ITPD20090040A1 - "IN SITU" PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN THROUGH PROCESS IN SPLITTING OF WATER MEDIATED BY METALS OR INORGANIC SPECIES - Google Patents
"IN SITU" PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN THROUGH PROCESS IN SPLITTING OF WATER MEDIATED BY METALS OR INORGANIC SPECIES Download PDFInfo
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- ITPD20090040A1 ITPD20090040A1 IT000040A ITPD20090040A ITPD20090040A1 IT PD20090040 A1 ITPD20090040 A1 IT PD20090040A1 IT 000040 A IT000040 A IT 000040A IT PD20090040 A ITPD20090040 A IT PD20090040A IT PD20090040 A1 ITPD20090040 A1 IT PD20090040A1
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- hydrogen
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims description 39
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 39
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical class [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 38
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 17
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 13
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 13
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 10
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 8
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910017518 Cu Zn Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052765 Lutetium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004681 metal hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
- C01B3/08—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents with metals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
Description
PRODUZIONE "IN SITU" DI IDROGENO TRAMITE PROCESSO DI SPLITTING DI ACQUA MEDIATO DA METALLI O DA SPECIE E LEGHE CON IL SODIO "IN SITU" PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN THROUGH WATER SPLITTING PROCESS MEDIATED BY METALS OR SPECIES AND ALLOYS WITH SODIUM
DESCRIZIONE DESCRIPTION
Campo dell’invenzione Field of invention
Il capo dell’invenzione riguarda un processo per la produzione “in situ†di idrogeno. Quest’ultimo à ̈ ottenuto tramite processo di splitting di acqua mediato da metalli e da specie inorganiche differenti dal Litio e formanti leghe con il sodio. L’idrogeno viene ottenuto alla pressione desiderata, solo al momento del bisogno, e può venire utilizzato per alimentare celle a combustibile. The head of the invention concerns a process for the â € œin situâ € production of hydrogen. The latter is obtained through a water splitting process mediated by metals and inorganic species other than Lithium and forming alloys with sodium. Hydrogen is obtained at the desired pressure, only when needed, and can be used to power fuel cells.
Stato dell’arte State of the art
La tecnologia delle celle a combustibile ha recentemente destato un grande interesse sia dal punto di vista scientifico che applicativo. Le celle a combustibile presentano infatti molte caratteristiche che le rendono nettamente migliori di altre metodologie per la conversione energetica, quali ad esempio i motori a scoppio tradizionali. Esistono molte famiglie diverse di celle a combustibile, che si distinguono a seconda dei componenti costitutivi e delle condizioni operative. In particolare, le celle a combustibile ad elettrolita polimerico (PEMFC) possono operare ad elevata efficienza (tipicamente, a η > 50%) anche a basse temperature (T < 130°C), dal momento che sono dispositivi elettrochimici e non macchine termiche. Le PEMFC presentano tipicamente elevate densità volumetriche e gravimetriche di potenza, che le rendono appetibili per applicazioni portatili, stazionarie di media potenza e per l’autotrazione. Infine, le PEMFC sono sistemi di semplice costruzione, senza parti in movimento. 11 migliore combustibile con cui alimentare le PEMFC à ̈ l’idrogeno puro, poiché garantisce le prestazioni più elevate, la migliore efficienza e non causa la produzione di gas-serra. Tuttavia, l'idrogeno à ̈ un gas altamente infiammabile e la sua produzione e stoccaggio costituiscono a tutt’oggi una notevole sfida tecnologica, specialmente per applicazioni in elettronica portatile in cui esistono vincoli precisi di peso e volume. Le due modalità di immagazzinamento di idrogeno più largamente adottate al giorno d’oggi sono: a) bombole ad alta pressione; e b) stoccaggio allo stato solido. Fuel cell technology has recently aroused great interest both from a scientific and an applicative point of view. In fact, fuel cells have many characteristics that make them significantly better than other methods for energy conversion, such as traditional internal combustion engines. There are many different families of fuel cells, which differ according to their constituent components and operating conditions. In particular, polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs) can operate at high efficiency (typically, at Î ·> 50%) even at low temperatures (T <130 ° C), since they are electrochemical devices and not thermal machines. . PEMFCs typically have high volumetric and gravimetric power densities, which make them attractive for portable, medium power stationary and automotive applications. Finally, PEMFCs are systems of simple construction, with no moving parts. The best fuel to power PEMFCs is pure hydrogen, as it guarantees the highest performance, the best efficiency and does not cause the production of greenhouse gases. However, hydrogen is a highly flammable gas and its production and storage still represent a significant technological challenge, especially for portable electronics applications where there are precise weight and volume constraints. The two methods of hydrogen storage most widely adopted today are: a) high pressure cylinders; and b) solid state storage.
