JP2002064604A - Folding portable telephone terminal - Google Patents
Folding portable telephone terminalInfo
- Publication number
- JP2002064604A JP2002064604A JP2000251419A JP2000251419A JP2002064604A JP 2002064604 A JP2002064604 A JP 2002064604A JP 2000251419 A JP2000251419 A JP 2000251419A JP 2000251419 A JP2000251419 A JP 2000251419A JP 2002064604 A JP2002064604 A JP 2002064604A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- printed circuit
- flexible printed
- circuit board
- spiral
- hinge
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Telephone Set Structure (AREA)
- Casings For Electric Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は複数のフレキシブルプリ
ント基板がヒンジ部で螺旋している折畳式携帯電話端末
に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a foldable portable telephone terminal in which a plurality of flexible printed circuit boards are spirally wound at hinge portions.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】現在、折畳式携帯電話機や折畳式ＰＨＳ
（Ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ Ｈａｎｄｙｐｈｏｎｅ Ｓｙｓｔ
ｅｍ）が市販されている。この折畳式の端末は、受話部
と送話部の２つの回転体をヒンジ部で回動可能に結合し
ており、このヒンジ部内には受話部と送話部を電気的に
接続するフレキシブルプリント基板が通っている。ヒン
ジ部内のフレキシブルプリント基板は、開閉による断線
等の損傷を防止するために、螺旋状に巻かれている（特
開平１−８９８４５号公報参照）。2. Description of the Related Art At present, foldable portable telephones and foldable PHSs are known.
(Personal Handyphone System
em) is commercially available. In this folding terminal, two rotating bodies, a receiving unit and a transmitting unit, are rotatably connected by a hinge, and a flexible connecting unit electrically connects the receiving unit and the transmitting unit in the hinge. Printed circuit board is passing. The flexible printed circuit board in the hinge portion is spirally wound in order to prevent damage such as disconnection due to opening and closing (see JP-A-1-89845).
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかし、携帯電話機の
機能向上により、フレキシブルプリント基板に納めなけ
ればならない導線の本数は増加する一方である。これに
より、フレキシブルプリント基板の幅は折畳式の端末に
対する許容幅を超えるようになった。However, as the functions of mobile phones have been improved, the number of conductors that must be accommodated on a flexible printed circuit board is increasing. As a result, the width of the flexible printed circuit board exceeds the allowable width for a foldable terminal.
【０００４】これを解決する方法として、フレキシブル
プリント基板を多層にする方法が考えられるが、多層の
フレキシブルプリント基板は、曲げにより外側の導線に
大きな張力が加わるために片面に比べて開閉の耐久性が
低下する。To solve this problem, a method of forming a flexible printed circuit board into multiple layers is conceivable. However, the multilayer flexible printed circuit board has a larger opening / closing durability than a single side because a large tension is applied to the outer conductor by bending. Decrease.
【０００５】そこで、導線が単層のフレキシブルプリン
ト基板を複数重ねてヒンジ部を通すことが考えられる
が、この場合は、曲げることにより螺旋の半径が小さく
なるために、フレキシブルプリント基板の摩擦が大きく
なるという問題が生じる。図５は摩擦が極度に大きくな
る場合を示す側面図である。携帯電話端末を閉じること
により、内外のフレキシブルプリント基板（４）（５）
の螺旋が小さくなる。後述の理由により、外側のフレキ
シブルプリント基板（５）の螺旋の方が、内側のフレキ
シブルプリント基板（４）より小さくなるために、内側
のフレキシブルプリント基板（４）の螺旋でない部分
（４２）（４３）が変形する程圧縮される。すると、そ
の反力により両フレキシブルプリント基板（４）（５）
の螺旋部の摩擦力が極度に大きくなる。In view of this, it is conceivable that the conductive wire passes through the hinge portion by stacking a plurality of single-layer flexible printed circuit boards. In this case, since the radius of the spiral becomes small by bending, the friction of the flexible printed circuit board increases. Problem arises. FIG. 5 is a side view showing a case where the friction becomes extremely large. By closing the mobile phone terminal, the inner and outer flexible printed circuit boards (4) (5)
Spiral becomes smaller. For reasons to be described later, since the spiral of the outer flexible printed board (5) is smaller than the spiral of the inner flexible printed board (4), the non-spiral portions (42) (43) of the inner flexible printed board (4) are formed. ) Is compressed as it is deformed. Then, due to the reaction force, both flexible printed circuit boards (4) and (5)
The frictional force of the spiral portion becomes extremely large.
