JP2000227440A - Probe pin and contactor having it - Google Patents

Probe pin and contactor having it

Info

Publication number
JP2000227440A
JP2000227440A JP2952599A JP2952599A JP2000227440A JP 2000227440 A JP2000227440 A JP 2000227440A JP 2952599 A JP2952599 A JP 2952599A JP 2952599 A JP2952599 A JP 2952599A JP 2000227440 A JP2000227440 A JP 2000227440A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
film
probe pin
tip
single crystal
probe
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP2952599A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Noriaki Nakasaki
範昭 中崎
Kazuo Kato
和男 加藤
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Denka Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Denki Kagaku Kogyo KK
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Denki Kagaku Kogyo KK filed Critical Denki Kagaku Kogyo KK
Priority to JP2952599A priority Critical patent/JP2000227440A/en
Publication of JP2000227440A publication Critical patent/JP2000227440A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce deformation of a tip in a probe pin so as to stably recognize an image by covering the tip of the probe pin with Pt of a film thickness of a specific dimension or more. SOLUTION: In a probe pin, a conductive film is arranged on the surface of acicular single crystal with a thickness ranging from several μm to 100 μm and a length ranging from several mm to several hundreds μm, and a Pt film is arranged in the tip part. The Pt film arrangement area ranges about 20-200 μm from the front edge part, while a thickness of the Pt film about 3 μm or more, and in general, it may be about 5 μm or less. For forming the Pt film only in the tip part of the acicular single crystal, the part excepting the part for the Pt film is masked by a resist or the like, and then, the film is formed by a plating method, and subsequently, the masking material is removed. Alternatively, the whole of the single crystal is covered with a Pt film, and then, an unnecessary part other than the tip part is removed by etching. The Pt film formed by a plating method is provided with Knoop hardness of about 270-400, and expected affect can be provided.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

【0001】[0001]

【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、半導体集積回路等
の電気特性を測定するプローブカードに関し、特に、プ
ローブカードを構成し、前記半導体回路等の電極に接す
る部分であるプローブピン、並びに前記プローブピンが
回路接続されているコンタクターに関する。
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a probe card for measuring electrical characteristics of a semiconductor integrated circuit and the like, and more particularly, to a probe pin which constitutes a probe card and is in contact with an electrode of the semiconductor circuit and the like, and the probe. It relates to a contactor whose pins are circuit-connected.

【0002】[0002]

【従来の技術】半導体集積回路等の製造工程において
は、一般に、半導体ウェハーに多数のチップが形成され
た段階で、各チップの電気的特性を測定し、動作特性の
良否判定を行なう。この測定には、多数のプローブピン
が被検査体の電極形状に応じて植設されているコンタク
ターをプローブカードに用いる。
2. Description of the Related Art In a process of manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit or the like, generally, at the stage when a large number of chips are formed on a semiconductor wafer, the electrical characteristics of each chip are measured to judge the quality of the operation characteristics. For this measurement, a contactor in which a number of probe pins are implanted according to the electrode shape of the device under test is used for a probe card.

【0003】プローブカードは、複数のプローブピンを
電極に接触させるために、複数のプローブピン先端部が
つくる仮想的な面の平坦度や、被検査体の電極の平坦
度、更には評価装置に組み込んだ場合の両者の平行度等
の誤差を吸収し、接触抵抗値が安定するのに必要な荷重
を負荷して用いる。そのためプローブピンは、被検査体
と接触する先端部とプローブカードの基板部への固定部
分との間が弾性的に撓む様に設計される。このプローブ
ピンを撓ませる量をオーバードライブと称する。
[0003] A probe card is used to make a plurality of probe pins come into contact with the electrodes, so that the flatness of a virtual surface formed by the tips of the plurality of probe pins, the flatness of the electrodes of the device under test, and the evaluation device. An error such as parallelism between the two when incorporated is absorbed, and a load necessary for stabilizing the contact resistance value is applied. For this reason, the probe pins are designed so that the space between the tip portion that comes into contact with the device under test and the portion where the probe card is fixed to the substrate portion is elastically bent. The amount of bending of the probe pin is called overdrive.

