JP2001100490A - Image forming device, process cartridge, electrophotographic photoreceptor and conductive member - Google Patents

Image forming device, process cartridge, electrophotographic photoreceptor and conductive member

Info

Publication number
JP2001100490A
JP2001100490A JP28019499A JP28019499A JP2001100490A JP 2001100490 A JP2001100490 A JP 2001100490A JP 28019499 A JP28019499 A JP 28019499A JP 28019499 A JP28019499 A JP 28019499A JP 2001100490 A JP2001100490 A JP 2001100490A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
conductive
charging
fine particles
layer
electrophotographic photosensitive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP28019499A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Hiroshi Inoue
宏 井上
Naoki Fuei
直喜 笛井
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Canon Inc
Original Assignee
Canon Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Canon Inc filed Critical Canon Inc
Priority to JP28019499A priority Critical patent/JP2001100490A/en
Publication of JP2001100490A publication Critical patent/JP2001100490A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an image forming device, process cartridge, electrophotographic photoreceptor and conducting member in which even when only a DC voltage is applied on an electrifying member to electrify the objective body, image defects in spots or stripes are prevented. SOLUTION: The image forming device, process cartridge, electrophotographic photoreceptor and conducting member have the following features. The electrophotographic photoreceptor is produced by successively laminating at least a charge producing layer and a charge transfer layer on a conductive supporting body, and the charge transfer layer has 12 to 40 μm film thickness. By applying a DC voltage on the conducting member, the conducting member electrifies the electrophotographic photoreceptor. The conducting member consists of a conductive supporting body and an elastic layer and a surface layer successively formed on the supporting body. The surface layer contains hydrophobic conductive fine particles and hydrophilic conductive fine particles. The amount W1 of the hydrophobic conductive fine particles and the amount W2 of the hydrophilic conductive fine particles satisfy the relation of W1>=W2.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

【０００１】[0001]

【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、プリンタ、ファク
シミリ及び複写機等の電子写真方式を採用した画像形成
装置における帯電部材、現像剤担持部材、転写部材、ク
リーニング部材、除電部材等、電気的に被接触物をコン
トロールする導電部材、画像形成装置、プロセスカート
リッジ及び電子写真感光体に関し、より詳しくは、電圧
を印加した帯電部材を被帯電体に接触させて、被帯電体
を帯電する接触帯電部材である導電性部材、画像形成装
置、プロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真感光体に関す
る。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an electrophotographic image forming apparatus such as a printer, a facsimile machine, a copying machine, etc., which electrically connects a charging member, a developer carrying member, a transfer member, a cleaning member, a charge removing member and the like. The present invention relates to a conductive member for controlling an object to be contacted, an image forming apparatus, a process cartridge, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor. And an image forming apparatus, a process cartridge, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

【０００２】[0002]

【従来の技術】便宜上、電子写真方式のレーザービーム
プリンタ、複写機及びファクシミリ等の画像形成装置を
例にして説明する。2. Description of the Related Art For convenience, an image forming apparatus such as a laser beam printer, a copying machine, and a facsimile of an electrophotographic system will be described as an example.

【０００３】従来、電子写真プロセスにおける帯電プロ
セスは、金属ワイヤーに高電圧（直流電圧６〜８ｋＶ）
を印加して発生するコロナシャワーにより被帯電体であ
る感光体面を所定の極性・電位に一様帯電させるコロナ
帯電器が広く利用されていた。しかし、高圧電源を必要
とする、比較的多量のオゾンの発生等の問題がある。Conventionally, a charging process in an electrophotographic process involves applying a high voltage (DC voltage of 6 to 8 kV) to a metal wire.
2. Description of the Related Art A corona charger that uniformly charges a surface of a photoreceptor, which is a member to be charged, to a predetermined polarity and potential by a corona shower generated by applying a voltage has been widely used. However, there are problems such as generation of a relatively large amount of ozone that requires a high-voltage power supply.

【０００４】これに対して帯電部材を感光体に接触させ
ながら電圧を印加して、感光体表面を帯電させる接触帯
電方式が実用化されている。これは、感光体に、ローラ
型、ブレード型、ブラシ型及び磁気ブラシ型等の電荷供
給部材としての帯電部材を接触させ、この接触帯電部材
に所定の帯電バイアスを印加して感光体面を所定の極性
・電位に一様帯電させるものである。On the other hand, a contact charging system in which a voltage is applied while a charging member is in contact with a photosensitive member to charge the surface of the photosensitive member has been put to practical use. That is, a charging member as a charge supply member such as a roller type, a blade type, a brush type and a magnetic brush type is brought into contact with the photoreceptor, and a predetermined charging bias is applied to the contact charging member to bring the photoreceptor surface into a predetermined state. This is to uniformly charge to polarity and potential.

【０００５】この帯電方式は、電源の低電圧化とオゾン
の発生量が少ないという利点を有している。この中でも
特に、接触帯電部材として導電ローラ（帯電ローラ）を
用いたローラ帯電方式が、帯電の安定性という点から好
ましく用いられている。しかしながら、帯電の均一性に
関しては、コロナ帯電器と比較してやや劣っている。This charging method has the advantages of lowering the voltage of the power supply and reducing the amount of ozone generated. Among them, a roller charging method using a conductive roller (charging roller) as a contact charging member is particularly preferably used from the viewpoint of charging stability. However, the charging uniformity is somewhat inferior to the corona charger.

【０００６】この帯電均一性を改善するために、特開昭
６３−１４９６６９号公報に開示されるように、所望の
被帯電体表面電位Ｖｄに相当する直流電圧に帯電開始電
圧（ＶTH）の２倍以上のピーク間電圧を持つ交流電圧成
分（ＡＣ電圧成分）を重畳した電圧（交番電圧・脈流電
圧・振動電圧；時間とともに電圧値が周期的に変化する
電圧）を接触帯電部材に印加する「ＡＣ帯電方式」が用
いられる。これは、ＡＣ電圧による電位のならし効果を
目的としたものであり、被帯電体の電位はＡＣ電圧のピ
ークの中央である電位Ｖｄに収束し、環境等の外乱には
影響されることはなく、接触帯電方式として優れた方法
である。In order to improve the charging uniformity, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-149669, a charging start voltage (V TH ) is reduced to a DC voltage corresponding to a desired surface potential Vd of a member to be charged. A voltage (alternating voltage, pulsating voltage, oscillating voltage; voltage whose voltage value changes periodically with time) superimposed with an AC voltage component (AC voltage component) having a peak-to-peak voltage of twice or more is applied to the contact charging member. The “AC charging method” is used. This is for the purpose of the leveling effect of the potential by the AC voltage, and the potential of the member to be charged converges to the potential Vd, which is the center of the peak of the AC voltage, and is not affected by disturbances such as the environment. This is an excellent method as a contact charging method.

【０００７】しかしながら、特開昭６３−１４９６６９
号公報では、直流電圧印加時における帯電開始電圧（Ｖ
TH）の２倍以上のピーク間電圧である高圧の交流電圧を
重畳させるため、直流電源とは別に交流電源が必要とな
り、装置自体のコストアップを招く。更には、交流電流
を多量に消費することにより、帯電ローラ及び電子写真
感光体の耐久性が低下するという問題点があった。However, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-149669
In the publication, charging start voltage (V
In order to superimpose a high AC voltage which is a peak-to-peak voltage twice or more than TH ), an AC power source is required separately from a DC power source, which leads to an increase in the cost of the device itself. Furthermore, there is a problem that the durability of the charging roller and the electrophotographic photosensitive member is reduced by consuming a large amount of the alternating current.

【０００８】また、これらの問題点は、帯電ローラに直
流電圧のみを印加して帯電を行うことにより解消される
ものの、帯電ローラに直流電圧のみを印加すると、以下
の問題点が発生した。Further, these problems can be solved by applying only a DC voltage to the charging roller to perform charging. However, applying only a DC voltage to the charging roller causes the following problems.

【０００９】前記従来の帯電部材に直流電圧のみを印加
するだけでは、電子写真感光体に均一な帯電ができない
という問題があった。例えば、低湿環境下において、電
子写真感光体表面の各部に均一な帯電がなされず、ハー
フトーン画像上に微小な斑点状、あるいは電子写真感光
体の長手方向に長さ１〜１００ｍｍ、幅０．５ｍｍ以下
の黒スジ状や白スジ状の欠陥が発生することが多かっ
た。There is a problem that uniform charging of the electrophotographic photosensitive member cannot be achieved only by applying only a DC voltage to the conventional charging member. For example, in a low-humidity environment, each part of the electrophotographic photoreceptor surface is not uniformly charged, and has fine spots on a halftone image, or has a length of 1 to 100 mm and a width of 0.1 to 100 mm in the longitudinal direction of the electrophotographic photoreceptor. In many cases, black streak or white streak defects of 5 mm or less were generated.

【００１０】直流電圧のみを印加して帯電の均一性を得
る方法として、特開平５−３４１６２６号公報におい
て、帯電部材と被帯電体との間に形成される上流側の微
少ギャップに、光照射（ニップ露光）し被帯電体面の電
荷を除去して、下流側の微少ギャップを介して帯電を行
う技術が開示されている。この方法により、かなり改善
され比較的均一に被帯電体面を帯電することができる
が、まだ十分ではなかった。As a method of obtaining uniform charging by applying only a DC voltage, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-341626 discloses a method in which light is applied to a small upstream gap formed between a charging member and a member to be charged. There has been disclosed a technique in which charge is removed from a surface of an object to be charged by performing (nip exposure) and charging is performed via a minute gap on the downstream side. According to this method, the surface of the object to be charged can be considerably improved and relatively uniformly charged, but it has not been sufficient yet.

【００１１】また、特に低湿環境下において、帯電部材
が連続使用により通電劣化し、帯電部材の抵抗が上昇
（チャージアップ）し易い。それに伴い帯電処理された
被帯電体表面の帯電電位が低下するという問題がある。Further, particularly in a low-humidity environment, the electrification of the charging member is deteriorated by continuous use, and the resistance of the charging member is likely to increase (charge-up). Along with this, there is a problem that the charged potential of the surface of the charged member subjected to the charging treatment is reduced.

【００１２】このような通電劣化し易い従来の問題の発
生する従来の帯電ローラを用いて、例えば、反転現像方
式を用いた画像形成装置により連続複数枚の画像出力を
行うと、初期画像に比べて連続複数枚出力後の画像は画
像品質が低下するという問題があった。When a conventional charging roller having such a conventional problem that is liable to be deteriorated by energization is used to continuously output a plurality of images by an image forming apparatus using a reversal developing method, for example, compared with the initial image, As a result, there is a problem that the image quality of a plurality of continuously output images is reduced.

【００１３】また、接触帯電方式を用いる画像形成装置
においては、帯電部材の汚れ（現像剤の表面付着）によ
る帯電不良により画像濃度ムラやカブリ等が生じ、耐久
性に問題が生じる傾向にあり、帯電部材の汚れによる帯
電不良の影響を防止することが複数枚のプリントを可能
にするため急務であった。特に、帯電部材に直流電圧の
みを印加するＤＣ帯電方式の場合、帯電部材の汚れの影
響がＡＣ帯電方式に比べ、画像不良として現れ易い傾向
にある。Further, in an image forming apparatus using a contact charging method, unevenness in image density and fog tend to occur due to poor charging due to contamination of the charging member (adhesion of the developer to the surface), which tends to cause a problem in durability. It was urgently necessary to prevent the influence of poor charging due to contamination of the charging member in order to enable printing on a plurality of sheets. In particular, in the case of the DC charging system in which only a DC voltage is applied to the charging member, the influence of contamination on the charging member tends to appear as an image defect more easily than in the AC charging system.

【００１４】[0014]

【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明の目的は、上記
に鑑みてなされたものであって、帯電部材に直流電圧の
みを印加して被帯電体の帯電処理を行った場合でも、斑
点状やスジ状の画像欠陥を防止する画像形成装置、プロ
セスカートリッジ、電子写真感光体及び導電部材を提供
することにある。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention has been made in view of the above, and it is an object of the present invention to apply a DC voltage only to a charging member to perform a charging process on a member to be charged. An object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus, a process cartridge, an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and a conductive member which prevent image defects in a stripe shape.

【００１５】本発明の別の目的は、帯電部材に直流電圧
のみを印加して連続使用を行った場合にも通電劣化によ
る帯電部材の抵抗上昇を防止し、長期にわたって良好な
帯電特性を維持する画像形成装置、プロセスカートリッ
ジ、電子写真感光体及び導電部材を提供することにあ
る。Another object of the present invention is to prevent a rise in the resistance of the charging member due to deterioration in conduction and maintain good charging characteristics for a long period of time even when continuous use is performed by applying only a DC voltage to the charging member. An object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus, a process cartridge, an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a conductive member.

【００１６】本発明の更に別の目的は、帯電部材の汚れ
に起因した帯電不良が発生せず、長期にわたって良好な
帯電特性を維持する画像形成装置、プロセスカートリッ
ジ、電子写真感光体及び導電部材を提供することにあ
る。Still another object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus, a process cartridge, an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a conductive member which maintain good charging characteristics for a long period without causing charging failure due to contamination of the charging member. To provide.

【００１７】[0017]

【課題を解決するための手段】本発明に従って、少なく
とも被帯電体である電子写真感光体、該電子写真感光体
に接触配置される帯電手段、露光手段、現像手段及び転
写手段を備える画像形成装置において、該電子写真感光
体が導電性支持体上に少なくとも電荷発生層及び電荷輸
送層を順次積層してなり、該電荷輸送層が１２〜４０μ
ｍの膜厚であり、かつ、該帯電手段が直流電圧を印加さ
れることにより前記電子写真感光体を帯電し、かつ、該
帯電手段を構成する導電部材が、少なくとも導電性支持
体及びその上に順次に設けられた弾性層と表面層とから
なり、かつ、該表面層に疎水性の導電性微粒子と親水性
の導電性微粒子が含有され、疎水性の導電性微粒子の含
有量をＷ１、親水性の導電性微粒子の含有量をＷ２とし
た時、Ｗ１≧Ｗ２ …（１）である画像形成装置が提供
される。According to the present invention, there is provided an image forming apparatus including at least an electrophotographic photosensitive member as a member to be charged, a charging unit, an exposing unit, a developing unit and a transferring unit arranged in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member. In the electrophotographic photosensitive member, at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are sequentially laminated on a conductive support, and the charge transport layer has a thickness of 12 to 40 μm.
m, and the charging means charges the electrophotographic photosensitive member by applying a DC voltage, and the conductive member constituting the charging means has at least a conductive support and The surface layer comprises an elastic layer and a surface layer sequentially provided, and the surface layer contains hydrophobic conductive fine particles and hydrophilic conductive fine particles, the content of the hydrophobic conductive fine particles W1, When the content of the hydrophilic conductive fine particles is W2, an image forming apparatus is provided in which W1 ≧ W2 (1).

【００１８】また、本発明に従って、少なくとも、像担
持体である電子写真感光体と、帯電手段と、これら電子
写真感光体及び帯電手段を一体的に収容するカートリッ
ジ容器とを備え、画像形成装置の本体に対して着脱自在
に装着されるプロセスカートリッジにおいて、該電子写
真感光体が、導電性支持体上に少なくとも電荷発生層及
び電荷輸送層を順次積層してなり、該電荷輸送層が１２
〜４０μｍの膜厚であり、かつ、該導電部材が直流電圧
を印加されることにより該電子写真感光体を帯電し、か
つ、該導電部材が、少なくとも導電性支持体及びその上
に順次に設けられた弾性層と表面層とからなり、かつ、
該表面層に疎水性の導電性微粒子と親水性の導電性微粒
子が含有され、疎水性の導電性微粒子の含有量をＷ１、
親水性の導電性微粒子の含有量をＷ２とした時、Ｗ１≧
Ｗ２ …（１） であるプロセスカートリッジが提供さ
れる。According to the present invention, there is provided at least an electrophotographic photosensitive member as an image carrier, a charging means, and a cartridge container integrally accommodating the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the charging means. In a process cartridge detachably mounted to a main body, the electrophotographic photosensitive member is formed by sequentially laminating at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on a conductive support, and the charge transport layer is
４０40 μm in thickness, and the conductive member charges the electrophotographic photosensitive member by applying a DC voltage, and the conductive member is provided at least on a conductive support and sequentially on the conductive support. Composed of the elastic layer and the surface layer, and
The surface layer contains hydrophobic conductive fine particles and hydrophilic conductive fine particles, and the content of the hydrophobic conductive fine particles is W1,
When the content of hydrophilic conductive fine particles is W2, W1 ≧
W2... (1) is provided.

