GB2625585A

GB2625585A - Water level sensor

Info

Publication number: GB2625585A
Application number: GB2219382.5A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Dubin Will
Original assignee: Manholemetrics Ltd
Current assignee: Manholemetrics Ltd
Priority date: 2022-12-21
Filing date: 2022-12-21
Publication date: 2024-06-26
Also published as: GB202219382D0; WO2024133503A1

Abstract

An apparatus for sensing water levels is disclosed, comprising: a sensor configured to detect a distance between the sensor and a water level and measure water level data at predetermined measurement intervals; a transceiver configured to transmit the water level data to a remote computing system at predetermined transmission intervals; wherein at least one of the measurement intervals and transmission intervals are adjustable in response to information received by the apparatus. The received information may comprise weather data, data relating to an environmental condition, topographical data, land usage data, soil composition data, location data, a user specified time interval. The apparatus may be releasably attached to a manhole cover. The apparatus may adjust transmission power level based on receipt of one or more test messages. The apparatus may comprise one or more additional sensors: a velocity sensor configured to detect water velocity; a gas sensor to detect an amount of a gas in a pipeline; an image sensor configured to image the water; an ambient temperature sensor; a motion sensor configured to detect movement of the apparatus; an orientation sensor configured to detect the orientation of the apparatus; and / or a sampler configured to take a sample of fluid to determine the composition of the fluid. The apparatus may comprise a short range sensor and a long range sensor and switch between use of the sensors based on the measured water level data. The transceiver may transmit water level data within a certain time range of a predicted time at which a maximum ambient temperature occurs.

Description

Intellectual Property Office Application No GI32219382.5 RTM Date:1 March 2023 The following terms are registered trade marks and should be read as such wherever they occur in this document: Wi-H Bluetooth Intellectual Property Office is an operating name of the Patent Office www.gov.uk/ipo

WATER LEVEL SENSOR FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a water level sensor for sensing the level of water, for example in a cavity or in a pipeline.

BACKGROUND

Flooding is increasing due to climate change, urbanisation, and ageing infrastructure. Local sewage flooding in particular is a big problem as individuals repeatedly flush objections down toilets which are not meant to be flushed, such as wet wipes, which cause blockages in the sewage pipes. Often, a blocked pipe goes un-noticed until flooding has occurred and the source of the flood has been discovered. The current approach of major infrastructure operators is highly reactive due to a lack of adequate sensing technology and analytics. However, a reactive approach is costly from numerous perspectives including environmental damage, regulatory fines, legal cases, poor publicity, damage to assets, and high operational costs.

A proactive approach to flood prevention, including early detection of blocked pipes, allows for early and efficient intervention.

Existing solutions involve a sensor dangling in the flow of fluid through the pipe to try and monitor the flow of water such as wastewater through the pipes. However, dangling sensors can themselves contribute towards blockage when debris gets caught or wrapped around the sensor. Additionally, current sensors generally rely on welding or mechanical fixings to fix them within the pipe work, making the sensor difficult to retrieve, for example for maintenance or repositioning. Sensors positioned within the pipework, for example on an internal wall of a pipe, also reduce the cross-sectional area of the pipe which, again, can contribute to blockages within the pipe. These types of sensors positioned within the pipework can also be challenging to install. Furthermore, battery life of sensors is often limited and so the useful lifetime of the sensor is restricted to the lifetime of the battery.

It is an aim of the present invention to provide an improved sensor for use in preventing flooding due to blockages, which addresses at least some of the above problems.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

According to a first aspect there is provided an apparatus for sensing water levels.

The apparatus comprises a sensor configured to detect a distance between the sensor and a water level, and measure water level data at predetermined measurement intervals, a transceiver configured to transmit the water level data to a remote computing system at predetermined transmission intervals, wherein at least one of the measurement intervals and transmission intervals are adjustable in response to information received by the apparatus.

The apparatus provides a low-cost, easy to install sensor which can monitor water levels and provide early detection of potential blockages and flooding within a pipeline.

The sensor is able to measure the water levels, for example below a manhole cover, and the transceiver sends this information to a remote computing system where the information can be subsequently used for example to alert users to a potential flooding risk.

Measuring water level data at predetermined time intervals helps reduce the chance that potentially dangerous water levels go unnoticed through on-going monitoring of the conditions of the pipeline. Transmitting this data at predetermined time intervals provides on-going updates, at the remote computer system, relating to the condition of the pipeline which allows unusual or potentially dangerous conditions to be identified and appropriate action taken.

At least one of the measurement intervals and transmission intervals are adjustable in response to information received by the apparatus. In this way the apparatus may be configured to adjust, for example automatically adjust, the time intervals at which data is transmitted and / or adjust the time intervals at which water level data is measured. The adjustment is based on the received information. In this way, the apparatus may be configured to take an increased number of measurements and transmit data more often when information is received by the apparatus that may indicate that potential flooding may be likely e.g. during high rainfall or periods of high usage, in order to allow potential flood risk to be identified more quickly. If the received information indicates that there is a low risk of flooding, for example during a dry day or during periods of low usage, the apparatus may take fewer measurements and transmit data less often which can help to conserve power.

The apparatus may be configured for attachment to part of a manhole. In this context, a manhole includes the main shaft of the manhole, the opening at the surface, and the manhole cover. The apparatus may be configured for attachment to any of these aspects. The apparatus may comprise an attachment means for allowing the apparatus to be attached to an underside of a manhole cover.

The apparatus may comprise an attachment means configured to allow the apparatus to be attached to pad of a manhole and/or manhole cover The attachment means may comprise a configurable attachment means allowing two or more mechanisms of attachment. The attachment means may be configured to attach to multiple types of manhole and/or manhole cover The attachment means may comprise a magnet and one further attachment mechanism. The attachment means may comprise two extending arms, each arm comprising a magnet, where the arms are additionally configured to allow attachment with a binding, such as a cable tie. The attachment means may allow the apparatus to be releasably attached to the part of the manhole. The attachment means preferably allows the apparatus to be releasably attached to the manhole cover This enables the same apparatus to be used with multiple manhole covers, as well as allowing the apparatus to be temporarily removed for maintenance. In addition, the apparatus can be used for temporary monitoring as it can be easily moved between multiple different locations.

The sensor may be releasably attached to the attachment means. This allows the sensor to be temporarily removed for maintenance or replaced entirely without needing to remove or replace the rest of the apparatus or the manhole cover if the apparatus is attached to the manhole cover. Maintenance of the overall apparatus is therefore more efficient, and low cost.

The attachment means may comprise at least one magnet. The use of magnets provides a simple and effective means of attaching an apparatus to a manhole cover, without requiring additional tools or equipment during installation of the apparatus.

