IT1269973B - Dispositivo per diminuire le sostanze nocive nel funzionamento di motori a combustione interna a piu' cilindri - Google Patents
Dispositivo per diminuire le sostanze nocive nel funzionamento di motori a combustione interna a piu' cilindriInfo
- Publication number
- IT1269973B IT1269973B ITMI941368A ITMI941368A IT1269973B IT 1269973 B IT1269973 B IT 1269973B IT MI941368 A ITMI941368 A IT MI941368A IT MI941368 A ITMI941368 A IT MI941368A IT 1269973 B IT1269973 B IT 1269973B
- Authority
- IT
- Italy
- Prior art keywords
- internal combustion
- combustion engines
- harmful substances
- cylinder internal
- decrease harmful
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B47/00—Methods of operating engines involving adding non-fuel substances or anti-knock agents to combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixtures of engines
- F02B47/04—Methods of operating engines involving adding non-fuel substances or anti-knock agents to combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixtures of engines the substances being other than water or steam only
- F02B47/08—Methods of operating engines involving adding non-fuel substances or anti-knock agents to combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixtures of engines the substances being other than water or steam only the substances including exhaust gas
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/35—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with means for cleaning or treating the recirculated gases, e.g. catalysts, condensate traps, particle filters or heaters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/42—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories having two or more EGR passages; EGR systems specially adapted for engines having two or more cylinders
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/42—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories having two or more EGR passages; EGR systems specially adapted for engines having two or more cylinders
- F02M26/43—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories having two or more EGR passages; EGR systems specially adapted for engines having two or more cylinders in which exhaust from only one cylinder or only a group of cylinders is directed to the intake of the engine
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2340/00—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses
- F01N2340/06—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses characterised by the arrangement of the exhaust apparatus relative to the turbine of a turbocharger
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
- F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
- F02M26/05—High pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust system upstream of the turbine and reintroduced into the intake system downstream of the compressor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/14—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system
- F02M26/16—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system with EGR valves located at or near the connection to the exhaust system
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
- F02M26/28—Layout, e.g. schematics with liquid-cooled heat exchangers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/50—Arrangements or methods for preventing or reducing deposits, corrosion or wear caused by impurities
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/65—Constructional details of EGR valves
- F02M26/71—Multi-way valves
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)
- Supercharger (AREA)
- Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4324115 | 1993-07-20 | ||
DE4331509A DE4331509C2 (de) | 1993-07-20 | 1993-09-16 | Vorrichtung zur Schadstoffminderung beim Betrieb mehrzylindriger Brennkraftmaschinen |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ITMI941368A0 ITMI941368A0 (it) | 1994-06-30 |
ITMI941368A1 ITMI941368A1 (it) | 1995-12-30 |
IT1269973B true IT1269973B (it) | 1997-04-16 |
Family
ID=25927796
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ITMI941368A IT1269973B (it) | 1993-07-20 | 1994-06-30 | Dispositivo per diminuire le sostanze nocive nel funzionamento di motori a combustione interna a piu' cilindri |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5517976A (it) |
JP (1) | JPH0754715A (it) |
FR (1) | FR2708039B1 (it) |
GB (1) | GB2280222B (it) |
IT (1) | IT1269973B (it) |
Families Citing this family (107)
