GB2586543A - Biosensor - Google Patents

Biosensor Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2586543A
GB2586543A GB2015112.2A GB202015112A GB2586543A GB 2586543 A GB2586543 A GB 2586543A GB 202015112 A GB202015112 A GB 202015112A GB 2586543 A GB2586543 A GB 2586543A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
process according
solution
sensor
linker
components
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GB2015112.2A
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GB202015112D0 (en
Inventor
Seng Teng Kar
Samavat Siamak
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Swansea University
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Swansea University
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
    • C12Q1/004—Enzyme electrodes mediator-assisted
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
    • C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
    • C12N11/08—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer
    • C12N11/082—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C12N11/087—Acrylic polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
    • C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
    • C12N11/06—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier attached to the carrier via a bridging agent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
    • C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
    • C12N11/08—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer
    • C12N11/082—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
    • C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
    • C12N11/08—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer
    • C12N11/089—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
    • C12N11/18—Multi-enzyme systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0006—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on CH-OH groups as donors (1.1)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0012—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7)
    • C12N9/0014—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7) acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (1.4)
    • C12N9/0022—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7) acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (1.4) with oxygen as acceptor (1.4.3)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0012—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7)
    • C12N9/0044—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7) acting on other nitrogen compounds as donors (1.7)
    • C12N9/0046—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7) acting on other nitrogen compounds as donors (1.7) with oxygen as acceptor (1.7.3)
    • C12N9/0048—Uricase (1.7.3.3)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0051—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on a sulfur group of donors (1.8)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/78—Hydrolases (3) acting on carbon to nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds (3.5)
    • C12N9/80—Hydrolases (3) acting on carbon to nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds (3.5) acting on amide bonds in linear amides (3.5.1)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
    • C12Q1/005—Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
    • C12Q1/005—Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes
    • C12Q1/006—Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes for glucose
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
    • G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
    • G01N27/327—Biochemical electrodes, e.g. electrical or mechanical details for in vitro measurements

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)

Abstract

The invention concerns a process for the manufacture of a biosensor; a biosensor manufactured according to said process; and method for taking a biological measurement comprising the use of said biosensor.

Claims (30)