In some examples, the at least one magnet may be releasably attached to the attachment means. Releasably attached magnets allows the magnets to be replaced if necessary, for example the size or the strength of the magnet can be changed, without needing to replace the entire apparatus, which would be more costly.

Preferably, the sensor is arranged to measure water level data at regular time intervals. In this way, the predetermined measurement intervals may be regular time intervals. Regular measurements reduce the chance that potentially dangerous water levels go unnoticed. Regular measurements also allow trends in water level data to be identified quicker and more easily, for example it may be quicker to determine whether water levels are gradually rising over time which could indicate that a flood is likely.

The transceiver may be configured to transmit data at regular time intervals. In this way, the predetermined transmission intervals may be regular time intervals.

Regular data transmission can help reduce the chance that potentially dangerous water levels go unnoticed. Regular data transmission also provides regular monitoring of the pipeline and allow trends in water level data to be identified quicker and more easily, for example it may be quicker to determine whether water levels are gradually rising over time which could indicate that a flood is likely.

In some examples, the apparatus may be configured to receive weather data, for example via the transceiver. In this way, the information received by the apparatus may comprise weather data. The apparatus may be configured to adjust, for example automatically adjust, at least one of the predetermined measurement intervals and / or the predetermined transmission intervals based on the received weather data. In this way, the apparatus may be configured to take an increased number of measurements and transmit data more often during times where potentially flooding may be likely e.g. during high rainfall, in order to allow potential flood risk to be identified more quickly. During times where there is a low risk of flooding, for example during a dry or sunny day, the apparatus may take fewer measurements and transmit data less often which can help to conserve power.

Preferably, the information received by the apparatus comprises an adjustment to be made to at least one of the measurement intervals and transmission intervals, the adjustment calculated by a remote control unit based on the weather data received by the remote control unit. This means that the apparatus can be instructed to take an increased number of measurements and transmit data more often during times where potentially flooding may be likely in order to allow potential flood risk to be identified more quickly. During times where there is a low risk of flooding, for example during a dry or sunny day, the apparatus can be instructed to take fewer measurements and transmit data less often which can help to conserve power In some developments, the information received by the apparatus may comprise at least one user-specified time interval such that at least one of the measurement intervals and transmission intervals are adjusted based on the user-specified time interval. In this way, the predetermined measurement intervals and / or the predetermined transmission intervals may be considered as programmable and / or adjustable by a user This means that the user is able to configure the apparatus to take measurements and transmit data in accordance with the needs of the user. The user is also able to override time intervals which may be pre-programmed into the apparatus, for example any pre-set time intervals that were programmed into the apparatus during manufacturing.

Preferably, the apparatus comprises a processor configured to compare water level data with a predetermined threshold, and if the water level data exceeds the predetermined threshold the processor is configured to adjust the predetermined measurement and / or transmission intervals, preferably reducing the time intervals between consecutive water level data measurements and their transmission. The adjustment may be automatic or manual. The apparatus therefore measures water level data more frequently in situations where the water level has been measured as high (because it has exceeded the predetermined threshold), indicating that a blockage may be present. More constant monitoring of the conditions of the pipeline helps ensure that dangerous situations e.g. potential blockages or floods are detected as soon as possible so that appropriate action can be taken as soon as possible. The predetermined threshold may be varied remotely by a user for example using a mobile device or desktop computer.

The apparatus may be configured to compare, for example using a processor, water level data with a rate of change threshold. If the water level data exceeds the rate of change threshold, the measurement and / or transmission intervals are adjusted, for example using the processor. The rate of change threshold may be varied remotely by a user for example using a mobile device or desktop computer. The rate of change threshold may be predetermined. The adjustment may be automatic or manual.

The apparatus may be configured to adjust a transmission power level based on a distance between the apparatus and a remote antenna eg radio antenna such as a cellular base station. Adjusting the transmission power of the apparatus ensures that unnecessary power is not being used to transmit data. For example, if the apparatus is relatively close to the antenna the apparatus may automatically reduce the transmission power level.

In some examples, the apparatus may be configured to adjust a transmission power level based on receipt of one or more test messages. For example if a test message is not received the transmission power can be increased. If a test message is received the transmission power can be decreased.

The apparatus may be configured to adjust a transmission power level based on received signal strength.

To help conserve power, the apparatus may be configured to enter a sleep mode when it is determined that the sensor is not taking measurements and / or the transceiver is not transmitting data. This may help conserve power In some examples, the apparatus may comprise a local wireless network such that the apparatus can be used as a hotspot. Preferably, the apparatus may be able to communicate directly with a mobile device, for example via VVi-fi or Bluetooth. In this way, the apparatus can communicate with mobile devices even if the manhole is located in a place where there is limited or no cellular network coverage. Thus, the apparatus is still able to send data to the mobile device and receive updates relating to various parameters of the apparatus eg time interval adjustments.

In some examples, the apparatus may comprise one or more additional sensors configured to detect at least one parameter relating to water. The one or more additional sensors may comprise at least one of the following: a velocity sensor configured to detect water velocity; a gas sensor to detect an amount of a gas in a pipeline; an image sensor configured to image the water; a temperature sensor configured to detect the ambient temperature in a pipeline; a motion sensor configured to detect movement of the apparatus; an orientation sensor configured to detect the orientation of the apparatus; and /or a sampler configured to take a sample of fluid to determine the composition of the fluid. The additional sensors provide a user with additional information about the environment in which the apparatus is located, and so the additional sensors provide the user with information about the environment inside the manhole and the pipeline. This additional information can be used to identify other potentially hazardous situations, for example a dangerous build-up of gas which could lead to an explosion, or a dangerous increase in temperature which could indicate that a fire is present.

The sensor may be an ultrasonic sensor. The sensor may be any suitable sensor able to measure water level data including a radar or infrared sensor Preferably, the sensor is a dual sensor comprising a first sensor and a second sensor The first sensor may be a short range sensor and the second sensor may be a long range sensor. Some sensors have blind distances and certain ranges over which they are designed to operate. By combining both long and shod range sensors together, a greater range of distances can be measured by the sensors compared to with just a single sensor. Furthermore, the use of two sensors reduces the overall blind distance, because one sensor is able to compensate for the blind distance of the other sensor, and so the overall effect of the blind distance in data collection is greatly reduced.

The first and second sensors may be different types of sensor. Alternatively, the first and second sensors may be the same type of sensor.

The first and second sensors may be controlled using a trigger system. The trigger system may communicate with each sensor and instruct each sensor to take measurements over a certain distance range. Preferably, the trigger system is configured to switch between use of the first sensor and use of the second sensor based on the measured water level data. The trigger system may help ensure that both sensors are not trying to take measurements at the same time over the same distance range, which would be an inefficient use of resources which results in unnecessary power being used.