【0004】近年の半導体の微細化、高集積化に伴いプ
ローブピンの配置は狭ピッチ化が進んでいる。この場
合、プローブピン先端位置の高精度化が必要であるにも
かかわらず、プローブピンの直径が小さくなり、必要な
オーバードライブを数万乃至数十万回負荷した場合に、
プローブピンの塑性変形が起こり、プローブピン先端の
位置精度が悪くなるという問題があった。更に最近のウ
ェハーテストにおいては、ウェハーを100℃程度まで
加熱した状態でテストする高温測定が普及しつつあり、
プローブピンのクリープ変形等による位置精度の悪化が
問題になっている。
[0004] With the recent miniaturization and high integration of semiconductors, the pitch of probe pins has been narrowed. In this case, even though it is necessary to increase the accuracy of the probe pin tip position, when the diameter of the probe pin is reduced and the necessary overdrive is applied for tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of times,
There is a problem that the plastic deformation of the probe pin occurs and the position accuracy of the tip of the probe pin deteriorates. In recent wafer tests, high-temperature measurement for testing a wafer while being heated to about 100 ° C. is becoming popular.
Deterioration of position accuracy due to creep deformation of the probe pin has become a problem.

【0005】現在、使用されているプローブピンの大半
はWを材料とする線材の一本一本をプリント配線基板に
植設して作製されているが、最近の狭ピッチ、高密度化
への要求に対し、その製造方法及びプローブピン先端位
置精度の両面において対応が困難になりつつある。
At present, most of the probe pins used are manufactured by implanting individual wires made of W into a printed wiring board. It is becoming difficult to meet the demands in both aspects of the manufacturing method and probe pin tip position accuracy.

【0006】そこで、VLS成長で形成した針状単結晶
を応用する方法が提案さており(特開平5−19863
6号公報、特開平5−215774号公報、特開平5−
218156号公報参照)、これらの方法によって、狭
ピッチで高密度のプローブカードの製造が容易になり、
しかも高精度にプローブピンを配置することができる様
になった。
Therefore, a method has been proposed in which a needle-like single crystal formed by VLS growth is applied (JP-A-5-19863).
No. 6, JP-A-5-215774, JP-A-5-215774
218156), these methods facilitate the production of a narrow pitch, high density probe card,
Moreover, the probe pins can be arranged with high accuracy.

【0007】上記方法で得られるプローブピンは、針状
単結晶を導電化するために導電膜で被覆されるが、導電
膜だけでは電極との接触部分の耐久性が維持できないた
め、導電膜の表面上全面に更に接点材料を被覆した構造
を採用している。そのため、プローブカードとして使用
する初期においてプローブピン先端位置の精度に問題は
ないが、数万乃至数十万回のコンタクト後では、被覆し
た膜の永久変形が生じ、プローブピン先端の位置精度が
悪化するという問題があった。この様な問題に対し、プ
ローブピンの先端のみをPd等の接点材料で被服する方
法が提案されている(特開平10−38918号公報参
照)。
The probe pin obtained by the above method is coated with a conductive film to make the needle-shaped single crystal conductive. However, the durability of the contact portion with the electrode cannot be maintained with the conductive film alone. A structure in which a contact material is further coated on the entire surface is adopted. Therefore, there is no problem in the accuracy of the probe pin tip position in the initial stage of use as a probe card, but after tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of contacts, a permanent deformation of the coated film occurs, and the position accuracy of the probe pin tip deteriorates. There was a problem of doing. To cope with such a problem, a method has been proposed in which only the tip of the probe pin is covered with a contact material such as Pd (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-38918).

【0008】しかし、本発明者らは前記方法で得られる
プローブピンについて更に検討した結果、先端材料がP
dでは、硬度が低いため(ヌープ硬度210〜26
0)、コンタクト対象がAuバンプでも、コンタクトを
重ねると先端そのものが変形してしまうことがあること
を見いだした。
However, the present inventors further studied the probe pin obtained by the above method, and found that
d, the hardness is low (Knoop hardness of 210 to 26
0), it has been found that even if the contact target is an Au bump, the tip itself may be deformed when the contacts are overlapped.

