GB2558295A - A distributed lightning stroke detection system operating in a monitoring mode - Google Patents
A distributed lightning stroke detection system operating in a monitoring mode Download PDFInfo
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- GB2558295A GB2558295A GB1622223.4A GB201622223A GB2558295A GB 2558295 A GB2558295 A GB 2558295A GB 201622223 A GB201622223 A GB 201622223A GB 2558295 A GB2558295 A GB 2558295A
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- optical fiber
- optical
- fiber cable
- ground wire
- radiation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R29/00—Arrangements for measuring or indicating electric quantities not covered by groups G01R19/00 - G01R27/00
- G01R29/08—Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics
- G01R29/0807—Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics characterised by the application
- G01R29/0814—Field measurements related to measuring influence on or from apparatus, components or humans, e.g. in ESD, EMI, EMC, EMP testing, measuring radiation leakage; detecting presence of micro- or radiowave emitters; dosimetry; testing shielding; measurements related to lightning
- G01R29/0842—Measurements related to lightning, e.g. measuring electric disturbances, warning systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
- G01R19/25—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof using digital measurement techniques
- G01R19/2513—Arrangements for monitoring electric power systems, e.g. power lines or loads; Logging
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R29/00—Arrangements for measuring or indicating electric quantities not covered by groups G01R19/00 - G01R27/00
- G01R29/08—Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics
- G01R29/0807—Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics characterised by the application
- G01R29/0814—Field measurements related to measuring influence on or from apparatus, components or humans, e.g. in ESD, EMI, EMC, EMP testing, measuring radiation leakage; detecting presence of micro- or radiowave emitters; dosimetry; testing shielding; measurements related to lightning
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
- G01R31/081—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors
- G01R31/085—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors in power transmission or distribution lines, e.g. overhead
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
- H02G13/00—Installations of lightning conductors; Fastening thereof to supporting structure
- H02G13/60—Detecting; Measuring; Sensing; Testing; Simulating
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Locating Faults (AREA)
Abstract
An arrangement 200 and method for detecting a lightning event 202 in an optical ground wire (OPGW) 201 of an electric overhead power line system, the arrangement comprising: an optical ground wire 201 comprising an optical fibre cable surrounded by a conducting material; an electromagnetic radiation source (315, Fig. 3) for generating primary radiation (317, Fig. 3), to be coupled into the optical fibre cable; a radiation detector (319, Fig. 3) for detecting secondary radiation 221 originating from interaction of the primary radiation (317, Fig. 3) with the optical fibre cable influenced by acoustic disturbance and/or vibration of the optical ground wire; an analysis unit (323, Fig. 3) configured to analyse the detected secondary radiation, to generate analysis information, in order to identify at least one lightning event, in particular lightning stroke, at the optical ground wire.
Description
(71) Applicant(s):
AiQ Dienstleistungen UG (haftungsbeschrankt) Herrenberger Str. 130, Boblingen 71034, Germany (72) Inventor(s):
Henrik Hoff (74) Agent and/or Address for Service:
Dilg, Haeusler, Schindelmann Patentanwaltsgesellschaft mbH Leonrodstr. 58, Munich 80636, Germany (56) Documents Cited:
EP 3141880 A1 EP 3029474 A1
WO 2015/135485 A1 CN 204422696 U CN 101713668 A RU 002478247 C1
US 5194847 A
Y Wang et al., 13th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots and Ambient Intelligence (URAI), 2016, IEEE, pg. 277-278, Distributed fiber-optic vibration detection system
C Pan et al., SENSORS, 2012 IEEE, Distributed optical-fiber vibration sensing system based on differential detection of differential coherent-OTDR L Lu et al., 2014 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON 2014), 2014, IEEE, pg. 1251-1256, Maintenance of the OPGW using a distributed optical fiber sensor
L Lu et al., Optics & Laser Technology, Jan 2015, Elsevier, ps. 79-82, Experimental study on location of lightning stroke on OPGW by means of a distributed optical fiber temperature sensor (58) Field of Search:
INT CL G01D, G01H, G01R, H02G
Other: EPODOC, WPI, INSPEC, XPIEE, ΧΡΙ3Ε (54) Title of the Invention: A distributed lightning stroke detection system operating in a monitoring mode Abstract Title: Detecting a lightning event in an optical ground wire (57) An arrangement 200 and method for detecting a lightning event 202 in an optical ground wire (OPGW) 201 of an electric overhead power line system, the arrangement comprising: an optical ground wire 201 comprising an optical fibre cable surrounded by a conducting material; an electromagnetic radiation source (315, Fig. 3) for generating primary radiation (317, Fig. 3), to be coupled into the optical fibre cable; a radiation detector (319, Fig. 3) for detecting secondary radiation 221 originating from interaction of the primary radiation (317, Fig. 3) with the optical fibre cable influenced by acoustic disturbance and/or vibration of the optical ground wire; an analysis unit (323, Fig. 3) configured to analyse the detected secondary radiation, to generate analysis information, in order to identify at least one lightning event, in particular lightning stroke, at the optical ground wire.
203 202204
200
217
Fig. 2
At least one drawing originally filed was informal and the print reproduced here is taken from a later filed formal copy.
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01 18
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A distributed lightning stroke detection system operating in a monitoring mode
Field of invention
The present invention relates to an arrangement and to a method for detecting a lightning event in an optical ground wire of an electrical overhead power line system.
Art Background
Electric high power and distribution lines may use an optical ground wire (OPGW) which runs between the tops of the electrical towers. An OPGW may contain glass fibers surrounded by metal wire. An OPGW may combine the functions of communications and grounding. The conductive part of the cable may serve to bond adjacent towers to earth ground, and may shield the high-voltage conductors from lightning strikes.
