GB2554705A

GB2554705A - Thermal insulating structure

Info

Publication number: GB2554705A
Application number: GB1616894.0A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Louise Jordan Laura; Harry Shepherd Simon
Original assignee: Advanced Insulation Ltd
Current assignee: Advanced Innergy Ltd
Priority date: 2016-10-05
Filing date: 2016-10-05
Publication date: 2018-04-11
Also published as: GB201616894D0; WO2018065758A1

Abstract

A structure for a substrate, which includes a layer of fire resistant material, the material including first and second parts mixable together so that the material will cure by an addition reaction in the presence of a metallic catalyst. The first part includes a polydiorganosiloxane polymer having at least two unsaturated groups per molecule. The first part also includes the metallic catalyst, a reinforcing filler, and between 10 and 40% wt. of a vitrifying agent e.g. glass frit. The second part includes an organohydrogensiloxane crosslinker described by formula R13Si(OSiR22)x(OSiMeH)y0SiR13, where each R2 is independently selected from saturated hydrocarbon radicals including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals. Each R1 is independently selected from hydrogen or R2, x is zero or an integer and y is an integer. The organohydrogensiloxane has at least three Si-H bonds per molecule. The fire resistant material may further comprise a mesh material e.g. stainless steel, basalt or glass fibre. Also shown is a method of applying a structure on a substrate e.g. pipework.

Description

(54) Title of the Invention: Thermal insulating structure Abstract Title: Thermal insulating structure (57) A structure for a substrate, which includes a layer of fire resistant material, the material including first and second parts mixable together so that the material will cure by an addition reaction in the presence of a metallic catalyst. The first part includes a polydiorganosiloxane polymer having at least two unsaturated groups per molecule. The first part also includes the metallic catalyst, a reinforcing filler, and between 10 and 40% wt. of a vitrifying agent e.g. glass frit. The second part includes an organohydrogensiloxane crosslinker described by formula R¹3Si(OSiR²2)_x(OSiMeH)_yOSiR¹3, where each R² is independently selected from saturated hydrocarbon radicals including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals. Each R¹ is independently selected from hydrogen or R2, x is zero or an integer and y is an integer. The organohydrogensiloxane has at least three Si-H bonds per molecule.

The fire resistant material may further comprise a mesh material e.g. stainless steel, basalt or glass fibre. Also shown is a method of applying a structure on a substrate e.g. pipework.

The claims were filed later than the filing date but within the period prescribed by Rule 22(1) of the Patents Rules 2007.

Thermal Insulating Structure

This invention concerns a structure for a substrate, the structure including a fire resistant material, and also a method of applying the structure to a substrate.

It is often required to provide a structure around substrates such as pipework, valves and other process components, and particularly in hydrocarbon facilities, for instance, to insulate the substrate to slow down the rate at which a hydrocarbon fluid passing through the substrate cools.

Hydrocarbon facilities are vulnerable to fires, such as jet fires. A jet fire usually involves a forceful flame, created by combustion of hydrocarbon fluids, that is released in a particular direction as a result of a leak or other breach in the substrate that houses the fluid. This situation can create particularly intense levels of localised heat which damages pipework, valves and other process components.

There is therefore also a need for structures which can delay the effects of a fire, such as a jet fire, on a substrate and slow the rate of temperature increase of the substrate.

All proportions referred to in this specification are indicated as weight

%.

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a structure for a substrate, the structure including:

a layer of fire resistant material, the material including first and second parts mixable together so that the material will cure by an addition reaction in the presence of a metallic catalyst; the first part including a polydiorganosiloxane polymer having at least two unsaturated groups per molecule, the first part also including the metallic catalyst, a reinforcing filler, and between 10 and 40% of a vitrifying agent; and the second part including an organohydrogensiloxane crosslinker described by formula R¹3Si(OSiR²2)x(OSiMeH)yOSiR¹3, where each R² is independently selected from saturated hydrocarbon radicals including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals and each R¹ is independently selected from hydrogen or R², x is zero or an integer and y is an integer, the organohydrogensiloxane having at least three Si-H bonds per molecule.

The material may include between 20 and 30% vitrifying agent. The vitrifying agent may include glass frit.

The fire resistant material may include a mesh material. The mesh material may include stainless steel, basalt or glass fibre.

The second part may also include the polydiorganosiloxane polymer having at least two unsaturated groups per molecule and the reinforcing filler.

The polydiorganosiloxane polymer may constitute between 35 and 65% of the material, and more desirably between 40 and 50% of the material. The polydiorganosiloxane polymer may have a viscosity within a range of 20 to 200 Pa.s at 25°C.

