IE84526B1 - A detection system - Google Patents
A detection systemInfo
- Publication number
- IE84526B1 IE84526B1 IE2005/0855A IE20050855A IE84526B1 IE 84526 B1 IE84526 B1 IE 84526B1 IE 2005/0855 A IE2005/0855 A IE 2005/0855A IE 20050855 A IE20050855 A IE 20050855A IE 84526 B1 IE84526 B1 IE 84526B1
- Authority
- IE
- Ireland
- Prior art keywords
- detection system
- radiation
- processor
- sensor means
- frequency
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 230000000875 corresponding Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000004450 types of analysis Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004059 degradation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 15
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010408 sweeping Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003595 spectral Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000271571 Dromaius novaehollandiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001417527 Pempheridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001809 detectable Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004134 energy conservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002365 multiple layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V8/00—Prospecting or detecting by optical means
- G01V8/005—Prospecting or detecting by optical means operating with millimetre waves, e.g. measuring the black losey radiation
Abstract
ABSTRACT A detection system for detecting concealed objects comprises sensors for receiving radiation in the frequency range of 1GHz to 10THz and a filter for partitioning at least two frequency bands in the received radiation. A processor generates an output corresponding to each frequency band, said outputs incorporating differences arising from differences in object interference and/or reflectivity for the different frequency bands. The processor controls a display of an image corresponding to each frequency band
Description
A Detection System
Introduction
The invention relates to detection of concealed materials such as dielectric objects.
The use of millimetre waves to generate radiometric images of a scene has the
advantageous property of being able to see through non-metallic material to image
objects that are concealed, for example under clothing or in baggage. Materials such
as metals and ceramics are readily detectable using this method.
Typical applications of millimetre wave imaging are portal screening to reveal
weapons or contraband concealed under a persons clothing, poor weather visibility
assistance and surveillance to remotely detect threat objects carried by people.
Materials such as metals that are electrically conductive are highly reflective to
millimetre waves and can be easily distinguished and detected against a less
conductive (and less reflective) background such as the human body. Lower
conductivity materials are described as dielectric materials and can be characterised
by their dielectric constant or relative permittivity value. Common dielectric
materials such as glasses and plastics have typical pemiittivity values in the range 1
to 100 and in the lower end of this range we can categorise low dielectric materials
as those with a value of dielectric constant below 30. Low dielectric constant
materials such as plastics and explosives are more difficult to detect and image at
millimetre-wave frequencies. This difficulty of detection is mainly due to their
partial transparency to millimetre waves.
The invention is directed towards providing an improved detection system.
Summary of the Invention
- " 84526
According to the invention, there is provided a detection system for detecting
concealed dielectric objects, the system comprising:
sensor means for receiving from a scene radiation in the frequency range of
1GHz to lOTHz,
means for partitioning at least two frequency bands in the received radiation,
a processor for processing signals from the sensor means to generate an
output corresponding to each frequency band, said outputs incorporating
differences arising from differences in object interference and/ or reflectivity
for the different frequency bands.
In one embodiment, the processor controls a display of an image corresponding to
each frequency band
In one embodiment, the sensor means comprises at least one sensor for receiving
the radiation and filters for partitioning the frequency bands.
In one embodiment, the sensor means comprises an array of sensors, each for a
spatial region of interest.
In one embodiment, the filter comprises a waveguide filter.
In one embodiment, the processor actively monitors the received radiation signal to
generate the output indicating possibility of presence of a concealed object.
In one embodiment, the processor generates and stores pixel images, and analyses
the pixel images to generate the output.
In one embodiment, the processor analyses patterns of pixel intensities
In one embodiment, relative signal degradation or enhancement in different
frequency bands is monitored by the processor.
In one embodiment, the sensor means comprises a plurality of sensors each of
which detects at a specific frequency band.
In one embodiment, the sensor means comprises a detector whose operating
frequency is swept over a range of frequencies.
In one embodiment, the frequency band bandwidth is in the range 0.1GHz to 40
GHz.
In one embodiment, the sensor means detects radiation at different frequency bands
in ambient radiation coming from the scene.