【０００６】[0006]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明の折畳式携帯電話
端末はかかる点に鑑みなされたもので、ヒンジを介して
開閉可能に設けられた第１、第２の筐体と、ヒンジ部を
介して第１の筐体から第２の筐体に渡って配設される複
数のフレキシブルプリント基板とを備え、前記ヒンジ部
内に於いて、前記複数のフレキシブル基板を重ねて螺旋
状に配設し、且つ前記第１、第２の筐体を閉じたときヒ
ンジ部に於けるフレキシブル基板の夫々の間に隙間を設
ける。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the foregoing, a foldable portable telephone terminal according to the present invention is provided with first and second housings which can be opened and closed via a hinge, and a hinge portion. And a plurality of flexible printed circuit boards arranged from the first case to the second case via a plurality of flexible printed circuit boards. When the first and second housings are closed, a gap is provided between each of the flexible substrates at the hinge portion.
【０００７】また、前記ヒンジ部内に於いて、前記複数
のフレキシブル基板を重ねて螺旋状に配設し、且つ前記
第１、第２の筐体を閉じたとき外側のフレキシブルプリ
ント基板の内面の平均半径がその内側のフレキシブルプ
リント基板の外面の平均半径より所定寸法以上大きくな
るようにした。Further, in the hinge portion, the plurality of flexible substrates are spirally arranged one on top of another, and the average of the inner surface of the outer flexible printed circuit board when the first and second housings are closed. The radius was set to be larger than the average radius of the outer surface of the flexible printed circuit board by a predetermined dimension or more.
【０００８】[0008]
【発明の実施の形態】本発明の実施例の形態を図に基づ
き説明する。図１はフレキシブルプリント基板（１）を
携帯電話端末の筐体に組み込む前の状態を示す部分透過
斜視図であり、図２は組み込んだ後の状態を示す部分透
過斜視図である。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a partially transparent perspective view showing a state before the flexible printed circuit board (1) is assembled into the housing of the mobile phone terminal, and FIG. 2 is a partially transparent perspective view showing the state after the flexible printed circuit board (1) is assembled.
【０００９】本実施例の携帯電話端末は受話部（１）
と、送話部（２）と、ヒンジ部（３）を備えた折畳式で
ある。The portable telephone terminal according to the present embodiment has a receiver (1).
And a foldable type provided with a transmission section (2) and a hinge section (3).
【００１０】受話部（１）のプリント基板（１１）と送
話部（２）のプリント基板（２１）は上下に重なった第
１、第２のフレキシブルプリント基板（４）（５）によ
り電気的に接続される。この接続はロック機構付コネク
タ（１２）（１３）（２２）（２３）により行われ、第
１、第２のフレキシブルプリント基板（４）（５）の接
続が容易に外れないようになっている。The printed circuit board (11) of the receiving section (1) and the printed circuit board (21) of the transmitting section (2) are electrically connected to each other by first and second flexible printed circuit boards (4) and (5) which are vertically overlapped. Connected to. This connection is performed by the connectors with lock mechanisms (12) (13) (22) (23) so that the connection of the first and second flexible printed circuit boards (4) and (5) is not easily disconnected. .
【００１１】受話部（１）の筐体（１４）と送話部
（２）の筐体（２４）は、ヒンジ部（３）により回動可
能に接続され、受話部（１）と送話部（２）はαラジア
ンの角度で開閉する。The housing (14) of the receiving section (1) and the housing (24) of the transmitting section (2) are rotatably connected by a hinge section (3), and the transmitting section (1) and the transmitting section are transmitted. The part (2) opens and closes at an angle of α radians.