The apparatus may also comprise a battery. Preferably, the battery is rechargeable. A rechargeable battery means that the whole apparatus does not need to be replaced when the battery runs out, but instead the battery can simply be recharged. This extends the useful lifetime of the apparatus.

The apparatus may comprise a control module configured to determine a temperature of the battery and instruct the transceiver to transmit water level data when the temperature of the battery is above a predetermined temperature threshold. The control module may comprise a temperature sensor configured to measure the temperature of the battery.

Preferably, the control module may be configured to determine a temperature of the battery and instruct the transceiver to transmit water level data within a certain time range of a predicted time at which a maximum ambient temperature occurs. A remote computing device may predict a time in the day at which a maximum temperature is likely to occur, and then calculate a time range, which preferably includes the time at which a maximum temperature is predicted, during which the apparatus should transmit data. For example, if a maximum temperature is predicted to occur at 3pm, the remote computing device may instruct the apparatus to transmit data between 2.30pm and 3.30pm.

In some examples, the apparatus may comprise a power harvesting module which may be configured to harvest power using one or more of the following: a temperature module, a vibration module, a piezoelectric module, and / or a solar module. Preferably, the power harvesting module comprises a Peltier module. The Peltier module maybe configured to harvest power using a temperature differential between the manhole cover and the ambient air either within the manhole or above the manhole. In this way, the apparatus is able to power itself, using energy from the surrounding environment in which the apparatus is located, which extends the useful operating life of the apparatus.

The apparatus of any preceding claim further comprising at least one suspension means, preferably wherein the apparatus is releasably attached to the suspension means. The suspension means allows the apparatus to be attached to parts of the manhole that do not include the manhole cover, for example the opening of the manhole or within the shaft of the manhole.

The suspension means may be any suitable elongated rigid object such as a bar. The suspension means may actively attach the apparatus to part of the manhole, for example by applying pressure to a surface of the manhole. The suspension means may passively attach the apparatus to part of the manhole, for example by being hooked over or clipping on to a rim of the manhole opening. The suspension means may be an acrow prop. The acrow prop may provide an additional means of attaching the apparatus to part of the manhole in situations where the magnets would not be sufficient for attaching the apparatus to the manhole cover.

Preferably the apparatus is releasably attached to the acrow prop. This allows the apparatus to be detached from the acrow prop to be used with manhole covers that do not require the acrow prop. In this way, a single apparatus can be used with multiple different types of manhole cover.

The apparatus may further comprise a cover Preferably the apparatus is releasably attached to the cover This allows the apparatus to be detached from the cover to be used with manhole covers that do not require a cover. In this way, a single apparatus can be used with multiple different types of manhole cover.

In some examples, the cover may comprise an aperture configured to receive at least the sensor and transceiver In some developments the cover may comprise a plurality of sloped sides. The slopes sides may surround the aperture. The cover may help protect the apparatus from damage. The sloped sides allow the cover to be slid over the opening of a manhole without the apparatus at risk of being dislodged or getting caught on the opening of the manhole. The manhole cover can therefore be manipulated relatively unimpeded as the sloping sides provide a smooth surface over which the manhole cover can slide.

The cover may comprise a base configured for attachment to the underside of a manhole cover, and the plurality of sloped sides may be inwardly angled.

Preferably, the cover comprises a plurality of rounded corners. The rounded corners reduce the chance of vegetation or debris within the water becoming attached to the cover, which could lead to blockages in the pipeline.

According to another aspect there is provided a system for adjusting a water level sensor The system comprises the apparatus in accordance with any of the above described examples, and a remote control unit. The remote control unit may be configured to: receive data relating to an environmental condition; calculate an adjustment to be made to at least one of the measurement intervals and transmission intervals based on the data; and send the adjustment to the apparatus.

The data may comprise one or more of the following: weather data, topographical data; land usage data; soil composition data. The remote control unit may be configured to calculate an adjustment based on one or more other data types, for example predicted usage of a sewer system and blockage information based on known or predicted blockages in connected sewer sections. The remote device may use a model that takes as input one or more of these data types to determine when the water level is likely to be changing rapidly or approaching a threshold and determine an adjustment to be made to at least one of the measurement intervals and transmission intervals in response. For example, the remote device may be configured to instruct the sensor to measure the water level at an increased frequency.

The apparatus can therefore be adjusted based on information received from the remote control unit. In this case, the remote control unit may calculate the adjustment based on weather data. This means that the apparatus is adjusted based on weather conditions and so adverse weather can be taken into account.

In some examples, the remote control unit may be configured to calculate a water level threshold and / or a rate of change threshold based on the data and send the water level threshold and! or a rate of change threshold to the apparatus. In some examples, the remote control unit may be configured: to calculate a transmission power level based on the data; and send the transmission power level to the apparatus.

According to another aspect there is provided a manhole cover comprising the 15 above described apparatus. The above described system may also be used in combination with a manhole cover According to another aspect there is provided a grate or grille comprising the above described apparatus. The above described system may also be used in combination with a grate or grille.

In summary, the present invention provides a low-cost, long-lasting, and easy to install apparatus for sensing water levels in a pipeline which can be mounted to the underside of manhole covers, combined with real-time alerts and dynamic measurement and transmission frequencies and thresholds to allow for proactive flood management. The apparatus is compatible with a variety of installation options making the apparatus usable with a large variety of manhole covers. The installation options include a magnetic mount for 0400 type manhole covers (which contain a cavity on their underside), or a protective cover can be screwed in place for epoxy mounting on flat-bottomed covers. A more universal acrow mounting option is also available. Rapid installation is achieved quickly, for example under 5 minutes, with basic equipment, with the ability to capture data quickly and programme crucial parameters.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 shows a perspective view of an apparatus; Figure 2 shows a top down view of an apparatus; Figure 3 shows a side on view of an apparatus; Figure 4 shows a perspective cross-sectional view of an apparatus; Figure 5 shows a perspective cross-sectional view of an apparatus; Figure 6 shows an exploded view of an apparatus; Figure 7 shows a flowchart of an optimisation process; Figure 8 shows a flowchart of an optimisation process; Figure 9 shows a flowchart of an optimisation process; Figure 10 shows a perspective view of an apparatus and a cover; Figure 11 shows a perspective view of an apparatus and a cover; Figure 12 shows a cross-sectional view of an apparatus and a cover; Figure 13 shows a perspective cross-sectional view of an apparatus and a cover; Figure 14 shows am exploded view of an apparatus and a cover; Figure 15 shows a perspective view of an apparatus and an acrow prop; and Figure 16 shows a perspective view of an apparatus and an acrow prop. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Figures 1, 2, and 3 show different views of an exemplary apparatus 2 for sensing water levels which is configured for use with a cavity, such as a manhole. The sensor can be attached to at least part of the cavity, for example the walls. In the case where the sensor is used with a manhole, the sensor can be attached to the walls of the manhole or to the underside of a manhole cover The apparatus 2 comprises an attachment means 4 for allowing the apparatus 2 to be attached to at least part of the cavity, and a sensor 6 for detecting the water level of the fluid in the pipeline to which the manhole cover belongs. It should be noted that fluid refers to any fluid which would be found in an underground pipeline having a manhole cover, for example sewage, stormwater, and wastewater It should also be noted that references to a water level are understood to refer to the level of the fluid in the pipeline, irrespective of whether that fluid is water specifically or any other fluid such as sewage. Throughout the description, the sensor will be described as being used with a manhole, including the manhole cover, to measure water level in a pipeline. However, it will be appreciated that any suitable cavity can be used such as a well or pit or chamber It will also be appreciated that the sensor may be used in combination with grills or grates, and for measuring water levels in gullies, tunnels, underground rivers, aquifers or other water ways.