Le bombole ad elevata pressione vengono generalmente riempite con idrogeno a 350 o 700 MPa, raggiungendo una capacità gravimetrica di idrogeno compresa tra il 4 ed il 6% ed una capacità volumetrica attorno ai 20 g IL·. Questo tipo di sistema di stoccaggio di idrogeno à ̈ penalizzato dall’elevato peso delle bombole, necessario a garantire gli standard di sicurezza. High pressure cylinders are generally filled with hydrogen at 350 or 700 MPa, reaching a gravimetric capacity of hydrogen between 4 and 6% and a volumetric capacity of around 20 g IL ·. This type of hydrogen storage system is penalized by the high weight of the cylinders, necessary to guarantee safety standards.
E’possibile stoccare l’idrogeno sotto forma di idruri metallici. In questi sistemi, opportuni materiali assorbono l’idrogeno, e sono in grado di restituirlo se riscaldati alla temperatura opportuna. Questi dispositivi di stoccaggio riescono a raggiungere una capacità gravimetrica di idrogeno di circa il 4% ed una capacità volumetrica attorno ai 30 g/L; tuttavia, il costo dei materiali à ̈ elevato ed in taluni casi l’estrazione dell’idrogeno può richiedere una temperatura piuttosto elevata che causa un abbassamento dell’efficienza energetica complessiva dell’intero sistema serbatoio-cella a combustibile. It is possible to store hydrogen in the form of metal hydrides. In these systems, suitable materials absorb hydrogen, and are able to return it if heated to the right temperature. These storage devices are able to reach a gravimetric capacity of hydrogen of about 4% and a volumetric capacity of around 30 g / L; however, the cost of materials is high and in some cases the extraction of hydrogen may require a rather high temperature which causes a lowering of the overall energy efficiency of the entire tank-fuel cell system.
Descrizione del processo di produzione dell’ idrogeno Description of the hydrogen production process
11 processo oggetto della presente invenzione consiste nello splitting di acqua mediato da metalli o da specie inorganiche differenti dal litio e formanti leghe con il sodio. eazione chimica che porta, alla produzione “in situ†The process object of the present invention consists in the splitting of water mediated by metals or by inorganic species other than lithium and forming alloys with sodium. chemical action that leads to â € œin situâ € production
H O R2→ H2†sottoprodotti H O R2â † ’H2â € by-products
Nella reazione, l'acqua ricopre il ruolo di agente ossidante. Una volta posta a contatto con la specie inorganica R l’acqua subisce un processo di splitting e si ha produzione di idrogeno gassoso. Di conseguenza, la specie inorganica R2si ossida.. In the reaction, water plays the role of an oxidizing agent. Once placed in contact with the inorganic species R, the water undergoes a splitting process and gaseous hydrogen is produced. Consequently, the inorganic species R2 oxidizes.
Se viene fondotta in presenza di specie ossidanti (come l’ossigeno gassoso presente nell’atmosfera), il conseguente innalzamento della temperatura può facilmente portare il sistema al raggiungimento della temperatura di auto -ignizione, con conseguente incendio del materiale. Per riuscire ad utilizzare l’idrogeno prodotto dal processo descritto nella reazione, à ̈ necessario dunque che la reazione chimica venga condotta in atmosfera inerte o riducente. A tale scopo, le specie ossidanti e quelle riducenti vengono poste in due recipienti, isolati dai gas atmosferici. Non appena le due specie vengono poste a contatto si ha la produzione di idrogeno, che va a costituire un’atmosfera riducente che consente di evitare processi di combustione incontrollata. Un tipico apparato in cui condurre il processo oggetto della presente invenzione viene descritto di seguito a titolo esemplificativo e non limitativo. If it is melted in the presence of oxidizing species (such as gaseous oxygen present in the atmosphere), the consequent increase in temperature can easily lead the system to reach the self-ignition temperature, with consequent fire of the material. To be able to use the hydrogen produced by the process described in the reaction, it is therefore necessary that the chemical reaction is carried out in an inert or reducing atmosphere. For this purpose, the oxidizing and reducing species are placed in two containers, isolated from atmospheric gases. As soon as the two species are brought into contact, hydrogen is produced, which forms a reducing atmosphere which allows to avoid uncontrolled combustion processes. A typical apparatus in which to carry out the process object of the present invention is described below by way of non-limiting example.