【００１２】第１、第２のフレキシブルプリント基板
（４）（５）で接続された受話部（１）と送話部（２）
のプリント基板（１１）（１２）が携帯電話端末に組み
込まれるとき、第１、第２のフレキシブルプリント基板
（４）（５）のヒンジ部（３）に対応する部分がヒンジ
部（３）の回転方向に１巻きされる。A receiving section (1) and a transmitting section (2) connected by first and second flexible printed circuit boards (4) and (5).
When the printed circuit boards (11) and (12) of the first and second flexible printed circuit boards (4) and (5) are incorporated in a mobile phone terminal, the portions corresponding to the hinge sections (3) of the first and second flexible printed circuit boards (4) and (5) are the same. One turn in the rotation direction.
【００１３】図３、図４は第１、第２のフレキシブルプ
リント基板（４）（５）の螺旋状態の変化を示す側面図
である。図３は携帯電話端末を開いた状態であり、図４
は閉じた状態である。FIGS. 3 and 4 are side views showing changes in the spiral state of the first and second flexible printed circuit boards (4) and (5). FIG. 3 shows a state in which the mobile phone terminal is opened, and FIG.
Is closed.
【００１４】開いた状態の図３に於いて、内側となる第
１のフレキシブルプリント基板（４）の外面（４１）の
平均半径Ｒ１は、外側となる第２のフレキシブルプリン
ト基板（５）の内面（５１）の平均半径Ｒ２より僅か大
きくなっている。In FIG. 3 in an opened state, the average radius R1 of the outer surface (41) of the inner first flexible printed circuit board (4) is equal to the inner surface of the outer second flexible printed circuit board (5). It is slightly larger than the average radius R2 of (51).
【００１５】ここで、閉じることにより、螺旋部の隙間
がどのように変化するかを説明する。まず、閉じること
による第１のフレキシブルプリント基板（４）の螺旋の
変化を説明する。閉じた状態の第１のフレキシブルプリ
ント基板（４）の外面（４１）の平均半径をＲ１’と
し、螺旋でない受話部（１）側及び送話側（２）の第１
のフレキシブルプリント基板（４）の長さを夫々Ｌ１,
Ｌ２とする（図４参照）。また、閉じる角度はαラジア
ンとし、螺旋形状を近似的に円形とする。Here, how the gap of the spiral portion changes by closing will be described. First, the change in the spiral of the first flexible printed circuit board (4) due to the closing will be described. The average radius of the outer surface (41) of the first flexible printed circuit board (4) in the closed state is defined as R1 ′, and the first non-spiral receiving unit (1) side and the transmitting side (2) have the first radius.
The length of the flexible printed circuit board (4) is L1,
L2 (see FIG. 4). The closing angle is α radian, and the spiral shape is approximately circular.
【００１６】開いた状態（図３）の第１のフレキシブル
プリント基板（４）の両コネクタ（１２）（２２）間の
長さはＬ１＋Ｌ２＋２πＲ１＋（π−α）Ｒ１となる。
ここで、（π−α）Ｒ１は螺旋が重なる部分である。閉
じた状態（図４）の第１のフレキシブルプリント基板
（４）の両コネクタ（１２）（２２）間の長さはＬ１＋
Ｌ２＋２πＲ１’＋πＲ１’となる。ここで、πＲ１’
は螺旋が重なる部分である。この開いた状態（図３）の
長さと閉じた状態（図４）の長さでは同じであることか
ら、Ｌ１＋Ｌ２＋２πＲ１＋（π−α）Ｒ１＝Ｌ１＋Ｌ
２＋２πＲ１’＋πＲ１’となる。これを解くとＲ１’
＝Ｒ１−αＲ１／３πとなる。即ち、ヒンジ部（３）が
αラジアン閉じると、第１のフレキシブルプリント基板
（４）の螺旋の半径はαＲ１／３π短くなる。The length between the connectors (12) and (22) of the first flexible printed circuit board (4) in the open state (FIG. 3) is L1 + L2 + 2πR1 + (π-α) R1.