The OPGW may be damaged in areas where it is likely to have heavy lightning strikes. Compared to conventional LV/ MV power lines, HV (high voltage) lines have higher towers and longer distances between their ground wires, so the lightning strike trip-out rate in HV lines is much higher than in LV or MV lines. Most of the accidents caused by lightning discharges on OPGW jeopardized the electrical system. A typical consequence is the breaking of the damaged OPGW wires sometimes days or weeks after the lightning has stroke the ground-wire. Lose broken wires might hang and get too close to a conductor cable causing a short circuit. As a result, the transmission line becomes inoperative. Also when the OPGW is totally broken, it can cause a short circuit by touching conductor cables consequently requiring to turn off the transmission line. These kinds of occurrences render the transmission lines inoperative causing great damage to the electric power companies. Nowadays some countries i.e. Russia, Canada
- 2 and Australia face this problem and there is a consensus of the need of studying the causes of these faults at an international level.
Power companies are facing problems to locate a potential damage caused by a lightning strike as it is difficult to precisely estimate the exact location of the strike. Localization of lightning strikes (even multiple strikes) would allow an efficient identification and repair of damages before the wire breaks.
US 4821138A discloses a monitoring device for monitoring the condition of the power transmission system or power distribution system such as an abnormal current flowing in overhead power transmission lines and/or an overhead ground wire when accident or lightning stroke occur. The document teaches that sensing means may be a current transformer for detecting abnormal current occurring in said power transmission or distribution line in said overhead ground wire in case of accident of the power transmission system or lightening stroke.
CN 204422696U discloses a lightning stroke positioning and monitoring device for a long-distance power transmission line OPGW (Optical fiber composite overhead ground wire). The invention uses of a near-end apparatus and a far-end apparatus, both connected the OPGW cable. The near-end device is disposed at a transformer station and comprises a laser light source. The disclosed device employs the OPGW optical fiber as a lightning stroke signal sensor.
DE 102010061605A1 discloses a fiber-optic sensor for detecting mechanical vibrations due to partial discharges in high voltage cables. The disclosed device is a point sensor additionally fixed at certain positions of the cable, e.g. splice joints.
- 3 CN 104777403A discloses a locating device for fault discharge of a cable. Said systems comprises an optical fiber vibration module, a sensing optical fiber, and a high-voltage pulse module the optical fiber vibration module is connected with the sensing optical fiber and is laid along the high-voltage cable. The document teaches that the high-voltage pulse module injects a pulse signal into the high-voltage cable and a vibration signal is generated at a discharge point of the high-voltage cable and then returns to the optical fiber vibration module through the sensing optical fiber.
Optical systems suitable for lightning stroke detection disclosed in prior art are either point sensors or has the need of two different systems employed at different power poles to detect a lightning event between these two poles or the systems make use of an additional high voltage pulse which requires an additional high voltage pulse generator.
It is an object of the present invention to obviate or mitigate the problems associated with the prior art.
Summary of the Invention
According to an embodiment of the present invention, it is provided an arrangement for detecting a lightning event in an optical ground wire of an electric overhead power line system, the arrangement comprising: an optical ground wire comprising an optical fiber cable surrounded by a conducting material; an electromagnetic radiation source for generating primary radiation, to be coupled into the optical fiber cable; a radiation detector for detecting secondary radiation originating from interaction of the primary radiation with the fiber influenced by acoustic disturbance and/or vibration of the optical fiber cable; an analysis unit configured to analyze the detected secondary radiation, to generate analysis information, in order to identify at least one lightning event, in particular lightning stroke, at the optical fiber cable.
- 4 The lightning event may comprise an electrostatic discharge between electrically charged regions of a cloud and structures of the overhead power line system, in particular the optical ground wire, electrically connected to the ground of the earth. The electrical discharge may involve high electric currents which may be conducted by ionized particles through the atmosphere and may also promote ionization of molecules in the atmosphere. The lightning event may cause light in the form of a plasma and acoustic disturbation and/or sound in the form of thunder. When a lightning event, in particular lightning strike, occurs at the optical ground wire, the optical ground wire may be disturbed and (partly) damaged, for example due to heat generated by the electric currents.
The optical ground wire, in particular the conducting material surrounding the optical fiber cable may be electrically connected to the ground (of the earth) so that the optical ground wire may be grounded. The optical ground wire may be arranged between and electrically connect high voltage electricity pylons. The optical ground wire (also called optical fiber composite overhead ground wire) may electrically connect adjacent electricity pylons such that all of the electricity pylons are grounded and have the same electrostatic potential. The optical ground wire may be mounted on top of each electricity pylon above the high power electricity lines which may conduct multiphase (high voltage) electrical currents.
The conducting material surrounding the optical fiber cable may provide the grounding function, while the optical fiber cable may provide the opportunity to guide communication signals which may be related to operating the high voltage electricity transmission system. The optical fiber cable may comprise one or more individual optical fibers, such as glass fibers. The optical ground wire may also provide a shielding effect to protect the high voltage lines below the optical ground wire from lightning strikes. The conducting material may
- 5 comprise one or more metals, in particular in the form of a tube or a number of layered tubes and/or woven wires.
The electromagnetic radiation source may generate primary radiation comprising wavelengths in the infrared range, the visible light range and/or the ultraviolet light range. Other wavelengths are possible. The radiation detector may comprise a photodiode (array) and/or a CCD detector and/or a CMOS detector or other detectors which are adapted to detect electromagnetic radiation of the infrared range, the visible light range and/or the ultraviolet light range.