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DE4414429C1 (de) * | 1994-04-26 | 1995-06-01 | Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh | Verfahren zur Kühlung von dieselmotorischen Abgasen |
DE19502717C1 (de) * | 1995-01-28 | 1996-05-30 | Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh | Aufgeladene, mehrzylindrische Brennkraftmaschine mit Abgasrückführung |
EP0844380B1 (en) * | 1996-11-22 | 2003-03-05 | Denso Corporation | Exhaust emission control system and method of internal combustion engine |
US5802846A (en) * | 1997-03-31 | 1998-09-08 | Caterpillar Inc. | Exhaust gas recirculation system for an internal combustion engine |
DE19731129A1 (de) * | 1997-07-19 | 1999-01-21 | Volkswagen Ag | Einzelzylinderandrosselung unter Einbeziehung der Abgasrückführung |
DE19747671C1 (de) * | 1997-10-29 | 1999-07-08 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Verfahren zum Betrieb eines mehrzylindrigen Verbrennungsmotors |
US6050248A (en) * | 1997-12-03 | 2000-04-18 | Caterpillar Inc. | Exhaust gas recirculation valve powered by pressure from an oil pump that powers a hydraulically actuated fuel injector |
DE19838725C2 (de) * | 1998-08-26 | 2000-05-31 | Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh | Mehrzylindrige Brennkraftmaschine und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer solchen |
DE19849914C1 (de) * | 1998-10-29 | 1999-11-04 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Brennkraftmaschine mit einem separat betätigbaren Zusatzventil im Zylinderkopf |
US6286489B1 (en) * | 1998-12-11 | 2001-09-11 | Caterpillar Inc. | System and method of controlling exhaust gas recirculation |
US6138650A (en) * | 1999-04-06 | 2000-10-31 | Caterpillar Inc. | Method of controlling fuel injectors for improved exhaust gas recirculation |
AT413863B (de) * | 1999-08-04 | 2006-06-15 | Man Steyr Ag | Verfahren zur abgasrückführung an einer mittels abgasturbolader aufgeladenen mehrzylindrigen hubkolbenbrennkraftmaschine |
DE19936884C1 (de) * | 1999-08-05 | 2001-04-19 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Verfahren zur Einstellung einer aufgeladenen Brennkraftmaschine mit Abgasrückführung |
US6220233B1 (en) | 1999-10-13 | 2001-04-24 | Caterpillar Inc. | Exhaust gas recirculation system having variable valve timing and method of using same in an internal combustion engine |
US6474060B2 (en) | 1999-11-17 | 2002-11-05 | Southwest Research Institute | Exhaust gas recirculation filtration system |
DE19960998C1 (de) * | 1999-12-17 | 2001-02-15 | Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh | Einrichtung zur Abgasrückführung |
US6422215B1 (en) * | 2000-04-14 | 2002-07-23 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Exhaust gas re-circulation system with an integrated catalytic converter |
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US6786209B2 (en) * | 2002-11-27 | 2004-09-07 | Csxt Intellectual Properties Corporation | Auxiliary power unit exhaust system and method for a locomotive |
US7059308B2 (en) * | 2002-12-03 | 2006-06-13 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Cooling device |
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JP4168809B2 (ja) * | 2003-04-03 | 2008-10-22 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | Egr付き排気過給エンジン |
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US20070095503A1 (en) * | 2005-09-27 | 2007-05-03 | Rishabh Sinha | High density corrosive resistant gas to air heat exchanger |
US20070227690A1 (en) * | 2005-09-27 | 2007-10-04 | Kulkarni Ajey J | High density corrosive resistant gas to air heat exchanger |
US20070130946A1 (en) * | 2005-12-09 | 2007-06-14 | Deere & Company, A Delaware Corporation | Internal combustion engine with dual particulate traps ahead of turbocharger |
US7444815B2 (en) * | 2005-12-09 | 2008-11-04 | Deere & Company | EGR system for high EGR rates |
US7311090B2 (en) * | 2006-01-31 | 2007-12-25 | International Engine Intellectual Property Company, Llc | Engine exhaust gas passage flow orifice and method |
US20080022680A1 (en) * | 2006-07-26 | 2008-01-31 | Gingrich Jess W | Apparatus and method for increasing the hydrogen content of recirculated exhaust gas in fuel injected engines |
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US20110041495A1 (en) * | 2009-08-24 | 2011-02-24 | General Electric Company | Systems and methods for exhaust gas recirculation |
US8640457B2 (en) * | 2009-10-13 | 2014-02-04 | General Electric Company | System and method for operating a turbocharged engine |
FR2954956B1 (fr) * | 2010-01-04 | 2012-01-06 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Moteur comprenant une culasse et une ligne d'alimentation en air |