The metallic catalyst may be an organometallic complex. The metallic catalyst may be a platinum group hydrosilylation catalyst, and may include catalysts selected from the platinum group metals, or transition metals, of the periodic table of the elements, such as platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and iridium; and compounds thereof.

The reinforcing filler may be precipitated silica and/or calcined silica filler. The silica filler may be present in the composition in an amount of from 10 to 40% wt., and preferably may be present in the composition in an amount of from 10 to 30%wt.

The first part of the fire resistant material may include fibres. The fibres may be glass, basalt or ceramic, or combinations thereof. The material may include between 0.1 and 10% fibres, and more particularly between 1 and 9% fibres.

The first part may include one or more flame retardant additives. The flame retardant additive may be one or more of a metal hydroxide, such as magnesium hydroxide, Huntite, hydromagnesite, Mica, zinc borate, aluminium trihydrate or boric acid. The flame retardant additive may be present in an amount of from 0.1 to 15%wt, and may be present in an amount from 2 to 7%wt, and may be present in an amount from 5 to 6%wt.

The second part may include an inhibitor to inhibit platinum catalyzed hydrosilylation reactions at ambient temperature (25°C). The inhibitor may be an acetylenic alcohols, such as 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol and 1-ethynyl-1cyclohexanol 3-butyn-1-ol, 3-butyn-2-ol, propargylalcohol, 2-phenyl-2propyn-1-ol, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyn-3-ol, 1-ethynylcyclopentanol, 1-phenyl-2propynol, 3-methyl-1-penten-4-yn-3-ol, and mixtures thereof, or an olefinically substituted siloxane such as a cyclic methylvinylsiloxane.

The structure may include a layer of foam insulating material which, in use of the structure, is located between the substrate and the layer of fire resistant material such that the layer of fire resistant material provides an outer layer and the layer of foam insulating material provides an inner layer.

The layer of a foam insulating material may have a greater thickness than the layer of fire resistant material. The ratio of the thickness of the layer of foam insulating material to the layer of fire resistant material may be between 1.5:1 and 50:1, and may be between 4:1 and 20:1, and most preferably may be 10:1. The layer of a foam insulating material may have a thickness between 15 and 100 mm, and most preferably may have a thickness of 50 mm. The layer of fire resistant material may have a thickness between 2 and 10 mm, and most preferably may have a thickness of 5 mm.

The ratio of the thickness of the layer of fire resistant material to the mesh may be between 30:1 and 5:1, and may be between 15:1 and 8:1, and most preferably may be 10:1. The mesh may have a thickness of between 0.3 and 1 mm, and most preferably may have a thickness of 0.5 mm.

The layer of foam insulating material may include a polymer, and may include a silicone polymer. The layer of a foam insulating material may include a plurality of sub layers. Each respective sub layer may include a different polymer material.

According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method of applying a structure onto a substrate, the method including applying a structure according to any of the preceding paragraphs onto the substrate.

The substrate may be made of metal or composite material.

The substrate may be a component in a hydrocarbon facility, and may be of any of pipework, a process vessel, or accommodation modules.

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only.

The constituents of an outer layer of five thermal insulating structures according to the invention, with all proportions being indicated as weight %, are indicated in the Tables 1 and 2 below.

Examples

First Part

	1	2	3	4	5
Mixture A*	54	51.1	51.1	50.3	53.5
Fibres A	8.1	7.6	-	1.5	-
Fibres B	-	0.3	-	-	-
Fibres C	-	-	1.6	1.6	1.7
Glass Frit	27.1	25.6	24.2	23.9	25.3
Metal hydroxide	5.4	5.1	5.2	5.1	5.4
Dispersing agent			1.6	1.6
Mineral Filler	-	5.4	5.5	5.1	5.7
White Pigment	-	-	3.4	3.3	3.5
Low Density Filler			2.8	2.7

* Mixture A is 75% by weight of a dimethylvinyl siloxy terminated 5 dimethylsiloxane, about 25% by weight treated precipitated silica filler with a suitable amount of platinum catalyst

Table 1

Second Part

	1	2	3	4	5
Mixture B*	5.4	5.2	5.4	5.3	5.6

Mixture B is 40% by weight of a dimethylvinyl siloxy terminated dimethylsiloxane, 20% by weight of a trimethylsiloxy terminated dimethylmethylhydrogensiloxane, about 2% by weight of inhibitor and the remainder is treated precipitated silica filler.

Table 2

By appropriate choice of proportions, the respective viscosities of the first and second parts are balanced so that these materials can be applied in a required form.