The attachment means 4 comprises a housing 8 defining a cavity 12 in which various components of the apparatus 2 e.g. electrical components are housed, as illustrated in Figures 4 and 5.

The sensor 6 is located outside the cavity 12, attached to an external surface of the housing 8. For example, as illustrated in Figure 6, the sensor 6 comprises a screw thread 7 configured to pass through an aperture 9 in the housing 8 and onto which a nut 11 can be screwed in order to fix the sensor 6 to the attachment means 4. As will be appreciated, alternative means for attaching the sensor 6 to the attachment means 4 can be used for example a snap-fit connection, adhesive, or welding. However, it is preferable that the sensor 6 is releasably attached to the attachment means 4 to allow either the sensor 6 or the attachment means 4 to be replaced. In some cases, the sensor 6 can be located within the housing 8 and so in this case the housing 8 comprises an aperture through which the sensor 6 can take measurements.

In some examples, the apparatus 2 is attached to the underside of a manhole cover In this case, in order to attach the apparatus 2 to the manhole cover, the attachment means 4 comprises at least one magnet 10. In the example illustrated in the Figures, the attachment means 4 comprises two magnets 10 located at opposing ends of the attachment means 4, for example as can be seen in Figure 3. The magnets 10 are, preferably releasably, fixed to the attachment means 4 using any suitable fixation method. In the example illustrated in Figures 5 and 6, the magnets 10 are screwed to the attachment means 4, which provides the advantage that the magnets 10 can be changed and replaced if they become damaged. Using a releasable fixing means also allows the type of magnet to be changed as necessary, for example magnets of different strength or different compositions can be used. The magnets 10 allow the apparatus 2 to be directly attached to the underside of a manhole cover. In this way, no extra components or equipment, for example screws, are needed to enable to apparatus 2 to be attached to the manhole cover. In addition, the magnets 10 allow the apparatus 2 to be releasably attached to the underside of the manhole cover, which is advantageous for maintenance and replacement of parts, as well as for temporary use of the apparatus e.g. for temporary water level monitoring.

In the example being described, the sensor 6 takes the form of an ultrasonic sensor which is able to detect a distance between the sensor 6 and the water level. The sensor 6 therefore measures water level data. This water level data can be used to determine whether the level of water in the pipe is indicative of a potential blockage or flood risk. The use of an ultrasonic sensor provides a contact-free distance measuring device which avoids potential blockages or incorrect readings which can be caused if debris accumulates around the sensor due to its contact with the fluid.

As mentioned previously, electrical components are housed within the cavity 12 of the attachment means 4 to protect the electrical components from water damage. As shown, for example in Figures 4 and 6, the cavity 12 houses a printed circuit board (PCB) 14 onto which various electrical components are mounted.

Examples of such components are an antenna 16, preferably an integrated antenna, and a processor 18.

The antenna 16 acts as a transceiver configured to transmit water level data from the sensor 6 to a remote computing system. The processor 18 is in communication with the sensor 6 to provide instructions to the sensor 6 The sensor 6 is instructed to measure water level data at different times in order to measure the current water level. The sensor 6 typically measures water level data at regular time intervals in order to provide regular monitoring. However, in some situations it may be advantageous to take measurements at irregular time intervals. The time intervals can be pre-set, for example the sensor 6 may take measurements every 15 minutes, and so the apparatus 2 can be thought of as pre-programmed. The time intervals indicate the sampling frequency of the sensor 6 As mentioned above, the antenna 16 transmits water level data from the sensor 6 to the remote computing system. In some examples, the remote computing system can be cloud-based. In other examples the remote computing system can take the form of a desktop computer or a mobile device. The rate of transmission can also be pre-programmed into the apparatus 2 and so the apparatus 2 may transmit water level data at regular intervals, for example every hour. The rate of transmission indicates the relay frequency of the antenna 16.

Generally water level data is transmitted in bulk, rather than each time a measurement is taken. This means that the sampling frequency is greater than the relay frequency. Before the water level data is transmitted by the antenna 16, a memory can temporarily store the water level data in the apparatus 2 until it is transmitted to the remote computing system. Data transmission will typically be a power intensive process, and so transferring data in bulk rather than each time a measurement is taken has the advantage of saving power which means that the apparatus 2 can be powered for longer by an internal battery.

The measured water level data is compared, for example using the processor 18, to a threshold water level. The threshold water level can be pre-programmed into the apparatus 2, based on a level of water that would be considered safe or nonhazardous in a particular pipeline. In this case, safe and non-hazardous mean that the water level is sufficiently low there is no likely risk of flooding. As well as being pre-programmed, the threshold water level can also be updated remotely using the remote computing system, eg using a mobile device, desktop computer, or any other suitable means of remotely updating the threshold water level and transmitting this updated threshold to the apparatus 2. This allows the threshold water level to be set at a level that is appropriate for the location at which the apparatus 2 is to be located. For example, various factors associated with the environment affect the acceptable level of water in a pipeline including how the surrounding land is being used (eg farmland, cities), the landscape (eg hills, valleys), the composition (eg soil or rock type), and weather The threshold water level can therefore be adjusted to a level that is appropriate for the location of the apparatus 2.

If it is determined that the measured water level data does not exceed the threshold then the sensor 6 continues to take water level measurements at the pre-set time intervals and the antenna 16 transmits the water level data at the preprogrammed time intervals. If it is determined that the measured water level data does exceed the threshold then the processor 18 can automatically adjust the time intervals at which measurements are taken, in particular by reducing the time between consecutive measurements. Reducing the time intervals therefore has the effect of increasing the sampling frequency when the water level exceeds the threshold.