【００１９】また、本発明に従って、少なくとも被帯電
体である電子写真感光体、該電子写真感光体に接触配置
される帯電手段、露光手段、現像手段及び転写手段を備
える画像形成装置において、該帯電手段を構成する導電
部材が、少なくとも導電性支持体及びその上に順次に設
けられた弾性層と表面層とからなり、かつ、該導電部材
の表面層に疎水性の導電性微粒子と親水性の導電性微粒
子を含有し、疎水性の導電性微粒子の含有量をＷ１、親
水性の導電性微粒子の含有量をＷ２とする時、Ｗ１≧Ｗ
２であり、該導電部材に直流電圧が印加されることによ
り前記電子写真感光体が帯電される電子写真感光体であ
って、該電子写真感光体が導電性支持体上に少なくとも
電荷発生層及び電荷輸送層を順次積層してなり、該電荷
輸送層が１２〜４０μｍの膜厚である電子写真感光体が
提供される。According to the present invention, there is provided an image forming apparatus comprising at least an electrophotographic photosensitive member which is a member to be charged and a charging means, an exposing means, a developing means and a transferring means arranged in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The conductive member constituting the means is composed of at least a conductive support and an elastic layer and a surface layer sequentially provided thereon, and the conductive member has a hydrophobic conductive fine particle and a hydrophilic conductive layer on the surface layer thereof. When the conductive fine particles are contained and the content of the hydrophobic conductive fine particles is W1 and the content of the hydrophilic conductive fine particles is W2, W1 ≧ W
2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member is charged by applying a DC voltage to the conductive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member has at least a charge generation layer and a conductive support on a conductive support. An electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided in which charge transport layers are sequentially laminated and the charge transport layer has a thickness of 12 to 40 μm.

【００２０】更に、本発明に従って、少なくとも被帯電
体である電子写真感光体、該電子写真感光体に接触配置
される導電部材で構成される帯電手段、露光手段、現像
手段及び転写手段を備える画像形成装置において、該電
子写真感光体が導電性支持体上に少なくとも電荷発生層
及び電荷輸送層を順次積層してなり、該電荷輸送層が１
２〜４０μｍの膜厚であり、前記導電部材が直流電圧を
印加されることにより前記電子写真感光体を帯電する導
電部材であって、該導電部材が、少なくとも導電性支持
体及びその上に順次に設けられた弾性層と表面層とから
なり、かつ、該導電部材の表面層に疎水性の導電性微粒
子と親水性の導電性微粒子を含有し、疎水性の導電性微
粒子の含有量をＷ１、親水性の導電性微粒子の含有量を
Ｗ２とする時、Ｗ１≧Ｗ２ …（１） である導電部材
が提供される。Further, according to the present invention, there is provided an image having at least an electrophotographic photosensitive member as a member to be charged, a charging means comprising a conductive member arranged in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an exposing means, a developing means and a transferring means. In the forming apparatus, the electrophotographic photoreceptor is obtained by sequentially laminating at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on a conductive support.
A thickness of 2 to 40 μm, wherein the conductive member is a conductive member that charges the electrophotographic photoreceptor when a DC voltage is applied thereto, and the conductive member includes at least a conductive support and And a surface layer of the conductive member, wherein the surface layer of the conductive member contains hydrophobic conductive fine particles and hydrophilic conductive fine particles, and the content of the hydrophobic conductive fine particles is W1. When the content of the hydrophilic conductive fine particles is W2, a conductive member satisfying W1 ≧ W2 (1) is provided.

【００２１】[0021]

【発明の実施の形態】以下に、本発明の実施の形態を詳
細に説明する。Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail.

【００２２】我々が鋭意検討を重ねた結果、帯電部材に
直流電圧のみを印加して感光体を帯電処理した時に発生
する、斑点状やスジ状の画像欠陥を防止するには、帯電
部材に導電性微粒子を均一に分散させること、及び帯電
部材の表面に導電性微粒子がある程度露出していること
が好ましいことがわかった。As a result of our intensive studies, it has been found that, in order to prevent spot-like or streak-like image defects that occur when a photosensitive member is charged by applying only a DC voltage to the charging member, the charging member must be electrically conductive. It was found that it is preferable to uniformly disperse the conductive fine particles and to expose the conductive fine particles to some extent on the surface of the charging member.

【００２３】また、帯電部材に長時間、直流電圧のみを
印加した場合に起こる、通電劣化に伴う帯電部材の抵抗
上昇（チャージアップ）を防止するには、帯電部材の表
面層に疎水性の導電性微粒子を含有させることが有効で
あることがわかった。In order to prevent an increase in the resistance (charge-up) of the charging member due to deterioration due to energization, which occurs when only a DC voltage is applied to the charging member for a long time, the surface layer of the charging member must have a hydrophobic conductive material. It was found that the inclusion of conductive fine particles was effective.

【００２４】以上より、帯電の均一性の向上と通電劣化
の防止を両立させるためには、疎水性の導電性微粒子を
均一に分散させ、更にある程度、表面に導電性微粒子を
露出させることが重要であることが分かった。From the above, it is important to uniformly disperse hydrophobic conductive fine particles and to expose the conductive fine particles to the surface to some extent in order to achieve both improvement in charging uniformity and prevention of deterioration due to electrification. It turned out to be.

【００２５】しかしながら、帯電部材の抵抗均一化を目
的に疎水性の導電性微粒子を均一に分散させることを優
先させると、結着樹脂と導電性微粒子との濡れ性が高く
なり、導電性微粒子の表面がしっかりと結着樹脂で覆わ
れてしまうため、帯電部材表面に導電性微粒子が露出し
難い。However, if priority is given to uniformly dispersing the hydrophobic conductive fine particles for the purpose of uniforming the resistance of the charging member, the wettability between the binder resin and the conductive fine particles increases, and Since the surface is firmly covered with the binder resin, the conductive fine particles are hardly exposed on the surface of the charging member.

【００２６】そこで、更に我々が鋭意検討を重ねた結
果、導電性微粒子を均一に分散させ、その一部を表面に
露出させるには、疎水性の導電性微粒子に少量の親水性
の導電性微粒子を併せて添加することが非常に効果的で
あることがわかった。親水性の導電性微粒子は、疎水性
のそれとは逆に結着樹脂（疎水性の導電性微粒子と濡れ
性のよい結着樹脂）との濡れ性があまりよくないため適
度に帯電部材表面に露出し易い。Therefore, as a result of further intensive studies, it has been found that, in order to disperse the conductive fine particles uniformly and expose a part thereof on the surface, a small amount of the hydrophilic conductive fine particles is added to the hydrophobic conductive fine particles. Was found to be very effective. The hydrophilic conductive fine particles are not sufficiently wettable with the binder resin (hydrophobic conductive fine particles and a binder resin having good wettability) in contrast to the hydrophobic conductive fine particles, so that they are appropriately exposed to the surface of the charging member. Easy to do.

【００２７】また、親水性の導電性微粒子の含有量を疎
水性の導電性微粒子の含有量よりも少なくすることで、
帯電部材の抵抗の均一性を維持できることがわかった。
帯電部材の抵抗調整は、主に分散性の良い疎水性の導電
性微粒子にその役割を果たさせ、やや分散性の劣る親水
性の導電性微粒子は補助的に使うことで、帯電部材の抵
抗の均一性を維持できるものと考えられる。By making the content of the hydrophilic conductive fine particles smaller than the content of the hydrophobic conductive fine particles,
It was found that the uniformity of the resistance of the charging member could be maintained.
The adjustment of the resistance of the charging member is mainly performed by the hydrophobic conductive fine particles having good dispersibility, and the hydrophilic conductive fine particles having slightly poor dispersibility are used as an auxiliary, so that the resistance of the charging member is reduced. Is considered to be able to maintain the uniformity.

【００２８】また、親水性の導電性微粒子は通電劣化の
原因となるので、その添加はできるだけ少量にすること
が好ましいことがわかった。そして、本発明の構成に至
ったのである。Further, it has been found that the addition of the hydrophilic conductive fine particles is preferably as small as possible, because the conductive fine particles cause deterioration of the electric current. Then, the structure of the present invention has been reached.

【００２９】何故、帯電部材の表面に導電性粒子を露出
させると、斑点状やスジ状の画像欠陥を防止できるの
か、我々は次のように考えている。例えば、ローラ形状
の帯電部材を用いて電子写真感光体の帯電処理を行う場
合、電子写真感光体の帯電は図４に示す帯電部材の放電
領域を説明する概略図のように帯電部材と電子写真感光
体との当接部の両脇に形成される、微少空間の放電によ
って行われる。直流電圧のみを帯電部材に印加するＤＣ
帯電方式の場合、電子写真感光体の帯電は、電子写真感
光体の回転方向に対して上流側の位置に形成される微少
空間のみの放電でほぼ完結してしまう。斑点状やスジ状
の帯電電位ムラもこの時、上流側で発生すると考えられ
る。We consider as follows why exposing the conductive particles on the surface of the charging member can prevent spot-like or streak-like image defects. For example, when the charging process of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is performed using a roller-shaped charging member, the charging of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is performed by the charging member and the electrophotographic photosensitive member as illustrated in FIG. This is performed by discharge in a minute space formed on both sides of the contact portion with the photoconductor. DC that applies only DC voltage to the charging member
In the case of the charging method, the charging of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is almost completed by discharging only a minute space formed at a position on the upstream side with respect to the rotation direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. In this case, it is considered that spot-like or streak-like uneven charging potential also occurs at the upstream side.

【００３０】ここで本発明のように帯電部材の表面に導
電性微粒子を露出させる構成とすることで、上流側の微
少空間で発生した電子写真感光体上の斑点状やスジ状の
電位ムラが電子写真感光体と帯電部材との当接部を通過
する際に、帯電部材表面に露出した導電性微粒子を介し
て、電子写真感光体と帯電部材との間で電荷のやり取り
が行われ、電位ムラが均されるものと考えられる。Here, by adopting a configuration in which the conductive fine particles are exposed on the surface of the charging member as in the present invention, spot-like or streak-like potential unevenness on the electrophotographic photosensitive member generated in the minute space on the upstream side can be prevented. When passing through the contact portion between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the charging member, electric charges are exchanged between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the charging member via conductive fine particles exposed on the surface of the charging member, and the potential is changed. It is considered that unevenness is leveled.

【００３１】また、帯電部材の表面の静摩擦係数が１．
０以下であれば、帯電部材表面に汚れが付着し難くなり
帯電部材の汚れに起因した帯電不良が発生し難く、複数
枚のプリントを可能にする。特に、現像同時クリーニン
グ（クリーナーレス）方式を採用した電子写真画像形成
装置の複数枚プリントを可能にするのに有効である。The static friction coefficient of the surface of the charging member is 1.
If it is 0 or less, dirt hardly adheres to the surface of the charging member, poor charging due to dirt on the charging member hardly occurs, and printing of a plurality of sheets is possible. In particular, it is effective to enable printing of a plurality of sheets in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus employing a simultaneous development and cleaning (cleanerless) system.

【００３２】また、帯電部材をリサイクルするという観
点においても、帯電部材の表面の静摩擦係数が１．０以
下であるような構成にすることで、簡易な方法で帯電部
材の表面から、僅かに付着している汚れを容易に除去す
ることができ、初期とほぼ同等の帯電部材に回復させる
ことができ有効である。Further, from the viewpoint of recycling the charging member, by adopting a structure in which the static friction coefficient of the surface of the charging member is 1.0 or less, the surface of the charging member can be slightly adhered by a simple method. This is effective because it is possible to easily remove the contaminants, and to recover the charging member to a substantially same level as the initial charging member.

【００３３】また、帯電部材の表面粗さを十点平均表面
粗さ（Ｒｚ）が１０μｍ以下に設計することで、帯電部
材表面の凹凸に起因した帯電ムラの発生を防止すること
ができ、均一な帯電を可能にする。By designing the surface roughness of the charging member to have a ten-point average surface roughness (Rz) of 10 μm or less, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of uneven charging due to unevenness of the surface of the charging member, and to achieve uniformity. It enables a proper charging.

【００３４】また、帯電部材の表面粗さが粗いと表面の
凹部に現像剤（トナー）等が入り込み易くなり、帯電部
材が汚れ易くなってしまう。従って、帯電部材の十点平
均表面粗さ（Ｒｚ）は、現像剤（トナー）の粒子径未満
であることが特に好ましい。Further, if the surface roughness of the charging member is rough, a developer (toner) or the like easily enters a concave portion on the surface, and the charging member is easily stained. Therefore, it is particularly preferable that the ten-point average surface roughness (Rz) of the charging member is smaller than the particle diameter of the developer (toner).

【００３５】次に、本発明の画像形成装置の概略構成に
ついて説明する。Next, a schematic configuration of the image forming apparatus of the present invention will be described.

【００３６】（１）画像形成装置 図１は、本発明に従う画像形成装置の概略構成図であ
る。本例の画像形成装置は、転写式電子写真利用の反転
現像方式、現像同時クリーニング方式（クリーナレス）
の装置である。(1) Image Forming Apparatus FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of an image forming apparatus according to the present invention. The image forming apparatus of the present embodiment is a reversal developing method using a transfer type electrophotography, and a simultaneous cleaning method (cleanerless).
Device.

【００３７】１は像担持体としての回転ドラム型の電子
写真感光体であり、矢印の方向に所定の周速度（プロセ
ススピード）で回転駆動される。Reference numeral 1 denotes a rotating drum type electrophotographic photosensitive member as an image carrier, which is rotated at a predetermined peripheral speed (process speed) in the direction of an arrow.

【００３８】２は電子写真感光体帯電手段としての帯電
ローラ（導電性ローラ）であり、電子写真感光体１に所
定の押圧力で接触させてあり、本例では帯電ローラを駆
動し、電子写真感光体１と等速回転する。この帯電ロー
ラ２に対して帯電バイアス印加電源Ｓ１から所定の直流
電圧（この場合−１３００Ｖとした）が印加されること
で、回転電子写真感光体１の面が所定の極性電位（暗部
電位−７００Ｖとした）に一様に接触帯電方式・ＤＣ帯
電方式で帯電処理される。Reference numeral 2 denotes a charging roller (conductive roller) as an electrophotographic photosensitive member charging means, which is brought into contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 with a predetermined pressing force. It rotates at the same speed as the photoconductor 1. When a predetermined DC voltage (in this case, -1300 V) is applied to the charging roller 2 from a charging bias application power source S1, the surface of the rotating electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 has a predetermined polarity potential (dark portion potential -700V). The charging process is uniformly performed by the contact charging method and the DC charging method.

【００３９】３は露光手段であり、例えばレーザービー
ムスキャナーである。回転電子写真感光体１の一様帯電
処理面に露光手段３により目的の画像情報に対応した露
光Ｌがなされることにより、電子写真感光体帯電面の露
光明部の電位（明部電位−１２０Ｖとした）が選択的に
低下（減衰）して静電潜像が形成される。Reference numeral 3 denotes an exposure unit, for example, a laser beam scanner. Exposure L corresponding to the target image information is performed on the uniformly charged surface of the rotating electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 by the exposing means 3, whereby the potential of the exposed light portion of the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor (bright portion potential −120 V) ) Is selectively reduced (attenuated) to form an electrostatic latent image.

【００４０】４は反転現像手段であり、電子写真感光体
面の静電潜像の露光明部に、電子写真感光体の帯電極性
と同極性に帯電（現像バイアス−３５０Ｖ）しているト
ナー（ネガトナー）を選択的に付着させて静電潜像をト
ナー画像として可視化する。Reference numeral 4 denotes reversal developing means, which is a toner (negative toner) charged to the exposed portion of the electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member to have the same polarity as the charged polarity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member (developing bias -350 V). ) Is selectively adhered to visualize the electrostatic latent image as a toner image.