Typically, the catalyst is kept separate from crosslinker. For example, each part may contain a portion of a mixture including the polydiorganosiloxane polymer and reinforcing filler with the platinum hydrosilylation catalyst being added to one part (the first part) and the organohydrogensiloxane crosslinker being added to other part (the second part).

The two parts can then be mixed together immediately prior to use. Optionally, the inhibitor may be present in either part but the second part is often preferred. Other optional additives may be present. Typically these optional additives are retained in the first part but may be in the second part if preferred. The additional additives may include mould release agents, pigments, such as titanium dioxide, dyes, adhesion promoters, flame retardants, heat stabilizers and ultraviolet light stabilizers.

In one example, the polydiorganosiloxane polymer, reinforcing filler and platinum hydrosilylation catalyst are present in the first part of the composition, and the polydiorganosiloxane polymer, reinforcing filler, organohydrogensiloxane crosslinker and inhibitor are present in the second part of the composition. Additional additives may be present in either the first or second as preferred but are usually added to the first part.

Polydiorganosiloxane polymer

The first part used here is polydiorganosiloxane polymer having at least two unsaturated groups per molecule. The at least 2 unsaturated groups could be alkenyl or alkynyl groups, for example, a diorganoalkenylsiloxy terminated polydiorganosiloxane described by formula (alkenyl)R⁴2SiO(R³2SiO)_mSiR⁴2(alkenyl).

Examples of alkenyl groups include vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, cyclohexenyl and hexenyl groups but vinyl groups are preferred. R³ and R⁴are independently selected from saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radicals including 1 to 20 carbons atoms. Up to 5% of R³ groups may include alkenyl groups as above, typically vinyl groups and m represents a degree of polymerization equivalent to a viscosity of 20 to 200 Pa.s at 25°C, alternatively m represents a degree of polymerization equivalent to a viscosity of 40 to 70 Pa.s at 25°C.

It is preferred that each R⁴ is an alkyl group including one to four carbon atoms. Most preferred is when all of the R⁴ substituents are methyl.

It is also desirable that at least one of the R³ radicals substituted on the non-terminal silicon atoms is an alkyl including 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably methyl. The other R³ radicals substituted on the non-terminal silicon atoms can be alkyls such as methyl or ethyl; substituted alkyls such as chloromethyl, 3-chloropropyl or 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl; cycloalkyls such as cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl; or aryls such as phenyl, xylyl, tolyl and naphthyl or alkenyl groups as hereinbefore discussed.

The preferred polydiorganosiloxane polymer is a dimethylvinylsiloxy endblocked polydimethylsiloxane having a viscosity of 20 to 200 Pa.s at 25°C, alternatively 40 to 70 Pa.s at 25°C. Preferred is when polydiorganosiloxane polymer includes 45 to 65% wt. alternatively 52 to 60 % wt. of the composition. Unless otherwise indicated all viscosity measurements are based on using an AR550 rheometer (TA/ Waters) at 25°C, using a 2cm coneplate geometry.

Reinforcing filler

The reinforcing filler is typically precipitated silica (wet silica) and/or calcined silica filler with a specific surface area measured by BET method of at least 50 m²/g up to 450 m²/g. Precipitated silica (wet silica) is preferred. The silica filler is present in the composition in an amount of from 10 to 40% wt., alternatively 10 to 30%wt. based on the total weight of the composition.

A surface treatment of the filler(s) may be performed, for example with a fatty acid or a fatty acid ester such as a stearate, or with organosilanes, organosiloxanes, or organosilazanes or short chain siloxane diols to render the filler(s) hydrophobic and therefore easier to handle and obtain a homogeneous mixture with the other sealant components. The surface treatment of the fillers makes the ground silicate minerals easily wetted by the polydiorganosiloxane polymer. These surface modified fillers do not clump, and can be homogeneously incorporated into the polydiorganosiloxane polymer. This results in improved room temperature mechanical properties of the uncured compositions.

Orqanohvdroqensiloxane crosslinker

The organohydrogensiloxane is described by the formula: R¹3Si(OSiR²2)x(OSiMeH)_yOSiR¹3, where each R² is independently selected from saturated hydrocarbon radicals including one to ten carbon atoms or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals and each R¹ is independently selected from hydrogen or R², x is zero or an integer and y is an integer said organohydrogensiloxane having at least three Si-H bonds per molecule. In one embodiment x=0 to 40, y=3 to 50 and x+y is from 3 to 50. R¹ is, for example, an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as methyl or ethyl; a substituted alkyl such as chloromethyl and 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl; and an aryl such as phenyl. Preferred is when R¹ is methyl.

Organohydrogensiloxane is added to the present composition at a concentration sufficient to crosslink the composition.