FR2954957B1 (fr) * | 2010-01-04 | 2012-07-20 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Moteur avec une ligne d'air comportant une boucle de re-circulation de gaz d'echappement |
FR2954954B1 (fr) * | 2010-01-04 | 2012-01-06 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Moteur dont la ligne d'alimentation en air comporte une boucle de re-circulation de gaz d'echappement |
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US8733081B2 (en) * | 2010-04-12 | 2014-05-27 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Control apparatus for internal combustion engine |
CN102906411B (zh) * | 2010-05-21 | 2014-11-12 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 内燃机以及内燃机的控制装置 |
JP5387612B2 (ja) * | 2010-06-25 | 2014-01-15 | マツダ株式会社 | エンジンの排気還流装置 |
FR2962164B1 (fr) * | 2010-06-30 | 2012-12-07 | Valeo Systemes Thermiques | Dispositif de recirculation de gaz d'echappement d'un moteur de vehicule automobile |
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US8985088B2 (en) | 2012-07-31 | 2015-03-24 | General Electric Company | Systems and methods for controlling exhaust gas recirculation |
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US9145837B2 (en) * | 2011-11-29 | 2015-09-29 | General Electric Company | Engine utilizing a plurality of fuels, and a related method thereof |
KR101745021B1 (ko) * | 2011-12-16 | 2017-06-09 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 가솔린/디젤 연료 혼합 압축 착화 연소 엔진의 이지알 제어 시스템 및 그 방법 |
US20140020382A1 (en) * | 2012-07-23 | 2014-01-23 | Rajkumar Subramanian | Mixer for dedicated exhaust gas recirculation systems |
DE102012015259A1 (de) | 2012-08-01 | 2014-02-06 | Daimler Ag | Verfahren zum Behandeln von Abgas und Anordnung einer Abgasanlage an einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine |
US10012153B2 (en) | 2012-08-15 | 2018-07-03 | General Electric Company | System and method for engine control |
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US9644528B2 (en) | 2013-01-31 | 2017-05-09 | Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. | Engine system with EGR over-pressure protection |
US8931256B2 (en) | 2013-01-31 | 2015-01-13 | Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. | Engine system with passive regeneration of a filter in EGR loop |
US9163586B2 (en) | 2013-01-31 | 2015-10-20 | Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. | Exhaust system having parallel EGR coolers |
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FR3005994B1 (fr) * | 2013-05-22 | 2015-06-19 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Moteur a combustion de vehicule automobile a refroidissement ameliore |
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JP2016118102A (ja) * | 2014-12-18 | 2016-06-30 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関のegr装置 |
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JPS555718Y2 (it) * | 1975-02-10 | 1980-02-08 | ||
JPS51138223A (en) * | 1975-05-27 | 1976-11-29 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Gas generator |
JPS5844847B2 (ja) * | 1975-12-25 | 1983-10-05 | 株式会社日本自動車部品総合研究所 | ナイネンキカンヨウハイキガスジヨウカソウチ |
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JPS5735445U (it) * | 1980-08-07 | 1982-02-24 | ||
DE3332034A1 (de) * | 1983-09-06 | 1985-03-21 | Volkswagenwerk Ag, 3180 Wolfsburg | Gemischverdichtende, mehrzylindrige brennkraftmaschine |
GB2215241A (en) * | 1988-02-25 | 1989-09-20 | Ford Motor Co | Exhaust gas separate for ic engine exhaust system |
DE3930243A1 (de) * | 1989-09-11 | 1991-03-14 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Brennkraftmaschine |
US5178119A (en) * | 1991-12-11 | 1993-01-12 | Southwest Research Institute | Combustion process and fuel supply system for engines |
-
1994
- 1994-06-30 IT ITMI941368A patent/IT1269973B/it active IP Right Grant
- 1994-07-19 US US08/276,941 patent/US5517976A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-07-20 FR FR9409000A patent/FR2708039B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-07-20 JP JP6168094A patent/JPH0754715A/ja active Pending
- 1994-07-20 GB GB9414654A patent/GB2280222B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ITMI941368A1 (it) | 1995-12-30 |
US5517976A (en) | 1996-05-21 |
ITMI941368A0 (it) | 1994-06-30 |
FR2708039A1 (fr) | 1995-01-27 |
GB2280222B (en) | 1996-12-04 |
JPH0754715A (ja) | 1995-02-28 |
GB2280222A (en) | 1995-01-25 |
FR2708039B1 (fr) | 1996-03-29 |
GB9414654D0 (en) | 1994-09-07 |
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