【0009】最近のフルオートプローバーでは、プロー
ブピン先端の画像でピンの位置座標を測定し、ウェハー
の電極と位置あわせしてコンタクトさせる。プローブピ
ンの先端が変形してしまうと、画像認識での測定精度が
悪化し、酷いときにはプローブピン先端の画像認識自体
ができなくなるという問題が発生してしまう。この様な
問題の解決策の一つとして、本発明者らがいろいろ実験
的に検討を行ったところ、前記Pdに変えて硬い材料を
先端部に設ければ変形は少なくなると考えられたが、単
純に材料を硬くしただけでは、コンタクト相手の材料の
カスがピン先に付着し、接触抵抗が増大するという問題
が発生する。
In a recent fully automatic prober, the position coordinates of the pins are measured from an image of the tip of the probe pin, and the pin is aligned with the electrode on the wafer to make contact. If the tip of the probe pin is deformed, measurement accuracy in image recognition deteriorates, and in severe cases, a problem occurs in that the image recognition of the tip of the probe pin itself cannot be performed. As one of the solutions to such a problem, the present inventors have conducted various experimental studies, and it was thought that the deformation would be reduced if a hard material was provided at the tip instead of the Pd, If the material is simply hardened, a problem arises in that scum of the material of the contact partner adheres to the pin tip and the contact resistance increases.

【0010】[0010]

【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明は、上記した従
来の問題点を解決するべくなされたものであって、プロ
ーブピンの先端の変形を少なくし、その結果使用条件下
で安定して画像認識ができる、また、接触抵抗が安定
で、長期耐久性を有するプローブカードを提供すること
を目的としている。
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned conventional problems, and reduces the deformation of the tip of a probe pin. It is an object of the present invention to provide a probe card that can be recognized, has stable contact resistance, and has long-term durability.

【0011】[0011]

【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は、表面に導電膜
を設けた針状単結晶からなる半導体計測用のプローブピ
ンであって、先端部のみがPtで被覆してなることを特
徴とするプローブピンであり、好ましくは、0.3μm
以上の膜厚で設けられてなることを特徴とするプローブ
ピンである。又、本発明は、前記プローブピンを有する
ことを特徴とするコンタクターである。
According to the present invention, there is provided a probe pin for measuring a semiconductor made of a needle-like single crystal having a conductive film provided on a surface thereof, wherein only a tip portion is covered with Pt. Probe pin, preferably 0.3 μm
A probe pin characterized by being provided with the above film thickness. The present invention is also a contactor having the probe pin.

【0012】[0012]

【発明の実施形態】本発明のプローブピンは、針状単結
晶の表面に導電膜が設けられ、更に先端部に導電膜上に
Ptの膜が設けられている構造を有するものである。
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The probe pin of the present invention has a structure in which a conductive film is provided on the surface of a needle-like single crystal, and a Pt film is provided on the conductive film at the tip.

【0013】本発明の針状単結晶について、その材質は
例えばVLS成長によって形成されるものが使用でき、
具体的には、Si、LaB6、Ge、α−Al23、G
aAs、GaP、MgO、NiO、SiC、InGa等
である。このうち、半導体と同じ材質のSiが熱膨張率
等の特性が同じであり、プローブピンの位置精度が高温
でも変化しにくいという理由から好ましい。また、一般
的に、針状単結晶の太さは数μm〜100μmであり、
長さは数百μm〜数mmである。
As for the needle-shaped single crystal of the present invention, a material formed by, for example, VLS growth can be used.
Specifically, Si, LaB 6 , Ge, α-Al 2 O 3 , G
aAs, GaP, MgO, NiO, SiC, InGa and the like. Among them, Si made of the same material as the semiconductor is preferable because it has the same characteristics such as the coefficient of thermal expansion and the positional accuracy of the probe pin does not easily change even at a high temperature. Generally, the thickness of the needle-shaped single crystal is several μm to 100 μm,
The length is several hundred μm to several mm.