【００４１】５は転写手段としての転写ローラであり、
電子写真感光体１に所定の押圧力で接触させて転写ニッ
プ部を形成させてあり、電子写真感光体の回転と順方向
に電子写真感光体の回転周速度とほぼ同じ周速度で回転
する。また、転写バイアス印加電源Ｓ２からトナーの帯
電極性とは逆極性の転写電圧が印加される。転写ニップ
部に対して不図示の給紙機構部から転写材Ｐが所定の制
御タイミングで給紙され、その給紙された転写材Ｐの裏
面が転写電圧を印加した転写ローラ５によりトナーの帯
電極性とは逆極性に帯電されることにより、転写ニップ
部において電子写真感光体１面側のトナー画像が転写材
Ｐの表面側に静電転写される。Reference numeral 5 denotes a transfer roller as transfer means.
A transfer nip is formed by contacting the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 with a predetermined pressing force, and rotates at a peripheral speed substantially equal to the rotational peripheral speed of the electrophotographic photosensitive member in a forward direction with the rotation of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Further, a transfer voltage having a polarity opposite to the charge polarity of the toner is applied from the transfer bias application power source S2. The transfer material P is fed to the transfer nip from a feed mechanism (not shown) at a predetermined control timing, and the back surface of the fed transfer material P is charged with toner by the transfer roller 5 to which a transfer voltage is applied. The toner image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 is electrostatically transferred to the surface of the transfer material P at the transfer nip portion by being charged to the polarity opposite to the polarity.

【００４２】転写ニップ部でトナー画像の転写を受けた
転写材は、回転電子写真感光体面から分離されて、不図
示のトナー画像定着手段へ導入されてトナー画像の定着
処理を受けて画像形成物として出力される。両面画像形
成モードや多重画像形成モードの場合は、この画像形成
物が不図示の再循環搬送機構に導入されて転写ニップ部
へ再導入される。The transfer material to which the toner image has been transferred at the transfer nip portion is separated from the surface of the rotating electrophotographic photosensitive member, introduced into a toner image fixing means (not shown), subjected to a toner image fixing process, and subjected to an image forming process. Is output as In the case of the double-sided image forming mode or the multiple image forming mode, this image-formed product is introduced into a recirculation transport mechanism (not shown) and is again introduced into the transfer nip portion.

【００４３】転写残余トナー等の電子写真感光体上の残
留物は、帯電ローラにより電子写真感光体帯電極性と同
極性に帯電される。そして、その転写残余トナーは露光
部を通って現像手段４に至って、バックコントラストに
より電気的に現像装置内に回収され、現像同時クリーニ
ング（クリーナーレス）を達成したものである。Residues on the electrophotographic photosensitive member such as transfer residual toner are charged to the same polarity as the charging polarity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member by the charging roller. Then, the transfer residual toner reaches the developing unit 4 through the exposure unit, is electrically collected in the developing device by the back contrast, and achieves the simultaneous development cleaning (cleanerless).

【００４４】（２）電子写真感光体 本発明の画像形成装置に用いられる像担持体である電子
写真感光体１は、以下のように構成される。(2) Electrophotographic Photoreceptor The electrophotographic photoreceptor 1, which is an image carrier used in the image forming apparatus of the present invention, is configured as follows.

【００４５】感光層１ｂは、導電性支持体１ａの上に設
けられる。導電性支持体１ａとしては、アルミニウムや
ステンレス等の金属、紙及びプラスチック等の円筒状シ
リンダー、シート又はフィルム等が用いられる。また、
これらの円筒状シリンダー、シート又はフィルムは、必
要に応じて導電性ポリマー層あるいは酸化スズ、酸化チ
タン及び銀粒子等の導電性粒子を含有する樹脂層を有し
ていてもよい。The photosensitive layer 1b is provided on the conductive support 1a. As the conductive support 1a, a metal such as aluminum or stainless steel, a cylindrical cylinder such as paper and plastic, a sheet or a film, or the like is used. Also,
These cylindrical cylinders, sheets or films may have a conductive polymer layer or a resin layer containing conductive particles such as tin oxide, titanium oxide and silver particles as required.

【００４６】また、図６に示すように感光層１ｂは、導
電性支持体１ａ上に少なくとも電荷発生層１１ｂ及び電
荷輸送層１２ｂを順次積層して構成される。この時、図
６に示すように導電性支持体１ａと感光層１ｂ（電荷発
生層１１ｂ）の間には、バリアー機能と下引機能をもつ
下引層１ｃ（接着層）を設けることができる。As shown in FIG. 6, the photosensitive layer 1b is formed by sequentially laminating at least a charge generation layer 11b and a charge transport layer 12b on a conductive support 1a. At this time, as shown in FIG. 6, an undercoat layer 1c (adhesive layer) having a barrier function and an undercoat function can be provided between the conductive support 1a and the photosensitive layer 1b (charge generation layer 11b). .

【００４７】下引層１ｃは、感光層の接着性改良、塗工
性改良、支持体の保護、支持体上の欠陥の被覆、支持体
からの電荷注入性改良及び感光層の電気的破壊に対する
保護等のために形成される。その膜厚は、０．２〜２μ
ｍ程度である。The undercoat layer 1c is used for improving the adhesiveness of the photosensitive layer, improving the coating property, protecting the support, covering defects on the support, improving the charge injection property from the support, and preventing electrical destruction of the photosensitive layer. It is formed for protection and the like. Its film thickness is 0.2-2μ
m.

【００４８】電荷発生層１１ｂに含有される電荷発生材
料としては、例えば、ピリリウム、チオピリリウム系染
料、フタロシアニン系顔料、アントアントロン顔料、ジ
ベンズピレンキノン顔料、ピラトロン顔料、アゾ顔料、
インジゴ顔料、キナクリドン系顔料、非対称キノシアニ
ン及びキノシアニン等が挙げられる。Examples of the charge generation material contained in the charge generation layer 11b include pyrylium, thiopyrylium dyes, phthalocyanine pigments, anthantrone pigments, dibenzpyrenequinone pigments, pyratron pigments, azo pigments, and the like.
Indigo pigments, quinacridone pigments, asymmetric quinocyanines, quinocyanines and the like.

【００４９】電荷輸送層１２ｂに含有される電荷輸送材
料としては、例えば、ヒドラゾン系化合物、ピラゾリン
系化合物、スチリル系化合物、オキサゾール系化合物、
チアゾール系化合物、トリアリールメタン系化合物及び
ポリアリールアルカン系化合物等が挙げられる。Examples of the charge transport material contained in the charge transport layer 12b include hydrazone compounds, pyrazoline compounds, styryl compounds, oxazole compounds,
Thiazole-based compounds, triarylmethane-based compounds, polyarylalkane-based compounds, and the like.

【００５０】電荷発生層１１ｂは、前記電荷発生材料を
０．２〜４倍量の結着樹脂、及び溶剤と共に、ホモジナ
イザー、超音波、ボールミル、振動ボールミル、サンド
ミル、アトライター、ロールミル及び高圧衝突分散機等
の方法で十分に分散し、塗布、乾燥されて形成される。
その膜厚は５μｍ以下が好ましく、特には０．０１〜１
μｍの範囲が好ましい。The charge generation layer 11b is prepared by mixing the charge generation material with a binder resin and a solvent in an amount of 0.2 to 4 times as much as a homogenizer, an ultrasonic wave, a ball mill, a vibrating ball mill, a sand mill, an attritor, a roll mill, and a high-pressure collision dispersion. It is formed by sufficiently dispersing, applying and drying by a method such as a machine.
The thickness is preferably 5 μm or less, particularly preferably 0.01 to 1 μm.
The range of μm is preferred.

【００５１】電荷輸送層１２ｂは、一般的には前記電荷
輸送材料と結着樹脂とを溶剤に溶解し、塗布して形成す
る。電荷輸送材料と結着樹脂との混合割合は、重量比で
２：１〜１：２程度である。溶剤としては、アセトン、
メチルエチルケトン等のケトン類、酢酸メチル、酢酸エ
チル等のエステル類、トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭
水素類、クロルベンゼン、クロロホルム、四塩化炭素等
の塩素系炭化水素類等が用いられる。この溶液を塗布す
る際には、例えば、浸漬コーティング法、スプレーコー
ティング法及びスピンコーティング法等の塗工法を用い
ることができ、乾燥は１０℃〜２００℃、好ましくは２
０℃〜１５０℃の範囲の温度で５分〜５時間、好ましく
は１０分〜２時間の時間で送風乾燥又は静止乾燥下で行
うことができる。The charge transport layer 12b is generally formed by dissolving the charge transport material and the binder resin in a solvent and applying the solution. The mixing ratio of the charge transport material and the binder resin is about 2: 1 to 1: 2 by weight. As a solvent, acetone,
Ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, esters such as methyl acetate and ethyl acetate, aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene, and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride are used. When applying this solution, for example, a coating method such as a dip coating method, a spray coating method and a spin coating method can be used, and drying is performed at 10 ° C to 200 ° C, preferably 2 ° C.
The drying can be carried out at a temperature in the range of 0 ° C. to 150 ° C. for 5 minutes to 5 hours, preferably 10 minutes to 2 hours under blow-drying or still drying.

【００５２】生成した電荷輸送層の膜厚は、１２〜４０
μｍの範囲が好ましい。電荷輸送層の膜厚が４０μｍを
超える電子写真感光体では、直流電圧のみを印加して接
触帯電を行った場合に、低温低湿度環境において、画像
上に白ポチや微少な横黒スジや横白スジが発生し易くな
る。また、膜厚が１２μｍ未満では、削れによる電位変
動が大きくなるという傾向がある。例えば、同じ削れ量
において、電荷輸送層の薄い電子写真感光体は、電荷輸
送層の厚い電子写真感光体に比べ、容量の変化が大き
く、その分電位変動が大きくなる。特に、ＤＣ帯電方式
の場合は、削れにより帯電開始電圧ＶTHが変化してしま
うため帯電電位安定性や耐久性の面であまり好ましくな
い。The thickness of the generated charge transport layer is 12 to 40.
The range of μm is preferred. In an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a charge transport layer thickness of more than 40 μm, when contact charging is performed by applying only a DC voltage, in a low-temperature and low-humidity environment, white spots, minute horizontal black stripes or horizontal stripes appear on an image. White streaks easily occur. On the other hand, when the film thickness is less than 12 μm, there is a tendency that the potential fluctuation due to scraping becomes large. For example, for the same amount of scraping, an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a thin charge transport layer has a larger change in capacitance and a correspondingly larger potential change than an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a thick charge transport layer. In particular, in the case of the DC charging method, the charging start voltage VTH changes due to scraping, which is not preferable in terms of charging potential stability and durability.

【００５３】電荷輸送層を形成するのに用いられる結着
樹脂としては、アクリル樹脂、スチレン系樹脂、ポリエ
ステル、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリアリレート樹脂、
ポリサルホン樹脂、ポリフェニレンオキシド樹脂、エポ
キシ樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、アルキド樹脂及び不飽和
樹脂等から選ばれる樹脂が好ましい。特に好ましい樹脂
としては、ポリメチルメタクリレート、ポリスチレン、
スチレン−アクリロニトリル基重合体、ポリカーボネー
ト樹脂、ジアリルフタレート樹脂及びポリアリレート樹
脂等が挙げられる。Examples of the binder resin used to form the charge transport layer include acrylic resins, styrene resins, polyesters, polycarbonate resins, polyarylate resins,
Preferred are resins selected from polysulfone resins, polyphenylene oxide resins, epoxy resins, polyurethane resins, alkyd resins, unsaturated resins, and the like. Particularly preferred resins include polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene,
Examples thereof include a styrene-acrylonitrile group polymer, a polycarbonate resin, a diallyl phthalate resin, and a polyarylate resin.

【００５４】また、電荷発生層あるいは電荷輸送層に
は、必要に応じて酸化防止剤、紫外線吸収剤及び潤滑剤
等の種々の添加剤を含有させてもさしつかえない。The charge generation layer or the charge transport layer may contain various additives such as an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber and a lubricant, if necessary.

【００５５】本発明における電子写真感光体の表面を粗
面にする方法としては、研磨剤を用いたり、サンドブラ
スト法等による機械的な研磨方法の他、電子写真感光体
の表面層中に金属酸化物や樹脂粉体等の電気的に不活性
な粒子を分散する方法等を用いることができる。As a method for roughening the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, an abrasive may be used, or a mechanical polishing method such as a sand blast method may be used. For example, a method of dispersing electrically inactive particles such as a substance and a resin powder can be used.

【００５６】（３）帯電ローラ 例えば、帯電部材は図２に示すようにローラ形状であ
り、導電性支持体２ａと、その外周に一体に形成された
弾性層２ｂと、該弾性層の外周に形成された表面層２ｃ
から構成されている。(3) Charging Roller For example, the charging member has a roller shape as shown in FIG. 2, and has a conductive support 2a, an elastic layer 2b integrally formed on the outer periphery of the conductive support 2a, and an outer periphery of the elastic layer. Surface layer 2c formed
It is composed of

【００５７】本発明の帯電部材の他の構成を図３に示
す。図３に示すように帯電部材は、弾性層２ｂ及び抵抗
層２ｄと表面層２ｃからなる３層であってもよいし、抵
抗層２ｃと表面層２ｃの間に第２の抵抗層２ｅを設け
た、４層以上を導電性支持体の上に形成した構成として
もよい。FIG. 3 shows another structure of the charging member of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3, the charging member may be a three-layer structure including an elastic layer 2b, a resistance layer 2d, and a surface layer 2c, or a second resistance layer 2e provided between the resistance layer 2c and the surface layer 2c. Alternatively, a configuration in which four or more layers are formed on a conductive support may be employed.

【００５８】本発明に用いられる導電性支持体２ａは、
鉄、銅、ステンレス、アルミニウム及びニッケル等の金
属材料の丸棒を用いることができる。更に、これらの金
属表面に防錆や耐傷性付与を目的としてメッキ処理を施
しても構わないが、導電性を損なわないことが必要であ
る。The conductive support 2a used in the present invention comprises:
Round bars of metal materials such as iron, copper, stainless steel, aluminum and nickel can be used. Further, these metal surfaces may be subjected to plating treatment for the purpose of rust prevention and imparting scratch resistance, but it is necessary that the conductivity is not impaired.

【００５９】帯電ローラ２において、弾性層２ｂは被帯
電体としての電子写真感光体１に対する給電や、帯電ロ
ーラ２の電子写真感光体１に対する良好な均一密着性を
確保するために適当な導電性と弾性を持たせてある。ま
た、帯電ローラ２と電子写真感光体１の均一密着性を確
保するために弾性層２ｂを研磨によって中央部を一番太
く、両端部に行くほど細くなる形状、いわゆるクラウン
形状に形成することも多い。一般に使用されている帯電
ローラ２が、支持体２ａの両端部に所定の押圧力を与え
て電子写真感光体１と当接されているので、中央部の押
圧力が小さく、両端部ほど大きくなっているために、帯
電ローラ１の真直度が十分であれば問題ないが、十分で
ない場合には中央部と両端部に対応する画像に濃度ムラ
が生じてしまう場合がある。クラウン形状は、これを防
止するために形成する。In the charging roller 2, the elastic layer 2 b has an appropriate conductive property to supply power to the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 as a member to be charged and to ensure good uniform adhesion of the charging roller 2 to the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. And it has elasticity. Further, in order to ensure uniform adhesion between the charging roller 2 and the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1, the elastic layer 2b may be polished so as to have a shape in which the central portion is thickest and becomes thinner toward both ends, that is, a so-called crown shape. Many. Since the generally used charging roller 2 is brought into contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 by applying a predetermined pressing force to both ends of the support 2a, the pressing force at the center is small, and the pressing force at the both ends is large. Therefore, there is no problem if the straightness of the charging roller 1 is sufficient, but if it is not sufficient, density unevenness may occur in the images corresponding to the center and both ends. The crown shape is formed to prevent this.

【００６０】弾性層２ｂの導電性は、ゴム等の弾性材料
中にカーボンブラック、グラファイト及び導電性金属酸
化物等の電子伝導機構を有する導電剤、及びアルカリ金
属塩や四級アンモニウム塩等のイオン伝導機構を有する
導電剤を適宜添加することにより１０10Ωｃｍ未満に調
整されるのがよい。The conductivity of the elastic layer 2b is such that a conductive agent having an electronic conduction mechanism such as carbon black, graphite and a conductive metal oxide and an ion such as an alkali metal salt and a quaternary ammonium salt are contained in an elastic material such as rubber. It is preferable to adjust to less than 10 10 Ωcm by appropriately adding a conductive agent having a conductive mechanism.