Descrizione di massima dell’apparato in cui condurre il processo di produzione di idrogeno Il sistema utilizzato per attuare il processo oggetto della presente invenzione à ̈ rappresentato in Figura 1. Il sistema à ̈ costituito da due recipienti. Recipiente 1 e Recipiente 2 a tenuta stagna, posti l’uno sopra l’altro, messi in collegamento da un primo tubo intercettato dalla Valvola 1. Le due camere stagne vengono mantenute alla stessa pressione da un secondo tubo che le mette in collegamento, intercettato dalla Valvola 2. Il recipiente inferiore. Recipiente 2. à ̈ collegato all’ambiente esterno da un tubo intercettato dalla Valvola 3; la pressione all’interno del recipiente inferiore à ̈ monitorata da un manometro. Il recipiente superiore. Recipiente 1, viene riempito con il reagente liquido desiderato (Reagente 1); il recipiente inferiore. Recipiente 2, viene riempito con l agente riducente scelto (Reagente 2). General description of the apparatus in which to carry out the hydrogen production process The system used to carry out the process object of the present invention is represented in Figure 1. The system consists of two containers. Vessel 1 and Vessel 2 watertight, placed one above the other, connected by a first pipe intercepted by Valve 1. The two sealed chambers are maintained at the same pressure by a second pipe that connects them , intercepted by Valve 2. The lower vessel. Receptacle 2. It is connected to the external environment by a pipe intercepted by Valve 3; the pressure inside the lower container is monitored by a pressure gauge. The upper vessel. Vessel 1, is filled with the desired liquid reagent (Reagent 1); the lower vessel. Vessel 2, is filled with the chosen reducing agent (Reagent 2).
Descrizione di massima del funzionamento dell'apparato in cui condurre il processo di produzione di idrogeno General description of the operation of the apparatus in which to conduct the hydrogen production process
Il reagente liquido. Reagente 1. viene fatto scendere dal recipiente superiore a quello inferiore per gravità , una volta che la Valvola 1 viene aperta. Non appena il reagente liquido. Reagente 2. entra in contatto mediante gocciolamento con l’agente riducente. Reagente 2, posto nel recipiente inferiore, Recipiente 2. si sviluppa idrogeno gassoso che & innalzare la pressione. Quando la pressione all’interno del recipiente inferiore raggiunge il valore scelto, la Valvola 3 viene aperta e l’idrogeno gassoso può essere utilizzato. Se la pressione all’interno del recipiente inferiore sale al di sopra di un valore di sicurezza appropriato, la Valvola 1 viene chiusa, il reagente liquido. Reagente 1, non entra più in contatto con l’agente riducente. Reagente 2, e la produzione di idrogeno si blocca. La Valvola 2 si apre nel momento in cui la pressione del gas nel recipiente inferiore, Recipiente 2, à ̈ superiore a quella del gas nel recipiente superiore. Recipiente 1: coordinando accuratamente il funzionamento di Valvola 1 e Valvola 2, à ̈ possibile fare si che la pressione dell’idrogeno prodotto dal sistema venga mantenuta al valore desiderato. L’assenza di gas ossidanti all’ interno dei recipienti consente una produzione continuativa di idrogeno senza rischi di incendio. The liquid reagent. Reagent 1. is made to descend from the upper vessel to the lower one by gravity, once the Valve 1 is opened. As soon as the liquid reagent. Reagent 2. comes into contact with the reducing agent by dripping. Reagent 2, placed in the lower vessel, Vessel 2. gaseous hydrogen is evolved which will raise the pressure. When the pressure inside the lower container reaches the chosen value, Valve 3 is opened and the hydrogen gas can be used. If the pressure inside the lower vessel rises above an appropriate safety value, Valve 1 is closed, the reagent is liquid. Reagent 1, no longer comes into contact with the reducing agent. Reagent 2, and hydrogen production stops. Valve 2 opens when the gas pressure in the lower container, Container 2, is higher than that of the gas in the upper container. Vessel 1: by carefully coordinating the operation of Valve 1 and Valve 2, it is possible to ensure that the pressure of the hydrogen produced by the system is maintained at the desired value. The absence of oxidizing gases inside the containers allows a continuous production of hydrogen without the risk of fire.