In one embodiment, the system further comprises means for actively generating
incident radiation for the scene.
Detailed Description of the Invention
The invention will be more clearly understood from the following description of
some embodiments thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the
accompanying drawings in which:-
Figs. 1(a) and l(b) are representations of waves, and a reflection vs.
frequency plot;
Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a detection system of the
invention;
Fig. 3 is a pair of plots showing theoretical and experimental reflectivity
from polystyrene as a function of wavelength in air;
Figs. 4 and 5 are diagrams of different detectors of the invention;
Fig. 6 is a sample pair of displays of the same subject imaged a different
frequencies; and
Fig. 7 is a plot of response characteristics of a single scene using different
detection frequencies.
A sensor means has an array of detectors each receiving radiation from a spatial
region of interest in a scene being monitored. Filters downstream of the detectors
partition the radiation into at least two frequency bands. A processor processes the
radiation in each band to generate an output. In one embodiment the output is only
a display image corresponding to each frequency band. An operator views the
display images and discems any objects in the scene according to differences in the
display images arising from the fact that they correspond to different frequency
bands. In another embodiment, the processor automatically performs image
processing to actively generate an output indicating if there is a particular object in
the scene. In doing so it monitors patterns of pixel intensities. The differences in the
outputs for the different frequency bands arise from the fact that there is different
object interference and/ or reflectivity for the different frequency bands. Relative
signal degradation or enhancement are also monitored.
With such active operation of the processor, the use of an operator to interpret
images in not required. In this case configurations of electronics hardware and
software algorithms are implemented to identify the combination of signal
responses that correspond to the presence of dielectric material in the scene. This
method can be used to set up a means of automatically and/ or remotely detecting
the presence of a concealed dielectric material without the need for an attendant
operator to examine and interpret the output images.
The sensors sense at frequencies in the range of lGHz to 10 THz and the
bandwidth of the frequency bands is between 0.1GHz and 40GHz. The bandwidth
will determine the coherence length of the system where the coherence length is
defined as c/ B where c is the speed of light and B is the bandwidth.
Dielectric materials are known to exhibit specific reflectance behaviour to
electromagnetic radiation that can be used to identify such materials using
millimetre waves. Fig. 1(a) shows the typical reflectance behaviour of incident
radiation on a partially reflecting material. Incident radiation (13) upon a dielectric
material (14) is reflected (internally and extemally) and transmitted (15). The
resultant reflectivity is a function of the sensed wavelength/frequency and the
material thickness. Fig. l(b) shows the characteristic reflectivity response for a given
material thickness over a range of frequencies.
A laboratory experiment demonstrates the principle as shown in Fig. 3. In this case
the transmission of a piece of thin sheet dielectric material — 10mm thick
polystyrene - is measured against a range of wavelengths (or frequencies where
frequency = speed of light/wavelength). The theoretical and measured responses
are shown. The agreement between the two is clearly seen.
Using the fact that the reflectance of a given dielectric material of specified
refractive index and thiclmess varies as a function of frequency, the presence of that
material can be deduced by viewing the material at multiple frequencies and
looking for relative variation in the response between the different frequency
The equations that govern the reflection of radiation at a dielectric layer placed in
front of an object such as a human body depend on the thickness and refractive
index of the layer and the frequency of the radiation, and are described below (basic
properties and behaviour is referenced in O.S. Heavens, Optical properties of thin solid
films, Dover Publications, Inc. (New York), pp.26 1, 1965).
Consider u dielectric layers in the x-y plane, each layer m with a particular refractive
index n,,, and define X", as
where q5,,, = angle of incidence, with respect to the normal to the boundary,
of wave in layer 171 being considered
/1 = wavelength of the incident radiation
The direction of propagation of the radiation is the positive 2 direction and the
plane of incidence is the 2-3: plane.
The amplitude of the electric vector of the wave incident on the first layer is E5 and
that of the reflected wave is E0‘. In each layer m the results of all of the positive
going (transmitted) waves sum to E,,," and those negative going (reflected) to E,,,'.