【００６１】弾性層２ｂの具体的弾性材料としては、例
えば、天然ゴム、ＥＰＤＭ、ＳＢＲ、シリコーンゴム、
ウレタンゴム、エピクロルヒドリンゴム、ＩＲ、ＢＲ、
ＮＢＲ及びＣＲ等の合成ゴム、更にはポリアミド樹脂、
ポリウレタン樹脂及びシリコーン樹脂等も挙げられる。
本発明の電気特性を達成するためには、特にイオン伝導
機構を有する中抵抗の極性ゴム（例えば、エピクロルヒ
ドリンゴム、ＮＢＲ、ＣＲ及びウレタンゴム等）やポリ
ウレタン樹脂を弾性材料として用いるのが好ましい。こ
れらの極性ゴムやポリウレタン樹脂は、ゴムや樹脂中の
水分や不純物がキャリアとなり、僅かではあるが導電性
をもつと考えられ、これらの導電機構はイオン伝導であ
ると考えられる。Specific elastic materials of the elastic layer 2b include, for example, natural rubber, EPDM, SBR, silicone rubber,
Urethane rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, IR, BR,
Synthetic rubbers such as NBR and CR, and further polyamide resins,
Polyurethane resins and silicone resins are also included.
In order to achieve the electrical characteristics of the present invention, it is particularly preferable to use a medium resistance polar rubber having an ion conduction mechanism (e.g., epichlorohydrin rubber, NBR, CR and urethane rubber) or a polyurethane resin as the elastic material. These polar rubbers and polyurethane resins are considered to have a small amount of conductivity due to moisture and impurities in the rubber or resin serving as carriers, and it is considered that these conductive mechanisms are ionic conduction.

【００６２】導電性カーボン粒子を分散した電子伝導機
構を有する材料と比較してイオン伝導機構を有する材料
の方が、帯電部材として抵抗ムラの少ない、均一な部材
に成形し易い。そのためイオン伝導機構を有する材料を
主体に構成することで、帯電均一性に優れた帯電部材を
得ることができる。As compared with a material having an electron conduction mechanism in which conductive carbon particles are dispersed, a material having an ion conduction mechanism can be easily formed into a uniform member having less resistance unevenness as a charging member. Therefore, by mainly using a material having an ion conduction mechanism, a charging member having excellent charging uniformity can be obtained.

【００６３】但し、これらの極性ゴムやポリウレタン樹
脂に導電剤を全く添加しないで弾性層を作成し、得られ
た帯電部材は低温低湿環境において、抵抗値が高くなり
１０ 10Ωｃｍを超えてしまうものもあるため帯電部材に
高電圧を印加しなければならなくなる。However, these polar rubbers and polyurethane resins
Create an elastic layer without adding any conductive agent to the fat
The charging member has a high resistance value in a low temperature and low humidity environment.
10 TenΩcm
High voltage must be applied.

【００６４】そこで、低温低湿環境で帯電部材の抵抗値
が１０10Ωｃｍ未満になるようにイオン導電機構を有す
る導電剤を適宜添加して調整するのが好ましい。しかし
ながら、イオン導電機構を有する導電剤は抵抗値を低く
する効果が小さく、特に低温低湿環境でその効果が小さ
い。そのため、イオン導電機構を有する導電剤の添加と
併せて電子導電機構を有する導電剤を補助的に添加して
抵抗調整を行ってもよい。Therefore, it is preferable to appropriately add a conductive agent having an ion conductive mechanism so that the resistance of the charging member becomes less than 10 10 Ωcm in a low-temperature and low-humidity environment. However, a conductive agent having an ionic conduction mechanism has a small effect of lowering the resistance value, and particularly has a small effect in a low-temperature and low-humidity environment. Therefore, the resistance may be adjusted by supplementarily adding a conductive agent having an electronic conductive mechanism together with adding a conductive agent having an ionic conductive mechanism.

【００６５】電子導電機構を有する導電剤としては、例
えば、異形性の層状化合物、ウィスカ及びグラファイト
等が挙げられるが、なかでもグラファイト等を添加した
弾性層とするのが好ましい。Examples of the conductive agent having an electron conductive mechanism include a layered compound having an irregular shape, whiskers, and graphite. Among them, an elastic layer to which graphite or the like is added is preferable.

【００６６】また、弾性層２ｄは、上記弾性材料を発泡
成型した発泡体としてもかまわない。The elastic layer 2d may be a foam formed by foaming the above elastic material.

【００６７】図３に示す抵抗層２ｄは、弾性層に接した
位置に形成されるため弾性層中に含有される軟化油や可
塑剤等の帯電部材表面へのブリードアウトを防止する目
的で設けたり、帯電部材全体の電気抵抗を調整する目的
で設ける。Since the resistance layer 2d shown in FIG. 3 is formed at a position in contact with the elastic layer, it is provided for the purpose of preventing bleeding out of the surface of the charging member such as softening oil or plasticizer contained in the elastic layer. Or to adjust the electric resistance of the entire charging member.

【００６８】本発明に用いる抵抗層を構成する材料とし
ては、例えば、エピクロルヒドリンゴム、ＮＢＲ、ポリ
オレフィン系熱可塑性エラストマー、ウレタン系熱可塑
性エラストマー、ポリスチレン系熱可塑性エラストマ
ー、フッ素ゴム系熱可塑性エラストマー、ポリエステル
系熱可塑性エラストマー、ポリアミド系熱可塑性エラス
トマー、ポリブタジエン系熱可塑性エラストマー、エチ
レン酢酸ビニル系熱可塑性エラストマー、ポリ塩化ビニ
ル系熱可塑性エラストマー及び塩素化ポリエチレン系熱
可塑性エラストマー等を挙げることができる。これらの
材料は、単独又は２種類以上を混合してもよく、共重合
体であってもよい。Examples of the material constituting the resistance layer used in the present invention include epichlorohydrin rubber, NBR, polyolefin-based thermoplastic elastomer, urethane-based thermoplastic elastomer, polystyrene-based thermoplastic elastomer, fluororubber-based thermoplastic elastomer, and polyester-based thermoplastic elastomer. Examples thereof include thermoplastic elastomers, polyamide thermoplastic elastomers, polybutadiene thermoplastic elastomers, ethylene vinyl acetate thermoplastic elastomers, polyvinyl chloride thermoplastic elastomers, and chlorinated polyethylene thermoplastic elastomers. These materials may be used alone or as a mixture of two or more kinds, and may be a copolymer.

【００６９】本発明に用いる抵抗層２ｄは、導電性もし
くは半導電性を有している必要がある。導電性、半導電
性の発現のためには、各種電子伝導機構を有する導電剤
（導電性カーボン、グラファイト、導電性金属酸化物、
銅、アルミニウム、ニッケル及び鉄粉等）あるいはイオ
ン導電剤（アルカリ金属塩及びアンモニウム塩等）を適
宜用いることができる。この場合、所望の電気抵抗を得
るためには前記各種導電剤を２種以上併用してもよい。The resistance layer 2d used in the present invention needs to have conductivity or semi-conductivity. In order to develop conductivity and semi-conductivity, conductive agents having various electron conduction mechanisms (conductive carbon, graphite, conductive metal oxide,
Copper, aluminum, nickel, iron powder, etc.) or an ionic conductive agent (alkali metal salt, ammonium salt, etc.) can be used as appropriate. In this case, in order to obtain a desired electric resistance, two or more of the above-mentioned various conductive agents may be used in combination.

【００７０】本発明において導電部材の表面は静摩擦係
数が１．０以下であることが好ましい。この特性を達成
するためには、静摩擦係数が０．５０以下の結着樹脂を
材料選択することが好ましい。In the present invention, the surface of the conductive member preferably has a coefficient of static friction of 1.0 or less. In order to achieve this characteristic, it is preferable to select a binder resin having a static friction coefficient of 0.50 or less.

【００７１】以下、導電部材の表面の静摩擦係数をμｓ
とし、表面層の結着樹脂の静摩擦係数をμｓBとする。Hereinafter, the static friction coefficient of the surface of the conductive member is represented by μs.
And the coefficient of static friction of the binder resin in the surface layer is μs B.

【００７２】本発明において、表面層の材料選択におけ
る結着樹脂の静摩擦係数μｓBの測定は、アルミニウム
シート上に結着樹脂を塗膜として形成し、サンプルシー
トを得て、静摩擦係数測定器；ＨＥＩＤＯＮ トライボ
ギア ミューズＴＹＰＥ：９４１「新東科学（株）製」
を用いて測定し帯電部材の表面層を形成する結着樹脂材
料の静摩擦係数μｓBとした。In the present invention, the measurement of the static friction coefficient μs B of the binder resin in the selection of the material of the surface layer is carried out by forming the binder resin as a coating film on an aluminum sheet, obtaining a sample sheet, and measuring the static friction coefficient with an instrument; HEIDON Tribogear Muse TYPE: 941 "Shinto Kagaku Co., Ltd."
And the static friction coefficient μs B of the binder resin material forming the surface layer of the charging member was determined.

【００７３】この測定方法より得られた０．５０以下の
静摩擦係数μｓBを有する材料に導電剤及びその他の添
加剤を含有し、導電部材の表面層とする。そして、更に
導電部材として表面が、静摩擦係数μｓ１．０以下とな
るように導電部材を材料設計する。A material having a static friction coefficient μs B of 0.50 or less obtained by this measurement method contains a conductive agent and other additives to form a surface layer of a conductive member. Further, the material of the conductive member is designed so that the surface of the conductive member has a static friction coefficient μs of 1.0 or less.

【００７４】本発明における導電部材の表面の静摩擦係
数μｓの測定は、図８に概要を示す。本測定方法は測定
物がローラ形状の場合に好適な方法で、オイラーのベル
ト式に準じた方法であり、この方法によれば、測定物で
ある導電部材ＸＸと所定の角度（θ）で接触したベルト
（厚さ２０μｍ、幅３０ｍｍ、長さ１８０ｍｍ）は、片
方の端部が測定部（荷重計）と、他端部が重りＷと結ば
れている。この状態で導電性部材を所定の方向、速度で
回転させた時、測定部で測定された力をＦ（ｇ）、重り
の重さをＷ（ｇ）とした時、摩擦係数（μ）は以下の式
で求められる； μ＝（１／θ）Ｉｎ（Ｆ／Ｗ）FIG. 8 schematically shows the measurement of the coefficient of static friction μs of the surface of the conductive member according to the present invention. This measuring method is a method suitable for the case where the object to be measured is in the form of a roller, and is a method according to the Euler belt system. According to this method, the object comes into contact with the conductive member XX as the object at a predetermined angle (θ). One end of the completed belt (thickness: 20 μm, width: 30 mm, length: 180 mm) is connected to a measurement unit (load meter) and the other end is connected to a weight W. In this state, when the conductive member is rotated at a predetermined direction and speed, when the force measured by the measuring unit is F (g) and the weight of the weight is W (g), the friction coefficient (μ) is It is obtained by the following equation: μ = (1 / θ) In (F / W)

【００７５】この測定方法により得られるチャートの一
例を図９に示す。ここにおいて、導電部材を回転させた
直後の値が回転を開始するのに必要な力であり、それ以
降が回転を継続するのに必要な力であることがわかるの
で、回転開始点（すなわちｔ＝０秒時点）の力が静摩擦
力ということができ、また、０＜ｔ（秒）≦６０の任意
の時間における力が任意の時間における動摩擦力という
ことができる。従って、静摩擦係数：μｓ＝（１／θ）
Ｉｎ（Ｆ<t=0>／Ｗ）で求めることができる。FIG. 9 shows an example of a chart obtained by this measuring method. Here, it can be seen that the value immediately after rotating the conductive member is the force required to start the rotation, and the value after that is the force required to continue the rotation. (Time = 0 seconds) can be referred to as a static friction force, and a force at an arbitrary time of 0 <t (sec) ≦ 60 can be referred to as a dynamic friction force at an arbitrary time. Therefore, the coefficient of static friction: μs = (1 / θ)
In (F <t = 0> / W).

【００７６】本測定方法において、ベルトの表面（導電
部材と接触する面）を所定の材料（例えば感光体の最外
層、現像剤を適当な手段によって塗布したもの、あるい
はステンレス等の標準物質）とすることによって様々な
物質に対する摩擦係数を求めることができる。つまり、
接触する面の材質や回転速度、荷重等を実機のプロセス
条件に合せればより好ましいが、導電部材と感光体との
摩擦係数の測定と導電性部材とステンレスとの摩擦係数
の測定を行い比較検討の結果、ステンレスに対する摩擦
係数を用いても良いことが判明した。すなわち、導電部
材と感光体との摩擦係数Ｋ×導電部材とステンレスとの
摩擦係数で概ね表される。ここで、Ｋは感光体表面の材
料や状態によって決定される数値で、感光体材料や表面
状態が同一であればほぼ一定の値となるが、それらが多
少なりとも異なれば変化してしまう。In this measurement method, the surface of the belt (the surface that comes into contact with the conductive member) is contacted with a predetermined material (for example, the outermost layer of the photoreceptor, a developer coated with a suitable means, or a standard material such as stainless steel). By doing so, the coefficient of friction for various substances can be determined. That is,
It is more preferable to match the material of the contact surface, the rotation speed, the load, etc. with the process conditions of the actual machine.However, the friction coefficient between the conductive member and the photoconductor and the friction coefficient between the conductive member and stainless steel are measured and compared. As a result of the study, it was found that the friction coefficient for stainless steel may be used. That is, it is roughly represented by the coefficient of friction K between the conductive member and the photosensitive member × the coefficient of friction between the conductive member and stainless steel. Here, K is a numerical value determined by the material and state of the photoreceptor surface, and is a substantially constant value if the photoreceptor material and surface state are the same, but changes if they are slightly different.

【００７７】従って、材料種やそれらの配合比、製造条
件あるいは表面物性等を実際の系にできるだけ合致する
ことが望ましいが、そのためには、非常な煩雑さを伴う
こと、及び上記の通り導電部材と感光体との摩擦係数と
導電部材とステンレスとの摩擦係数とが規則性を有する
傾向があるので、本発明においては、簡便のために、摩
擦係数は対ステンレス｛表面の十点平均粗さ（Ｒｚ）が
５μｍ以下｝、回転速度は１００ｒｐｍ、荷重は５０ｇ
の条件で測定した。Accordingly, it is desirable that the material types, their compounding ratios, production conditions, surface physical properties, and the like be as close as possible to the actual system, but this requires a great deal of complexity and, as described above, the conductive member. In the present invention, for the sake of simplicity, the coefficient of friction between the stainless steel and the surface of the stainless steel is determined by the ten-point average roughness, since the friction coefficient between the stainless steel and the photosensitive member and the friction coefficient between the conductive member and the stainless steel tend to have regularity. (Rz) is 5 μm or less｝, rotation speed is 100 rpm, and load is 50 g.
It measured on condition of.

【００７８】我々が鋭意検討を重ねた結果、導電部材の
表面を上記のような物性（μｓ≦１．０）とした場合、
帯電ローラ表面にトナーが付着し難くなるために総印字
枚数が増えても均一な帯電を行うことができ、画像上カ
ブリを生じることがなくなる。また、トナー付着による
画像カブリの発生し易い低温低湿環境においても、総印
字枚数が増しても画像カブリを生じることがないことが
わかった。静摩擦係数μｓが１．０を超える場合は、帯
電部材表面の離型性が小さくなるため転写残余トナーが
付着し易くなり、画質の劣化を招く原因となる。特に、
低温低湿環境において画質の劣化を招く原因となる。As a result of our intensive studies, assuming that the surface of the conductive member has the above physical properties (μs ≦ 1.0),
Since the toner hardly adheres to the surface of the charging roller, even if the total number of printed sheets increases, uniform charging can be performed, and no fogging occurs on the image. Further, it was found that even in a low-temperature and low-humidity environment where image fogging is likely to occur due to toner adhesion, image fogging does not occur even when the total number of printed sheets increases. If the coefficient of static friction μs exceeds 1.0, the releasability of the surface of the charging member becomes small, so that the transfer residual toner tends to adhere, which causes deterioration of image quality. In particular,
In a low-temperature and low-humidity environment, this causes deterioration of image quality.

【００７９】また、表面層２ｃは、帯電部材の表面を構
成し、被帯電体である電子写真感光体と接触するため電
子写真感光体を汚染してしまう材料構成であってはなら
ない。Further, the surface layer 2c constitutes the surface of the charging member, and must not be made of a material composition that comes into contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member to be charged and contaminates the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

【００８０】本発明の特性を発揮させるための表面層２
ｃの結着樹脂材料としては、例えば、フッ素樹脂、ポリ
アミド樹脂、アクリル樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、シリコ
ーン樹脂、ブチラール樹脂、スチレン−エチレン・ブチ
レン−オレフィン共重合体（ＳＥＢＣ）及びオレフィン
−エチレン・ブチレン−オレフィン共重合体（ＣＥＢ
Ｃ）等が挙げられる。本発明における表面層の材料とし
ては、疎水性のフッ素樹脂、アクリル樹脂及びシリコー
ン樹脂等が特に好ましい。Surface layer 2 for exhibiting the characteristics of the present invention
Examples of the binder resin material c include a fluororesin, a polyamide resin, an acrylic resin, a polyurethane resin, a silicone resin, a butyral resin, a styrene-ethylene / butylene-olefin copolymer (SEBC), and an olefin-ethylene / butylene-olefin. Copolymer (CEB
C) and the like. As the material of the surface layer in the present invention, hydrophobic fluororesin, acrylic resin, silicone resin and the like are particularly preferable.