The optical fiber cable (in particular at least one particular optical fiber comprised in the optical fiber cable) may locally change its optical properties when subjected to a mechanical disturbance and/or vibration and/or acoustic sound due to a lightning event at it or close to it. Thereby, the scattering properties of the optical fiber may locally be changed (relative to a reference state where no disturbance and/or vibration and/or acoustic sound is present). The change of the optical property may result in a change of the secondary radiation originating from the interaction of the primary radiation with the fiber, as the secondary radiation may be a result of scattering events of scattering the primary radiation at different sections along the fiber cable.
The analysis unit may analyze the secondary radiation (which in particular propagates in a direction opposite to the propagation direction of the primary radiation along the optical fiber cable) based on a scattering model which may involve Rayleigh scattering. The analysis information may comprise information regarding an event which influenced the electrical properties of the fiber cable. In particular, the analysis information may comprise information regarding a strength of a (acoustic, mechanical, strain) disturbance due to the event, a frequency or frequency distribution of the
- 6 disturbance, and a localization information regarding a location where the event occurred or where the event influenced the optical fiber cable.
The lightning event may strike directly into the optical fiber cable or may strike into other components of the high voltage transmission system. The arrangement may be capable of identifying or determining whether the lightning stroke the optical fiber directly or stroke into other components of the high voltage transmission system.
Since the optical ground wire is conventionally included in a high voltage transmission system, the method does not require major structural adaptations of a conventional high voltage electricity transmission system. The radiation source and the radiation detector as well as the analysis unit may be arranged in a monitoring station also conventionally present in a high voltage electricity transmission system. Such monitoring stations may be arranged and provided for monitoring the operation of the high voltage electricity transmission system and may be distributed along the electricity transmission line for example 100 km to 300 km apart from each other. The monitoring stations may receive respective ends of two optical ground wires running in different directions. Conventionally, the monitoring stations may supply communication signals into the optical fiber or optical fibers and receive other communication signals from the optical fiber or optical fibers.
Advantageously, the optical fiber or optical fibers may be in a synergistic manner be used as sensing elements for sensing acoustic events or strain near or at the optical fiber for detecting a lightning event in the optical ground wire or at other components of the high voltage electricity transmission system. In order to achieve this additional function of the optical fiber, the primary radiation merely needs to be coupled into the fiber cable and the secondary radiation needs to be decoupled from the optical fiber and guided to the
- 7 radiation detector. Thereby, a simple arrangement for detecting a lightning event in an optical ground wire may be provided.
The arrangement may further comprise an optical coupling element adapted to couple the primary radiation into the optical fiber cable and to decouple the secondary radiation from the optical fiber cable. The optical coupling element may be arranged for example in a monitoring station, such as arranged at a base of the pylon on top of which the optical ground wire is supported. The optical coupling element may be an element additionally to a conventional high voltage electricity transmission system. The optical coupling element may provide the function to guide the light from the radiation source into the fiber cable and guide the secondary radiation from the fiber cable to the radiation detector. The optical coupling element may provide a functionality to selectively couple the primary radiation into the fiber cable on demand (such as for particular desired time intervals when monitoring is desired) and may provide the functionality to guide the secondary radiation to the radiation detector at particular time intervals. At other time intervals, the primary radiation may not be coupled into the fiber cable and the secondary radiation may not be decoupled from the fiber cable, such as not to interfere with communication signals which may also be guided within the optical fiber or optical fibers.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the arrangement is adapted to apply distributed acoustic sensing and/or distributed vibration sensing and/or coherent optical time domain reflectometry and/or interferometric technology. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) may provide distributed strain sensing, wherein the optical fiber or the optical fibers may become the sensing elements. In particular, Rayleigh scatter based distributed fiber optic sensing may be performed by the arrangement, wherein for example a coherent laser pulse may be propagated and coupled into the optical fiber and scattering sites within and along the optical fiber may cause
- 8 generation of the secondary radiation. The secondary radiation may also be referred to as reflected light which may be measured as a function of time after transmission of a pulse of primary radiation. Plural pulses may be generated and sent along the optical fiber. By time resolved detecting the secondary radiation the acoustic disturbances or strain disturbances the optical fiber is locally subjected to may be spatially resolved. The range along which disturbances at the optical fiber may be detected may be between 10 km and 50 km. For example the primary radiation may have a wavelength between 1000 nm and 1600 nm. Spatial resolution may be achieved by time of flight measurement between the pulse of primary radiation and the received secondary radiation. Distributed acoustic sensing may also provide temperature measurements, as the electrical properties, in particular refractive index of the optical fiber may also depend on the (local) temperature. When using distributed acoustic sensing, the backscattered light (secondary radiation) may have the same frequency (and wavelength) as the primary radiation.
In other embodiments also Brillouin scattering may be employed, wherein the frequency of the secondary radiation may be different from the frequency of the primary radiation due to the Doppler effect. There may be an anti-stokes shift and a stokes shift which may be detected and used for detecting the lightning event. In still other embodiments, Raman scattering may be employed, wherein the primary radiation may interact due to molecular vibrations within the optical fiber. Also interferometric techniques may be employed for detecting the lightning event.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the analysis unit is configured to determine amplitude and/or intensity and/or frequency and/or frequency distribution of the secondary radiation, in particular resolved over time and/or spatially resolved, and/or is configured to determine a location of and/or a distance to, in particular up to 10 km, further in particular up to 100
- 9 km, a location where the lightning event along the optical fiber cable occurred. The amplitude and/or the intensity may indicate the strength of the event which caused the disturbance and/or vibration. If the amplitude and/or the intensity is above a threshold it may be concluded that a lightning event occurred at the optical fiber. Furthermore, a lightning event may have a characteristic frequency distribution which may also be detected in the secondary radiation. Thereby, a simple manner is provided, to detect the lightning event in the optical ground wire.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the analysis unit is configured to identify the lightning event by recognizing a similarity of a characteristic of the detected secondary radiation with a lightning pattern having been learned from training data of previous lighting events. A characteristics of the secondary radiation detected for a number of previously recorded lightning events may have been determined previously, for example in a form of training data. The characteristics of the secondary radiation may for example be described as a frequency distribution, intensity distribution and temporal distribution, such as e.g. a waterfall diagram. One or more of the components of this characteristic of the training data may be compared to the actually received or detected secondary radiation in order to decide, whether the event was in fact a lightning event or not.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the analysis unit is configured to analyze the detected secondary radiation, in order to distinguish between a lighting event and events caused by other reasons than a lightning event. For example, other events may involve acoustic disturbances due to vehicles driving near the optical ground wire, maintenance work at the pylon or on other components of the high voltage electricity transport system or the like. Thereby, a false alarm may be avoided.
