IL105004A - Housing for the ballistic protection of persons and/or objects - Google Patents
Housing for the ballistic protection of persons and/or objectsInfo
- Publication number
- IL105004A IL105004A IL10500493A IL10500493A IL105004A IL 105004 A IL105004 A IL 105004A IL 10500493 A IL10500493 A IL 10500493A IL 10500493 A IL10500493 A IL 10500493A IL 105004 A IL105004 A IL 105004A
- Authority
- IL
- Israel
- Prior art keywords
- wedges
- plates
- housing according
- housing
- channel
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000004308 accommodation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011796 hollow space material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H7/00—Armoured or armed vehicles
- F41H7/02—Land vehicles with enclosing armour, e.g. tanks
- F41H7/04—Armour construction
- F41H7/044—Hull or cab construction other than floors or base plates for increased land mine protection
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D27/00—Connections between superstructure or understructure sub-units
- B62D27/02—Connections between superstructure or understructure sub-units rigid
- B62D27/023—Assembly of structural joints
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B5/00—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them
- F16B5/0004—Joining sheets, plates or panels in abutting relationship
- F16B5/0008—Joining sheets, plates or panels in abutting relationship by moving the sheets, plates or panels substantially in their own plane, perpendicular to the abutting edge
- F16B5/0028—Joining sheets, plates or panels in abutting relationship by moving the sheets, plates or panels substantially in their own plane, perpendicular to the abutting edge using I-shaped connectors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/013—Mounting or securing armour plates
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B2/00—Friction-grip releasable fastenings
- F16B2/02—Clamps, i.e. with gripping action effected by positive means other than the inherent resistance to deformation of the material of the fastening
- F16B2/14—Clamps, i.e. with gripping action effected by positive means other than the inherent resistance to deformation of the material of the fastening using wedges
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
- Buffer Packaging (AREA)
- Materials Applied To Surfaces To Minimize Adherence Of Mist Or Water (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Adhesive Tapes (AREA)
- Inorganic Insulating Materials (AREA)
- Professional, Industrial, Or Sporting Protective Garments (AREA)
Abstract
FIELD: ballistic protection of people and/or objects. SUBSTANCE: frame for ballistic protection of people and/or objects has plates in the capacity of walls of frame which are interjoined by means of profile rails. Plates are manufactured for compression at least in zone designed for placement into profile rails. Profile rails have at least one flute embracing one edge of plate into which this edge of plate is entered with compression. Compression is carried out with the use of wedges inserted between wall of lute of profile rail and surface of plate in zone of edges. It is preferable to manufacture plates sectional from fibre composite materials. EFFECT: improved quality of erection of frame for ballistic protection of people and/or objects. 1 dwg
Description
105004/2 D'san ΊΚ/1 DTK 'j:. y n'uo^:. rmni? rrn Housing for the ballistic protection of persons and/or objects AKZO NOBEL FASER AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT and FRIED. KRUPP AG HOESCH- UPP C. 89142 Description: The subject of the present invention is a housing for the ballistic protection of persons and/or objects.
A housing of this kind for vehicles, for example for tanks, is described in German Offenlegungsschrift 19 01 502. The described housing consists of plates and section bars, the section bars having shoulders arranged in 1 step-like manner to receive the plates. The plates are joined to the section bars by welding or by means of detachable elements which are not described in greater detail. Housings of this type serve for protection against projectiles in the case of direct bombardment or for protection against fragments and blast waves in the case of explosions, such as occur, for example, with the explosion of bombs. They are suitable for cladding tanks, security vehicles, ships and also containers. A disadvantageous feature of the known housings is that, in the case of loading as intended, the plates are torn out of their anchoring such that both plates and section bars in the vicinity of the area of impact of objects, fragments or blast waves are destroyed. After the incident, large areas, often the entire housing, must frequently be rebuilt .
The object of the present invention is to provide a housing for the ballistic protection of persons and/or objects, having plates as housing walls which are joined together via section bars, which housing can be repaired even after the effect of projectiles, fragments or blast waves with a suitably low effort, preferably only by exchanging the plates.
This object is achieved according to the invention in that the plates are compressible at least in the region which serves for location in the section bars and in that the section bars have at least one channel enclosing in each case one plate edge and into which this plate edge is inserted with compression of the edge region.