ESEMPI EXAMPLES
Le descrizioni che seguono devono essere considerate, assieme ai grafici posti in allegata, informazioni specifiche di esempi particolari, riportati solo a scopo illustrativo e non limitativo dell’invenzione. The following descriptions must be considered, together with the graphs attached, specific information of particular examples, reported only for illustrative purposes and not limitative of the invention.
Esempio Example
L’esempio utilizza come Reagente 1 acqua e come Reagente 2 sodio metallico. La stechiometria della reazione à ̈ la seguente: The example uses water as Reagent 1 and sodium metal as Reagent 2. The stoichiometry of the reaction is as follows:
2Na(s)+ H20(i)— » Na20(B)+ 3⁄4T 2Na (s) + H20 (i) â € ”» Na20 (B) + 3⁄4T
Poiché il sodio metallico ha un peso atomico pari a 22.99 g/mol ed una densità pari a 0.968 g/cm<3>, mentre l’acqua presenta un peso molecolare pari a 18.015 g/mol ed una densità pari a 1 g/cm<3>, al primo membro della reazione chimica i reagenti pesano complessivamente 64.00 g ed occupano un volume pari a 65.51 cm<3>. Al secondo membro, vengono prodotti 2 grammi di idrogeno, pari a 22.414 1, mentre il Na20 risultante pesa 62.00 g ed occupa 27.30 cm<3>. La capacità gravimetrica teorica della reazione à ̈ pari a 2 g3⁄4/ 64.00 greageni= 3.13%. La capacità volumetrica teorica della reazione à ̈ pari a 30.53 g/L. Since metallic sodium has an atomic weight of 22.99 g / mol and a density of 0.968 g / cm <3>, while water has a molecular weight of 18.015 g / mol and a density of 1 g / cm <3>, at the first member of the chemical reaction the reactants weigh a total of 64.00 g and occupy a volume equal to 65.51 cm <3>. At the second member, 2 grams of hydrogen are produced, equal to 22.414 1, while the resulting Na20 weighs 62.00 g and occupies 27.30 cm <3>. The theoretical gravimetric capacity of the reaction is equal to 2 g3⁄4 / 64.00 greagens = 3.13%. The theoretical volumetric capacity of the reaction is equal to 30.53 g / L.
Esempio Example
esempio utilizza come Reagente 1 acqua e come Reagente 2 magnesio metallico. La echiometria della reazione à ̈ la seguente: example uses water as Reagent 1 and metal magnesium as Reagent 2. The echiometry of the reaction is as follows:
Mg(S)+ H20(i)—*MgO(S)+ 3⁄4t ;;oiché il magnesio metallico ha un peso atomico pari a 24.31 g/mol ed una densità pari a 1.738 /cm<3>, mentre l’acqua presenta un peso molecolare pari a 18.015 g/mol ed una densità pari a 1 /cm<3>, al primo membro della reazione chimica i reagenti pesano complessivamente 42.32 g ed ccupano un volume pari a 32.00 cm<3>. Al secondo membro, vengono prodotti 2 grammi di idrogeno, ari a 22.414 1, mentre il MgO risultante pesa 40.32 g ed occupa 11.26 cm<3>. La capacità ravimetrica teorica della reazione à ̈ pari a 2 gH J 42.32 gretto»= 4.73%. La capacità volumetrica eorica della reazione à ̈ pari a 62.50 g/L. ;;sempio 3 ;esempio utilizza come Reagente I acqua e come Reagente II metalli alcalini (M1 = K, Rb, Cs) o lcalino-terrosi (Mn = Ca, Sr, Ba). Le stechiometrie delle reazioni coinvolte sono le seguenti: 1) 2M[(S)+ H20(1)— » MÎ 2Î ̧(8)+ H2T ;2) Mn(s)+ H20(i)→ MnO(S)+ H2†;;I calcoli delle capacità gravimetriche e volumetriche delle reazioni 1) e 2) sono effettuati come riportato rispettivamente negli esempi 2 e 3. 1 risultati sono riportati di seguito in Tabella I. ;Tabella 1. Capacità gravimetrica e capacità volumetrica di produzione di idrogeno mediata da metalli alcalini ed alcalino-terrosi. ;Mi ;Elemento K Rb Cs Ca Sr _ Ba_ Capacità 2.08 1.06 0.70 3.44 1.89 1.29 Gravimetrica (%) ;Capacità 18.89 15.43 12.84 45.59 39.06 35.00 Volumetrica (g/L) ;;Esempio 4 ;L esempio utilizza come Reagente 1 acqua e come Reagente 2 una lega sodio metallico ed alluminio metallico. La stechiometria della reazione à ̈ la seguente: ;;ΑΙ^ι -t-2H2Q(p;;Poiché il sodio metallico ha un peso atomico pari a 22.99 