- 10 According to an embodiment of the present invention, the analysis unit is configured to determine a probability and/or degree of a damage of the optical ground wire, in particular of the optical fiber cable and/or the of the conductive material, based on the analyzed secondary radiation. For example, the damage of the optical fiber cable may involve a damage of the conducting material surrounding the cable. The degree to which the conducting material is deteriorated may be determined from the analysis unit based on the detected secondary radiation. Further, the damage of the optical ground wire may also involve damage of the optical fibers of the optical ground wire. When the probability of the damage and/or a degree of the damage of the optical ground wire is determined, it may be possible to decide whether maintenance personnel is to be sent for fixing the damage or not.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the analysis information comprises a characterization of the lightning event, in particular localization and/or strength and/or extent of the lightning event. The characterization of the lightning event may also allow to decide whether any measure should be taken in order to repair potential damage at the optical ground wire or at other components of the high voltage transmission electricity system.
The arrangement may also be configured to identify multiple lightning events occurring simultaneously.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the arrangement further comprises a temperature information determining unit configured for determining temperature information along an extension of the optical fiber cable by Distributed Temperature Sensing based on an analysis of secondary radiation detected, wherein the temperature information is used for generating the analysis information. When the arrangement is also adapted to determine temperature information, the conclusion that a lightning event occurred may be more reliable. For example, when the temperature information indicates
- 11 that the temperature of the optical ground wire at a particular location is above a threshold, it may be concluded, together with the analyzed detected secondary radiation, that in fact a lightning event in the optical ground wire occurred.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the arrangement further comprises an additional information acquisition unit adapted to acquire additional information regarding a state of the optical ground wire and/or information regarding the environment of the optical ground wire, in particular weather information, wherein the analysis unit is adapted to utilize the additional information to generate the analysis information. When the additional information is also used to generate the analysis information, the analysis information may be even more reliable. If for example the analyzed detected secondary radiation indicates that a lightning event occurred and the additional information indicates that a thunderstorm took place near the optical ground wire at a same time, the conclusion that in fact a lightning event, in particular a lightning strike, occurred at the optical ground wire may be more reliable. In this case, an alarm may be raised. On the other hand, if the additional information is not compatible with the conclusion derived by analyzing the detected secondary radiation, the reliability of the analysis information may be lower, such that no definite conclusion may be made. The additional information may be used to reject or confirm a conclusion that a lightning occurred at the fiber cable.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the additional information is received as a result of a request or a query to online weather database or the additional information is received from a drone. Thereby, the arrangement may be connected to a communication network, for example the Internet. Thereby, the additional information may be obtained in a simple manner. Alternatively, a drone may be operated for surveillance, in particular regarding weather information. Different information sources may be used and
- 12 their information may be combined with the detected secondary radiation. The geographical coordinates of the fiber cable may be transmitted and thunderstorm data may be received, for example from a weather information source.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the arrangement further comprises a presentation unit, in particular including a display, adapted to present the detected secondary radiation, in particular in the form of a waterfall diagram and/or a map and/or spatially, in particular via run time measurement localization, resolved, and/or to present the analysis information and/or to present an alarm, if the analysis information indicates that a lightning event occurred, in particular if a signal intensity of the secondary radiation is larger than a threshold.
Thereby, a visualization of the detected secondary radiation and/or the analysis information may be enabled which may be used by a operating personnel to obtain information regarding the events the optical fiber cable was subjected to and potentially the state (e.g. degree of damage) of the optical ground wire. Based on the presented information, the operating personnel may decide whether to arrange for fixing a potential damage at the optical ground wire or at other components of the high voltage electricity transmission system.
The optical fiber cable may comprise between 1 and 48, in particular glass, optical fibers, from which only one is used for guiding the primary radiation and the secondary radiation. Depending on the usage of one or more of the optical fibers for communication signals, the unused optical fibers may be utilized for guiding the primary radiation and the secondary radiation. Thus, a particular selection of those optical fibers which are not used for optical communication signals may be performed, thereby avoiding to interfere with communication signal transmissions.
- 13 According to an embodiment of the present invention, the conductive material comprises iron and/or stainless steel and/or aluminum and/or is configured as a tube and/or at least one wire, in particular completely surrounding the optical fiber cable. Thereby, the optical ground wire may reliably provide the function of grounding pylons of the electricity system and may also provide a shielding function to shielding the high voltage transmission lines from lightning strikes.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the arrangement further comprises a device for generating communication signals to be coupled into the optical fiber cable; and/or a device for receiving communication signals transmitted through the optical fiber cable, wherein the communication signals are propagated together with the primary radiation and the secondary radiation in the same optical fiber or a different optical fiber of the optical fiber cable. The communication signals may be encoded as infrared visible light or ultraviolet electromagnetic waves. The communication signals may comprise wavelengths different or overlapping with those of the primary radiation and/or the secondary radiation. A characteristics of the communication signals on the one hand and a characteristics of the primary radiation and/or the secondary radiation on the other hand may be distinguishable such that the communication signals may be distinguished from the primary radiation and/or the secondary radiation, in particular in the case where the communication signals as well as the primary radiation and the secondary radiation are propagated in the same optical fiber of the optical ground wire.