If the threshold is exceeded then the processor 18 can also automatically adjust the time intervals at which data is transmitted, in particular by reducing the time between consecutive transmissions. Reducing the time intervals therefore has the effect of increasing the relay frequency when the water level exceeds the threshold.

A higher sampling frequency and higher relay frequency are needed when the threshold is exceeded because this indicates that the water level in the pipeline is sufficiently high that a flood is likely, for example due to a blockage in the pipeline.

In this way, the apparatus 2 dynamically responds to changing water levels, providing more information by way of an increased measurement and transmission rate in situations which are potentially hazardous or unsafe.

In some cases when the threshold has been exceeded a warning can be sent to the remote computing system and live alerts may be sent, e.g. in the form of live water level data measurements, until the water level is measured to be below the threshold.

The measured water level data will also be compared, for example using the processor 18, to a rate of change threshold. The rate of change threshold is a threshold at which it is considered the rate of change of the water level is too fast.

For example, the water level may be increasing rapidly and if the time taken for the water to reach a particular water level threshold is quicker than a predetermined time limit, then the water level is changing at a rate that has exceeded the rate of change threshold. As with the water level threshold, in some cases the rate of change threshold can be pre-programmed into the apparatus 2, based on a rate of change of water level that would be considered safe or nonhazardous in a particular pipeline. In other examples, the rate of change threshold can be updated remotely using the remote computing system, eg using a mobile device, desktop computer, or any other suitable means of remotely updating the threshold and transmitting this updated threshold to the apparatus 2. As before, this allows the rate of change threshold water level to be set at a level that is appropriate for the location at which the apparatus 2 is to be located.

If it is determined that the measured water level data indicates that the water level is not changing at a rate that exceeds the rate of change water level threshold then the sensor 6 continues to take water level measurements at the pre-set time intervals and the antenna 16 transmits the water level data at the pre-programmed time intervals. If the rate of change of water level is particularly low, then the time intervals at which measurements are taken can be adjusted (either automatically by the processor 18 or remotely), in particular by increasing the time between consecutive measurements i.e. reducing the measurement frequency. The time intervals at which data is transmitted can also be similarly adjusted (either automatically by the processor 18 or remotely), in particular by increasing the time between consecutive transmissions i.e. reducing the transmission frequency.

If it is determined that the measured water level data indicates that the water level is changing at a rate that exceeds the rate of change water level threshold then the time intervals at which measurements are taken can be adjusted (either automatically by the processor 18 or remotely), in particular by reducing the time between consecutive measurements. If the threshold is exceeded then the time intervals at which data is transmitted can also be adjusted (either automatically by the processor 18 or remotely), in particular by reducing the time between consecutive transmissions.

A higher sampling frequency and higher relay frequency are needed when the rate of change threshold is exceeded because this indicates that the water level is rising rapidly, which indicates that a flood is likely, for example due to a blockage in the pipeline. In this way, the apparatus 2 dynamically responds to changing water levels.

As before, when the threshold has been exceeded a warning can be sent to the remote computing system and live alerts may be sent, e.g. in the form of live water level data measurements, until the rate of which the water level changes is measured to be below the threshold.

Although the apparatus 2 can be pre-programmed the sampling frequency and relay frequency can also be adjusted remotely, and so in this way the apparatus 2 is programmable. A user can adjust the sampling frequency and the relay frequency for example using a mobile device which communicates with the antenna 16 directly e.g. via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, or via a cellular connection to the cloud with instructions from a desktop computer. This allows the apparatus 2 to be specially configured for a particular location or situation. The user can also adjust the threshold water level and the rate of change threshold to ensure that the threshold water level and threshold rate of change are appropriate for the particular location and pipeline being monitored. A user adjustment can include both an increase or decrease in any of the measurement and transmission time intervals or the threshold water level or the threshold rate of change.

As well as being programmable by a user, the parameters of the apparatus 2 (including but not limited to the sampling frequency, the relay frequency, the water level threshold, and the water level rate of change threshold) can be automatically adjusted based on information sent to the apparatus 2 and received by the antenna 16. One example of information that can be used to automatically adjust one or parameters of the apparatus 2 is weather information. The incoming weather can be analysed, sometimes in combination with historical sensor data and analytical models which make use of environmental parameters such as land usage and natural geography, to determine the optimal sampling and relay frequencies and thresholds. In some examples, the analysis and processing is done remotely, using the weather data received by the remote computing device, and the results of the analysis (typically in the form of an instruction to adjust one or more parameters) are transmitted to the apparatus 2. The apparatus 2 can then take water level measurements and transmit the data in accordance with the received instructions.

Figure 7 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary sampling and relay frequency optimisation process. Here, weather forecast data is combined with historical water level data and analytical models S100 to determine a recommended sampling and relay frequency as well as a recommended water level threshold and rate of change threshold, to be used by the apparatus 2 for a period of time, for example for the next 24 hours S102. The recommended sampling frequency, relay frequency, water level threshold, and rate of change threshold are then sent to the apparatus 2, and received by the antenna 16, and the programmed sampling and relay frequencies, water level threshold, and rate of change thresholds of the apparatus 2 are updated to the recommended sampling and relay frequencies and level and rate of change thresholds S104. The sensor 6 then measures water level data in accordance with the recommended sampling frequency and the antenna 16 transmits the water level data in accordance with the recommended relay frequency S106. This process can be repeated to provide further updated sampling and relay frequencies, based on the water level data that was transmitted in accordance with the initial update. This process can be repeated as many times as necessary. It is important to optimise the sampling and relay frequencies because these two processes consume power, in particular the transmission of data. Optimising the frequency with which these processes are carried out therefore helps reduce power requirements which helps conserve battery life.

As well as considering the frequency of data transmission, it is also important to consider the times at which the water level data is transmitted. This is because the optimal efficiency of the apparatus 2 is when the battery is at its peak temperature. The apparatus 2 may additionally comprise a temperature sensor configured to measure temperature data and determine the temperature of the apparatus 2. This temperature data can be combined with environmental temperature data, and meteorological temperature data to automatically adjust the time at which data is transmitted. In some examples, a remote computing device can use at least the environmental temperature data and meteorological temperature data to predict a time of day at which the ambient temperature will be hottest. This predicted time can then be sent to the apparatus 2 and the apparatus 2 instructed to transmit data at the predicted time of day. The apparatus 2 may also be instructed to transmit data within a certain time range of the predicted time.

