ITMO20080260A1 - PROCEDURE TO INCREASE THE SURFACE HARDNESS OF STEEL MANUFACTURES - Google Patents
PROCEDURE TO INCREASE THE SURFACE HARDNESS OF STEEL MANUFACTURES Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ITMO20080260A1 ITMO20080260A1 IT000260A ITMO20080260A ITMO20080260A1 IT MO20080260 A1 ITMO20080260 A1 IT MO20080260A1 IT 000260 A IT000260 A IT 000260A IT MO20080260 A ITMO20080260 A IT MO20080260A IT MO20080260 A1 ITMO20080260 A1 IT MO20080260A1
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- Prior art keywords
- steel
- heating temperature
- process according
- surface hardness
- heating
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 28
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007928 solubilization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005063 solubilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/02—Hardening by precipitation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/001—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Ni
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/002—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
Description
Descrizione di Brevetto di Invenzione Industriale avente per titolo: Description of Industrial Invention Patent entitled:
"PROCEDIMENTO PER AUMENTARE LA DUREZZA SUPERFICIALE DI MANUFATTI IN ACCIAIO". "PROCEDURE FOR INCREASING THE SURFACE HARDNESS OF STEEL PRODUCTS".
CAMPO TECNICO DELL'INVENZIONE. TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION.
L'invenzione riguarda un procedimento per aumentare la durezza superficiale di manufatti in acciaio. The invention relates to a process for increasing the surface hardness of steel products.
STATO DELLA TECNICA ANTERIORE. STATE OF THE PRIOR ART.
E' noto realizzare manufatti in acciaio ad elevata durezza superficiale e che hanno forme complesse, ricavandoli per asportazione di materiale da un corpo di acciaio pieno, e sottoponendoli successivamente ad un trattamento noto come "indurimento per precipitazione" . It is known to produce steel products with high surface hardness and which have complex shapes, obtaining them by removing material from a solid steel body, and subsequently subjecting them to a treatment known as "precipitation hardening".
Questo trattamento di indurimento comprende una fase di riscaldamento dei manufatti realizzati, nota come fase di "solubilizzazione" , fino ad una prima temperatura di 1040 °C ed il mantenimento dei manufatti a questa temperatura per un intervallo di tempo di 30 minuti. This hardening treatment comprises a phase of heating the manufactured articles, known as the "solubilization" phase, up to a first temperature of 1040 ° C and the maintenance of the manufactured articles at this temperature for a time interval of 30 minutes.
Successivamente, i manufatti vengono lasciati raffreddare fino a temperatura ambiente e poi nuovamente riscaldati fino ad una seconda temperatura di 480 °C e mantenuti a questa seconda temperatura per un intervallo di tempo di un'ora, realizzando una seconda fase cosiddetta di "aging". Subsequently, the manufactured articles are left to cool down to room temperature and then reheated to a second temperature of 480 ° C and kept at this second temperature for a time interval of one hour, creating a second so-called "aging" phase.
Infine, i manufatti vengono fatti raffreddare ancora una volta fino alla temperatura ambiente. Finally, the artifacts are cooled once again to room temperature.
In particolare, durante questa seconda fase di "aging", gli elementi in lega che fanno parte della composizione dell'acciaio precipitano in forma di aggregati microscopici, portando l'acciaio ad una condizione che muta da metastabile in stabile. In particular, during this second phase of "aging", the alloying elements that are part of the composition of the steel precipitate in the form of microscopic aggregates, bringing the steel to a condition that changes from metastable to stable.
Secondo un'altra tecnica di realizzazione di manufatti in acciaio che hanno forme complesse, vengono utilizzati stampi nei quali avviene una micro-fusione ed i manufatti ottenuti vengono poi sottoposti a successivi trattamenti di bonifica come indicati in precedenza. According to another technique for manufacturing steel products that have complex shapes, molds are used in which a micro-melting takes place and the products obtained are then subjected to subsequent reclamation treatments as indicated above.
Infine, secondo una ulteriore tecnica nota, viene utilizzato un procedimento noto come "Rapid Manufacturing" che permette di ricavare i manufatti per mezzo della sovrapposizione di successivi strati di polveri fuse e coese, nel caso specifico polveri di acciaio, che vengono sinterizzate con un gruppo di fusione, ad esempio un emettitore di raggio laser, oppure un fascio di elettroni, seguendo un disegno prestabilito. Finally, according to a further known technique, a process known as "Rapid Manufacturing" is used which allows the products to be obtained by overlapping successive layers of fused and cohesive powders, in the specific case steel powders, which are sintered with a group of fusion, for example a laser beam emitter, or an electron beam, following a predetermined design.