1 . A process for the manufacture of a biosensor comprising: a) suspending at least one first sensing component and/or a linker for immobilising said or a component(s) onto the surface of a sensor substrate in a first solution; b) suspending at least one further sensing component and/or a linker for immobilising said or a component(s) onto the surface of a sensor substrate in a second solution wherein said further sensing component and/or the linker when in solution is immiscible with said first sensing component and/or the linker when in solution; c) simultaneously spraying said first and second solutions onto the surface of a sensor substrate; d) optionally, suspending at least one further sensing component and/or a linker for immobilising said components onto the surface of a sensor substrate in either said first solution or said second solution or a further solution and spraying same onto the surface of the coated sensor substrate of part c); e) drying said coated sensor of part c) or part d) to provide a sensor coated with a sensing layer comprising a homogeneous mixture of said components wherein said components are immobilized onto the surface of a sensor substrate, wherein said linker is provided in at least one of said first and second solutions.
2. The process according to claim 1 wherein said components comprise all but at least one component of a biological reaction or a biochemical pathway with the remaining component(s), when present in a sample, participating in the said reaction or pathway, when said sensor is in contact with said sample, to complete the reaction or pathway and so yield a measurable parameter.
3. The process according to claim 2 wherein said parameter is current flow.
4. The process according to claim 3 wherein said sensor substrate of part c) comprises an electrically conducting part or layer onto which said solutions are coated.
5. The process according to claim 3 or claim 4 wherein said sensor also includes a counter electrode and a reference electrode.
6. The process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said first solution is an organic solution and said second solution is an inorganic solution, or vice versa.
7. The process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said linker is selected from the group comprising: Glutaraldehyde (GA), N- Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters, imidoesters, DSG (disuccinimidyl glutarate), DFDNB (1 ,5-difluoro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene), BS3 (bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate), TSAT (tris- (succinimidyl)aminotriacetate), BS(PEG)5 (PEGylated bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate), BS(PEG)9 (PEGylated bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate, DSP (dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate)), Lomant's Reagent, DTSSP (3,3'- dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate)), DST (disuccinimidyl tartrate), BSOCOES (bis(2-(succinimidooxycarbonyloxy)ethyl)sulfone), EGS (ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate)), DMA (dimethyl adipimidate), DMP (dimethyl pimelimidate), DMS (dimethyl suberimidate), DTBP (dimethyl 3,3'-dithiobispropionimidat; Wang and Richard's Reagent), and other known protein crosslinking reagents.
8. The process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said first and second solutions are sprayed onto said surface at the same rate or said solutions are sprayed at different rates.
9. The process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the concentration of each component in either said first or second or further solutions is selected so as to provide an amount of said component that is representative of its concentration in the natural biological reaction or the biochemical pathway.
10 The process according to any one of claims 1 -8 wherein at least one or all of the components are provided in said solutions in an amount that is selected so as to maximise the generation of a measurable parameter.
11. The process according to claim 10 wherein the amount of mediator to enzyme is increased to enhance the function of said enzyme; and/or the amount of enzyme to substrate is increased or vice versa ; and/or the amount of linker to mediator or enzyme is increased.
12. The process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein step d) is part of the process and the solution of step d) contains at least a linker.
13. The process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein each solution is sprayed using a different spray gun; or a single gun is used.
14. The process according to any one of claims 4 to 13 wherein said process further includes insulating at least a part of the coated sensor with an electrically insulating material.
15. The process according to claim 14 wherein said insulating material is a wax, such as paraffin wax.
16. The process according to claims 14 or 15 wherein said wax is applied to a rear part of said sensor not participating in the biological reaction or the biochemical pathway to electrically isolate the backplane of said sensor.
17. The process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said sensor comprises a plurality of microneedles which are coated with said components.
18. The process according to claim 17, wherein an electrically insulating material is applied to the coated sensor at the base of said plurality of microneedles.
19. The process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said first or further sensing component(s) is/are selected from the group comprising: at least one reversible oxidising reagent also known as a mediator and/or at least one enzyme.
20. The process according to claim 19 wherein said enzyme is selected from glucose oxidase (GOx), lactate oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, uricase, glutathione oxidase, glutamate oxidase, and glutaminase.
21 . The process according to claim 19 or claim 20 wherein said mediator is selected from tetrathiafulvalene (TTF); ferrocene or derivatives thereof such as, for example, dimethylferrocene or ferrocenecarboxaldehyde; Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ); Conducting salts such as, for example, Tetrathiafulvalene-Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ), N-methylphenazinium-tetracyanoquinodimethane (NMP-TCNQ), and N-methylacridinium-tetracyanoquinodimethane (NMA-TCNQ); quinones; Ferrcyanide; and Ferrocyanide.
22. The process according to claim 19 wherein said mediator is tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and/or said enzyme is glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme.
23. The process according to any of claims 19 to 22 wherein said first solution comprises a mixture of said TTF and GA in an organic solution and/or said second solution comprises GOx in an inorganic solution .
24. The process according to claim 23 wherein said first solution comprises 300-600 pL TTF (40mM) in ethanol plus 1.8ml GA (5%) in ethanol to make a total of 1.2 to 2.4ml_ and /or said second solution comprises 1200 pl_ GOx (10 mg/mL) in deionised (Dl) water.
25 The process according to claim 12 wherein in part d) said linker is 1.2 ml_ Glutaraldehyde (GA) (5%) in Dl water.
26. A sensor comprising a sensing layer that comprises a homogeneous mixture of sensing components immobilized onto the surface of a sensor substrate, wherein said sensor is manufactured according to the process of any one of claims 1 -25.
27. A sensor comprising a sensing layer that comprises a homogeneous mixture of sensing components immobilized onto the surface of a sensor substrate, manufactured according to the process of any one of claims 1 -25 for use as a glucose sensor.
28. A microneedle array comprising a sensing layer that comprises a homogeneous mixture of sensing components immobilized onto the surface of said array, adapted to perform or function as a biosensor wherein said array has been manufactured according to the process of any one of claims 1 -25.
29. The microneedle array according to claim 28 wherein said microneedle array has coated on at least a part thereof said components whereby said components are provided so as measure at least one measurable parameter.
30. A method for taking a biological measurement comprising the use of the biosensor according to any one of claims 26-27 or the use of the microneedle array according to any one of claims 28-29.
GB2015112.2A 2018-03-26 2019-03-26 Biosensor Withdrawn GB2586543A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB1804812.4A GB201804812D0 (en) 2018-03-26 2018-03-26 Biosensor
PCT/GB2019/050845 WO2019186128A1 (en) 2018-03-26 2019-03-26 Biosensor