【0014】前記針状単結晶は、導電化する目的で表面
に一般的に導電膜を設けるが、この導電膜はAu、Cu
等の低電気抵抗の金属をめっき法、蒸着法、スパッタリ
ング法等のいろいろな公知の方法を用いて形成すること
ができる。この場合、オーバードライブによる導電性膜
の塑性変形をなるべく小さく抑えるため、延性材料のA
uをめっき法で形成するのが好ましく、その厚みは1.
0〜3.0μmが好ましい。
The acicular single crystal is generally provided with a conductive film on its surface for the purpose of making it conductive.
Can be formed by various known methods such as a plating method, a vapor deposition method, and a sputtering method. In this case, in order to minimize the plastic deformation of the conductive film due to overdrive, the A
u is preferably formed by a plating method.
0 to 3.0 μm is preferred.

【0015】本発明におけるプローブピンの先端部と
は、オーバードライブを加えたとき発生するプローブピ
ンの撓みが少ない部分を意味し、一般的には、プローブ
ピン全長が1600μmの場合、最先端から300μm
程度である。
The tip portion of the probe pin in the present invention means a portion where the deflection of the probe pin is small when overdrive is applied. In general, when the total length of the probe pin is 1600 μm, it is 300 μm from the tip.
It is about.

【0016】プローブピンの先端部にPt膜を設ける部
分の長さは、最先端から20〜200μm程度が好まし
い。この長さが短かい場合には、時として最先端部での
Pt膜の剥離が起きることがあり、長すぎるとオーバー
ドライブによるPtの塑性変形が起きてプローブピンの
位置精度を悪化させることがある。
The length of the portion where the Pt film is provided at the tip of the probe pin is preferably about 20 to 200 μm from the leading end. If the length is short, the Pt film may sometimes peel off at the forefront part. If the length is too long, plastic deformation of the Pt due to overdrive may occur and the position accuracy of the probe pin may be deteriorated. is there.

【0017】Pt膜の厚みは、プローブピンの受ける荷
重によって異なるが、例えば、接触荷重が1.0gf以
下の場合、0.3μm以上が好ましい。厚みが0.3μ
mより少なくなると、めっき膜にひび割れが発生し変形
が大きくなることがある。また、厚みの上限について
は、特に定めるべき理由はないが、一般的には0.5μ
m程度あれば十分である。尚、本発明ではプローブピン
の最先端部の形状は問わず、例えば円錐型や先端が丸く
なった形状でも可能である。
The thickness of the Pt film varies depending on the load applied to the probe pins. For example, when the contact load is 1.0 gf or less, it is preferably 0.3 μm or more. 0.3μ thickness
If it is less than m, cracks may occur in the plating film and deformation may increase. The upper limit of the thickness is not particularly limited, but generally 0.5 μm
m is sufficient. In the present invention, the shape of the tip portion of the probe pin is not limited, and for example, a conical shape or a shape with a rounded tip is also possible.

【0018】前記Pt膜を針状単結晶の先端部分のみに
形成する方法としては、例えば、Ptを成膜しない部分
をレジスト等でマスキングし、めっき法を用いて被覆
し、マスキング材を後で除去することで容易に形成する
ことができる。また、針状単結晶の全体をPtで被覆し
た後、先端部を除く不要部分をエッチング除去する方法
でも可能である。このような方法のうち、電解めっき法
により得られるPt層は、ヌープ硬度が270〜400
のものを得ることができ、本発明の効果を得るのに好都
合である。
As a method of forming the Pt film only on the tip portion of the needle-like single crystal, for example, a portion where Pt is not to be formed is masked with a resist or the like, coated with a plating method, and the masking material is formed later. It can be easily formed by removing. Alternatively, the entire needle single crystal may be covered with Pt, and then unnecessary portions except the tip portion may be removed by etching. Among such methods, the Pt layer obtained by the electrolytic plating method has a Knoop hardness of 270 to 400.
Can be obtained, which is convenient for obtaining the effects of the present invention.