In pratica, per realizzare un manufatto che ha una predeterminata forma tridimensionale, viene preparato un letto, cioè un primo strato, di polveri su una superficie di supporto di una macchina di formatura. Una porzione di queste polveri, predeterminata secondo un disegno specifico, viene poi colpita dal raggio laser, oppure dal fascio elettronico, e sinterizzata, fondendo e diventando coesa, mentre la restante porzione di polveri rimane allo stato incoerente. In practice, in order to make an article that has a predetermined three-dimensional shape, a bed, ie a first layer, of powders is prepared on a support surface of a forming machine. A portion of these powders, predetermined according to a specific design, is then hit by the laser beam, or by the electron beam, and sintered, melting and becoming cohesive, while the remaining portion of powders remains in an incoherent state.
Su questo primo strato di polveri fuse e coese viene poi disteso un nuovo strato di polveri incoerenti, una porzione delle quali viene colpito nuovamente con il raggio laser, oppure il fascio elettronico, seguendo il disegno prestabilito, creando un secondo strato di poveri coese che si fondono con quelle dello strato precedentemente formato, mentre la restante porzione di polveri resta sempre allo stato incoerente e viene rimosso alla fine del ciclo di formazione. On this first layer of fused and cohesive powders, a new layer of incoherent powders is then spread, a portion of which is hit again with the laser beam, or the electron beam, following the pre-established pattern, creating a second layer of poor cohesives which is they melt with those of the previously formed layer, while the remaining portion of powders always remains in an incoherent state and is removed at the end of the formation cycle.
Il disegno delle porzioni che vengono colpite dal raggio laser o dal fascio elettronico, e, quindi, fuse ed accorpate tra loro, è predisposto in modo tale che, accumulandosi progressivamente le une sulle altre ad ogni ciclo dì formatura di ciascuno strato, i perimetri esterno e/o interno di ciascuno di questi corrispondano ad una porzione dei profili delle forme tridimensionali che si desidera realizzare. The design of the portions that are hit by the laser beam or the electron beam, and, therefore, merged and merged with each other, is arranged in such a way that, gradually accumulating one on top of the other at each forming cycle of each layer, the external perimeters and / or interior of each of these correspond to a portion of the profiles of the three-dimensional shapes to be made.
Questo procedimento, noto come "Rapid manufacturing" viene ripetuto fino alla completa formatura del manufatto, ottenuto, come detto, per strati sovrapposti di polveri fuse. This process, known as "Rapid manufacturing", is repeated until the complete shaping of the product, obtained, as mentioned, by superimposed layers of melted powders.
La sorgente energetica, sia che questa si il raggio laser, sia il fascio di elettroni, è parte della macchina di formatura e viene guidato da una apparecchiatura elettronica programmabile, nella quale è preventivamente memorizzato il disegno della forma complessa del manufatto che si desidera realizzare . The energy source, whether this is the laser beam or the electron beam, is part of the forming machine and is guided by a programmable electronic device, in which the design of the complex shape of the product to be made is previously memorized.
Questo ulteriore procedimento permette di ottenere manufatti che hanno qualunque forma complessa, cioè tridimensionale e mistilinea, ma richiede tempi sostanzialmente più rapidi rispetto alle prima e seconda tecnica, le quali necessitano, invece, di tempi sostanzialmente lunghi causati, da un lato, dai tempi necessari per asportare il materiale da un corpo pieno e, dall'altro lato, dalla necessità di realizzare preventivamente gli stampi per la microfusione. This further procedure makes it possible to obtain products that have any complex shape, i.e. three-dimensional and mixed-linear, but requires substantially faster times than the first and second techniques, which require, instead, substantially long times caused, on the one hand, by the necessary times. to remove the material from a solid body and, on the other hand, from the need to make the molds for casting in advance.