Under the effect of projectiles, fragments or blast waves, in general at least one plate is stressed in such a manner that it is deformed. When using the housing according to the invention, the plate is held securely in the clasp of the section bars under effects of this type. Only with extreme stressing is the plate torn partly out of the clasp of the section bars, the prior compression of the edge region of the plate providing sufficient resistance to prevent a complete detachment of the plate from its clasp. This thus guarantees an effective protection for the persons and/or objects in the housing. After the effect of projectiles, fragments or blast waves the deformed plates can be removed; although the plates are destroyed (they are in general no longer serviceable after effects of this kind) , the section bars are preserved. New plates can be inserted without great effort into the preserved section bars.
The compression of the edge regions of the plates can take place with conventional pressing tools which are removed again after insertion of the plates into the channels of the section bars. It is especially expedient if the channels of the section bars are designed somewhat wider than the thickness of the plate edge region, the plate edges are introduced into this channel, and if the compression of the plate edge region then takes place via wedges which are driven into the free space between section channel and plate edge region.
The housing according to the invention is therefore preferably distinguished in that the compression of the plate edge takes place via wedges which are inserted between the channel wall of the section bars and the edge region of the plate surface.
For mechanically securing the plate edge regions, and if necessary the wedges too, it is of advantage if 105004/2 - 3 - the channel wall and/or the wedge surface are roughened, and better still are profiled. From the channel depth, the wedge length and the wedge angle, the degree of compression and thus the strength of the connection of the plate with the section bars can be determined. To produce the wedge connection, an angle of between 5° and 15° for the wedges has proved very expedient. For profiling the channel wall and/or the wedge surface, an undulating profile has proven very expedient. For extreme cases, serrated sections can also be employed.
The channels of the section bar expediently have a V-shaped, preferably a U-shaped, section. This channel section can also be achieved according to the invention in that the section bar has itself an L-shaped groove, to the short leg of which a support is connected. Section bars and/or wedges consist expediently of a hard, compression- and creep-resistant material. Steel, ceramic and metal-coated ceramic have proven very expedient for the section bars, the wedges and the supports.
Because of the oining technique employed according to the invention it is freely possible to use composites as plates. As is known, composite plates are plates composed of a plurality of layers and whose resistance to impact caused by projectile bombardment, or loading arising from fragments or blast waves, is known. In particular plates made of fibre composite material have proven expedient for this. For producing the plates of fibre composite material, fibres made of aramid, carbon, glass and/or polyethylene which are embedded in a compressible matrix are suitable. The matrix suitably consists of, for example, thermoplastics, polycarbonate being especially favourable, or thermosets of which phenolic resin, in particular with the addition of 5 to 60% of polyvinyl butyral, also produces favourable results. Specific elastomers, for example special rubbers, can also be used as matrix for the plates of the housing according to the invention.
Preferably the compressibility of the plates, at least in the region of the plate edge, is between 0.5 and 5%.
With the use of a support, which generally consists of steel, ceramic or metal-coated ceramic, and plates of composite material, the ballistic properties of the composite plates, known to be good are favourably affected by the supports, which also act as composite.
The. invention is described in greater detail with the aid of the following figures.
Figures 1 to 6 each show schematically in cross-section different joining techniques, for producing the housing according to the invention. It goes without saying that in the implementation of the housing accord-ing to the invention, in general, only one of the joining techniques illustrated is used. It is only for the sake of clarity that different joining techniques have been shown in the figures. Figures 1, 3 and 5 show these joining techniques in each case before the join is produced, whilst Figures 2, 4 and 6 show the finished join between plate and section bar.
In Figures l and 2 the plates are designated 1 and the section bars 2. Section bar 2a has an undulating profile on the inner channel wall whereas the outer channel wall is of smooth design. The section bar 2b has a channel 5, the two walls 5a and 5b of which have an undulating section, whereas the channel of the section bar 2b has one wall profiled in an undulating manner in the region of the arrow c and one wall profiled in a serrated manner. Wedges having correspondingly profiled surfaces - wedge 3 with undulating profiling on one side, wedge 4 with serrated profiling on one side - are shown in Figure 1 in a detached state and are driven in in the direction of the arrows A, B and C in the hollow space between the channel wall and the plane of the plate edge to produce the connection according to Figure 2. This compresses the plate edge region.
In the cases in which the joining technique shown in Figures 1 and 2 does not produce sufficiently high joining strength, a wedge with double-sided profiling can be used - as shown in Figures 3 and 4. In this case, wedge 6, which is driven in in the direction of arrow D, has an undulating profiling on both sides, whereas wedge 7, which is driven in in the direction of arrow E, has a serrated profiling on both sides.