【００８１】これらの結着樹脂に静摩擦係数を小さくす
る目的で、グラファイト、雲母、二硫化モリブテン及び
フッ素樹脂粉末等の固体潤滑剤、あるいはフッ素系界面
活性剤、あるいはワックス及びシリコーンオイル等を添
加してもよい。For the purpose of reducing the coefficient of static friction to these binder resins, a solid lubricant such as graphite, mica, molybdenum disulfide and fluororesin powder, a fluorine-based surfactant, or wax and silicone oil are added. You may.

【００８２】表面層には、帯電部材の通電劣化を防止す
るために各種導電剤（導電性カーボン、グラファイト、
導電性酸化錫、導電性酸化チタン、銅、アルミニウム、
ニッケル及び鉄粉等）を適宜用いることができる。この
場合、所望の電気抵抗を得るためには、前記各種導電剤
を２種以上併用してもよい。On the surface layer, various conductive agents (conductive carbon, graphite,
Conductive tin oxide, conductive titanium oxide, copper, aluminum,
Nickel and iron powder) can be used as appropriate. In this case, in order to obtain a desired electric resistance, two or more of the above-mentioned various conductive agents may be used in combination.

【００８３】我々が鋭意検討を重ねた結果、通電劣化を
防止するために表面層に含有する導電剤は、疎水化処理
した導電性金属酸化物及び導電性カーボンやグラファイ
ト等が特に好ましいことがわかった。As a result of our intensive studies, it has been found that as a conductive agent contained in the surface layer in order to prevent deterioration due to current conduction, a conductive metal oxide subjected to hydrophobizing treatment, conductive carbon or graphite is particularly preferable. Was.

【００８４】また、斑点状やスジ状の画像欠陥を防止す
るために表面層に親水性の導電性微粒子を、「疎水性導
電性微粒子≧親水性導電性微粒子」となるように少量含
有するのが好ましいことがわかった。Further, in order to prevent spot-like or streak-like image defects, a small amount of hydrophilic conductive fine particles is contained in the surface layer so that “hydrophobic conductive fine particles ≧ hydrophilic conductive fine particles”. Was found to be preferable.

【００８５】疎水化処理剤としては、カップリング剤
（珪素、チタン、アルミニウム及びジルコニウム等の中
心元素は特に選ばない）、オイル、ワニス及び有機化合
物等が挙げられる。特に、アルコキシシランカップリン
グ剤及びフルオロアルキルアルコキシシランカップリン
グ剤が好ましい。Examples of the hydrophobizing agent include a coupling agent (a central element such as silicon, titanium, aluminum and zirconium is not particularly selected), oil, varnish, and organic compound. Particularly, an alkoxysilane coupling agent and a fluoroalkylalkoxysilane coupling agent are preferable.

【００８６】導電剤の疎水化処理の方法としては、例え
ばシランカップリング剤の場合、乾式法と湿式法の２つ
の方法がある。As a method of making the conductive agent hydrophobic, for example, in the case of a silane coupling agent, there are two methods, a dry method and a wet method.

【００８７】（ａ）乾式法 導電剤をよくかき混ぜながらシランカップリング剤を噴
霧するか蒸気状態で吹込む。必要に応じて加熱処理を入
れる。(A) Dry method A silane coupling agent is sprayed or blown in a vapor state while thoroughly stirring the conductive agent. Heat treatment is added if necessary.

【００８８】（ｂ）湿式法 導電剤を溶媒中に分散させ、シランカップリング剤も水
や有機溶媒に希釈し、スラリー状態で激しくかき混ぜな
がら添加する方法。均一処理をするには、こちらの方法
が好ましい。更に、導電剤フィラー表面のシラン前処理
としての具体的方法としては、以下の３つの方法があ
る。(B) Wet method A method in which a conductive agent is dispersed in a solvent, a silane coupling agent is also diluted in water or an organic solvent, and the mixture is added with vigorous stirring in a slurry state. This method is preferable for uniform processing. Furthermore, there are the following three methods as specific methods for the silane pretreatment of the conductive agent filler surface.

【００８９】水溶液法 約０．１〜０．５％のシランを、一定ｐＨの水、あるい
は水−溶媒に十分撹拌しながら注入溶解させ、加水分解
する。フィラーをこの溶液中に浸した後、ろ過あるいは
圧搾して、ある程度水を除き、その後１２０〜１３０℃
で十分乾燥させる。Aqueous solution method About 0.1 to 0.5% of silane is injected and dissolved in water of constant pH or water-solvent with sufficient stirring, and is hydrolyzed. After immersing the filler in this solution, it is filtered or squeezed to remove water to some extent, and then at 120 to 130 ° C.
And dry thoroughly.

【００９０】有機溶媒法 少量の水と、加水分解用溶媒（塩酸、酢酸）を含む有機
溶媒（アルコール、ベンゼン及びハロゲン化炭化水素）
にシランを溶解する。フィラーをこの溶液に浸した後、
ろ過あるいは圧搾し、溶媒を除き、１２０〜１３０℃で
十分乾燥させる。Organic solvent method Organic solvent (alcohol, benzene and halogenated hydrocarbon) containing a small amount of water and a solvent for hydrolysis (hydrochloric acid, acetic acid)
Dissolve the silane. After soaking the filler in this solution,
The solution is filtered or pressed to remove the solvent, and is sufficiently dried at 120 to 130 ° C.

【００９１】スプレー法 フィラーを激しく撹拌しながら、シランの水溶液あるい
は、溶媒液をスプレーする。その後、１２０〜１３０℃
で十分乾燥させる。Spraying method While the filler is being vigorously stirred, an aqueous solution of silane or a solvent solution is sprayed. Then 120-130 ° C
And dry thoroughly.

【００９２】導電剤の疎水化度としては、２０〜９８％
の範囲が好ましく、特に３０〜７０％が好ましい。疎水
化度が２０％未満の場合は、低温低湿環境において帯電
部材を連続使用した場合、通電劣化に伴い抵抗が問題と
なるレベルまで上昇して被帯電体表面の帯電電位が低下
してしまう。更に、疎水化度が９８％を超える場合は、
導電剤としての機能（導電性）コントロールが難しくな
ったり、顔料の凝集が強くなったりするので好ましくな
い。The degree of hydrophobicity of the conductive agent is 20 to 98%.
Is particularly preferable, and 30 to 70% is particularly preferable. When the degree of hydrophobicity is less than 20%, when the charging member is continuously used in a low-temperature and low-humidity environment, the resistance rises to a problematic level due to the deterioration of energization, and the charging potential on the surface of the member to be charged decreases. Further, when the degree of hydrophobicity exceeds 98%,
It is not preferable because control of the function (conductivity) as a conductive agent becomes difficult, and aggregation of the pigment becomes strong.

【００９３】疎水性の導電性微粒子と親水性の導電性微
粒子との配合比は、疎水性の導電性微粒子の含有量をＷ
１、親水性の導電性微粒子の含有量をＷ２とした時、Ｗ
１≧Ｗ２となるように表面層に含有するのが好ましい。
特に、Ｗ１：Ｗ２＝７：４から、Ｗ１：Ｗ２＝１０：１
の配合比になるように含有するのが好ましい傾向にあっ
た。The mixing ratio of the hydrophobic conductive fine particles to the hydrophilic conductive fine particles is determined by adjusting the content of the hydrophobic conductive fine particles to W.
1. When the content of hydrophilic conductive fine particles is W2, W
It is preferable to include them in the surface layer so that 1 ≧ W2.
In particular, from W1: W2 = 7: 4, W1: W2 = 10: 1.
It was found that it was preferable that the content be contained in such a manner as to achieve the compounding ratio of

【００９４】本発明の帯電ローラの十点平均表面粗さ
（Ｒｚ）は、１０μｍ以下であることを特徴とする。The ten-point average surface roughness (Rz) of the charging roller of the present invention is not more than 10 μm.

【００９５】本発明の帯電ローラを用いる場合、帯電ロ
ーラの表面が粗いと、その表面の凹凸によって微妙に帯
電ムラが生じ、結果として画像不良が生じてしまうこと
がある。あるいは、電子写真感光体表面を侵食（削れ
等）する恐れがある。従って、帯電ローラの表面は、よ
り滑らかな方が好ましく、ＪＩＳ Ｂ０６０１表面粗さ
の規格における十点平均表面粗さ（Ｒｚ）が１０μｍ以
下であることが好ましく、更には４μｍ以下であること
が好ましい。In the case where the charging roller of the present invention is used, if the surface of the charging roller is rough, uneven charging on the surface may cause slight charging unevenness, resulting in an image defect. Alternatively, there is a possibility that the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is eroded (cut, etc.). Therefore, the surface of the charging roller is preferably smoother, and the ten-point average surface roughness (Rz) in the JIS B0601 surface roughness standard is preferably 10 μm or less, more preferably 4 μm or less. .

【００９６】（４）現像剤（トナー） 本発明に用いられる現像剤（トナー）としては、特に制
限されるものではなく、公知のものが使用できる。帯電
ローラへのトナー付着量を低減するためには、転写効率
の良い、球状トナー粒子を用いることが好ましい。(4) Developer (Toner) The developer (toner) used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and known ones can be used. In order to reduce the amount of toner attached to the charging roller, it is preferable to use spherical toner particles having good transfer efficiency.

【００９７】また、現像同時クリーニング方式を採用し
た画像形成装置においては、転写効率のよい、球状トナ
ー粒子を用いることが特に好ましい。球状トナー粒子と
しては、例えば重合法により生成されたトナー粒子を用
いることが好ましい。In an image forming apparatus employing the simultaneous development and cleaning method, it is particularly preferable to use spherical toner particles having good transfer efficiency. As the spherical toner particles, for example, toner particles produced by a polymerization method are preferably used.

【００９８】[0098]

【実施例】以下、本発明を実施例を用いて更に詳細に説
明する。EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples.

【００９９】（実施例１） ｛帯電部材の作成｝下記の要領で本発明の帯電部材とし
ての帯電ローラを作成した。(Example 1) << Preparation of Charging Member >> A charging roller as a charging member of the present invention was prepared in the following manner.

【０１００】 エピクロルヒドリンゴム（三元共重合体） １００重量部 四級アンモニウム塩 ２重量部 炭酸カルシウム ３０重量部 酸化亜鉛 ５重量部 脂肪酸 ２重量部 以上の材料を６０℃に調節した密閉型ミキサーにて１０
分間混練した後、エピクロルヒドリンゴム１００重量部
に対してエーテルエステル系可塑剤１５重量部を加え、
２０℃に冷却した密閉型ミキサーで更に２０分間混練
し、原料コンパウンドを調製する。このコンパウンドに
原料ゴムのエピクロルヒドリンゴム１００重量部に対し
加硫剤としての硫黄１重量部、加硫促進剤としてのノク
セラーＤＭ１重量部及びノクセラーＴＳ０．５重量部を
加え、２０℃に冷却した２本ロール機にて１０分間混練
する。得られたコンパウンドを、φ６ｍｍステンレス製
支持体の周囲にローラ状になるように押出成型機にて成
型し、加熱加硫成型した後、外径φ１２ｍｍになるよう
に研磨処理して弾性層を得た。100 parts by weight of epichlorohydrin rubber (terpolymer) 2 parts by weight of quaternary ammonium salt 30 parts by weight of calcium carbonate 5 parts by weight of zinc oxide 2 parts by weight of fatty acid 2 parts by weight The above-mentioned materials were adjusted at 60 ° C. using a closed mixer. 10
After kneading for 15 minutes, 15 parts by weight of an ether ester plasticizer was added to 100 parts by weight of epichlorohydrin rubber,
The mixture is further kneaded for 20 minutes with a closed mixer cooled to 20 ° C. to prepare a raw material compound. To this compound were added 1 part by weight of sulfur as a vulcanizing agent, 1 part by weight of Noxerer DM and 0.5 part by weight of Noxerer TS as a vulcanization accelerator per 100 parts by weight of raw material epichlorohydrin rubber, and cooled to 20 ° C. Knead with a roll machine for 10 minutes. The obtained compound is molded by an extruder so as to form a roller around a support made of stainless steel having a diameter of 6 mm, and then subjected to heat vulcanization molding, followed by polishing treatment so as to have an outer diameter of 12 mm to obtain an elastic layer. Was.

【０１０１】上記弾性層の上に以下に示すような表面層
を被覆形成した。表面層２ｃの材料として、アクリルポ
リオールのトルエン／メチルエチルケトン（ＭＥＫ）混
合溶液（固形分１０重量％）１００重量部に対して、イ
ソシアネート（ＨＤＩ）５重量部と、疎水化処理した導
電性酸化錫６重量部と未処理の親水性の導電性酸化錫２
重量部、更に微量のシリコーンオイルを加えた塗料｛導
電性微粒子の重量部／結着樹脂の重量部（Ｐ／Ｂ）＝
０．８／１．０｝を用いて、ディッピング法にて塗布し
て膜厚が１５μｍの表面層を被覆形成し、ローラ形状の
帯電部材を得た。On the above elastic layer, a surface layer as shown below was formed by coating. As a material for the surface layer 2c, 5 parts by weight of isocyanate (HDI) and 5 parts by weight of conductive tin oxide 6 subjected to hydrophobizing treatment are added to 100 parts by weight of a mixed solution of acrylic polyol in toluene / methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) (solid content: 10% by weight). Parts by weight and untreated hydrophilic conductive tin oxide 2
Parts by weight, paint further added with a small amount of silicone oil / parts by weight of conductive fine particles / parts by weight of binder resin (P / B) =
The surface layer having a thickness of 15 μm was coated by dipping using 0.8 / 1.0 ° to obtain a roller-shaped charging member.

【０１０２】なお、導電性酸化錫の疎水化処理剤として
は、エチルトリメトキシシランを用いた。また、疎水化
処理方法としては、前述の有機溶媒法を選択した。Ethyltrimethoxysilane was used as a hydrophobizing agent for the conductive tin oxide. The above-mentioned organic solvent method was selected as the hydrophobic treatment method.

【０１０３】「導電剤微粒子の疎水化度の測定」導電剤
微粒子の疎水化度を評価するためにメタノールを用いた
疎水化度測定を次のように行う。微粒子（実施例１の場
合、疎水化処理した酸化錫）０．２ｇを三角フラスコの
水５０ｍｌに添加する。メタノールをビュレットから滴
定する。この際、フラスコ内の溶液はマグネチックスタ
ーラで常時撹拌する。微粒子の沈降終了は、全量が液体
中に懸濁することによって確認され、疎水化度は、沈降
終了時点に達した際のメタノール及び水の液状混合物中
のメタノールの百分率として表される。上記の方法にて
測定した疎水化処理した導電性酸化錫の疎水化度は、６
２％であった。"Measurement of Hydrophobicity of Conductive Agent Fine Particles" In order to evaluate the degree of hydrophobicity of conductive agent fine particles, measurement of the degree of hydrophobicity using methanol is performed as follows. 0.2 g of fine particles (in the case of Example 1, hydrophobized tin oxide) is added to 50 ml of water in an Erlenmeyer flask. Methanol is titrated from the burette. At this time, the solution in the flask is constantly stirred with a magnetic stirrer. The end of settling of the microparticles is confirmed by the total amount suspended in the liquid, and the degree of hydrophobicity is expressed as the percentage of methanol in the liquid mixture of methanol and water at the end of settling. The degree of hydrophobicity of the conductive tin oxide subjected to the hydrophobic treatment measured by the above method is 6
2%.

【０１０４】｛電子写真感光体の作成｝外径φ３０ｍ
ｍ、内径φ２８．５ｍｍ、長さ２６０ｍｍのアルミニウ
ムシリンダーを導電性ドラム支持体として、この上にポ
リアミド（商品名：アミランＣＭ８０００、東レ（株）
製）の５重量％メタノール溶液を浸漬コーティング法で
塗布し、膜厚が０．４０μｍの下引層を形成した。{Preparation of Electrophotographic Photoreceptor} Outer Diameter φ30m
An aluminum cylinder having a diameter of 28.5 mm and an inner diameter of 28.5 mm and a length of 260 mm was used as a conductive drum support, and a polyamide (trade name: Amilan CM8000, manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) was placed thereon.
Was applied by a dip coating method to form an undercoat layer having a thickness of 0.40 μm.