Tuttavia, la formatura di manufatti utilizzando la tecnica del "Rapìd Manufacturing", pur essendo preferibile per la rapidità di realizzazione dei manufatti, presenta un inconveniente che è la ridotta durezza superficiale dei manufatti realizzati, nonostante vengano utilizzate polveri di acciaio che hanno caratteristiche corrispondenti ai requisiti normativi delle classificazioni degli acciai, e questa ridotta durezza si riscontra anche dopo che i manufatti ottenuti sono stati sottoposti al trattamento di "aging". However, the shaping of manufactured articles using the "Rapìd Manufacturing" technique, although preferable for the speed of realization of the manufactured articles, has a drawback which is the reduced surface hardness of the manufactured articles, despite the use of steel powders which have characteristics corresponding to the regulatory requirements for the classification of steels, and this reduced hardness is found even after the artifacts obtained have undergone the "aging" treatment.
Per questa ragione, la realizzazione di manufatti in acciaio per mezzo del "Rapid Manufacturing" e che abbiano le caratteristiche richieste dalle normative in relazione alla durezza superficiale viene sconsigliata dagli stessi produttori di macchine di formatura normalmente utilizzate. For this reason, the production of steel products by means of "Rapid Manufacturing" and which have the characteristics required by the regulations in relation to surface hardness is not recommended by the manufacturers of forming machines normally used.
La formatura di manufatti secondo la tecnica dell' "indurimento per precipitazione" invece, presenta l'inconveniente che è richiesto un doppio riscaldamento dei manufatti e questo determina un elevato consumo energetico. The forming of manufactured articles according to the "precipitation hardening" technique, on the other hand, has the drawback that a double heating of the articles is required and this determines a high energy consumption.
Uno scopo dell'invenzione è realizzare un procedimento per aumentare la durezza superficiale di manufatti in acciaio che permetta di ottenere questi manufatti con la tecnica di "Rapid Manufacturing" e dotati di caratteristiche di durezza superficiale secondo quanto richiesto dalle normative. An object of the invention is to provide a process for increasing the surface hardness of steel products that allows these products to be obtained with the "Rapid Manufacturing" technique and endowed with surface hardness characteristics as required by the regulations.
Un altro scopo dell'invenzione è realizzare un procedimento per aumentare la durezza superficiale di manufatti in acciaio senza doverli sottoporre ad almeno un doppio riscaldamento. Another object of the invention is to provide a process for increasing the surface hardness of steel products without having to subject them to at least double heating.
Secondo un aspetto dell'invenzione è previsto un procedimento per aumentare la durezza superficiale di manufatti in acciaio, comprendente le fasi di: ottenere manufatti per accorpamento di strati fusi e sovrapposti di materiali in polvere di acciaio; riscaldare detti manufatti ad una temperatura di riscaldamento "Tl" e raffreddarli; caratterizzato dal fatto che detto riscaldare comprende riscaldare detti manufatti una sola volta ad una temperatura di riscaldamento "Tl" compresa tra 620°C e 730°C. According to an aspect of the invention, a process is provided for increasing the surface hardness of steel articles, comprising the steps of: obtaining articles by grouping fused and superimposed layers of steel powder materials; heating said manufactured articles to a heating temperature "Tl" and cooling them; characterized in that said heating comprises heating said manufactured articles only once to a heating temperature "Tl" comprised between 620 ° C and 730 ° C.
Il procedimento per aumentare la durezza superficiale di manufatti in acciaio secondo l'invenzione consente di realizzare manufatti che hanno durezza superficiale sostanzialmente uguale a quella dei manufatti realizzati con le tecniche di asportazione di materiale da un corpo pieno oppure di microfusione, impiegando tempi di realizzazione sensibilmente ridotti rispetto a quelli di queste ultime e senza richiedere un doppio riscaldamento. The process for increasing the surface hardness of steel products according to the invention allows to produce products that have a surface hardness substantially equal to that of the products made with the techniques of removing material from a solid body or of casting, using manufacturing times considerably reduced compared to those of the latter and without requiring double heating.
FORME DI ATTUAZIONE DELL'INVENZIONE. FORMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INVENTION.
Il procedimento per aumentare la durezza superficiale di manufatti in acciaio, specificatamente la durezza superficiale, comprende una prima fase in cui si ottengono manufatti tridimensionali di qualunque forma, accorpando tra loro progressivamente degli strati fusi e sovrapposti di materiali in polvere di acciaio, secondo la tecnica nota come "Rapid Manufacturing" . The procedure for increasing the surface hardness of steel products, specifically the surface hardness, includes a first phase in which three-dimensional products of any shape are obtained, progressively combining melted and superimposed layers of steel powder materials, according to the technique known as "Rapid Manufacturing".
Quando i manufatti sono completati, vengono sottoposti ad un unico riscaldamento fino ad una temperatura di riscaldamento "Tl" di 650°C. When the manufactured articles are completed, they are subjected to a single heating up to a heating temperature "Tl" of 650 ° C.