g/mol ed una densità pari a 0.968 g/cm<3>. l’alluminio metallico ha un peso atomico pari a 26.98 g/mol cd una densità nari a 2,7 g/cm*. mentre l acqua presenta un peso molecolare pari a 18.015 g/mol ed una densità nari a 1 g/cm<3>. al primo membro della reazione chimica i reagenti pesano complessivamente 86.00 g ed occupano un volume pari a 69.77 cm<3>. Al secondo membro, vengono prodotti 4 grammi di idrogeno. pari a 44 828 1. mentre il NaA1O?risulta pesa 81.97 g ed occupa 54.65 cm\ La capacità gravimetrica teorica della reazione à ̈ pari a 4 g^p / 69.77 greagent i4.65% La capacità volumetrica teorica della ESEMPIO COMPARATIVO Mg (S) + H20 (i) â € "* MgO (S) + 3⁄4t ;; o that metallic magnesium has an atomic weight equal to 24.31 g / mol and a density equal to 1.738 / cm <3>, while water has a molecular weight equal to 18.015 g / mol and a density equal to 1 / cm <3>, in the first member of the chemical reaction the reactants weigh a total of 42.32 g and occupy a volume equal to 32.00 cm <3> . At the second member, 2 grams of hydrogen are produced, at 22.414 1, while the resulting MgO weighs 40.32 g and occupies 11.26 cm <3>. The theoretical ravimetric capacity of the reaction is equal to 2 gH J 42.32 narrow »= 4.73%. The eoric volumetric capacity of the reaction is equal to 62.50 g / L. Example 3 uses water as Reagent I and alkaline (M1 = K, Rb, Cs) or alkaline-earth metals (Mn = Ca, Sr, Ba) as Reagent II. The stoichiometries of the reactions involved are as follows: 1) 2M [(S) + H20 (1) â € ”» MÎ 2Î ̧ (8) + H2T; 2) Mn (s) + H20 (i) â † 'MnO ( S) + H2â € ;; The calculations of the gravimetric and volumetric capacities of reactions 1) and 2) are carried out as reported respectively in Examples 2 and 3. The results are reported below in Table I.; Table 1. Gravimetric capacity and capacity volumetric production of hydrogen mediated by alkaline and alkaline-earth metals. ; Mi; Element K Rb Cs Ca Sr _ Ba_ Capacity 2.08 1.06 0.70 3.44 1.89 1.29 Gravimetric (%); Capacity 18.89 15.43 12.84 45.59 39.06 35.00 Volumetric (g / L) ;; Example 4; The example uses 1 water as Reagent and Reagent 2 a metal sodium and aluminum metal alloy. The stoichiometry of the reaction is as follows: ;; Î'Î ™ ^ ι -t-2H2Q (p ;; Since metallic sodium has an atomic weight of 22.99 g / mol and a density of 0.968 g / cm < 3>. Metallic aluminum has an atomic weight of 26.98 g / mol and a density of 2.7 g / cm *. While water has a molecular weight of 18.015 g / mol and a density of 1 g / cm <3>. at the first member of the chemical reaction the reactants weigh a total of 86.00 g and occupy a volume equal to 69.77 cm <3>. At the second member, 4 grams of hydrogen are produced. equal to 44 828 1. while the NaA1O? Is found to weigh 81.97 g and occupy 54.65 cm \ The theoretical gravimetric capacity of the reaction is equal to 4 g ^ p / 69.77 greagent i4.65% The theoretical volumetric capacity of the COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
In Fig. 2 à ̈ mostrata la capacità gravimetrica di produzione di idrogeno ottenuta mediante il processo oggetto della presente invenzione. I valori sono riferiti agli Esempi 1-4, descritti in precedenza a scopo illustrativo e non limitativo. Si osserva come, scegliendo opportunamente i reagenti, il processo oggetto della presente invenzione consenta di ottenere capacità gravimetriche paragonabili o superiori rispetto ai sistemi che costituiscono il moderno stato dell’arte. Fig. 2 shows the gravimetric hydrogen production capacity obtained by the process object of the present invention. The values refer to Examples 1-4, previously described for illustrative and non-limiting purposes. It can be observed how, by appropriately choosing the reagents, the process object of the present invention allows to obtain gravimetric capacities comparable or superior to the systems that constitute the modern state of the art.