Figure 8 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary relay timing optimisation process. Here, temperature data is combined with historical water level data and analytical models S200 to determine a recommended time at which to relay water level data from the apparatus 2 within a period of time, for example within the next 24 hours S202. The recommended relay time is sent to the apparatus 2, and received by the antenna 16, and the programmed relay time of the apparatus 2 is updated to the recommended relay time. The sensor 6 then measures water level data and the temperature sensor measures the temperature of the apparatus 2 S204. The antenna 16 transmits the water level data and temperature data in accordance with the recommended relay time S206. This process can be repeated to provide further updated relay times, based on the water level data and temperature data that were transmitted in accordance with the initial update. This process can be repeated as many times as necessary. It is important to optimise the relay time because the temperature of the apparatus 2 will vary over time and so it is efficient to transmit data when the apparatus 2 is at its peak temperature.

The apparatus 2 is therefore able to receive information to allow various parameters to be updated based on meteorological influenced models. Adjusting parameters based on weather information, including increasing the frequency of measurements based on incoming weather and associated models, helps ensure that potential flood situations can be identified as soon as possible during high risk or adverse weather eg during high rainfall conditions.

As mentioned previously, a user can communicate with the apparatus 2 using a mobile device e.g. via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. In this way, data can be transmitted from a mobile device to the apparatus 2 and the apparatus 2 can transmit data to the mobile device. This is particularly useful when the apparatus 2 is to be used at a location which has limited network coverage for either the mobile device or the apparatus 2. Although the apparatus 2 and / or the mobile device would not be able to communicate with a base station to transmit or receive data from a remote computing device (such as a cloud-based device), the apparatus 2 is still able to send and receive data from a local mobile device via its own local network. The apparatus 2 can therefore still receive instructions from the mobile device eg instructions regarding various parameters and thresholds as well as transmit data measured by the sensor to the remote computing device. The apparatus 2 is still able to communicate with the local mobile device independently of the base station. This is important because the apparatus 2 can be used in locations which are relatively remote and not well covered by cellular networks. This also allows the apparatus to receive important instructions regarding frequency of measurements and data transmission independent of the strength of the cellular network signal.

The apparatus 2 is able to communicate directly with a local mobile device without the need to send messages eg to the cloud, and the mobile device can communicate directly with the apparatus 2 which is more efficient. Furthermore, the mobile device can transmit data to the cloud via the apparatus 2 which is particularly advantageous in areas in which there is limited signal for the mobile device. For example, the mobile device itself may have no cellular network but the apparatus does have a network connection because the apparatus may operate on different frequencies to the mobile device, such as Narrowband or Sigfox which can have better network coverage, and the apparatus can exchange messages with the cloud on behalf of the mobile device. Additionally the converse is true, i.e. the mobile device may have cellular reception or a local connection eg via W-Fi which the apparatus 2 may not have access to, and the mobile device can exchange messages with the cloud on behalf of the apparatus.

If the user wants to adjust any of the parameters, instead of using the mobile device, the user can also adjust one or more parameters remotely eg using a laptop or desktop and these updates are then used to instruct the apparatus 2 accordingly.

The apparatus illustrated in the figures has been illustrated to show one sensor 6.

However, in some exemplary apparatus 2, the sensor 6 takes the form of a dual sensor. In this case, the apparatus comprises a first sensor, which can be a short range sensor e.g. having an operating range of approximately Om -2m, and a second sensor, which can be a long range sensor e.g. having an operating range of approximately 0.2 m -5 m.

Some sensors, for example ultrasonic sensors, have a "blind distance" in which the sensor is not able to accurately take measurements. Some sensors have a large blind distance but are able to take measurements at large distances, while other sensors have a small blind range but can only take measurements over short distances. By using a dual sensor system the overall measurement range can be improved because one sensor can take measurements at short ranges while the other sensor can take measurements at long ranges. In this way, the blind distance not measurable by the long range sensor can be measured using the short range sensor with a smaller blind distance. Thus, the dual sensor provides the apparatus with desired measuring characteristics in terms of blind distance and range.

In some examples, a dual sensor has a blind distance of less than 0.3 m but can measure distances of up to 5 m.

In order to ensure the appropriate sensor is taking measurements for a given distance, a trigger system is used to instruct each sensor when to take measurements. The sensor having the largest operating range may initially take the water level measurements, and if this sensor gives a blind distance reading (i.e. the sensor is not able to measure water level data because the water level corresponds to a level at which the sensor is not able to effectively operate) then the other sensor (the short range sensor) is instructed to start taking water level measurements.

Although the apparatus 2 has been described as comprising an ultrasonic sensor, any other suitable sensor can be used. For example, some apparatuses may include radar sensors or infra-red sensors. If the apparatus uses a dual sensor system, it is preferable that the first and second sensors are of different types. For example, the first sensor may be an ultrasonic sensor and the second sensor may be a radar sensor. Of course it will be appreciated that both the first and second sensors can be the same type of sensor. If the same type of sensor is used for both the first and second distance, it is preferable that the first and second sensors have different blind distances.

As mentioned, the apparatus can include a battery which is preferably a rechargeable battery. Given the relatively remote location of the battery in the apparatus 2 it is advantageous to have a battery with a long lifetime. In order to extend the battery life, the apparatus 2 can include a power harvesting module which is able to harvest energy from the surroundings and recharge the battery.

This provides an efficient mechanism for extending the battery life of the apparatus 2. In one example, the power harvesting module can include a Peltier module which is configured to make use of the temperature difference between the manhole cover and the ambient air either within the manhole or above the manhole in order to generate power. Another power harvesting module could make use of vibrational kinetic energy as a result of the movement of vehicles driving over the manhole cover. The power harvesting modules could make use of piezoelectrical energy as a result of the weight of vehicles as they drive over the manhole cover. Some power harvesting modules may incorporate a solar panel for powering the apparatus 2.

Given that battery life should be conserved wherever possible, in order to extend the working life of the apparatus before the battery needs recharging or replacing, the apparatus can be configured to automatically adjust the power levels used to transmit data. Generally, the transmission power depends on the distance between the apparatus 2 and the external antenna (e.g a cellular base station).

For example a base station closer to the apparatus 2 requires less power to transmit data to compared to a base station that is further away from the apparatus 2. The physical environment between the base station and the apparatus 2 can also affect the transmission power, for example large numbers of dense building can interfere with signal transmission and so a stronger signal needs to be sent.

Monitoring the minimum power required to successfully transmit the data, and adjusting the transmission power according, can help ensure that the data from the apparatus is successfully transmitted to the remote receiving device.

The apparatus 2 may therefore communicate with the remote computing device in order to determine the minimum transmission power for the data to be communicated to the remote computing device to save power and ensure successful sending of the data. This communication may form pad of a transmission power optimisation process.