For non-normal incidence on an isotropic layer it is necessary to distinguish the
plane of polarisation: vectors parallel to the plane of incidence have the subscript p
and vectors perpendicular have the subscript 3. Throughout the following only the
components tangential to the boundaries between layers (re. the x and y
components of the vectors) are used, as the boundary condition is that the
tangential components of both the electric and magnetic fields be continuous across
the boundaries. Most of the results derived here are general, for either polarisation,
so care must be taken when calculating the final answer to consider the correct
polarisation when substituting in for the Fresnel coefficients which differentiate
between p and 3.
The Fresnel coefficients for a layer m (ie. for reflection r and transmission t
between layers (m-I) and (m) are:
E(_m"1)P _ nm—l cos ‘pm _nm COS ¢m—1 _ r
_ _ mp
E;-m_1)p nm—l C05 (Dm +nm COS ¢m—1
+
Emu 2”»:-1 C05 ¢’m—1 3
i = =r < )
E(m_l)p nm_, COS(/9," +nm cos (0m_,
E(_m-IL‘ __ nm—l C03 ‘i0m—l _ '1»: cos (am _
'“ T s
E(j"_m n,,,_, cos (o,,,_, + n,,, cos (pm
Ertns __ 2"/n—l COS ¢m—1 _ 5
‘tux: ( )
Es,-,,_})5 nm-I COS ¢m—l +nm cosgom
The electric field amplitudes of the first and last media are related in matrix
ms ii
E0 1 Eu+l
The characteristic matrix C of the whole system is the resultant of the product, in
notation by
sequence, of the individual characteristic matrices
b
C = C,C2 ...C,,+, : F ‘J (7)
C
and
t:t1t2"‘tnz"'tu+l
where t,,, is the Fresnel transmission coefficient for the m"’ boundary.
The characteristic matrix, C,,,, relates the fields in the two adjacent media (m-I)
(refractive index nm) and m (n,,,).
where
," =1». 4; (10)
and d,,, is the thickness of layer m.
The reflection and transmission coefficients for the system may therefore be
calculated from equations (6-8) noting that there is no negative-going wave in the
(u+1)"‘ medium and so E,,+{ = 0.
R = — = — 1 l
E; a ( >
I-=_1_';‘_:irLl:t1t2"'t::+l
E; a
The frequency dependent reflectance and transmittance of the 11 layers may be
found by multiplying the above equations by their complex conjugates:
R: Ea Eli *=_c_c_* (13)
E0 E0 * aa*
+ + * X 3 1
T: nu+l _ Eu+l Eu+ 1, 7111+] _ tlt2"’tu+lItl t2“‘tu+l
+ + * *
no E0 E0 no aa
the extra factor in the transmittance arising from energy conservation. These
equations relate to the reflectance and transmission when viewing multiple layers —
including airgaps.
Thus, for a single layer of dielectric over an object — for instance the human body:
From equations (11-12), the reflection and transmission coefficients are
R _ I‘1€i6‘ +r2e'i6' 16
' :6. -35, ( )
e +r1r2e
I117
I = (17)
e'3' +r1r3e"5‘
and so the reflectance and transmittance of a dielectric layer over the body are given
by
_ rlz +2r[r3 cos 261 +rZ2
R. (18)
+ 2r,r2 cos 25, + r,2r_"2 ‘M2
T- (19)
no 1+2r1r2 COS 26, +r1 r2
Referring to Fig, 2 a detection system 1 comprises a processing circuit 2 connected
to input sensors 3, 4, and 5. It is used, as illustrated, for detecting presence of a
dielectric object 10 hidden behind an obscurant 11. The dielectric object may or
may not be placed in front of a background object 12 with which it may be in
contact or separated by an air gap. A typical scenario would be a sheet or layers of
sheets of explosive material placed on or near the body and concealed underneath
clothing.
The sensors 3, 4, 5 image the scene at different frequencies — in the millimetre
and/ or Terahertz ranges. In a typical embodiment the centre frequencies of the
receivers are located at a fixed spectral separation. There may be a single group of
sensors detecting at different frequencies or an array of these sensor groups. In a
different embodiment a single or multiple sensors may be swept in frequency and
the response of the sensors observed as the frequency of operation is changed. In
another embodiment, the sensor (or array of sensors) may simultaneously detect a
number of frequency bands where the sensor(s) is configured to detect partitioned
bands in different spectral regions.