It should be understood that features individually or in any combination disclosed, provided, explained for an arrangement for detecting a lightning event in an optical ground wire of an electrical overhead power line system may also be applied, individually or in any combination, to a method of detecting a lightning event in an optical ground wire of an electrical overhead
- 14 power line system according to embodiments of the present invention and vice versa.
According to an embodiment ofthe present invention, it is provided a method 5 of detecting a lightning event in an optical ground wire of an electric overhead power line system, the method comprising: generating primary radiation; coupling the primary radiation into an optical fiber cable of an optical ground wire comprising the optical fiber cable surrounded by a conducting material; detecting secondary radiation originating from interaction ofthe primary radiation with the optical fiber cable influenced by acoustic disturbance and/or vibration ofthe optical fiber cable; and analyzing the detected secondary radiation, to generate analysis information, in order to identify at least one lightning event, in particular lightning stroke, at the optical fiber cable.
Embodiments of the present invention are now described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The invention is not restricted to the illustrated or described embodiments.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Fig. 1 schematically illustrates an arrangement for detecting a lightning event in an optical ground wire of an electric overhead power line system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 schematically illustrates an arrangement for detecting a lightning event in an optical ground wire of an electric overhead power line system in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention; and
Fig. 3 illustrates details ofthe arrangements illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.
- 15 Detailed Description
The arrangement 100 for detecting a lightning event in an optical ground wire according to an embodiment of the present invention illustrated in Fig. 1 comprises optical ground wires 101a, 101b each comprising an optical fiber cable surrounded by a conducting material. The optical ground wires 101a, 101b are supported on top 103 of a pylon 105 which also supports high voltage transmission lines 107 below the optical ground wires 101a, 101b. The optical ground wires 101a, 101b are both connected to a detection system 109 which is in more detail illustrated in Fig. 3 as a detection system 309.
In particular, an optical ground wire 101a leading away from the pylon 105 towards another pylon and an optical ground wire 101b leading away from the pylon 105 to still another pylon are connected to the detection system 109 such that the detection system 109 is enabled to detect lightning events in both directions which are apart from the pylon 105 in the direction the optical ground wire 101a runs as well as in the direction the optical ground wire 101b runs away from the pylon 105. The optical ground wires 101a, 101b electrically connect the pylon 105 with the ground 111 at which the pylon 105 is erected. In the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 1, the detection system 109 is installed near the base of the pylon 105.
The arrangement 200 illustrated in Fig. 2 comprises an optical ground wire 201 which is supported by a first pylon 205 and a second pylon 206 at the top 203 and 204 of the pylons, respectively. Also the optical ground wire 201 comprises an optical fiber cable surrounded by a conducting material. The conducting material thereby is electrically connected to the ground 211 for grounding the pylons 105, 106. High voltage electricity transmission lines 207 are supported below the optical ground wire 201 between the pylon 205, 206. The optical ground wire 201 runs from the top 203 of pylon 205 vertically
- 16 downwards the pylon 205 to a monitoring station 213 located apart from the pylons 205 and 206. The monitoring station 213 comprises the detection system 209, of which an example detection system 309 is illustrated in more detail in Fig. 3. The detection systems 109 and 209 illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively, are configured of detecting a lightning event 102, 202 which may occur at (one or more of) the optical ground wire 101a, 101b, 201, respectively.
Fig. 3 in more detail schematically illustrates the detection system 309 which may be comprised in the arrangements 100, 200 illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig.
2, as detection systems 109, 209, respectively. The detection system 309 can be implemented in hardware and/or software. The detection system 209 illustrated in Fig. 3 comprises an optical ground wire 301 from which only a portion is shown. Further, the detection system 309 comprises an electromagnetic radiation source 315 for generating primary radiation 317 to be coupled into the fiber cable 301. The detection system 309 further comprises a radiation detector 319 for detecting secondary radiation 321 originating from interaction of the primary radiation 317 with the optical ground wire 301 influenced by acoustic disturbance and/or vibration of the optical ground wire 301.
The detection system 309 further comprises an analysis unit 323 which receives information 325 (such as intensity, frequency, frequency distribution, temporal distribution, etc.) regarding the detected secondary radiation 321 and which analyzes the secondary radiation 321 and/or the information 325. The analysis unit generates, based on the detected secondary radiation, analysis information 327 which comprises information regarding an event which caused a disturbance or vibration of the optical ground wire 301. The analysis unit 309 further comprises a presentation unit 329 which may include a display to present the detected secondary radiation 321 and/or the
- 17 information 325, in particular in the form of a waterfall diagram, or/and to present the analysis information 327.
For guiding the primary radiation 317 into the optical fiber cable of the optical ground wire 301, the detecting system 309 comprises a coupling unit 318 allowing to couple the primary radiation 317 into the optical fiber cable of the optical ground wire 301. Furthermore, the coupling element 318 is adapted to guide the secondary radiation 321 from the optical fiber cable of the optical ground wire 301 into the radiation detector 319.
The detection system 309 may in particular be adapted to perform distributed acoustic sensing using the optical fiber cable within the optical ground wire 309 as a sensing element.
The detection system 309 may comprise an electronic storage 331 comprising training data or a characteristics of secondary radiation which are obtained in response to a confirmed lightning event occurring at or close to the optical ground wire 301. By comparing the detected secondary radiation 321, 325 with a characteristics 333 of pre-measured secondary radiation in response to confirmed lightning events, the analysis unit 323 determines, whether a received secondary radiation 321, 325 is the result of a lightning event occurring at or close to the optical ground wire 301.