【0019】[0019]

〔実施例1〜5、比較例1〜3〕[Examples 1 to 5, Comparative Examples 1 to 3]

<コンタクター中間体の準備>SOIウエハーの上に電
極ラインをエッチング法で作成し、更に前記電極ライン
上の所定の位置にAuバンプを作成し、その位置にSi
の針状単結晶をVLS法にて形成させ、更に前記針状単
結晶の先端部分を研磨し、所定の長さに揃える。
<Preparation of Contactor Intermediate> An electrode line was formed on an SOI wafer by an etching method, an Au bump was formed at a predetermined position on the electrode line, and a Si bump was formed at that position.
Is formed by the VLS method, and the tip of the needle-shaped single crystal is further polished to a uniform length.

【0020】次に、前記針状単結晶及び電極ラインの表
面に無電解めっきでNi下地膜を0.1μmの厚さで形
成し、更に、導電膜のAu膜を電気めっき法で1.0〜
3.0μmの厚さで成膜した。尚、このとき目標とした
プローブピン配置のパターンはロの字型に60μmピッ
チで300本配置した形状である。上記操作において、
Auバンプの大きさ、研磨時の寸法、Au膜の厚みを調
整することで、針状単結晶の直径を15μm、長さが1
200〜1800μm、Au膜厚が1.0〜3.0μm
のプローブピンを有するコンタクター中間体を準備し、
以降の操作の試料とした。
Next, a Ni underlayer is formed to a thickness of 0.1 μm by electroless plating on the surface of the needle-like single crystal and the electrode lines, and an Au film of the conductive film is formed by electroplating to a thickness of 1.0 μm. ~
A film was formed with a thickness of 3.0 μm. At this time, the target probe pin arrangement pattern is a shape in which 300 square pins are arranged at a pitch of 60 μm. In the above operation,
By adjusting the size of the Au bump, the size at the time of polishing, and the thickness of the Au film, the diameter of the needle-like single crystal is 15 μm and the length is 1 μm.
200-1800 μm, Au film thickness 1.0-3.0 μm
Prepare contactor intermediate with probe pins of
This was used as a sample for the following operations.

【0021】〔実施例1〜5〕前記試料中から任意に選
択し、先端から約100μmを除いて絶縁膜のレジスト
を塗布した後、市販されている電解Ptめっき液で先端
部のみにめっきした。このときの電流密度は4μA/ピ
ンで、めっき液温度は90℃で、3分間のめっきで厚さ
0.3μmのPt膜を成膜することができた。尚、これ
とは別に平板電極上に前記条件で電解Ptめっきを行
い、市販の硬度計でヌープ硬度をしらべたところ300
〜360であった。
[Examples 1 to 5] The sample was arbitrarily selected from the above samples, a resist of an insulating film was applied except for about 100 μm from the tip, and then only the tip was plated with a commercially available electrolytic Pt plating solution. . At this time, the current density was 4 μA / pin, the plating solution temperature was 90 ° C., and a Pt film having a thickness of 0.3 μm could be formed by plating for 3 minutes. Separately, electrolytic Pt plating was performed on the plate electrode under the above conditions, and the Knoop hardness was measured using a commercially available hardness tester.
3360.

【0022】上記操作で得たコンタクターについて、後
述のプロービング耐久性試験を行い、Auベタウェハー
との接触抵抗の変動を調べ、更に100万回コンタクト
後のプローブピン先端の変形を観察した。この結果を表
1に示す。尚、プロービング耐久性試験は、Auベタウ
ェハーにオーバードライブを40μmで負荷し、サイク
ルタイム175msec、コンタクト時間125mse
cの条件で行った。接触抵抗の変動は、市販のデジタル
マルチメーターを用いて、1万回に1回の割合で、Au
ベタウェハーとの抵抗を測定し、100回の測定値の最
大値を示した。またピン先の変形の程度を、光学顕微鏡
(倍率400倍)で観察した。
With respect to the contactor obtained by the above operation, a probing durability test described later was performed to examine the change in contact resistance with the Au solid wafer, and further, the deformation of the tip of the probe pin after 1 million times of contact was observed. Table 1 shows the results. In the probing durability test, an overdrive was applied to the Au solid wafer at 40 μm, the cycle time was 175 msec, and the contact time was 125 msec.
The test was performed under the condition of c. The change in the contact resistance was measured using a commercially available digital multimeter at a rate of once every 10,000 times.
The resistance to the solid wafer was measured, and the maximum value of 100 measurements was shown. Further, the degree of deformation of the pin tip was observed with an optical microscope (400 times magnification).