The sensors can operate as either active transceivers or as passive receivers. In the
case of the active transceiver, the sensor transmits at the frequency band that it is
monitoring — reflected returns and normal scene emissions and reflections are
measured by the receiver circuit. The passive receiver version on the other hand
observes the emissions and reflections from the scene. The scene may be
illuminated by active sources of suitable wavelength radiation or by thermally
generated broadband radiation or by naturally occurring background radiation.
The illumination radiation and the sensed radiation may be manipulated by
polarisation, rotation or other optical processing as part of the detection method.
For the embodiment of passive or active radiometry, the circuit 2 executes the
following logic to detect the obscured dielectric object l0. In the case where sensors
of fixed but separated frequency are used, the received signal from each separate
frequency sensor or band is monitored and compared for consistency of response.
While there may be a difference in level of response when looking at the same
scene, the relative scale of the signals can be expected to track each other. In the
case where there is a dielectric material in the scene, there will be a relative
variation in the response levels from the separate frequency channels corresponding
to the interference and reflectivity difference of the dielectric material at the receiver
frequency. By discriminating between the variations in received signal, the presence
of the dielectric can be detected. Similarly for the case of a swept frequency
receiver, there will be variation in signal corresponding to the changes in dielectric
reflectivity over frequency. These variations are identified by the processing circuit
2.
By processing the sigials from the sensors 3 - 5 in this manner, the circuit can detect
the presence of concealed materials, such as objects concealed beneath clothing on
a person or in baggage. This is highly advantageous. Also, the system may be used
to detect objects such as metals and ceramics with millimetre-wave radiation, which
have been more conventionally detected in the past.
Referring to Fig. 4, in this case a detection channel is configured to receive the
incoming radiation at an antenna, 20. This signal is amplified in one or more
amplification stages, 21. The amplified signal is then passed to a power splitter, 22,
where the signal is split into two or more segments. The split segments are then
further processed through amplification and filtering components, 23, 24. The
order, number and sequence of the amplifiers and filters can be varied. The filter
components 24 are configured to filter the signal in different portions of the
frequency spectrum. These portions of the frequency spectrum can be distinct and
separate or may overlap each other. The output of each of the filtered signals is
passed to a detector device that converts the signal power to a voltage level before
passing to the processing electronics (2, Fig 2). Depending on the content of the
scene being viewed by the sensor, the level of the output signal can vary from one
channel segment to the next because they are operating in different regions of the
frequency spectrum, 26. In particular, if a dielectric sheet is present in the scene,
this will provide a different response depending on which region of the frequency
spectrum it is being viewed in. The processing electronics 2 are configured to
identify and highlight these response differences.
Another embodiment is referred to in Fig. 5 where a given point in the scene is
observed over a range of frequencies. In this embodiment, the received signal is
collected in a front end antenna 30. This signal is then amplified in one or more
amplification stages 31. The amplified signal is passed to a frequency sweeping
component 32. This sweeps a window of given bandwidth over some or all of the
operating frequency range of the receiver. The receiver works by sweeping through
the operating frequency range of the channel while observing a single point in the
scene. This scene point may be observed by a static measurement or by using a
scanning system to direct the receiver to that scene point. In the case of a scanned
observation, there may be some movement in the observed point during the process
of sweeping through the channel bandwidth. The output of the frequency sweeper
may be further processed — for example by an amplifier stage 33. The signal is
finally passed to a detecting device that converts the signal power to a voltage level
before passing to the processing electronics 2 (Fig. 2). Depending on what the
receiver is viewing during the process of sweeping through the channel bandwidth,
the level of the received signal may vary. Variations in output level can be due to
specific components in the scene such as a dielectric sheet. The processing
electronics are configured to identify and highlight such variations in received
signal level as a scene point is observed over a range of frequencies.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments described but may be varied in
construction and detail. For example, the system may include an opto-mechanical
or electronically steered scanning mechanism. The sensors may detect at any
frequency within the range of 1GHz to 10 THz, with a chosen frequency separation
between the sensors. There may be receiver or transceiver sensors.
