26 |
Family
ID=18991297
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001145491A Withdrawn JP2002336348A (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2001-05-15 | Fixture for level sensor and venous blood reservoir for artificial heart and lungs attached with the same |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2002336348A (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2014210135A (en) * | 2013-04-22 | 2014-11-13 | 川澄化学工業株式会社 | Liquid level adjustment device |
| JP2014237034A (en) * | 2010-04-20 | 2014-12-18 | ソリン・グループ・イタリア・ソシエタ・ア・レスポンサビリタ・リミタータ | Blood storage container equipped with ultrasonic volume sensor |
| JP2018094243A (en) * | 2016-12-15 | 2018-06-21 | 泉工医科工業株式会社 | Blood circulation system |
| US10213541B2 (en) | 2011-07-12 | 2019-02-26 | Sorin Group Italia S.R.L. | Dual chamber blood reservoir |
| US10458833B2 (en) | 2014-05-16 | 2019-10-29 | Sorin Group Italia S.R.L. | Blood reservoir with fluid volume measurement based on pressure sensor |
| US11229729B2 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2022-01-25 | Livanova Deutschland Gmbh | Device for establishing the venous inflow to a blood reservoir of an extracorporeal blood circulation system |
-
2001
- 2001-05-15 JP JP2001145491A patent/JP2002336348A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11229729B2 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2022-01-25 | Livanova Deutschland Gmbh | Device for establishing the venous inflow to a blood reservoir of an extracorporeal blood circulation system |
| US11844892B2 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2023-12-19 | Livanova Deutschland Gmbh | Device for establishing the venous inflow to a blood reservoir of an extracorporeal blood circulation system |
| JP2014237034A (en) * | 2010-04-20 | 2014-12-18 | ソリン・グループ・イタリア・ソシエタ・ア・レスポンサビリタ・リミタータ | Blood storage container equipped with ultrasonic volume sensor |
| US10213541B2 (en) | 2011-07-12 | 2019-02-26 | Sorin Group Italia S.R.L. | Dual chamber blood reservoir |
| US11389580B2 (en) | 2011-07-12 | 2022-07-19 | Sorin Group Italia S.R.L. | Dual chamber blood reservoir |
| JP2014210135A (en) * | 2013-04-22 | 2014-11-13 | 川澄化学工業株式会社 | Liquid level adjustment device |
| US10458833B2 (en) | 2014-05-16 | 2019-10-29 | Sorin Group Italia S.R.L. | Blood reservoir with fluid volume measurement based on pressure sensor |
| JP2018094243A (en) * | 2016-12-15 | 2018-06-21 | 泉工医科工業株式会社 | Blood circulation system |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US4432231A (en) | Ultrasonic level detector | |
| US10799128B2 (en) | Optical vital signs sensor | |
| US5055671A (en) | Apparatus for detecting transducer movement using a first and second light detector | |
| BR112018071857B1 (en) | WIRELESS CHARGING DEVICE | |
| JP3240434B2 (en) | Desktop / wall mounted sensor built-in device | |
| JP2002336348A (en) | Fixture for level sensor and venous blood reservoir for artificial heart and lungs attached with the same | |
| US10195299B2 (en) | Sterilizing device and method | |
| US20120220885A1 (en) | Sphygmomanometer accommodation case and blood pressure measurement device including the same | |
| WO2015136882A1 (en) | Photodetection unit and biological information detection apparatus | |
| CN107249469A (en) | Diagnostic ultrasound equipment | |
| US11002382B2 (en) | Cable guide and detection device with cable guide | |
| CN210355495U (en) | Blood pump and cardiopulmonary bypass system | |
| WO2019150621A1 (en) | Tip member of insertion device | |
| JP7045981B2 (en) | Extracorporeal circulation cassette | |
| WO2021036084A1 (en) | Sensor assembly and wearable device | |
| JP2002123200A (en) | Display device | |
| JP4253282B2 (en) | Sensor device | |
| CN210301859U (en) | Blood pump and cardiopulmonary bypass system | |
| JP2000296117A (en) | Fingertip photoelectric pulse wave sensor | |
| CN113762071A (en) | Finger vein recognition device | |
| CN218825600U (en) | Horizontal vein recognition device | |
| CN220110267U (en) | Blood pumping system | |
| JP2006102388A (en) | Portable terminal unit | |
| CN110269589A (en) | Compact energy-efficient physiological parameter sensors system | |
| CN215729823U (en) | USB flash disk and USB flash disk pairing device |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A300 | Withdrawal of application because of no request for examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A300 Effective date: 20080805 |