【０１０５】次に、下記構造式のジスアゾ顔料１０重量
部、Next, 10 parts by weight of a disazo pigment having the following structural formula:

【０１０６】[0106]

【化１】 Embedded image

【０１０７】ポリビニルブチラール（商品名：エスレッ
クスＢＬＳ、積水化学（株）製）１０重量部及びシクロ
ヘキサノン１００重量部を１ｍｍφガラスビーズを用い
たサンドミル装置で２０時間分散した。この分散液にメ
チルエチルケトン１００重量部を加えて、下引層上に塗
布し、膜厚が０．２０μｍの電荷発生層を形成した。10 parts by weight of polyvinyl butyral (trade name: Eslex BLS, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 100 parts by weight of cyclohexanone were dispersed in a sand mill using 1 mmφ glass beads for 20 hours. To this dispersion, 100 parts by weight of methyl ethyl ketone was added and applied onto the undercoat layer to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.20 μm.

【０１０８】次に、下記構造式のトリフェニルアミン系
化合物１０重量部Next, 10 parts by weight of a triphenylamine compound having the following structural formula

【０１０９】[0109]

【化２】 Embedded image

【０１１０】及び下記構造式のビスフェノールＺ型ポリ
カーボネートＺ（粘度平均分子量２３０００）１０重量
部をモノクロロベンゼン１００重量部に溶解した。10 parts by weight of a bisphenol Z-type polycarbonate Z (viscosity average molecular weight 23000) having the following structural formula was dissolved in 100 parts by weight of monochlorobenzene.

【０１１１】[0111]

【化３】 Embedded image

【０１１２】この溶液を前記電荷発生層上に塗布して１
００℃にて１時間熱風乾燥し、膜厚が２３μｍの電荷輸
送層を形成した。こうして実施例１の電子写真感光体を
作成した。This solution was applied on the charge generation layer to form
The resultant was dried with hot air at 00 ° C. for 1 hour to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 23 μm. Thus, an electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 1 was prepared.

【０１１３】「帯電ローラの表面層材料の静摩擦係数μ
ｓBの測定」表面層を形成したのと同一の結着樹脂を塗
料化し、そのクリア塗料を用いてアルミニウムシート上
にコーティングし、静摩擦係数（μｓB）測定用のサン
プルシートとした。"Static friction coefficient μ of surface layer material of charging roller"
The same binder resin and the measurement "surface layer was formed of s B and paint was coated on an aluminum sheet using the clear coating material, it was used as a sample sheet of static friction coefficient (.mu.s B) for measurement.

【０１１４】このサンプルシートの静摩擦係数測定を静
摩擦係数測定器；ＨＥＩＤＯＮ トライボギア ミュー
ズＴＹＰＥ：９４１「新東科学（株）製」を用いて行っ
た。静摩擦係数μｓBは、サンプルシートの任意の５点
を測定した値の平均値とした。本実施例の帯電ローラ表
面層の結着樹脂の静摩擦係数μｓBは０．２５であっ
た。The static friction coefficient of this sample sheet was measured using a static friction coefficient measuring instrument: HEIDON Tribogear Muse TYPE: 941 “Shinto Kagaku Co., Ltd.”. The coefficient of static friction μs B was an average value obtained by measuring five arbitrary points on the sample sheet. The static friction coefficient μs B of the binder resin of the charging roller surface layer of this embodiment was 0.25.

【０１１５】「帯電ローラ表面の静摩擦係数μｓの測
定」前述したように図８に示すような測定装置を用いて
静摩擦係数μｓを測定したところ、本実施例の帯電ロー
ラの表面の静摩擦係数μｓは０．３７であった。[Measurement of Static Friction Coefficient μs on Charging Roller Surface] As described above, the static friction coefficient μs was measured using a measuring device as shown in FIG. 0.37.

【０１１６】「帯電ローラ表面粗さの測定」帯電ローラ
表面の十点平均表面粗さ（Ｒｚ）は、２．１μｍであっ
た。[Measurement of Charging Roller Surface Roughness] The ten-point average surface roughness (Rz) of the charging roller surface was 2.1 μm.

【０１１７】「帯電ローラの抵抗測定」図５で示すよう
な装置で帯電部材（帯電ローラ）の電流測定を温度１５
℃／湿度１０％の環境にて行う。この装置は、図１に示
す接触帯電装置において、ドラム型の電子写真感光体と
同一形状の導電性の円筒電極に代えた以外は、帯電部材
の円筒電極への押圧力等は全て図１と同一として、外部
電源より直流電圧（−２５０Ｖ）を印加し、その時流れ
る電流値を電流計にて読み取り、オームの法則により抵
抗値に換算する。"Measurement of Resistance of Charging Roller" The current of the charging member (charging roller) was measured at a temperature of 15 using an apparatus as shown in FIG.
The test is performed in an environment with a temperature of 10 ° C. and a humidity of 10%. This device is the same as the contact charging device shown in FIG. 1 except that the pressing force of the charging member against the cylindrical electrode is the same as that shown in FIG. 1 except that a conductive cylindrical electrode having the same shape as the drum-type electrophotographic photosensitive member is used. In the same manner, a DC voltage (-250 V) is applied from an external power supply, the current value flowing at that time is read by an ammeter, and converted into a resistance value according to Ohm's law.

【０１１８】「帯電ローラに直流電圧のみを印加した時
の画像評価」図１に示す電子写真方式の画像形成装置に
上記で得られた帯電ローラを取り付けて、環境１（温度
２３℃／湿度５５％）、環境２（温度３２．５℃／湿度
８０％）及び環境３（温度１５℃／湿度１０％）の各環
境下において、画像出しを行い、斑点状やスジ状の画像
欠陥の発生について画像評価を行った。結果を表１に示
す。但し、感光体の表面電位ＶDが−７００Ｖ付近とな
るように印加電圧を各環境で調整し画像を出力した。な
お、トナーとしては、懸濁重合法により作成した球状ト
ナー粒子（粒径８μｍ）を用いた。"Evaluation of Image When Only DC Voltage is Applied to Charging Roller" The charging roller obtained above was attached to the electrophotographic image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 1 and environment 1 (temperature 23 ° C./humidity 55 %), Environment 2 (temperature 32.5 ° C./humidity 80%), and environment 3 (temperature 15 ° C./humidity 10%), images are taken out, and spot-like or streak-like image defects are generated. Image evaluation was performed. Table 1 shows the results. However, the surface potential V D of the photosensitive member has output the adjusted image the applied voltage so that the vicinity of -700V in each environment. As the toner, spherical toner particles (particle diameter: 8 μm) prepared by a suspension polymerization method were used.

【０１１９】表中の◎は得られた画像が非常に良い、○
は良い、△はハーフトーン画像上に数個の白ポチや横黒
スジ、横白スジがあり、×はハーフトーン画像上に多数
の白ポチや横黒スジ、横白スジがあることを示す。In the table, ◎ indicates that the obtained image is very good,
Is good, Δ indicates that there are several white dots, horizontal black lines, and horizontal white lines on the halftone image, and × indicates that there are many white dots, horizontal black lines, and horizontal white lines on the halftone image .

【０１２０】「帯電ローラに直流電圧のみを印加した時
の連続複数枚画像出し耐久試験」図１に示す電子写真方
式の画像形成装置に上記で得られた帯電ローラを取り付
けて、環境１（温度２３℃／湿度５５％）、環境２（温
度３２．５℃／湿度８０％）及び環境３（温度１５℃／
湿度１０％）の各環境下において、連続１５０００枚の
画像出しを行い、帯電ローラの抵抗上昇に起因した画像
不良の発生について、目視にて画像評価を行った。結果
を表２に示す。但し、電子写真感光体の表面電位ＶDが
画像出し耐久試験初期に、−７００Ｖ付近となるように
印加電圧を各環境で設定して連続複数枚画像出し耐久試
験を行った。"Continuous Plural Image Output Durability Test When Only DC Voltage Is Applied to Charging Roller" The charging roller obtained above was attached to the electrophotographic image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 23 ° C./55% humidity, Environment 2 (temperature 32.5 ° C./80% humidity), and Environment 3 (temperature 15 ° C./humidity)
Under each environment of humidity (10%), 15,000 sheets of images were continuously output, and the occurrence of image defects due to an increase in resistance of the charging roller was visually evaluated. Table 2 shows the results. However, the surface potential V D of the electrophotographic photosensitive member in an image reproduction running test initial, was continuously plurality image reproduction durability test the applied voltage so that the vicinity of -700V set in each environment.

【０１２１】表中の◎は得られた画像が非常に良い、○
は良い、△はハーフトーン画像に微かに帯電ローラ回転
周期の画像濃度ムラあり、×はハーフトーン画像に、は
っきりとした帯電ローラ回転周期の画像濃度ムラがある
ことを示す。In the table, ◎ indicates that the obtained image was very good,
Indicates that the halftone image has slight image density unevenness in the charging roller rotation cycle, and X indicates that the halftone image has clear image density unevenness in the charging roller rotation cycle.

【０１２２】また、画像出し耐久試験を始める前（初
期）と連続１５０００枚の画像出し直後、それぞれにつ
いて、帯電ローラの抵抗測定を図５に示すような方法で
行った。結果を表２に示す。The resistance of the charging roller was measured by the method shown in FIG. 5 before starting the image output durability test (initial stage) and immediately after outputting 15,000 continuous images. Table 2 shows the results.

【０１２３】「帯電ローラ上のトナー付着による画像カ
ブリ評価」図１に示す電子写真方式の画像形成装置に上
記で得られた帯電ローラを取り付けて、環境１（温度２
３℃／湿度５５％）、環境２（温度３２．５℃／湿度８
０％）及び環境３（温度１５℃／湿度１０％）の各環境
下において、複数枚画像出し耐久試験を行った。得られ
た画像を目視にて観察することによって、帯電ローラ上
にトナーが付着し、それが原因となる印字用紙上のカブ
リの発生について評価を行った。結果を表３に示す。な
お、トナーとしては、懸濁重合法により作成した球状ト
ナー粒子（粒径８μｍ）を用いた。"Evaluation of Image Fogging due to Adhesion of Toner on Charging Roller" The charging roller obtained above was attached to the electrophotographic image forming apparatus shown in FIG.
Environment 3 (temperature 32.5 ° C / humidity 8)
0%) and Environment 3 (temperature: 15 ° C./humidity: 10%), a durability test was performed on a plurality of images. By visually observing the obtained image, the toner was attached to the charging roller, and the occurrence of fog on the printing paper due to the toner was evaluated. Table 3 shows the results. As the toner, spherical toner particles (particle diameter: 8 μm) prepared by a suspension polymerization method were used.

【０１２４】表中の◎は得られた画像が非常に良い、○
は良い、△はややハーフトーン画像に帯電ローラ周期毎
の濃度ムラがあり、×は帯電ローラ周期毎のカブリが見
られることを示す。In the table, ◎ indicates that the obtained image was very good,
Indicates that the halftone image has density unevenness in each charging roller cycle, and x indicates that fog is observed in each charging roller cycle.

【０１２５】その結果、全ての環境下で初期から良好な
画像が得られ、１５０００枚の画像出し後でも初期とほ
とんど変わらない画像が得られた。As a result, a good image was obtained from the beginning in all environments, and an image which was almost the same as the initial image was obtained even after 15,000 images were output.

【０１２６】（実施例２）帯電部材としての帯電ローラ
を下記の構成とした以外は、実施例１と同様の方法で帯
電ローラ及び電子写真感光体を作成した。(Example 2) A charging roller and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the charging roller as a charging member had the following structure.

【０１２７】 ＮＢＲ １００重量部 リチウム塩 １．５重量部 エステル系可塑剤 ２５重量部 炭酸カルシウム ３０重量部 酸化亜鉛 ５重量部 脂肪酸 ２重量部 以上の材料を６０℃に調節した密閉型ミキサーにて１０
分間混練した後、２０℃に冷却した密閉型ミキサーで更
に２０分間混練し、原料コンパウンドを調製する。この
コンパウンドに原料ゴムのＮＢＲ１００重量部に対し加
硫剤としての硫黄１重量部、加硫促進剤としてのノクセ
ラーＴＳ３重量部を加え、２０℃に冷却した２本ロール
機にて１０分間混練する。得られたコンパウンドを、φ
６ｍｍステンレス製支持体の周囲にローラ状になるよう
に押出成型機にて成型し、加熱加硫成型した後、外径φ
１２ｍｍになるように研磨処理して弾性層を得た。NBR 100 parts by weight Lithium salt 1.5 parts by weight Ester plasticizer 25 parts by weight Calcium carbonate 30 parts by weight Zinc oxide 5 parts by weight Fatty acid 2 parts by weight The above materials were mixed in a closed mixer adjusted to 60 ° C. 10
After kneading for 20 minutes, the mixture is further kneaded for 20 minutes with a closed mixer cooled to 20 ° C. to prepare a raw material compound. To this compound, 1 part by weight of sulfur as a vulcanizing agent and 3 parts by weight of Noxeller TS as a vulcanization accelerator are added to 100 parts by weight of NBR of raw rubber, and kneaded for 10 minutes by a two-roll machine cooled to 20 ° C. The obtained compound is
A 6 mm stainless steel support is molded around the support with an extruder so as to form a roller, and then heated and vulcanized.
The elastic layer was obtained by performing a polishing treatment so as to have a thickness of 12 mm.

【０１２８】上記弾性層の上に以下に示すような表面層
を被覆形成した。表面層２ｃの材料として、フルオロオ
レフィン（４フッ化タイプ）、ヒドロキシアルキルビニ
ルエーテル及びカルボン酸ビニルエステルを共重合させ
て得られたフッ素樹脂共重合体を用い、その溶液１００
重量部（固形分５０重量％）に対して、イソシアネート
（ＨＤＩ）５重量部と、疎水化処理した導電性酸化錫３
５重量部と未処理の親水性の導電性酸化錫１０重量部を
加えた塗料（Ｐ／Ｂ＝０．９／１．０）を用いて、ディ
ッピング法にて塗布して膜厚が１１μｍの表面層を被覆
形成し、ローラ形状の帯電部材を得た。A surface layer as shown below was formed on the above elastic layer by coating. As a material of the surface layer 2c, a fluororesin copolymer obtained by copolymerizing fluoroolefin (tetrafluoride type), hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether and vinyl carboxylate is used.
5 parts by weight of isocyanate (HDI) and hydrophobized conductive tin oxide 3 parts by weight (solids content 50% by weight)
Using a paint (P / B = 0.9 / 1.0) to which 5 parts by weight and 10 parts by weight of an untreated hydrophilic conductive tin oxide were added, the film was applied by dipping to a film thickness of 11 μm. The surface layer was formed by coating to obtain a roller-shaped charging member.

【０１２９】本実施例では疎水化処理剤として、ｉ−ブ
チルトリメトキシシランを用いた。また、疎水化処理方
法としては、前述の水溶液法を選択した。本実施例の
導電性酸化錫の疎水化度を前述の方法で測定した結果、
疎水化度２０％であった。In this example, i-butyltrimethoxysilane was used as a hydrophobizing agent. The above-mentioned aqueous solution method was selected as the hydrophobic treatment method. As a result of measuring the degree of hydrophobicity of the conductive tin oxide of this example by the method described above,
The degree of hydrophobicity was 20%.

【０１３０】本実施例の帯電ローラ表面層の結着樹脂の
静摩擦係数μｓBは０．１２であり、本実施例の帯電ロ
ーラ表面の静摩擦係数μｓは０．２３であった。また、
帯電ローラ表面の十点平均表面粗さ（Ｒｚ）は、１．８
μｍであった。The coefficient of static friction μs B of the binder resin on the surface layer of the charging roller of this embodiment was 0.12, and the coefficient of static friction μs of the surface of the charging roller of this embodiment was 0.23. Also,
The ten-point average surface roughness (Rz) of the charging roller surface is 1.8
μm.

【０１３１】得られた帯電ローラについて、実施例１と
同様の方法で、斑点状やスジ状の電位ムラについての初
期画像評価及び通電劣化の評価、トナー付着によるカブ
リについての画像評価を行った。The obtained charging roller was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 for the initial image evaluation for spot-like or streak-like potential unevenness, for the evaluation of deterioration due to energization, and for the fogging due to toner adhesion.