The analysis unit 323 may also comprise a temperature information determining unit 335 which may be adapted to determine, based on the detected secondary radiation 325, a (local) temperature at or along the optical ground wire 301. Together with the thereby derived temperature information, the analysis unit 323 may determine in a more reliable manner whether a disturbance at the optical ground wire resulted from a lightning event or not.
- 18 The detection system 309 further comprises an additional information acquisition unit 337 which is adapted to acquire additional information 339, for example via the Internet 341 from a weather information source 343. The additional information 339 thus may comprise weather information, in particular spatially resolved. The additional information acquisition unit 337 may supply the additional information 339 to the analysis unit 323 which may use the additional information 339 to derive the analysis information 327 regarding the cause of the detected acoustic disturbance and/or vibration of the optical fiber cable as detected in the secondary radiation 321, 325.
The analysis unit 323 has knowledge, for example from the electronic storage 331, regarding a geographical location and/or distribution of the optical ground wire 301, 101a, 101b, 201. In particular, the analysis unit 323 may have knowledge or coordinates of the locations of the pylons 105, 205, 206 which are connected via the respective optical ground wires 101a, 101b, 201, respectively. Using pulsed primary radiation 317 and time of flight measurements of the secondary radiation 321, a distance of an acoustic disturbance and/or vibration of the respective optical fiber cable to a particular pylon or to the radiation detector 319 may be derived. From this distance and the geographical distribution or installation of the respective optical ground wire, a geographical location where a lightning event occurred may be determined.
The detection system 309 may also comprise a communication unit 345 comprising a device 353 for generating communication signals 347 to be coupled into the optical fiber cable comprised in the optical ground wire 301 and may comprise a device 355 for receiving other communication signals 349 transmitted through the optical fiber cable of the optical ground wire 101. For this purpose, the communication system 345 has an optical fiber 351 optically coupled to the optical coupling element 318 which may guide the communication signals 347 from the communication unit 345 into the optical
- 19 fiber cable of the optical ground wire 301 and which may be adapted to guide the other communication signals 349 from the optical fiber cable within the optical ground wire 301 to the communication system 345. Therefore, the communication system 345 comprises the device 353 for generating the communication signal 347 and the device 355 for receiving the other communication signals 349 which are transmitted through the optical fiber cable of the optical ground wire 301.
The optical coupling element 318 may couple the primary radiation 317 as well as the communication signals 347 (simultaneously) into the optical fiber cable of the optical ground wire 301 and may also couple the secondary radiation 321 as well as the other communication signals 349 into or towards the radiation detector 319 and the device 355 for receiving the communication signal 349, respectively, in particular simultaneously. In other embodiments, the primary radiation 317 and the secondary radiation 321 on one hand are not supplied to or received from the optical fiber cable of the optical ground wire 301 simultaneously with the supply of the communication signals 347 and the reception of the other communication signals 349 or may be or may comprise different wavelengths or frequencies. Thereby, interference of the different radiations and signals may be avoided.
The arrangements 100, 200 may, in particular, using the detection systems 109, 209, for example configured as the detection system 309 illustrated in Fig. 3, be adapted to perform a method of detecting a lightning event in an optical ground wire according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiments of the invention relate to a method and arrangement or device to detect and locate multiple lightning strikes on OPGW by using Distributed Acoustic Sensing and/or Distributed Vibration Sensing Technologies. At least one fiber of the OPGW may be used to record the acoustic sound of multiple lightning strikes as a function of amplitude, frequency and distance to the fiber
- 20 optic interrogator. The acoustic pattern of the lightning strikes may be analyzed by specific algorithm enabling the system to differentiate between the lightning strike and other acoustic events which forms the background noise and to calculate the probability of a OPGW damage caused by the lightning strike. This information and the location of the strike may be transmitted to a visualizations and management software enabling the operator to initiate proper measures.
Distributed acoustic sensing may be performed as is disclosed in US 5194847A disclosing a measurement instrumentation for distributed acoustic sensing along a fiber optic cable. The disclosed set-up comprises means for producing a coherent pulsed laser light, which is injected into an optical sensing fiber. It teaches that distributed acoustic sensing rely on Coherent Rayleigh effect. Therefore the Rayleigh backscattered signal from the optical fiber is measured and analysed. GB2222247 discloses an alternative approach to analyse the Rayleigh backscattered signal from the optical fiber that may be employed in embodiments of the present invention.
The system utilizes the OPGW as a sensor hence no special sensor element need to be applied on the overhead line. Thanks to the distributed character of the measurement the OPGW may form a continuous sensor element without any blind sections allowing a gapless monitoring of the entire overhead line. In addition, the distributed character may allow the simultaneous detection of multiple strikes. The detailed analyzing of the acoustic profile of the lightning event may enable to estimate the probability of a serious damages of the OPGW wires. A single interrogator may cover several tens of kilometers length which makes the installation and setup of the system simple and cost-effective.
Fundamentally the system may be a real-time and online surveillance sensor which detects and records acoustic events along the optical fiber. In the event
- 21 of lightning strike the acoustic signal may be recorded and automatically analyzed according to intensity, frequencies, distribution and location which all shape a typical pattern helping to characterize the event. The system may utilize Coherent-Optical-Time-Domain-Reflectometry and/or Interferometric Technologies. The data may be processed and visualized with a specific software which may enable the operator to locate and assess the strike.