Figure 9 shows an example flowchart for a transmission power optimisation process. Initially, the apparatus 2 may send a test message to the remote computing device at a first transmission power level S300 The apparatus 2 waits for an indication that the remote computing device received the test message S302. If the remote computing device did receive the test message S304, the remote computing device confirms to the apparatus 2 that the test message was received S306. The apparatus 2 then reduces the transmission power S308 and sends another test message S310. If the remote computing device does not receive a test message S312, the apparatus 2 checks to see whether a previously sent test message was received by the remote computing device S314. If the previously sent test message was also not received S316, the apparatus 2 increases the transmission power S318 and sends another test message S320. If a previously sent message was received S322 then the apparatus 2 sets the transmission power level at the level at which the last test message was successfully received S324 and the transmission power optimisation process is complete. The transmission power optimisation process may be repeated at regular time intervals, for example once a day, to ensure that the transmission power is optimised for varying conditions.

As discussed, the apparatus 2 is for attachment to the underside of manhole covers. However, not all manhole covers have the same configuration and arrangement underneath, for example some manhole covers are flat and some have one or more recesses. The shape of manhole covers can also vary, for example they can be square, rectangular, or circular. As such, the apparatus 2 needs to be able to be used with a variety of different types of manhole cover so that a single apparatus 2 can be used with all manhole covers instead of manufacturing different apparatuses for different types of manhole cover.

The apparatus 2 described above can be used with manhole covers having one or more recesses (or cavities) on the underside of the manhole cover. The apparatus 2 can be placed in one of the recesses and attached to the manhole cover using the magnets 10.

However, for manhole covers having a flat underside the attached apparatus 2 may risk becoming dislodged or catching on the opening of the manhole when the manhole cover is removed and replaced. Thus, for manhole covers having a flat underside, it would be advantageous to provide a means for ensuring that he apparatus 2 does not catch on the manhole. An example of such a solution will described in relation to Figures 10-14.

Figures 10 and 11 illustrate an apparatus 2 which can be used in combination with a cover 20. The cover 20 comprises a plurality of sloped sides 21, as see in Figure 10, and rounded corners 22 as can be seen in Figure 11. The cover 20 comprises a central hole 23 for receiving the apparatus 2, for example as illustrated in Figures 11 and 14. The central hole 23 has a depth which is slightly greater than the height of the apparatus, for example as can be seen in Figures 12 and 13. This ensures that the apparatus 2 is fully contained within the central hole 23 and that the apparatus 2 does not protrude above the cover 20.

The cover is attached to the underside of the manhole cover using epoxy for bonding the cover (for example which may be made of plastic) to the manhole cover (which is made of metal), as illustrated in Figure 14. Epoxy provides a strong and secure bonding means between the cover and the manhole cover so that the cover does not become dislodged or detached when the manhole cover is manoeuvred e.g. removed from or replaced on to the manhole opening, typically using a sliding action.

The apparatus 2 is fixed to the cover 20 using screws 24 as shown in Figures 12 and 14, although any suitable fixing means can be used. The fixing means is a releasable fixing means, so that the apparatus 2 can be attached to and removed from the cover 20 as necessary. An advantage of a releasable fixing, e.g. screws, is that the apparatus 2 can be removed and used with a different type of manhole cover, rather than needing to find an alternative apparatus 2. In this way, the same apparatus 2 can be used with different types of manhole cover.

The magnets 10 of the apparatus 2 additionally help secure the apparatus 2 to the manhole cover, as explained previously.

The rounded corners 22 help reduce the chance of the cover catching on any part of the underside of the manhole cover. Rounded corners 22 also reduce the chance of debris such as vegetation or rags in the pipeline from catching on the corners of the cover which could contribute towards blockages in the pipeline.

The sloped sides 21 allow the cover 20 to be slid over the opening of the manhole easily and relatively unimpeded, to allow the manhole cover to be manoeuvred without risk of catching or dislodging the apparatus on the underside of the manhole cover The cover 20, to be used with flat bottomed manhole covers, therefore allows the manhole cover to slide over the opening relatively unobstructed.

Another example of a solution which enables the apparatus 2 to be used with a variety of different manholes and manhole covers will be described with reference to Figures 15 and 16. Here, instead of attaching the apparatus to the manhole cover, the apparatus 2 is attached to another part of the manhole, for example the internal walls of the manhole or across the opening of the manhole. In this case, the apparatus 2 can be affixed, preferably releasably to a suspension means. The suspension means typically takes the form of an elongated bar or tube which can be used as a brace between the internal walls of the manhole or can be attached to the opening of the manhole (eg clipped or hung onto a rim or similar structure. The apparatus 2 is then attached to the suspension means such that the apparatus is fixed to a part of the manhole. In the example in Figures 15 and 16, the suspension means is an acrow prop 26, which takes the form of a bar 26 preferably made of metal. It should be noted that although a cylindrical bar has been illustrated in Figure 15 and 16, any other suitably shaped bar can be used for example a bar having a square, rectangular, or triangular cross section. The acrow prop 26 extends across the width of an opening and applies pressure to either side of the opening to hold the apparatus 2 in place. In this case, the acrow prop 26 can be placed across the opening of a manhole to hold the apparatus 2 in place within the opening. However, as will be appreciated, the acrow prop 26 could also be used to hold the apparatus 2 in place within a pipe.

The apparatus 2 is attached to the acrow prop 26 using any suitable fixing means, for example ties 28 as illustrated in Figures 15 and 16. The magnets 10 of the apparatus 2 may also be used to attach the apparatus 2 to the acrow prop 26, in particular when the acrow prop is made of magnetic metal. The fixing means is again preferably releasable so that the apparatus 2 can be detached from the acrow prop 26. As before, the acrow prop 26 allows the same apparatus 2 to be used with different types of manhole and manhole covers.

As can be seen, the described apparatus 2 is suitable for use with different types of covers and / or mounting attachments, and so a single type of apparatus 2 can be used with multiple fixing mechanisms. This avoids the need to design and manufacture different types of apparatus for different types of installations.

VVhen installing the apparatus, the manhole cover can be rotated, for example by 45 degrees or 90 degrees, to allow sufficient space for the apparatus 2 to be placed underneath the manhole cover without the need to completely remove the manhole cover. A user can communicate with the apparatus 2 for example through an app running on a mobile device to make a record of initial conditions, programme or adjust the initial parameters of the apparatus 2, and check that the apparatus 2 is operating as intended. The position of the apparatus 2 can be adjusted, for example if the mobile device indicates that the measurements being sent to the device from the apparatus 2 are not as expected. If there is limited cellular network, the apparatus itself can act as a hotspot and transmits / receives the key information to / from the mobile device e.g. via Wi-Fi and can also relay key information to the cloud via its own long-range communication network, for example a Narrowband network connection. However, this method of communication can also be used even if there is good cellular network coverage, because this provides an efficient and direct method of communication between the mobile device and the apparatus.