An example of the method is shown in the image in Fig. 6. In this case two
receivers were used to view a target made up of three thin sheet polymer materials.
The observed materials in this instance were polyvinylchloride (PVC) and High
Density Polyethylene (HDPE) sheets. These sheets varied in thickness from 3
millimetres to 6 millimetres. The target materials were imaged with two receivers
operating at different frequencies. In this case the receivers operated at 94GHz with
10Ghz bandwidth and 77GHz with 3GHz bandwidth. It can be seen that the
materials present a different response depending on which frequency they are
viewed at. In the case of the 77GHz image the 3mm HDPE appears bright in the
image whereas it is dark when viewed at 94GHz. Similarly, differences in response
level can also be seen for the other two materials.
The basis for an automated detection of the presence of dielectric material is
presented in the response plots shown in Fig. 7. In this case the output from two
different frequency bands is overlaid as a line scan of the scene is taken. The centre
frequencies used in the detectors in this instance were 84GHz and 94GHz — each
with a bandwidth of l2HGz. The scan contains a number of objects as indicated in
the diagram including a sheet of dielectric material. It can be seen that the responses
of the different frequencies track each other to a close correspondence along all of
the line scan except where the dielectric material is being imaged. Where there is a
sheet of dielectric in the scene, the responses track at levels that are different to each
other in a manner that is clearly dissimilar to the close tracking throughout the rest
of the scan. This divergence of response is identified by processing the output
signals using computer hardware and software to action a means of automatically
flagging the presence of a dielectric material in the scene.
Similar testing has been conducted with narrower band detectors where the
operating bandwidth is reduced to 2GHz. In this case the dielectric detection effect
is more pronounced although the overall detector sensitivity is reduced.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments described but may be varied in
construction and detail. For example, the file=ter for discriminating the frequency
bands may comprises a waveguide, planar, cavity based or software algorithm filter.
Claims (1)
- Claims A detection system for detecting concealed dielectric objects, the system comprising: sensor means for receiving from a scene radiation in the frequency range of 1GHz to 10THz, means for partitioning at least two frequency bands in the received radiation, and a processor for processing signals from the sensor means to generate an output corresponding to each frequency band, said outputs incorporating differences arising from differences in object interference and/ or reflectivity for the different frequency bands. A detection system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor controls a display of an image corresponding to each frequency band A detection system as claimed in claims 1 or 2, wherein the sensor means comprises at least one sensor for receiving the radiation and filters for partitioning the frequency bands. A detection system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the sensor means comprises an array of sensors, each for a spatial region of interest. A detection system as claimed in claims 3 or 4, wherein the filter comprises a waveguide filter. A detection system as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the processor actively monitors the received radiation signal to generate the output indicating possibility of presence of a concealed object. A detection system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the processor generates and stores pixel images, and analyses the pixel images to generate the output. A detection system as claimed in claim 7, wherein the processor analyses patterns of pixel intensities A detection system as claimed in any of claims 6 to 8, wherein relative signal degradation or enhancement in different frequency bands is monitored by the processor. A detection system as claimed in claims 1 or 2, wherein the sensor means comprises a plurality of sensors each of which detects at a specific frequency band. A detection system as claimed in any of claims 3 to 10, wherein the sensor means comprises a detector whose operating frequency is swept over a range of frequencies. A detection system as claimed in any preceding claim where the frequency band bandwidth is in the range 0.1GHz to 40 GHz. A detection system as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the sensor means detects radiation at different frequency bands in ambient radiation coming from the scene. A detection system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 12 further comprising means for actively generating incident radiation for the scene. A detection system substantially as described with reference to the drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IE2005/0855A IE84526B1 (en) | 2005-12-22 | A detection system |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IEIRELAND22/12/20042004/0857 | |||
IE20040857 | 2004-12-22 | ||
IE2005/0855A IE84526B1 (en) | 2005-12-22 | A detection system |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
IE20050855A1 IE20050855A1 (en) | 2006-07-12 |
IE84526B1 true IE84526B1 (en) | 2007-03-07 |
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