Misinterpretation of measured backscattered light may cause false alarms of the measurement system. One further aim of the invention is to reduce the false alarm rate of the measurement system. To solve that subtask it is suggested that additional available information (e.g. on-line weather information) may be used. In the case of weather information the task may be solved for example by query an online weather database. A lot of such weather databases may be available on-line and offer a so-called Application Programming Interface (API). Selected geographical coordinates along the OPWG may be transmitted to the weather database and thunderstorm data may be received thereupon. The query of the database may be done by a processing unit which may either be embedded in the DAS measurement system or be a processing unit linked to the DAS measurement device. It is also conceivable that so-called drones (autonomous flying objects) may be used to gather further information about the damage of the OPGW. These information may be used to verify or reject a measured signal as an alarm.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, an arrangement or device for detecting and localization of lightning strikes on OPGW is provided, wherein the device comprises an electromagnetic radiation source configured for generating primary electromagnetic radiation to be coupled into at least one fiber or the optical ground wire (OPGW), an electromagnetic radiation detector configured for detecting secondary electromagnetic radiation generated in the fiber in response to the coupling of the primary electromagnetic radiation into the at least one fiber (in which electromagnetic
- 22 radiation such as light may propagate forwardly and backwardly) and being influenced by lightning strike, in particular vibrations, of the OPGW, and a lightning strike determining and localisation unit configured for determining information indicative of the lightning strike and it's localization in the OPGW based on an analysis of the motionally, in particular vibrationally, influenced secondary electromagnetic radiation detected by the electromagnetic radiation detector.
In an embodiment of the invention, the lightning strike determining unit is configured for determining the information indicative of the lightning strike based on a pattern analysis of one or more features of the secondary electromagnetic radiation. In such an embodiment, preknown, premeasured or premodeled patterns of signal features of the secondary electromagnetic radiation in the event of lightning strike may be compared, by pattern recognition procedures, with features of the detection signal.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the measured intensity of the backscattered signal is plotted in a so-called waterfall diagram. Such a waterfall diagram may show different measured signal intensities for different times along the distributed sensing segments of the optical fiber whereas the abscissa is formed by the distributed sensing segments along the optical fiber and the ordinate values come from the measurement at different times, respectively. A lightning strike may have a significant signal pattern in the waterfall diagram. The slope of the signal curve may be used as an identifier for a lightning strike event.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, lightning strike may result in a measured backscattered signal whereby the signal intensity overshot a pre-selected threshold. For the localization of the lightning strike event it may be helpful to divide the optical fiber length of the optical ground wire into a series of virtual segments distributed along the fiber. The
- 23 differences in signal runtime of the excitation signal launched into the fiber and the measured backscattered signal may indicate the virtual segment along the fiber where an event occurs.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the event of a lightning strike is detected by the fact that in case of a lightning strike, a measured signal intensity of the backscattered signal overshot a pre-selected intensity along at least one of said distributed virtual fiber segments.
According to another exemplary method, the measured backscattered signals are accumulated over a time interval and translated in an energy density. Said energy translation can be exemplary achieved by an integration of the Fourier transformed accumulated data.
In an another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the lightning strike determining unit is configured for determining spatially resolved information indicative of the lightning strike at a certain cable position of the optical ground wire based on an identification of a certain fiber position of the fiber to which a detected portion of the secondary electromagnetic radiation belongs and thereby creating a map, based on predetermined mapping information, on which a lightning strike may be located and visualized when detected. Such a map may be a geographical map where the high voltage transmission line is visualized. For instance, a time of flight measurement may be applied when the primary electromagnetic radiation is injected into the fiber in the form of pulses. With such a time of flight measurement, each portion of the secondary electromagnetic radiation can be assigned to a corresponding fiber position at which this portion has been backscattered.
In another exemplary embodiment of the invention the device or arrangement further comprises an alarm unit for providing an alarm based on the information indicative of the lightning strike. The information indicative of the
- 24 lightning strike may be based on an analysis of the detected signal, wherein the lightning strike determining unit may detect the signal.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, multiple 5 additional information is used to verify or reject a measured signal as an alarm.
According to still another exemplary embodiment of the invention, a program element (for instance a software routine, in source code or in executable code) is provided, which, when being executed by a processor (such as a microprocessor or a CPU), is adapted to control or carry out a method having the above mentioned features.
According to yet another exemplary embodiment of the invention, a computer-readable medium (for instance a CD, a DVD, a USB stick, a floppy disk or a harddisk) is provided, in which a computer program is stored which, when being executed by a processor (such as a microprocessor or a CPU), is adapted to control or carry out a method having the above mentioned features.
Data processing according to embodiments of the invention can be realized by a computer program, that is by software, or by using one or more special electronic optimization circuits, that is in hardware, or in hybrid form, that is by means of software components and hardware components.
Claims (19)
1. Arrangement (100, 200) for detecting a lightning event (102, 202) in an optical ground wire (101a, 101b, 201, 301) of an electric overhead power line system, the arrangement comprising:
an optical ground wire (101a, 101b, 201, 301) comprising an optical fiber cable surrounded by a conducting material;
an electromagnetic radiation source (315) for generating primary radiation (317), to be coupled into the optical fiber cable;
a radiation detector (319) for detecting secondary radiation (321) originating from interaction of the primary radiation (317) with the optical fiber cable influenced by acoustic disturbance and/or vibration of the optical ground wire (101a, 101b, 201, 301);
an analysis unit (323) configured to analyze the detected secondary radiation (321, 325), to generate analysis information (327), in order to identify at least one lightning event (102, 202), in particular lightning stroke, at the optical ground wire (101a, 101b, 201, 301).
2. Arrangement according to claim 1, further comprising:
an optical coupling element (318) adapted to couple the primary radiation (317) into the optical fiber cable and to decouple the secondary radiation (321) from the optical fiber cable.
3. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the arrangement is adapted to apply distributed acoustic sensing and/or distributed vibration sensing and/or coherent optical time domain reflectometry and/or interferometric technology.
4. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the analysis unit (323) is configured to determine amplitude and/or intensity and/or frequency and/or frequency distribution of the secondary radiation (321), in
- 26 particular resolved over time and/or spatially resolved, and/or is configured to determine a location of and/or a distance to, in particular up to 10 km, further in particular up to 100 km, a location where the lightning event along the optical fiber cable occurred.
5. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the analysis unit (323) is configured to identify the lightning event (102, 202) by recognizing a similarity of a characteristic of the detected secondary radiation (321) with a lightning pattern having been learned from training data of previous lighting events.
6. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the analysis unit (323) is configured to analyze the detected secondary radiation (325, 321), in order to distinguish between a lighting event and events caused by other reasons than a lightning event.
7. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the analysis unit (323) is configured to determine a probability of a damage of the optical ground wire (101a,101b,201,301), in particular of the optical fiber cable and/or the of the conductive material, based on the analyzed secondary radiation (321, 325).
8. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the analysis information (327) comprises a characterization of the lightning event, in particular localization and/or strength and/or extent of the lightning event.
9. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the arrangement is configured to identify multiple lightning events occurring simultaneously.
10. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising:
- 27 a temperature information determining unit (335) configured for determining temperature information along an extension of the optical fiber cable by Distributed Temperature Sensing based on an analysis of secondary radiation (321) detected, wherein the temperature information is used for generating the analysis information (327).
11. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, the arrangement further comprising:
an additional information acquisition unit (337) adapted to acquire additional information (339) regarding a state of the optical ground wire (101a, 101b, 201, 301) and/or information regarding the environment of the optical ground wire, in particular weather information, wherein the analysis unit (323) is adapted to utilize the additional information (339) to generate the analysis information (327).
12. Arrangement according to the preceding claim, wherein the additional information (339) is used to reject or confirm a conclusion that a lightning occurred at the optical fiber cable.
13. Arrangement according to one of the two preceding claims, wherein the additional information (339) is received as a result of a request or a query to online weather database (343) or the additional information is received from a drone.
14. Arrangement according to one of the three preceding claims, wherein geographical coordinates of the optical fiber cable are transmitted and thunderstorm data are received.
15. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising:
- 28 a presentation unit (329), in particular including a display, adapted to present the detected secondary radiation (325), in particular in the form of a waterfall diagram and/or a map and/or spatially, in particular via run time measurement localization, resolved, and/or to present the analysis information (327) and/or to present an alarm, if the analysis information indicates that a lightning event occurred, in particular if a signal intensity of the secondary radiation is larger than a threshold.
16. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the optical fiber cable comprises between 1 and 48, in particular glass, optical fibers, from which only one is used for guiding the primary radiation and the secondary radiation.
17. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the conductive material comprises iron and/or stainless steel and/or aluminum and/or is configured as a tube and/or at least one wire, in particular completely surrounding the optical fiber cable.
18. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising:
a device (353) for generating communication signals (347) to be coupled into the optical fiber cable; and/or a device (355) for receiving other communication signals (349) transmitted through the optical fiber cable, wherein the communication signals and/or other communication signals (347, 349) are propagated together with the primary radiation (317) and the secondary radiation (321) in the same optical fiber or a different optical fiber of the optical fiber cable.
19. Method of detecting a lightning event (102, 202) in an optical ground wire (101a, 101b, 201) of an electric overhead power line system, the method comprising:
- 29 generating primary radiation (317);
coupling the primary radiation (317) into an optical fiber cable of an optical ground wire (101a, 101b,201,301) comprising the optical fiber cable surrounded by a conducting material;
5 detecting secondary radiation (321) originating from interaction ofthe primary radiation (317) with the optical fiber cable influenced by acoustic disturbance and/or vibration of the optical fiber cable; and analyzing the detected secondary radiation (321), to generate analysis information (327), in order to identify at least one lightning event, in particular
10 lightning stroke, at the optical fiber cable.
Intellectual
Property
Office
Application No: GB 1622223.4 Examiner: Rhodri Sykes
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1622223.4A GB2558295B (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2016-12-23 | A distributed lightning stroke detection system operating in a monitoring mode |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1622223.4A GB2558295B (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2016-12-23 | A distributed lightning stroke detection system operating in a monitoring mode |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB201622223D0 GB201622223D0 (en) | 2017-02-08 |
| GB2558295A true GB2558295A (en) | 2018-07-11 |
| GB2558295B GB2558295B (en) | 2020-04-08 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| GB1622223.4A Active GB2558295B (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2016-12-23 | A distributed lightning stroke detection system operating in a monitoring mode |
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| Country | Link |
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| GB (1) | GB2558295B (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN110018360A (en) * | 2019-04-28 | 2019-07-16 | 中国人民解放军军事科学院防化研究院 | A kind of Real-time Feedback electromagnetic field DF antenna system |
| CN110619727A (en) * | 2019-09-10 | 2019-12-27 | 珠海市联电科技有限公司 | Underground power cable external damage prevention early warning system based on optical fiber vibration sensing technology |
| CN113447727A (en) * | 2021-06-30 | 2021-09-28 | 武汉理工光科股份有限公司 | Method and device for positioning lightning above oil and gas pipeline based on optical fiber vibration measurement system |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN112382977B (en) * | 2020-11-30 | 2022-05-27 | 广东电网有限责任公司 | Differential lightning protection method and system for power transmission line |
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| CN113447727A (en) * | 2021-06-30 | 2021-09-28 | 武汉理工光科股份有限公司 | Method and device for positioning lightning above oil and gas pipeline based on optical fiber vibration measurement system |
| WO2023273820A1 (en) * | 2021-06-30 | 2023-01-05 | 武汉理工光科股份有限公司 | Method and apparatus for positioning thunder and lightning above oil and gas pipelines on basis of optical fiber vibration measurement system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2558295B (en) | 2020-04-08 |
| GB201622223D0 (en) | 2017-02-08 |
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