In a preferred composition, organohydrogensiloxane is added at a concentration sufficient to provide 1 to 5 silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms per silicon-bonded unsaturated radical, typically alkenyl radical in the polydiorganosiloxane polymer. Most preferred is when organohydrogensiloxane provides 1.0 to 2.2 silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms per silicon-bonded unsaturated, typically alkenyl radical.

Metallic catalyst

The metallic catalyst, which may be included in the first part, is a platinum group hydrosilylation catalyst present in an amount sufficient to effect curing of the composition. These include catalysts selected from the platinum group metals, or transition metals, of the periodic table of the elements, such as platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and iridium; and compounds thereof. The catalyst used in the scope of the present invention may be selected from the platinum group catalysts, such as chloroplatinic acid, chloroplatinic acid dissolved in an alcohol or a ketone and these solutions which have been ripened, chloroplatinic acid-olefin complexes, chloroplatinic acid-alkenylsiloxane complexes, chloroplatinic aciddiketone complexes, platinum black, platinum supported on a carrier, and mixtures thereof.

The catalyst is added in a quantity sufficient to cure the polydiorganosiloxane polymer and the organohydrogensiloxane present in the composition. For example, it may be added in a quantity of platinum atom that provides of from 0.1 to 500 weight-ppm (parts per million), alternatively of from 1 to 200 weight-ppm, alternatively of from 1 to 100 weight-ppm, of platinum atom in the catalyst based on the total weight of polydiorganosiloxane polymer.

Flame retardant additive

The flame retardant additive acts as endothermic additive which absorbs heat, as well as releasing water vapour or other gasses in a fire situation. In the present examples, the fire retardant additive is the metal hydroxide magnesium hydroxide, but in may also be one or more of, Huntite, hydromagnesite, Mica, zinc borate, aluminium trihydrate or boric acid. The flame retardant additive may be present in an amount of from 0.1 to 15%wt, and may be present in an amount from 0.1 to 7%wt, and may be present in an amount from 0.1 to 1%wt.

Inhibitor

In some examples of the invention, the second part includes an inhibitor to inhibit platinum catalyzed hydrosilylation reactions at ambient temperature (25°C), and prolong the working time or pot life” of the composition. The inhibitor may be an acetylenic alcohols, such as 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol and 1ethynyl-1-cyclohexanol 3-butyn-1-ol, 3-butyn-2-ol, propargylalcohol, 2phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyn-3-ol, 1-ethynylcyclopentanol, 1phenyl-2-propynol, 3-methyl-1-penten-4-yn-3-ol, and mixtures thereof, or an olefinically substituted siloxanes such as a cyclic methylvinylsiloxane.

The inhibitor may be added in the range of from 10 to 10,000 weightppm in the curable silicone elastomer composition. Inhibitor concentrations as low as one mole of inhibitor per mole of platinum may in some instances impart satisfactory storage stability and cure rate. In other instances inhibitor concentrations up to 500 moles of inhibitor per mole of platinum may be required. The optimum concentration for a given inhibitor in a composition is readily determined by routine experimentation.

Other additives

The glass frit vitrifies when the material is exposed to fire, such as a jet fire, and thereby helps solidification of the material in a fire situation.

The fibres may add char strength by reducing cracking in a fire situation. The fibres may also improve vitrification.

Fibres A have an average longest dimension of around 1pm to 1mm. Fibre A is a ceramic oxide.

Fibres B have an average longest dimension of around 1mm to 10mm. Fibre B is a ceramic oxide.

Fibres C have an average longest dimension of around 1mm to 13mm. Fibre C is basalt.

Mineral fillers improve dimensional stability of the char.

Low density fillers such as glass microspheres, vermiculite or perlite reduce density.

Dispersing agents improve dispersal of fibres within the material.

The materials may for instance be applied by spraying, with a twin feed of the first and second parts such that the two parts are mixed immediately before application. In some instances it may be desirable or required to add a solvent to the materials during or after mixing to provide a required, and generally reduced, viscosity. The solvent may be a silicone solvent and may for example be any of hexamethyldisiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane or decamethyltetrasiloxane.

The materials when mixed will cure by addition curing, and in one example the reaction is between vinyl endblocked polydimethylsiloxanes in the first part and SiH groups on the organohydrogensiloxane crosslinker in the second part, as indicated below. The reaction is catalysed by platinum.

Pt Catalyst

----OMe₂Si-CH=CH₂ + H-Si= ->----OMe₂Si-CH₂-CH₂-Si=

The structure may be adhered onto the substrate, for instance by the use of an adhesive. The adhesive may be applied to the substrate or the structure.