【０１３２】更に、電子写真感光体の厚みを振って斑点
状やスジ状の電位ムラについて画像評価した結果を表４
に示す。表４に示すように、電子写真感光体の電荷輸送
層の膜厚が４０μｍ以下では、斑点状やスジ状の画像欠
陥の発生しない良好な画像が得られた。Table 4 shows the results of image evaluation of spot-like and streak-like potential unevenness by varying the thickness of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
Shown in As shown in Table 4, when the thickness of the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor was 40 μm or less, a good image free of spot-like or streak-like image defects was obtained.

【０１３３】（実施例３）実施例１において、疎水化処
理剤としてエチルトリメトキシシランの代わりに、メチ
ルトリメトキシシランとフルオロアルキルアルコキシシ
ラン「ＣＦ3ＣＨ2ＣＨ2Ｓｉ（ＯＣＨ3）3」を併用して
使用した以外は、実施例１と同様に帯電ローラを作成
し、評価を行った。その結果を表１、表２及び表３に示
した。なお、本実施例の導電性酸化錫の疎水化度は、８
０％であった。(Example 3) In Example 1, instead of ethyltrimethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane and fluoroalkylalkoxysilane "CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 Si (OCH 3 ) 3 " were used in place of ethyltrimethoxysilane. A charging roller was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the charging roller was used in combination. The results are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3. The degree of hydrophobicity of the conductive tin oxide of this example is 8
It was 0%.

【０１３４】本実施例の帯電ローラ表面層の結着樹脂の
静摩擦係数μｓBは０．２５であり、本実施例の帯電ロ
ーラ表面の静摩擦係数μｓは０．３５であった。また、
帯電ローラ表面の十点平均表面粗さ（Ｒｚ）は、２．５
μｍであった。The coefficient of static friction μs B of the binder resin on the surface layer of the charging roller of this embodiment was 0.25, and the coefficient of static friction μs of the surface of the charging roller of this embodiment was 0.35. Also,
The ten-point average surface roughness (Rz) of the charging roller surface is 2.5
μm.

【０１３５】（実施例４）電子写真感光体を以下の構成
とした以外は、実施例１と同様の方法で評価等を実施し
た。結果を表１、表２及び表３に示す。Example 4 Evaluation and the like were performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the electrophotographic photosensitive member had the following structure. The results are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

【０１３６】｛電子写真感光体の作成｝電荷輸送層の結
着樹脂を下記構造式のポリアリレート樹脂（重量平均分
子量８３０００）に代え、膜厚を３５μｍの構成とした
以外は、実施例１と同様の方法で電子写真感光体を作成
した。{Preparation of Electrophotographic Photoreceptor} Example 1 was repeated except that the binder resin of the charge transport layer was changed to a polyarylate resin (weight average molecular weight: 83000) having the following structural formula and the film thickness was 35 μm. An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner.

【０１３７】[0137]

【化４】 Embedded image

【０１３８】（実施例５） ｛電子写真感光体の作成｝実施例１の電子写真感光体の
電荷輸送層の膜厚を１８μｍとした以外は、実施例１と
同様にして電子写真感光体を作成した。Example 5 {Preparation of Electrophotographic Photoreceptor} An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the thickness of the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of Example 1 was changed to 18 μm. Created.

【０１３９】上記の帯電ローラ、電子写真感光体を用い
て、実施例１と同様の評価を行った。結果を表１、表２
及び表３に示す。The same evaluation as in Example 1 was performed using the above charging roller and electrophotographic photosensitive member. Tables 1 and 2 show the results.
And Table 3.

【０１４０】（実施例６）実施例１において帯電ローラ
の表面層の材料を以下の構成とした以外は、実施例１と
同様にして帯電ローラ及び電子写真感光体を作成し、評
価を行った。結果を表１、表２及び表３に示す。Example 6 A charging roller and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the material of the surface layer of the charging roller in Example 1 was changed as follows. . The results are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

【０１４１】帯電ローラの表面層２ｃの材料として、 エステル系ポリオール溶液 １００重量部 （固形分２０重量％、溶剤トルエン／ＭＥＫ） 疎水化処理した導電性酸化錫 １８重量部 未処理の導電性酸化チタン（親水性） ２重量部 この混合溶液を分散溶解し、この分散液にトリレンジイ
ソシアネート（ＴＤＩ）７重量部を加え、表面層用塗料
（Ｐ／Ｂ＝１／１）を作成する。この塗料を弾性層２ｂ
上にディッピング法にて塗布し、膜厚が２２μｍの表面
層を被覆形成し、ローラ形状の帯電部材を得た。なお、
本実施例の導電性酸化錫の疎水化度は９８％であった。As a material for the surface layer 2c of the charging roller, 100 parts by weight of an ester-based polyol solution (solid content: 20% by weight, solvent toluene / MEK) 18 parts by weight of conductive tin oxide subjected to hydrophobic treatment Untreated conductive titanium oxide (Hydrophilicity) 2 parts by weight This mixed solution is dispersed and dissolved, and 7 parts by weight of tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) is added to this dispersion to prepare a surface layer coating material (P / B = 1/1). This paint is applied to the elastic layer 2b.
The resultant was applied by a dipping method, and a surface layer having a film thickness of 22 μm was formed thereon to obtain a roller-shaped charging member. In addition,
The hydrophobicity of the conductive tin oxide of this example was 98%.

【０１４２】本実施例の帯電ローラ表面層の結着樹脂の
静摩擦係数μｓBは０．４５であり、本実施例の帯電ロ
ーラ表面の静摩擦係数μｓは０．８２であった。また、
帯電ローラ表面の十点平均表面粗さ（Ｒｚ）は、６．２
μｍであった。The static friction coefficient μs B of the binder resin on the surface layer of the charging roller of this embodiment was 0.45, and the static friction coefficient μs of the surface of the charging roller of this embodiment was 0.82. Also,
The ten-point average surface roughness (Rz) of the charging roller surface is 6.2.
μm.

【０１４３】（実施例７）実施例１において帯電ローラ
の表面層の材料を以下の構成とした以外は、実施例１と
同様にして帯電ローラ及び電子写真感光体を作成し、評
価を行った。結果を表１、表２及び表３に示す。Example 7 A charging roller and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the material of the surface layer of the charging roller in Example 1 was changed as follows. . The results are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

【０１４４】帯電ローラの表面層２ｃの材料として、 アクリルポリオール １００重量部 （固形分１０重量％、溶剤トルエン／ＭＥＫ） 疎水化処理した導電性カーボンブラック １．５重量部 未処理の導電性酸化錫（親水性） １．０重量部 この混合溶液を分散溶解し、この分散液にイソシアネー
ト（ＨＤＩ）５重量部を加え、表面層用塗料（Ｐ／Ｂ＝
１／４）を作成する。この塗料を弾性層２ｂ上にディッ
ピング法にて塗布し、膜厚が１５μｍの表面層を被覆形
成し、ローラ形状の帯電部材を得た。なお、本実施例の
導電性カーボンブラックの疎水化度は、６８％であっ
た。Acrylic polyol 100 parts by weight (solid content 10% by weight, solvent toluene / MEK) Hydrophobized conductive carbon black 1.5 parts by weight Untreated conductive tin oxide (Hydrophilicity) 1.0 part by weight This mixed solution was dispersed and dissolved, and 5 parts by weight of isocyanate (HDI) was added to this dispersion, and a coating material for a surface layer (P / B =
1/4) is created. This coating material was applied on the elastic layer 2b by dipping to form a surface layer having a thickness of 15 μm to obtain a roller-shaped charging member. The degree of hydrophobicity of the conductive carbon black of this example was 68%.

【０１４５】本実施例の帯電ローラ表面層の結着樹脂の
静摩擦擦係数μｓBは０．２５であり、本実施例の帯電
ローラ表面の静摩擦係数μｓは０．３９であった。ま
た、帯電ローラ表面の十点平均表面粗さ（Ｒｚ）は、
１．８μｍであった。The static friction coefficient of friction μs B of the binder resin of the charging roller surface layer of this embodiment was 0.25, and the static friction coefficient μs of the charging roller surface of this embodiment was 0.39. The ten-point average surface roughness (Rz) of the charging roller surface is as follows:
It was 1.8 μm.

【０１４６】（比較例１）比較例１において下記の方法
で帯電ローラを作成した。(Comparative Example 1) In Comparative Example 1, a charging roller was prepared by the following method.

【０１４７】 ＥＰＤＭ １００重量部 導電性カーボンブラック ３０重量部 酸化亜鉛 ５重量部 脂肪酸 ２重量部 以上の材料を６０℃に調節した密閉型ミキサーにて１０
分間混練した後、ＥＰＤＭ１００重量部に対してパラフ
ィンオイル１５重量部を加え、２０℃に冷却した密閉型
ミキサーで更に２０分間混練し、原料コンパウンドを調
製する。このコンパウンドに原料ゴムのＥＰＤＭ１００
重量部に対し加硫剤としての硫黄０．５重量部、加硫促
進剤としてのＭＢＴ１重量部、ＴＭＴＤ１重量部及びＺ
ｎＭＤＣ１．５重量部を加え、２０℃に冷却した２本ロ
ール機にて１０分間混練する。得られたコンパウンド
を、φ６ｍｍステンレス製支持体の周囲に外径φ１２ｍ
ｍのローラ状になるようにプレス成型機にて加熱加硫成
型することにより弾性層を得た。100 parts by weight of EPDM 30 parts by weight of conductive carbon black 5 parts by weight of zinc oxide 2 parts by weight of fatty acid 2 parts by weight of the above materials in a closed mixer adjusted to 60 ° C.
After kneading for 15 minutes, 15 parts by weight of paraffin oil is added to 100 parts by weight of EPDM, and the mixture is further kneaded with a closed mixer cooled to 20 ° C. for 20 minutes to prepare a raw material compound. The compound rubber EPDM100
0.5 part by weight of sulfur as a vulcanizing agent, 1 part by weight of MBT as a vulcanization accelerator, 1 part by weight of TMTD and Z
1.5 parts by weight of nMDC is added, and the mixture is kneaded with a two-roll mill cooled to 20 ° C. for 10 minutes. The obtained compound was wrapped around a φ6 mm stainless steel support with an outer diameter of φ12 m.
An elastic layer was obtained by performing heat vulcanization molding with a press molding machine so as to obtain a roller shape of m.

【０１４８】上記弾性層の上に以下に示すような抵抗層
を被覆形成した。抵抗層２ｄの材料として、 ポリウレタン樹脂 １００重量部 導電性カーボンブラック １５重量部 をメチルエチルケトン（ＭＥＫ）溶媒にて分散溶解して
抵抗層用塗料を作成する。この塗料を弾性層２ｂ上にデ
ィッピング法にて塗布し、膜厚が１００μｍの抵抗層２
ｄを被覆形成した。A resistance layer as shown below was formed on the above elastic layer by coating. As a material for the resistance layer 2d, 100 parts by weight of a polyurethane resin and 15 parts by weight of a conductive carbon black are dispersed and dissolved in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solvent to prepare a coating for the resistance layer. This paint is applied on the elastic layer 2b by dipping, and the resistive layer 2 having a thickness of 100 μm is coated.
d was coated.

【０１４９】更に、抵抗層２ｄの上に以下に示す表面層
２ｃを被覆形成した。表面層２ｃの材料として、ポリア
ミド樹脂１００重量部をメタノール／トルエン混合溶媒
にて溶解して表面層用塗料を作成する。この塗料を用い
て、ディッピング法にて塗布して膜厚が５μｍの表面層
を被覆形成し、ローラ形状の帯電部材を得た。Further, a surface layer 2c shown below was formed on the resistance layer 2d by coating. As a material for the surface layer 2c, 100 parts by weight of a polyamide resin is dissolved in a mixed solvent of methanol / toluene to prepare a coating for the surface layer. Using this paint, a surface layer having a thickness of 5 μm was formed by coating by a dipping method to obtain a roller-shaped charging member.

【０１５０】表面層を形成したのと同一の結着樹脂を塗
料化し、そのクリア塗料を用いてアルミニウムシート上
にコーティングし、静摩擦係数測定用の表面層サンプル
シートとした。The same binder resin as that used to form the surface layer was formed into a paint, and the clear paint was used to coat the aluminum sheet to obtain a sample sheet of the surface layer for measuring the coefficient of static friction.

【０１５１】比較例１の帯電ローラ表面層の結着樹脂の
静摩擦係数μｓBは０．７８であり、帯電ローラ表面の
静摩擦係数μｓは１．０５であった。また、帯電ローラ
表面の十点平均表面粗さ（Ｒｚ）は、１０．９μｍであ
った。In Comparative Example 1, the static friction coefficient μs B of the binder resin on the surface layer of the charging roller was 0.78, and the static friction coefficient μs of the surface of the charging roller was 1.05. The ten-point average surface roughness (Rz) of the charging roller surface was 10.9 μm.

【０１５２】この帯電ローラについて実施例１と同様の
評価を行い、その結果を表１、表２及び表３に示す。The charging roller was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

【０１５３】この帯電ローラを用いた画像形成装置によ
り出力した画像には、斑点状や横黒スジ、横白スジが発
生していた。また、低温低湿環境において、通電劣化に
伴い、帯電部材の抵抗が初期に比べて約２桁上昇し、耐
久後半、画像濃度が濃くなる等の画質が低下してしまっ
た。更に、複数枚画像出し耐久試験において、トナー付
着が原因となる画像濃度ムラも同時に発生していた。The image output by the image forming apparatus using the charging roller had spots, horizontal black stripes, and horizontal white stripes. Further, in a low-temperature and low-humidity environment, the resistance of the charging member was increased by about two orders of magnitude as compared with the initial stage, and the image quality was deteriorated in the latter half of durability, such as an increase in image density. Further, in the durability test for image output on a plurality of sheets, image density unevenness caused by toner adhesion has also occurred at the same time.

【０１５４】（比較例２）比較例２において下記の方法
で帯電ローラを作成した。(Comparative Example 2) In Comparative Example 2, a charging roller was prepared by the following method.

【０１５５】 ＮＢＲ １００重量部 過塩素酸リチウム塩 ５重量部 炭酸カルシウム ３０重量部 酸化亜鉛 ５重量部 脂肪酸 ２重量部 以上の材料を６０℃に調節した密閉型ミキサーにて１０
分間混練した後、ＮＢＲ１００重量部に対してＤＯＳ可
塑剤２０重量部を加え、２０℃に冷却した密閉型ミキサ
ーで更に２０分間混練し、原料コンパウンドを調製す
る。このコンパウンドに原料ゴムのＮＢＲ１００重量部
に対し加硫剤としての硫黄１重量部、加硫促進剤として
のノクセラーＴＳ３重量部を加え、２０℃に冷却した２
本ロール機にて１０分間混練する。得られたコンパウン
ドを、φ６ｍｍステンレス製支持体の周囲にローラ状に
なるように押出成型機にて成型し、加熱加硫成型した
後、外径φ１２ｍｍになるように研磨処理して弾性層を
得た。NBR 100 parts by weight Lithium perchlorate 5 parts by weight Calcium carbonate 30 parts by weight Zinc oxide 5 parts by weight Fatty acid 2 parts by weight The above materials were mixed in a closed mixer adjusted to 60 ° C.
After kneading for 20 minutes, 20 parts by weight of a DOS plasticizer is added to 100 parts by weight of NBR, and the mixture is further kneaded with a closed mixer cooled to 20 ° C. for 20 minutes to prepare a raw material compound. To this compound, 1 part by weight of sulfur as a vulcanizing agent and 3 parts by weight of Noxeller TS as a vulcanization accelerator were added to 100 parts by weight of NBR of raw rubber, and the mixture was cooled to 20 ° C.
Knead with this roll machine for 10 minutes. The obtained compound is molded by an extruder so as to form a roller around a support made of stainless steel having a diameter of 6 mm, and then subjected to heat vulcanization molding, followed by polishing treatment so as to have an outer diameter of 12 mm to obtain an elastic layer. Was.

【０１５６】上記弾性層の上に以下に示すような表面層
を被覆形成した。表面層２ｃの材料として、 ポリウレタン樹脂 １００重量部 未処理の導電性酸化錫（親水性） ６０重量部 をメチルエチルケトン（ＭＥＫ）溶媒にて分散溶解して
表面層用塗料を作成する。この塗料を用いて、ディッピ
ング法にて塗布して膜厚が１０μｍの表面層を被覆形成
し、ローラ形状の帯電部材を得た。なお、比較例２の導
電性酸化錫（未処理）の疎水化度は、０％であった。A surface layer as shown below was formed on the elastic layer by coating. As a material for the surface layer 2c, 100 parts by weight of a polyurethane resin and 60 parts by weight of untreated conductive tin oxide (hydrophilic) are dispersed and dissolved in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solvent to prepare a coating for the surface layer. Using this paint, a surface layer having a thickness of 10 μm was formed by coating by a dipping method to obtain a roller-shaped charging member. In addition, the hydrophobicity of the conductive tin oxide (untreated) of Comparative Example 2 was 0%.