Here, (π-α) R1 is a portion where the spirals overlap. The length between both connectors (12) and (22) of the first flexible printed circuit board (4) in the closed state (FIG. 4) is L1 +
L2 + 2πR1 ′ + πR1 ′. Here, πR1 ′
Is the part where the spirals overlap. Since the length of the open state (FIG. 3) and the length of the closed state (FIG. 4) are the same, L1 + L2 + 2πR1 + (π-α) R1 = L1 + L
2 + 2πR1 ′ + πR1 ′. When this is solved, R1 '
= R1-αR1 / 3π. That is, when the hinge portion (3) is closed by α radians, the radius of the spiral of the first flexible printed circuit board (4) becomes shorter by αR1 / 3π.
【００１７】第２のフレキシブルプリント基板（５）の
螺旋の半径も、同様に、ヒンジ部（３）がαラジアン閉
じると、αＲ２／３π短くなる。Similarly, the radius of the helix of the second flexible printed circuit board (5) becomes shorter by αR2 / 3π when the hinge part (3) is closed by α radians.
【００１８】ここで、Ｒ２＞Ｒ１であるので、αＲ２／
３π＞αＲ１／３πとなり、内側となる第１のフレキシ
ブルプリント基板（４）の外面（４１）と、外側となる
第２のフレキシブルプリント基板（５）の内面（５１）
の隙間は（即ち、上下のフレキシブルプリント基板の隙
間は）、ヒンジ部（３）が閉じることにより狭くなる。Here, since R2> R1, αR2 /
3π> αR1 / 3π, and the outer surface (41) of the first flexible printed circuit board (4) on the inside and the inner surface (51) of the second flexible printed circuit board (5) on the outside
(That is, the gap between the upper and lower flexible printed circuit boards) is narrowed by closing the hinge portion (3).
【００１９】よって、図３の開いた状態でなく、図４の
閉じた状態で上下のフレキシブルプリント基板（４）
（５）の螺旋部に隙間ができるように設計する。実験に
よると、平均半径０．２ｍｍの隙間を設けたとき１０万
回の開閉でもフレキシブルプリント基板の断線がなかっ
た。実験では０．２ｍｍ以上の隙間が必要ということに
なるが、複数の螺旋の中心が相対的にずれることや部品
寸法のばらつき等を考慮し、実際の量産では余裕をもた
せて０．５ｍｍ以上にすることが好ましい。Therefore, the upper and lower flexible printed circuit boards (4) are not closed in FIG. 3 but closed in FIG.
It is designed so that a gap is formed in the spiral part of (5). According to an experiment, when a gap having an average radius of 0.2 mm was provided, there was no disconnection of the flexible printed circuit board even after opening and closing 100,000 times. In the experiment, a gap of 0.2 mm or more is required, but in consideration of the relative displacement of the centers of multiple spirals and variations in component dimensions, etc., in actual mass production, allow a margin of 0.5 mm or more. Is preferred.
【００２０】尚、上述の計算は螺旋形状を円形とみなし
たが、量産の設計にあたっては、手作り品で隙間の確認
をすればよい。また、複数の螺旋の中心が相対的にずれ
ることを考慮し、隙間はゆとりを持たせる。In the above calculation, the spiral shape is assumed to be circular. However, in designing mass production, it is sufficient to confirm the gap with a handmade product. Also, considering that the centers of the plurality of spirals are relatively displaced, the clearance is given a margin.
【００２１】尚、上述の実施例のフレキシブルプリント
基板の重なりは２枚であったが、本発明は３枚以上の場
合にも容易に適用させることができる。Although the number of the flexible printed circuit boards in the above embodiment is two, the present invention can be easily applied to the case where the number of the flexible printed circuit boards is three or more.