In Fig. 3 à ̈ mostrata la capacità volumetrica di produzione di idrogeno ottenuta mediante il processo oggetto della presente invenzione. I valori sono riferiti agli Esempi 1-4, descritti in precedenza a scopo illustrativo e non limitativo. Si osserva come, scegliendo opportunamente i reagenti, il processo oggetto della presente invenzione consenta di ottenere capacità volumetriche paragonabili o superiori rispetto ai sistemi che costituiscono il moderno stato dell’arte. Fig. 3 shows the volumetric hydrogen production capacity obtained by the process object of the present invention. The values refer to Examples 1-4, previously described for illustrative and non-limiting purposes. It can be observed how, by appropriately choosing the reagents, the process object of the present invention allows to obtain volumetric capacities comparable or superior to the systems that constitute the modern state of the art.
Breve descrizione delle figure Brief description of the figures
Fig. 1. Rappresentazione di massima del sistema impiegato per la produzione dell’idrogeno. Fig. 1. Rough representation of the system used for the production of hydrogen.
Fig. 2. Grafico esemplificativo della capacità gravimetrica di produzione di idrogeno del processo oggetto della presente invenzione. Fig. 2. Example graph of the gravimetric hydrogen production capacity of the process object of the present invention.
Fig. 3. Grafico esemplificativo della capacità volumetrica di produzione di idrogeno del processo oggetto della presente invenzione. Fig. 3. Example graph of the volumetric hydrogen production capacity of the process object of the present invention.
Claims (4)
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| ITPD2009A000040A IT1405581B1 (en) | 2009-03-10 | 2009-03-10 | SITU PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN THROUGH PROCESSING IN WATER SPLITTING MEDIATED BY METALS OR BY INORGANIC SPECIES DIFFERENT FROM LITHIUM AND FORMANTI ALLOES WITH SODIUM |
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Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5702491A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1997-12-30 | Ball Corporation | Portable hydrogen generator |
| US20040205997A1 (en) * | 2003-04-15 | 2004-10-21 | David Youngblood | Portable heat and gaseous fuel generator that does not require electrical power input or electrical control |
| WO2008017088A2 (en) * | 2006-08-07 | 2008-02-14 | Alvatec Alkali Vacuum Technologies Gmbh | Hydrogen generator |
| EP1911720A1 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2008-04-16 | Seiko Instruments Inc. | Hydrogen generation apparatus and fuel cell system |
| EP2006018A2 (en) * | 2006-03-01 | 2008-12-24 | Nitto Denko Corporation | Liquid constant-rate emitting apparatus and method of liquid constant-rate emission |
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2009
- 2009-03-10 IT ITPD2009A000040A patent/IT1405581B1/en active
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5702491A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1997-12-30 | Ball Corporation | Portable hydrogen generator |
| US20040205997A1 (en) * | 2003-04-15 | 2004-10-21 | David Youngblood | Portable heat and gaseous fuel generator that does not require electrical power input or electrical control |
| EP1911720A1 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2008-04-16 | Seiko Instruments Inc. | Hydrogen generation apparatus and fuel cell system |
| EP2006018A2 (en) * | 2006-03-01 | 2008-12-24 | Nitto Denko Corporation | Liquid constant-rate emitting apparatus and method of liquid constant-rate emission |
| WO2008017088A2 (en) * | 2006-08-07 | 2008-02-14 | Alvatec Alkali Vacuum Technologies Gmbh | Hydrogen generator |
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