In some exemplary apparatus 2, additional sensors may also be included which are used to detect and measure other parameters in order to provide additional information about environmental states in pipelines. The additional sensors may detect and measure various parameters associated with water and water flow. For example, the apparatus can include a velocity sensor to detect and measure flow speed and volume of water. The apparatus may include one or more gas sensors to detect and measure build-up of gases in the pipeline such as methane which is explosive. The apparatus can also include an image and / or video sensor e.g. a camera for imaging the water and any objects in the water A temperature sensor can be included for detecting the temperature of the water and / or the temperature of the air within the pipeline, which can be used to alert users to the possibility of a fire. A sampler, such as a micro sampler, can be used to retrieve a sample of water and test the composition of the water, to allow detection and measurement of the composition of the water which can provide useful insights into how the pipeline is used. A motion sensor can be included, for example an accelerometer, in order to detect when the manhole cover is being moved which can be used to inform a user when the manhole cover has been opened. An orientation sensor, for example a gyroscope, can be used to detect orientation of the apparatus, and therefore provide information about the orientation of the manhole cover, which may indicate that the manhole cover has been opened or not put back correctly.

The apparatus 2 can be used in combination with data management software that 15 is run on the remote computing system. The data management software allows for active monitoring and management of the pipeline in which the apparatus is installed.

Alerts and alarms can be displayed via a dashboard. In addition, emails and SMS alerts can be configured for different users. Historic water level data alongside battery level data can also be displayed to the user eg via the dashboard.

Predictive alerts showing potential blockages and floods based on historic measurement data and weather data can also be displayed.

Updates and adjustments to any of the apparatus parameters can be made through the dashboard for example to adjust the frequency of sensor measurements and data relay, for instance based on weather forecasts. Data may be stored in a cloud-based server or local server

Claims

CLAIMS1. An apparatus for sensing water levels, the apparatus comprising: a sensor configured to detect a distance between the sensor and a water level and measure water level data at predetermined measurement intervals; a transceiver configured to transmit the water level data to a remote computing system at predetermined transmission intervals; wherein at least one of the measurement intervals and transmission intervals are adjustable in response to information received by the apparatus.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an attachment means configured to allow the apparatus to be attached to an object, for example part of a manhole and/or manhole cover
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the sensor is releasably attached to the attachment means.
4. The apparatus of any of claims 2 to 3 wherein the attachment means comprises at least one magnet, preferably wherein the at least one magnet is releasably attached to the attachment means.
5. The apparatus of any preceding claim wherein the information received by the apparatus comprises an adjustment to be made to at least one of the measurement intervals and transmission intervals, the adjustment calculated by a remote control unit based on the weather data received by the remote control unit.
6. The apparatus of any of claims Ito 4 wherein the information received by the apparatus comprises at least one user-specified time interval such that at least one of the measurement intervals and transmission intervals are adjusted based on the user-specified time interval.
7. The apparatus of any preceding claim further comprising a processor configured to compare water level data with a predetermined threshold, and if the water level data exceeds the predetermined threshold the processor is configured to adjust at least one of the transmission intervals and / or measurement intervals.
8 The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the predetermined threshold is adjusted remotely by a user.
9. The apparatus of any preceding claim configured to compare water level data with a rate of change threshold, and if the water level data exceeds the rate of change threshold, at least one of the transmission intervals and / or the measurement intervals are adjusted.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the rate of change threshold is adjusted remotely by a user.
11. The apparatus of any preceding claim wherein the apparatus is configured to adjust a transmission power level based on receipt of one or more test messages.
12. The apparatus of any preceding claim wherein the apparatus can communicate directly with a mobile device, preferably via WA or Bluetooth.
13. The apparatus of any preceding claim further comprising one or more additional sensors configured to detect at least one parameter relating to water.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the one or more additional sensors comprises at least one of the following: a. a velocity sensor configured to detect water velocity; b. a gas sensor to detect an amount of a gas in a pipeline; c. an image sensor configured to image the water; d. a temperature sensor configured to detect the ambient temperature; e. a motion sensor configured to detect movement of the apparatus; f. an orientation sensor configured to detect the orientation of the apparatus; and / or g. a sampler configured to take a sample of fluid to determine the composition of the fluid.
15. The apparatus of any preceding claim wherein the sensor is an ultrasonic sensor.
16. The apparatus of any preceding claim wherein the sensor is a dual sensor comprising a first sensor and a second sensor
17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are different types of sensor
18. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are the same type of sensor
19. The apparatus of any of claims 16 to 18 wherein the first sensor is a short range sensor and wherein the second sensor is a long range sensor.
20. The apparatus of any of claims 16 to 19 wherein the first and second sensors are configured to be controlled using a trigger system, wherein the trigger system is configured to switch between use of the first sensor and use of the second sensor based on the measured water level data.
21. The apparatus of any preceding claim further comprising a battery and a control module configured to determine a temperature of the battery and instruct the transceiver to transmit water level data within a certain time range of a predicted time at which a maximum ambient temperature occurs.
22. The apparatus of any preceding claim wherein the apparatus comprises a power harvesting module, configured to harvest power using one or more of the following: a temperature module, a vibration module, a piezoelectric module, and / or a solar module.
23. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the power harvesting module comprises a Peltier module, the Peltier module configured to harvest power using a temperature differential between the manhole cover and the ambient air
24. The apparatus of any preceding claim further comprising at least one suspension means, preferably wherein the apparatus is releasably attached to the suspension means.
25. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 23 further comprising a cover, preferably wherein the apparatus is releasably attached to the cover.
26. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein the cover comprises an aperture configured to receive at least the sensor and transceiver, the cover further comprising a plurality of sloped sides which surround the aperture.
27. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the cover comprises a base configured for attachment to the underside of a manhole cover, and the plurality of sloped sides are inwardly angled.
28. A system for adjusting a water level sensor comprising: the apparatus of any of claims 1 to 27; and a remote control unit, wherein the remote control unit is configured to: receive data relating to an environmental condition; calculate an adjustment to be made to at least one of the measurement intervals and transmission intervals based on the data; send the adjustment to the apparatus.
29. The system of claim 28 wherein the data comprises one or more of the following: weather data, topographical data; land usage data; soil composition data, location data
30. The system of claim 28 or 29 wherein the remote control unit is configured: to calculate a water level threshold and / or a rate of change threshold based on the data; and send the water level threshold and / or a rate of change threshold to the apparatus.
31. The system of any of claims 28 to 30 wherein the remote control unit is configured: to calculate a transmission power level based on the data; and send the transmission power level to the apparatus.
32. A manhole cover comprising the apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 27.
33. A grate or grille comprising the apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 27.