I manufatti riscaldati vengono mantenuti a questa temperatura di riscaldamento "Tl" per un intervallo di tempo di circa quattro ore, durante il quale si verificano sia la solubilizzazione, sia la precipitazione, e, successivamente, vengono raffreddati fino a temperatura-ambiente. The heated articles are kept at this heating temperature "Tl" for a time interval of about four hours, during which both solubilization and precipitation occur, and are subsequently cooled down to room temperature.
Secondo una forma alternativa del procedimento per aumentare la durezza superficiale di manufatti in acciaio è previsto di sottoporli ad un unico riscaldamento fino ad una temperatura di riscaldamento "Tl" di circa 700°C, ma riducendo l'intervallo di tempo di mantenimento dei manufatti a questa temperatura fino a circa 60 minuti. According to an alternative form of the process to increase the surface hardness of steel articles, it is provided to subject them to a single heating up to a heating temperature "Tl" of about 700 ° C, but reducing the maintenance time interval of the articles to this temperature up to about 60 minutes.
Secondo l'invenzione, i manufatti tridimensionali aventi forme qualunque sono ottenuti in modo rapido per somma di strati di poveri fuse e presentano, contemporaneamente, durezza superficiale maggiore di 40 HRC (Hardness Rockwell, scala C) , tipica degli acciai noti come AISI 630, According to the invention, the three-dimensional artifacts having any shape are obtained quickly by adding layers of poor melt and, at the same time, have a surface hardness greater than 40 HRC (Hardness Rockwell, scale C), typical of known steels such as AISI 630,
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT000260A ITMO20080260A1 (en) | 2008-10-03 | 2008-10-03 | PROCEDURE TO INCREASE THE SURFACE HARDNESS OF STEEL MANUFACTURES |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT000260A ITMO20080260A1 (en) | 2008-10-03 | 2008-10-03 | PROCEDURE TO INCREASE THE SURFACE HARDNESS OF STEEL MANUFACTURES |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ITMO20080260A1 true ITMO20080260A1 (en) | 2010-04-04 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT000260A ITMO20080260A1 (en) | 2008-10-03 | 2008-10-03 | PROCEDURE TO INCREASE THE SURFACE HARDNESS OF STEEL MANUFACTURES |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| IT (1) | ITMO20080260A1 (en) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20020144571A1 (en) * | 2000-07-19 | 2002-10-10 | Ra Brands, L.L.C. | Preparation of articles using metal injection molding |
| WO2002092264A1 (en) * | 2001-05-11 | 2002-11-21 | Iuc Karlskoga Ab | Metal powder blend and method for producing hardenable products by free form fabrication |
| US20040182202A1 (en) * | 2003-03-19 | 2004-09-23 | 3D Systems, Inc. | Metal powder composition for laser sintering |
| EP1992709A1 (en) * | 2007-05-14 | 2008-11-19 | EOS GmbH Electro Optical Systems | Metal powder for use in additive method for the production of three-dimensional objects and method using such metal powder |
| WO2008144199A1 (en) * | 2007-05-17 | 2008-11-27 | The Boeing Company | Direct to metal sintering of 17-4ph steel |
-
2008
- 2008-10-03 IT IT000260A patent/ITMO20080260A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20020144571A1 (en) * | 2000-07-19 | 2002-10-10 | Ra Brands, L.L.C. | Preparation of articles using metal injection molding |
| WO2002092264A1 (en) * | 2001-05-11 | 2002-11-21 | Iuc Karlskoga Ab | Metal powder blend and method for producing hardenable products by free form fabrication |
| US20040182202A1 (en) * | 2003-03-19 | 2004-09-23 | 3D Systems, Inc. | Metal powder composition for laser sintering |
| EP1992709A1 (en) * | 2007-05-14 | 2008-11-19 | EOS GmbH Electro Optical Systems | Metal powder for use in additive method for the production of three-dimensional objects and method using such metal powder |
| WO2008144199A1 (en) * | 2007-05-17 | 2008-11-27 | The Boeing Company | Direct to metal sintering of 17-4ph steel |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| JIANHUA YAN ET AL.: "Surface laser alloying of 17-4PH stainless steel steam turbine blades", OPTICS & LASER TECHNOLOGY, no. 40, 10 January 2008 (2008-01-10), pages 838 - 843, XP002535988 * |
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