【００２２】[0022]
【発明の効果】上述のごとく、複数のフレキシブルプリ
ント基板が前記ヒンジ部内で重なって螺旋している携帯
電話端末に於いて、最も上下のフレキシブルプリント基
板の隙間が狭くなるのは閉じた状態であるから、この状
態で隙間があるように設計する。このために、フレキシ
ブルプリント基板どうしの摩擦が少なくなり、開閉の耐
久性が向上する。As described above, in a portable telephone terminal in which a plurality of flexible printed circuit boards overlap and spiral in the hinge portion, the space between the uppermost and lower flexible printed circuit boards is narrowed in the closed state. Therefore, it is designed so that there is a gap in this state. For this reason, the friction between the flexible printed boards is reduced, and the durability of opening and closing is improved.
【００２３】また、複数の螺旋の中心が相対的にずれる
ことを考慮し、閉じた状態の隙間にゆとりを持たせるた
め、摩擦がより少なくなる。Further, considering that the centers of the plurality of spirals are relatively displaced, the clearance in the closed state is given a margin, so that the friction is further reduced.
【図１】フレキシブルプリント基板を携帯電話端末に組
み込む前の状態を示す部分透過斜視図である。FIG. 1 is a partially transparent perspective view showing a state before a flexible printed circuit board is incorporated into a mobile phone terminal.
【図２】図２の組み込んだ後の状態を示す部分透過斜視
図である。FIG. 2 is a partially transparent perspective view showing a state after being assembled in FIG. 2;
【図３】開いた状態の螺旋部の状態を示す側面図であ
る。FIG. 3 is a side view showing a state of a spiral portion in an opened state.
【図４】閉じた状態の螺旋部の状態を示す側面図であ
る。FIG. 4 is a side view showing a state of a spiral portion in a closed state.
【図５】図４に対応する従来例を示す側面図である。FIG. 5 is a side view showing a conventional example corresponding to FIG.
１ 受話部 １１ 受話部のプリント基板 １２ 受話部のコネクタ １３ 受話部のコネクタ １４ 受話部の筐体 ２ 送話部 ２１ 送話部のプリント基板 ２２ 送話部のコネクタ ２３ 送話部のコネクタ ２４ 受話部の筐体 ３ ヒンジ部 ４ 第１のフレキシブルプリント基板 ４１ 第１のフレキシブルプリント基板の上面 ５ 第２のフレキシブルプリント基板 ５１ 第２のフレキシブルプリント基板の上面 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Receiver 11 Printed circuit board of receiver 12 Connector of receiver 13 Connector of receiver 14 Housing of receiver 2 Transmitter 21 Printed circuit board of transmitter 22 Connector of transmitter 23 Connector of transmitter 24 Receiver Unit 3 Hinge 4 First Flexible Printed Board 41 Upper Surface of 1st Flexible Printed Board 5 2nd Flexible Printed Board 51 Upper Surface of 2nd Flexible Printed Board
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 尾崎 次郎 鳥取県鳥取市南吉方３丁目201番地 鳥取 三洋電機株式会社内 Ｆターム(参考） 4E360 AA02 AB12 AB17 AB20 AB42 ED04 ED17 ED27 GA12 GA33 GB26 5K023 AA07 BB26 DD08 LL01 ────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuing from the front page (72) Inventor Jiro Ozaki 3-201 Minamiyoshikata, Tottori City, Tottori Prefecture F-term in Tottori Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. (reference) 4E360 AA02 AB12 AB17 AB20 AB42 ED04 ED17 ED27 GA12 GA33 GB26 5K023 AA07 BB26 DD08 LL01
Claims (2)
１、第２の筐体と、ヒンジ部を介して第１の筐体から第
２の筐体に渡って配設される複数のフレキシブルプリン
ト基板とを備え、 前記ヒンジ部内に於いて、前記複数のフレキシブル基板
を重ねて螺旋状に配設し、且つ前記第１、第２の筐体を
閉じたときヒンジ部に於けるフレキシブル基板の夫々の
間に隙間を設けるようにしたことを特徴とする折畳式携
帯電話端末。A first housing and a second housing which are provided to be openable and closable via a hinge, and a plurality of housings arranged from the first housing to the second housing via a hinge portion. A flexible printed circuit board, wherein the plurality of flexible boards are arranged in a spiral in the hinge portion, and the first and second housings are closed when the flexible substrate is closed. Wherein a gap is provided between each of the portable telephone terminals.