According to Figures 5 and 6, the channel of the section bars 2 is formed by a groove, the short leg of which is joined to a support 8 via the weld seam 9. The compression of the plate edge regions takes place via wedges as in the preceding figures, so that its description in the case of Figures 5 and 6 can be omitted.
To improve the detachability of the wedges from the composite, the legs of the section bars 2 forming the channel can be notched by sections, so that by driving the wedges forwards in the longitudinal direction of the section bars as far as the notching, the former can be removed at the notching. In this manner the join between plate and profile bar can be detached in a simple manner. With the use of plates of fibre composite material, however, it is sufficient in general if the plates are mechanically destroyed for the exchange and then the remaining plate edge regions are struck out of the casing in sections, after which the wedges can be removed.
Claims (12)
1. A ballistic protective housing for persons and/or objects with plates as housing walls and section bars, wherein the section bars have at least one channel enclosing one plate edge each, characterized in that the plates are composite slabs and are compressible, at least at the edges used for accommodation within the section bars, and in that the at least one channel has a smooth wall design on the outside of the housing, and on the inside of the housing a wall design with a corrugated profile or a saw-tooth profile, and in that the plates are inserted into the at least one channel of the section bars by means of wedges so that compression of the edge area takes place, whereby the wedges exhibit profiling corresponding to that of the channel, at least on the side facing the channel wall.
2. A housing according to Claim 1, characterized in that the plates consist of fiber composite material.
3. A housing according to Claim 1, or 2, characterized in that the wedges are profiled on both sides in a corrugated or saw-toothed fashion.
4. A housing according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the wedges have an angle of between 5°and 15°.
5. A housing according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the section bar has at least one U-shaped channel.
6. A housing according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the section bar has at least one V-shaped channel.
7. A housing according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the section bar has at least one L-shaped groove, to the short leg of which a support is connected, wherein the support, together with the L-shaped groove, forms the channel enclosing the compressible part of the plate. - 7 - 105004/2
8. A housing according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the section bars and/or wedges and/or support consist of a hard, compression-and creep-resistant material.
9. A housing according to any one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the section bars and/or wedges and/or support consist, at least predominantly, of steel.
10. A housing according to any one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the section bars and/or wedges and/or support consist, at least predominantly, of metal-coated ceramic.
11. A housing according to any one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the wedges consist, at least predominantly, of ceramic.
12. A housing according to any one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the compressibility of the plates, at least in the region of the plate edge, is between 0.5 and 5%. For the Applicants, DR. REINHOLD COHN AND PARTNERS S9142-4Claims/DD/be/6.11.1994
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4208308A DE4208308C2 (en) | 1992-03-16 | 1992-03-16 | Housing for ballistic protection of people and / or objects |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| IL105004A true IL105004A (en) | 1995-12-08 |
Family
ID=6454139
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL10500493A IL105004A (en) | 1992-03-16 | 1993-03-10 | Housing for the ballistic protection of persons and/or objects |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0631659B1 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR950701060A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE136640T1 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9306088A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2132200A1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE4208308C2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2085768T3 (en) |
| HU (1) | HU212865B (en) |
| IL (1) | IL105004A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL170092B1 (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2098740C1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1993019342A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE9209345U1 (en) * | 1992-07-11 | 1992-09-24 | Wendler Karosseriebau GmbH, 7410 Reutlingen | vehicle |