【0023】[0023]

【表1】 [Table 1]

【0024】〔比較例1〜3〕前記試料を用い、市販さ
れている電解Pdめっき液(液温60℃、電流密度2m
A/dm2、めっき時間:1分)、無電解Niめっき液
(液温85℃、めっき時間1分)、電解Rhめっき液
(液温50℃、電流密度1.3A/dm2、めっき時間
1.5分)で、比較例1〜3を作製した。このとき得ら
れた膜のヌープ硬度は、Pdが210〜260、Niが
600〜800、Rhが900〜1000であった。こ
の操作で得られたコンタクターを、実施例1〜5と同一
の評価を行った。この結果を表1に併せて記載する。
[Comparative Examples 1 to 3] A commercially available electrolytic Pd plating solution (solution temperature: 60 ° C., current density: 2 m
A / dm 2 , plating time: 1 minute), electroless Ni plating solution (solution temperature 85 ° C., plating time 1 minute), electrolytic Rh plating solution (solution temperature 50 ° C., current density 1.3 A / dm 2 , plating time) At 1.5 minutes), Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were prepared. The Knoop hardness of the obtained film was Pd: 210 to 260, Ni: 600 to 800, and Rh: 900 to 1,000. The same evaluations as in Examples 1 to 5 were performed on the contactors obtained by this operation. The results are shown in Table 1.

【0025】[0025]

【発明の効果】本発明のプローブピン並びにコンタクタ
ーは、実施例から明かのとおりに、100万回のオーバ
ードライブを負荷されてもプローブピンの先端の変形が
少なく、しかも接触抵抗値の変動が小さいという特徴を
有するので、これを用いたコンタクターは、プローバー
のピン先画像の認識性に優れ、長寿命のプローブカード
を得ることができるという特徴を有している。
As can be seen from the examples, the probe pin and the contactor of the present invention have a small deformation of the tip of the probe pin even when the overdrive is applied one million times, and a small fluctuation of the contact resistance value. Therefore, the contactor using this has a feature that the prober is excellent in recognizing the image of the pin point of the prober and a long-life probe card can be obtained.

Claims (3)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 【請求項1】表面に導電膜を設けた針状単結晶からなる
半導体計測用のプローブピンであって、先端部のみがP
tで被覆してなることを特徴とするプローブピン。
1. A probe pin for semiconductor measurement made of a needle-like single crystal having a conductive film provided on a surface thereof, wherein only a tip portion has P
A probe pin characterized by being coated with t.
【請求項2】前記Ptが0.3μm以上の膜厚で設けら
れてなることを特徴とする請求項1記載のプローブピ
ン。
2. The probe pin according to claim 1, wherein said Pt is provided with a thickness of 0.3 μm or more.
【請求項3】請求項1及び2記載のプローブピンを有す
るコンタクター。
3. A contactor having the probe pin according to claim 1.
JP2952599A 1999-02-08 1999-02-08 Probe pin and contactor having it Pending JP2000227440A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2952599A JP2000227440A (en) 1999-02-08 1999-02-08 Probe pin and contactor having it

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2952599A JP2000227440A (en) 1999-02-08 1999-02-08 Probe pin and contactor having it

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2000227440A true JP2000227440A (en) 2000-08-15

Family

ID=12278534

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2952599A Pending JP2000227440A (en) 1999-02-08 1999-02-08 Probe pin and contactor having it

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JP2000227440A (en)

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