【０１５７】比較例２の帯電ローラ表面層の結着樹脂の
静摩擦係数μｓBは０．６６であり、帯電ローラの表面
の静摩擦係数μｓは１．１３であった。また、帯電ロー
ラ表面の十点平均表面粗さ（Ｒｚ）は、１２．１μｍで
あった。The static friction coefficient μs B of the binder resin of the charging roller surface layer in Comparative Example 2 was 0.66, and the static friction coefficient μs of the charging roller surface was 1.13. The ten-point average surface roughness (Rz) of the charging roller surface was 12.1 μm.

【０１５８】この帯電ローラについて実施例１と同様の
評価を行い、その結果を表１、表２及び表３に示す。The charging roller was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

【０１５９】なお、低温低湿環境において、通電劣化に
伴い、帯電部材の抵抗が初期に比べて約２桁上昇し、耐
久後半、画像濃度が濃くなる等画質が低下してしまっ
た。また、複数枚画像出し耐久試験においてトナー付着
が原因となる帯電ローラ回転周期毎の画像カブリが発生
していた。更に、比較例２の帯電ローラは、その抵抗値
の環境変動（低温低湿と高温高湿の環境間）が２桁もあ
り、環境安定性にやや劣る。これは、弾性層に使用した
導電剤である過塩素酸リチウムの影響ではないかと考え
る。In a low-temperature, low-humidity environment, the resistance of the charging member was increased by about two orders of magnitude as compared with the initial stage, and the image quality was deteriorated in the latter half of durability, for example, the image density was increased. In addition, in the endurance test for image output on a plurality of sheets, image fogging has occurred at every rotation cycle of the charging roller due to toner adhesion. Furthermore, the charging roller of Comparative Example 2 has two orders of magnitude of resistance fluctuation (between low-temperature, low-humidity, and high-temperature, high-humidity environments) in resistance, and is slightly inferior in environmental stability. This is thought to be due to the effect of lithium perchlorate, which is a conductive agent used for the elastic layer.

【０１６０】[0160]

【表１】 [Table 1]

【０１６１】[0161]

【表２】 [Table 2]

【０１６２】[0162]

【表３】 [Table 3]

【０１６３】[0163]

【表４】 [Table 4]

【０１６４】[0164]

【発明の効果】以上述べたように本発明によれば、帯電
部材に直流電圧のみを印加して被帯電体を接触帯電方式
により帯電処理する帯電部材において、電子写真感光体
等の被帯電体面に斑点状やスジ状の電位ムラの発生しな
い均一帯電を実現することができる。従って、本発明の
導電部材を画像形成装置に用いることで、高画質化を達
成することができる。また、本発明の導電部材は低温低
湿環境においても通電劣化することがないので、長期に
わたり安定した電気特性を維持できる。そのため画像形
成装置の耐久安定性が向上する。As described above, according to the present invention, in a charging member in which only a DC voltage is applied to the charging member to charge the charged member by a contact charging method, the surface of the charged member such as an electrophotographic photosensitive member is charged. In this case, uniform charging can be realized without causing spot-like or streak-like potential unevenness. Therefore, high image quality can be achieved by using the conductive member of the present invention in an image forming apparatus. In addition, the conductive member of the present invention does not deteriorate even in a low-temperature and low-humidity environment, so that stable electrical characteristics can be maintained for a long time. Therefore, the durability stability of the image forming apparatus is improved.

【０１６５】また、本発明の画像形成装置は、帯電ロー
ラ表面へのトナー付着が少ないので、トナー付着が原因
となる画像カブリ及び画像濃度ムラが生じなくなる。そ
の結果、画像形成装置の総印字枚数が大幅に増え、耐久
安定性が向上する。特に、低温低湿環境においてもトナ
ー付着が原因となる画像カブリが生じなくなる。Further, in the image forming apparatus of the present invention, the amount of toner adhered to the surface of the charging roller is small, so that image fogging and image density unevenness caused by toner adhesion do not occur. As a result, the total number of printed sheets of the image forming apparatus is greatly increased, and the durability stability is improved. In particular, even in a low-temperature and low-humidity environment, image fogging caused by toner adhesion does not occur.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of the drawings]

【図１】本発明の画像形成装置の概略構成図である。FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of an image forming apparatus of the present invention.

【図２】帯電ローラの概略図である。FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charging roller.

【図３】他の実施例を示す帯電ローラの概略図である。FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a charging roller showing another embodiment.

【図４】帯電部材の放電領域を説明する概略図である。FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a discharge region of a charging member.

【図５】帯電部材の電流値測定装置の概略図である。FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for measuring a current value of a charging member.

【図６】電子写真感光体の層断面図である。FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

【図７】他の実施例を示す電子写真感光体の層断面図で
ある。FIG. 7 is a layer cross-sectional view of an electrophotographic photoreceptor showing another embodiment.

【図８】帯電ローラ表面の摩擦係数測定装置の概略図で
ある。FIG. 8 is a schematic view of an apparatus for measuring a friction coefficient of a charging roller surface.

【図９】摩擦係数測定装置より得られたチャートの一例
である。FIG. 9 is an example of a chart obtained by a friction coefficient measuring device.

【符号の説明】[Explanation of symbols]

１ 像担持体（電子写真感光体） １ａ 導電性支持体 １ｂ 感光層 １１ｂ 電荷発生層 １２ｂ 電荷輸送層 １ｃ 下引層 ２ 帯電部材（帯電ローラ） ３ 露光手段 ４ 現像手段 ４ａ 現像ローラ ４ｂ 搬送ローラ ４ｃ 規制ブレード ５ 転写手段（転写ローラ） ６ クリーニング手段 Ｓ１，Ｓ２，Ｓ３ バイアス印加電源 Ｐ 転写材 ２１ 円筒電極（金属ローラ） ２２ 固定抵抗器 ２３ レコーダー REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1 image carrier (electrophotographic photoreceptor) 1a conductive support 1b photosensitive layer 11b charge generation layer 12b charge transport layer 1c undercoat layer 2 charging member (charging roller) 3 exposure means 4 developing means 4a developing roller 4b transport roller 4c Control blade 5 Transfer means (transfer roller) 6 Cleaning means S1, S2, S3 Bias power supply P Transfer material 21 Cylindrical electrode (metal roller) 22 Fixed resistor 23 Recorder

Claims (13)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 【請求項１】 少なくとも被帯電体である電子写真感光
体、該電子写真感光体に接触配置される帯電手段、露光
手段、現像手段及び転写手段を備える画像形成装置にお
いて、 該電子写真感光体が導電性支持体上に少なくとも電荷発
生層及び電荷輸送層を順次積層してなり、該電荷輸送層
が１２〜４０μｍの膜厚であり、 かつ、該帯電手段が直流電圧を印加されることにより前
記電子写真感光体を帯電し、 かつ、該帯電手段を構成する導電部材が、少なくとも導
電性支持体及びその上に順次に設けられた弾性層と表面
層とからなり、 かつ、該表面層に疎水性の導電性微粒子と親水性の導電
性微粒子が含有され、疎水性の導電性微粒子の含有量を
Ｗ１、親水性の導電性微粒子の含有量をＷ２とした時、 Ｗ１≧Ｗ２ …（１） であることを特徴とする画像形成装置。1. An image forming apparatus comprising at least an electrophotographic photosensitive member as a member to be charged, a charging unit, an exposing unit, a developing unit, and a transferring unit arranged in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member is At least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are sequentially laminated on a conductive support, the charge transport layer has a thickness of 12 to 40 μm, and The electrophotographic photosensitive member is charged, and the conductive member constituting the charging means comprises at least a conductive support and an elastic layer and a surface layer sequentially provided thereon, and the surface layer has a hydrophobic property. When the content of hydrophobic conductive fine particles is W1 and the content of hydrophilic conductive fine particles is W2, the content of hydrophilic conductive fine particles and hydrophilic conductive fine particles is W1, W1 ≧ W2 (1) Is characterized by Image forming apparatus. 【請求項２】 前記現像手段が転写後の電子写真感光体
上に残留する現像剤を回収する手段を有する請求項１に
記載の画像形成装置。2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said developing means has means for collecting a developer remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member after transfer. 【請求項３】 転写手段と帯電手段の間、及び帯電手段
と現像手段の間に、転写後の電子写真感光体上に残留す
る現像剤を回収し、貯蔵するクリーニング手段を備えな
い請求項１〜２に記載の画像形成装置。3. A cleaning device for recovering and storing the developer remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member after transfer between the transfer device and the charging device and between the charging device and the developing device. 3. An image forming apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 2. 【請求項４】 少なくとも、像担持体である電子写真感
光体と、帯電手段と、これら電子写真感光体及び帯電手
段を一体的に収容するカートリッジ容器とを備え、画像
形成装置の本体に対して着脱自在に装着されるプロセス
カートリッジにおいて、 該電子写真感光体が、導電性支持体上に少なくとも電荷
発生層及び電荷輸送層を順次積層してなり、該電荷輸送
層が１２〜４０μｍの膜厚であり、 かつ、該導電部材が直流電圧を印加されることにより該
電子写真感光体を帯電し、 かつ、該導電部材が、少なくとも導電性支持体及びその
上に順次に設けられた弾性層と表面層とからなり、 かつ、該表面層に疎水性の導電性微粒子と親水性の導電
性微粒子が含有され、疎水性の導電性微粒子の含有量を
Ｗ１、親水性の導電性微粒子の含有量をＷ２とした時、 Ｗ１≧Ｗ２ …（１） であることを特徴とするプロセスカートリッジ。4. An image forming apparatus comprising: at least an electrophotographic photosensitive member as an image carrier; a charging unit; and a cartridge container integrally storing the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the charging unit. In a process cartridge which is detachably mounted, the electrophotographic photosensitive member is formed by sequentially laminating at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on a conductive support, and the charge transport layer has a thickness of 12 to 40 μm. And the conductive member charges the electrophotographic photoreceptor by applying a DC voltage, and the conductive member comprises at least a conductive support and an elastic layer and a surface sequentially provided thereon. And the surface layer contains hydrophobic conductive fine particles and hydrophilic conductive fine particles. The content of the hydrophobic conductive fine particles is W1, and the content of the hydrophilic conductive fine particles is W2 and W1 ≧ W2 (1). 【請求項５】 少なくとも被帯電体である電子写真感光
体、該電子写真感光体に接触配置される帯電手段、露光
手段、現像手段及び転写手段を備える画像形成装置にお
いて、該帯電手段を構成する導電部材が、少なくとも導
電性支持体及びその上に順次に設けられた弾性層と表面
層とからなり、かつ、該導電部材の表面層に疎水性の導
電性微粒子と親水性の導電性微粒子を含有し、疎水性の
導電性微粒子の含有量をＷ１、親水性の導電性微粒子の
含有量をＷ２とする時、Ｗ１≧Ｗ２であり、該導電部材
に直流電圧が印加されることにより前記電子写真感光体
が帯電される電子写真感光体であって、該電子写真感光
体が導電性支持体上に少なくとも電荷発生層及び電荷輸
送層を順次積層してなり、該電荷輸送層が１２〜４０μ
ｍの膜厚であることを特徴とする電子写真感光体。5. An image forming apparatus comprising at least an electrophotographic photosensitive member as a member to be charged and a charging unit, an exposing unit, a developing unit and a transfer unit which are arranged in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The conductive member comprises at least a conductive support and an elastic layer and a surface layer sequentially provided thereon, and the conductive layer includes hydrophobic conductive fine particles and hydrophilic conductive fine particles on the surface layer. When the content of the hydrophobic conductive fine particles is W1 and the content of the hydrophilic conductive fine particles is W2, W1 ≧ W2, and the DC voltage is applied to the conductive member. An electrophotographic photoreceptor in which a photoreceptor is charged, wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor is formed by sequentially laminating at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on a conductive support, and the charge transport layer has a thickness of 12 to 40 μm.
An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a thickness of m. 【請求項６】 前記被帯電体である電子写真感光体が接
触帯電方式を採用した電子写真方式の機構に使用される
請求項５に記載の電子写真感光体。6. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 5, wherein the electrophotographic photoconductor to be charged is used for an electrophotographic mechanism employing a contact charging system. 【請求項７】 少なくとも被帯電体である電子写真感光
体、該電子写真感光体に接触配置される導電部材で構成
される帯電手段、露光手段、現像手段及び転写手段を備
える画像形成装置において、該電子写真感光体が導電性
支持体上に少なくとも電荷発生層及び電荷輸送層を順次
積層してなり、該電荷輸送層が１２〜４０μｍの膜厚で
あり、前記導電部材が直流電圧を印加されることにより
前記電子写真感光体を帯電する導電部材であって、 該導電部材が、少なくとも導電性支持体及びその上に順
次に設けられた弾性層と表面層とからなり、 かつ、該導電部材の表面層に疎水性の導電性微粒子と親
水性の導電性微粒子を含有し、疎水性の導電性微粒子の
含有量をＷ１、親水性の導電性微粒子の含有量をＷ２と
する時、 Ｗ１≧Ｗ２ …（１） であることを特徴とする導電部材。7. An image forming apparatus comprising at least an electrophotographic photoreceptor as a member to be charged, a charging unit including a conductive member arranged in contact with the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an exposing unit, a developing unit, and a transfer unit. The electrophotographic photoreceptor is obtained by sequentially laminating at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on a conductive support, wherein the charge transport layer has a thickness of 12 to 40 μm, and a DC voltage is applied to the conductive member. A conductive member for charging the electrophotographic photoreceptor, the conductive member comprising at least a conductive support and an elastic layer and a surface layer sequentially provided thereon, and the conductive member When the surface layer contains hydrophobic conductive fine particles and hydrophilic conductive fine particles, and the content of the hydrophobic conductive fine particles is W1 and the content of the hydrophilic conductive fine particles is W2, W1 ≧ W2 ... (1) Conductive member and said Rukoto. 【請求項８】 前記導電部材の弾性層は、イオン伝導系
の材料を主体に構成されている請求項７に記載の導電部
材。8. The conductive member according to claim 7, wherein the elastic layer of the conductive member is mainly made of an ion conductive material. 【請求項９】 前記導電部材の表面の静摩擦係数が１．
０以下である請求項７又は８に記載の導電部材。9. The static friction coefficient of the surface of the conductive member is 1.
9. The conductive member according to claim 7, wherein the value is 0 or less. 【請求項１０】 前記導電部材の十点平均表面粗さ（Ｒ
ｚ）が１０μｍ以下である請求項７〜９のいずれかに記
載の導電部材。10. A ten-point average surface roughness (R) of the conductive member.
The conductive member according to any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein z) is 10 µm or less. 【請求項１１】 前記導電部材がローラ形状である請求
項７〜１０のいずれかに記載の導電部材。11. The conductive member according to claim 7, wherein the conductive member has a roller shape. 【請求項１２】 前記導電部材が電子写真方式の機構で
使用される請求項７〜１１のいずれかに記載の導電部
材。12. The conductive member according to claim 7, wherein said conductive member is used in an electrophotographic mechanism. 【請求項１３】 前記導電部材が被帯電体を帯電する帯
電部材である請求項７〜１２のいずれかに記載の導電部
材。13. The conductive member according to claim 7, wherein said conductive member is a charging member for charging an object to be charged.
JP28019499A 1999-09-30 1999-09-30 Image forming device, process cartridge, electrophotographic photoreceptor and conductive member Pending JP2001100490A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP28019499A JP2001100490A (en) 1999-09-30 1999-09-30 Image forming device, process cartridge, electrophotographic photoreceptor and conductive member

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP28019499A JP2001100490A (en) 1999-09-30 1999-09-30 Image forming device, process cartridge, electrophotographic photoreceptor and conductive member

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2001100490A true JP2001100490A (en) 2001-04-13

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Country Link
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007086319A (en) * 2005-09-21 2007-04-05 Canon Inc Electrophotographic photoreceptor, method for manufacturing the same, and process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photoreceptor
JP2012047959A (en) * 2010-08-26 2012-03-08 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007086319A (en) * 2005-09-21 2007-04-05 Canon Inc Electrophotographic photoreceptor, method for manufacturing the same, and process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photoreceptor
JP2012047959A (en) * 2010-08-26 2012-03-08 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

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