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WO2024010976A1 (en) * 2022-07-08 2024-01-11 Ohio State Innovation Foundation Flexible biosensor for the detection and/or 2d/3d mapping of biomarker concentration

Citations (8)

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WO1990010861A1 (en) * 1989-03-09 1990-09-20 Novo Nordisk A/S Method and apparatus for determination of a constituent in a fluid sample
JPH0820400A (en) * 1994-07-11 1996-01-23 Toshiba Corp Hold releasing device
EP0965301A1 (en) * 1998-06-11 1999-12-22 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Electrode probe and body fluid examination equipment including the same
WO2001033216A1 (en) * 1999-11-04 2001-05-10 Therasense, Inc. Small volume in vitro analyte sensor and related methods
WO2005078118A1 (en) * 2004-02-06 2005-08-25 Bayer Healthcare Llc Oxidizable species as an internal reference for biosensors and method of use
US20100209968A1 (en) * 2007-05-04 2010-08-19 Akermin, Inc. Immobilized enzymes and uses thereof
JP2011127978A (en) * 2009-12-16 2011-06-30 Nipro Corp Method of manufacturing biosensor
US20160157764A1 (en) * 2014-12-03 2016-06-09 IMAST scarl Microneedle array device and method of making

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WO1990010861A1 (en) * 1989-03-09 1990-09-20 Novo Nordisk A/S Method and apparatus for determination of a constituent in a fluid sample
JPH0820400A (en) * 1994-07-11 1996-01-23 Toshiba Corp Hold releasing device
EP0965301A1 (en) * 1998-06-11 1999-12-22 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Electrode probe and body fluid examination equipment including the same
WO2001033216A1 (en) * 1999-11-04 2001-05-10 Therasense, Inc. Small volume in vitro analyte sensor and related methods
WO2005078118A1 (en) * 2004-02-06 2005-08-25 Bayer Healthcare Llc Oxidizable species as an internal reference for biosensors and method of use
US20100209968A1 (en) * 2007-05-04 2010-08-19 Akermin, Inc. Immobilized enzymes and uses thereof
JP2011127978A (en) * 2009-12-16 2011-06-30 Nipro Corp Method of manufacturing biosensor
US20160157764A1 (en) * 2014-12-03 2016-06-09 IMAST scarl Microneedle array device and method of making

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
ALBAREDA-SIRVENT M ET AL, "Configurations used in the design of screen-printed enzymatic biosensors. A review", SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B: CHEMICAL, ELSEVIER BV, NL, , vol. 69, no. 1-2, 10 September 2000, pages 153 - 163, doi:10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00536-0, ISSN 0925-4005, the whole document *
ASTA KAUSAITE-MINKSTIMIENE ET AL, "Evaluation of Some Redox Mediators in the Design of Reagentless Amperometric Glucose Biosensor", ELECTROANALYSIS, US, vol. 26, no. 7, 20 June 2014 doi:10.1002/elan.201400023, ISSN 1040-0397, pages 1528 - 1535, the whole document * *
MANA SRIYUDTHSAK ET AL, "Enzyme-epoxy membrane based glucose analyzing system and medical applications", BIOSENSORS AND BIOELECTRONICS, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 11, no. 8, 1 January 1996 pages 735 - 742, doi:10.1016/0956-5663(96)85924-0, ISSN 0956-5663, the whole document * *

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GB202015112D0 (en) 2020-11-11
WO2019186128A1 (en) 2019-10-03

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