１、第２の筐体と、ヒンジ部を介して第１の筐体から第
２の筐体に渡って配設される複数のフレキシブルプリン
ト基板とを備え、 前記ヒンジ部内に於いて、前記複数のフレキシブル基板
を重ねて螺旋状に配設し、且つ前記第１、第２の筐体を
閉じたとき外側のフレキシブルプリント基板の内面の平
均半径がその内側のフレキシブルプリント基板の外面の
平均半径より所定寸法以上大きくなるようにしたことを
特徴とする折畳式携帯電話端末。2. A plurality of first and second housings provided to be openable and closable via a hinge, and a plurality of housings arranged from the first housing to the second housing via a hinge portion. A flexible printed circuit board, wherein the plurality of flexible boards are arranged in a spiral in the hinge portion, and the inner surface of the outer flexible printed circuit board when the first and second housings are closed. Wherein the average radius is larger than the average radius of the outer surface of the flexible printed circuit board by a predetermined dimension or more.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000251419A JP3717769B2 (en) | 2000-08-22 | 2000-08-22 | Folding mobile phone terminal |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000251419A JP3717769B2 (en) | 2000-08-22 | 2000-08-22 | Folding mobile phone terminal |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2002064604A true JP2002064604A (en) | 2002-02-28 |
| JP3717769B2 JP3717769B2 (en) | 2005-11-16 |
Family
ID=18740829
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000251419A Expired - Fee Related JP3717769B2 (en) | 2000-08-22 | 2000-08-22 | Folding mobile phone terminal |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3717769B2 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006073840A (en) * | 2004-09-03 | 2006-03-16 | Nec Corp | Flexible wiring substrate and folding electronic equipment |
| JP2006238232A (en) * | 2005-02-25 | 2006-09-07 | Kyocera Corp | Electronic equipment and cover member |
| US7391467B2 (en) | 2003-05-02 | 2008-06-24 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Signal delivery apparatus, hinge apparatus and image photographing apparatus |
| US7711112B2 (en) | 2002-03-19 | 2010-05-04 | Panasonic Corporation | Hinge, and opening/closing type portable terminal device having the same |
| US11003222B2 (en) | 2016-06-24 | 2021-05-11 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd | Electronic device comprising multiple displays |
-
2000
- 2000-08-22 JP JP2000251419A patent/JP3717769B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7711112B2 (en) | 2002-03-19 | 2010-05-04 | Panasonic Corporation | Hinge, and opening/closing type portable terminal device having the same |
| US7391467B2 (en) | 2003-05-02 | 2008-06-24 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Signal delivery apparatus, hinge apparatus and image photographing apparatus |
| JP2006073840A (en) * | 2004-09-03 | 2006-03-16 | Nec Corp | Flexible wiring substrate and folding electronic equipment |
| JP4552565B2 (en) * | 2004-09-03 | 2010-09-29 | 日本電気株式会社 | Flexible wiring board and folding electronic device |
| JP2006238232A (en) * | 2005-02-25 | 2006-09-07 | Kyocera Corp | Electronic equipment and cover member |
| JP4671710B2 (en) * | 2005-02-25 | 2011-04-20 | 京セラ株式会社 | Electronics |
| US11003222B2 (en) | 2016-06-24 | 2021-05-11 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd | Electronic device comprising multiple displays |
| US11360525B2 (en) | 2016-06-24 | 2022-06-14 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd | Electronic device comprising multiple displays |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3717769B2 (en) | 2005-11-16 |
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