| DE9415319U1 (en) * | 1994-09-21 | 1996-01-25 | Wilo Gmbh, 44263 Dortmund | Submersible pump |
| NO970416L (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 1998-08-03 | Pivco As | Clamping device for attaching the plastic panel to a metallic frame or profile |
| DE19835560A1 (en) * | 1998-08-06 | 2000-02-10 | Volkswagen Ag | Non-positive connection |
| DE19835955C2 (en) * | 1998-08-08 | 2003-01-23 | Krauss Maffei Wegmann Gmbh & C | Protective equipment for containers |
| DE10110851C1 (en) * | 2001-03-07 | 2002-05-29 | Lothar Mueller | Body armour, consists of at least two surface elements which have connecting linkages, and closure elements which close the gaps between them |
| DE10345914B4 (en) * | 2003-09-26 | 2006-05-18 | Ulf Deisenroth | Modular protection space system, in particular for the transport of persons and / or objects |
| DE20315057U1 (en) | 2003-09-26 | 2005-02-10 | Deisenroth, Ulf | Modular protection space system, in particular for the transport of persons and / or objects |
| US20110260129A1 (en) * | 2008-06-14 | 2011-10-27 | John Schopf | Panel clamps for fences and barriers |
| US10422126B2 (en) * | 2016-07-26 | 2019-09-24 | Robert Jeffrey Kupferberg | Compression seal groove connector |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB503935A (en) * | 1937-10-15 | 1939-04-17 | Porsche Ferdinand A | Improvements in and relating to releasable connections |
| US2312489A (en) * | 1941-02-25 | 1943-03-02 | Ernest Gustav Schaefer | Means for attaching panels to framework |
| DE1400225A1 (en) * | 1960-01-09 | 1968-11-28 | Petterson Adolf H | Connection of a plate with a profile |
| DE1578329A1 (en) * | 1966-06-01 | 1970-02-19 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Bulletproof plate |
| DE1901502A1 (en) * | 1969-01-14 | 1970-08-13 | Porsche Kg | Profiles for connections of armor plates |
| SE385284B (en) * | 1975-01-20 | 1976-06-21 | G Rosen | LASEN DEVICE FOR POSTS FOR LOAD FLAKES |
| SE405235B (en) * | 1977-04-28 | 1978-11-27 | Exte Fab | DEVICE AT VEHICLES FOR VEHICLES |
| DE2821117C1 (en) * | 1978-05-13 | 1988-06-09 | Thyssen Ind Ag Maschb | Arrangement of at least one protective plate by means of an energy-absorbing holder made of non-metallic, elastic material on / in a protective object |
| US4351558A (en) * | 1979-04-23 | 1982-09-28 | Mueller Frederick N | Truck body construction |
| GB2081331A (en) * | 1980-07-10 | 1982-02-17 | Carmichael Fire & Bulk Ltd | Building or Vehicle Panelling Structure |
| DE3635741C2 (en) * | 1986-10-21 | 1994-12-15 | Krauss Maffei Ag | Housing structure for armored vehicles, in particular for military vehicles |
| KR910003315B1 (en) * | 1988-10-20 | 1991-05-27 | 동양나이론 주식회사 | Forming method of fiber reinforced articles |
| US5006390A (en) * | 1989-06-19 | 1991-04-09 | Allied-Signal | Rigid polyethylene reinforced composites having improved short beam shear strength |
-
1992
- 1992-03-16 DE DE4208308A patent/DE4208308C2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1993
- 1993-03-10 IL IL10500493A patent/IL105004A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-03-11 CA CA002132200A patent/CA2132200A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-03-11 RU RU9494045820A patent/RU2098740C1/en active
- 1993-03-11 HU HU9402491A patent/HU212865B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-03-11 DE DE59302199T patent/DE59302199D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-03-11 WO PCT/EP1993/000560 patent/WO1993019342A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 1993-03-11 EP EP93905342A patent/EP0631659B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-03-11 AT AT93905342T patent/ATE136640T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-03-11 BR BR9306088A patent/BR9306088A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-03-11 PL PL93305205A patent/PL170092B1/en unknown
- 1993-03-11 ES ES93905342T patent/ES2085768T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-09-14 KR KR1019940703283A patent/KR950701060A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE4208308C2 (en) | 1995-04-20 |
| WO1993019342A2 (en) | 1993-09-30 |
| EP0631659A1 (en) | 1995-01-04 |
| HUT71542A (en) | 1995-12-28 |
| PL170092B1 (en) | 1996-10-31 |
| WO1993019342A3 (en) | 1993-11-25 |
| CA2132200A1 (en) | 1993-09-17 |
| DE4208308A1 (en) | 1993-09-23 |
| HU9402491D0 (en) | 1994-11-28 |
| EP0631659B1 (en) | 1996-04-10 |
| ES2085768T3 (en) | 1996-06-01 |
| BR9306088A (en) | 1997-11-18 |
| ATE136640T1 (en) | 1996-04-15 |
| KR950701060A (en) | 1995-02-20 |
| DE59302199D1 (en) | 1996-05-15 |
| HU212865B (en) | 1996-12-30 |
| RU94045820A (en) | 1996-11-10 |
| RU2098740C1 (en) | 1997-12-10 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FF | Patent granted | ||
| KB | Patent renewed | ||
| KB | Patent renewed | ||
| MM9K | Patent not in force due to non-payment of renewal fees |