In some examples the adhesive may be applied to the structure and a protective layer placed over the adhesive which could subsequently be removed prior to application of the structure to the substrate.

The adhesive may be a standard one-part silicone adhesive, or it may be the unfilled base resin or it might be an adhesive tape.

In some examples, the first and second parts of the fire resistant material can be mixed immediately before application to the layer of foam insulating material, and the application may be by spraying, rolling, brushing or trowelling on to the foam insulating material, and by any other appropriate method. In some examples, the fire resistant material is adhered to the layer of a foam insulating material using an appropriate adhesive and/or and adhesion promoter such as a primer.

A mesh, which may be made for instance of stainless steel or basalt, could be included in the outer layer. The mesh provides additional strength to the char by preventing it from falling off or blowing away.

The mesh may have a thickness of between 0.3 and 1 mm. A mesh with a thickness of 0.5 mm is particularly advantageous as this is most easily machine formed, whilst being sufficiently deformable to allow adjustment of the mesh.

In examples of the disclosure, a structure for a substrate may be provided including a layer of foam insulating layer with a thickness of 50 mm and a layer of fire resistant material with a thickness of 5 mm. The respective thickness of the layers may be dependent on the particular application.

In examples of the disclosure, a stainless steel mesh with a thickness of 0.5 mm may be provided in the layer of fire resistant material. In some examples, the mesh may be sandwiched between two substantially equally dimensioned portions of fire resistant material. The layer of fire resistant material may have a thickness of 5 mm such that the mesh is located approximately 2.5 mm from the outer sides of the layer of fire resistant material. The mesh may be embedded within the layer of fire resistant material.

In other examples of the disclosure the layer of fire resistant material may be provided with or without a mesh.

Advantageously, examples of the disclosure provide a structure which vitrifies to form a solid fire barrier on exposure to, for instance, jet fires. In some examples, a foam insulation layer is also provided which continues to provide thermal insulation to the substrate.

Examples of the disclosure are flexible and weather resistant. Accordingly, examples of the disclosure will not split or crack due to thermal expansion/contraction of the substrate and will not degrade due to high/low ambient temperatures or exposure to sunlight.

Examples ofthe disclosure are also suitable for pre-fabrication, and on site application uses minimal or no chemicals.

The proportions of the respective materials can be varied to provide a required curing time and speed for different applications.

In the resin, the methyl groups can be substituted with alkyl or alkoxy groups such as (but not limited to) ethyl, phenyl, methoxy, vinyl.

Whilst platinum has been found to be an effective catalyst, it may be possible to use another metal such as a rhodium catalyst.

Whilst endeavouring in the foregoing specification to draw attention to those features of the invention believed to be of particular importance it should be understood that the Applicant claims protection in respect of any patentable feature or combination of features hereinbefore referred to and/or shown in the drawings whether or not particular emphasis has been placed thereon.

Claims

CLAIMS 06 03 17

1. A structure for a substrate, the structure including:

a layer of fire resistant material, the material including first and second parts 5 mixable together so that the material will cure by an addition reaction in the presence of a metallic catalyst; the first part including a polydiorganosiloxane polymer having at least two unsaturated groups per molecule, the first part also including the metallic catalyst, a reinforcing filler, and between 10 and

40% wt. of a vitrifying agent; and the second part including an 10 organohydrogensiloxane crosslinker described by formula

R13Si(OSiR22)x(OSiMeH)yOSiR13, where each R2 is independently selected from saturated hydrocarbon radicals including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals and each R1 is independently selected from hydrogen or R2, x is zero or an integer and y is an integer, the

15 organohydrogensiloxane having at least three Si-H bonds per molecule.

2. A structure according to claim 1, in which the material includes between 20 and 30% wt. vitrifying agent.

20

3. A structure according to claims 1 or 2, in which the vitrifying agent includes glass frit.

4. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, in which the fire resistant material includes a mesh material.

5. A structure according to claim 4, in which the mesh material includes stainless steel, basalt or glass fibre.

6. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, in which the 30 second part includes the polydiorganosiloxane polymer having at least two unsaturated groups per molecule and the reinforcing filler.

06 03 17

7. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, in which the polydiorganosiloxane polymer constitutes between 35 and 65% wt. of the material.

5

8. A structure according to claim 7, in which the polydiorganosiloxane polymer constitutes between 40 and 50% wt. of the material.

9. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, in which the polydiorganosiloxane polymer has a viscosity within a range of 20 to 200 Pa.s

10 at25°C.

10. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, in which the metallic catalyst is an organometallic complex.

15

11. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, in which the metallic catalyst is a platinum group hydrosilylation catalyst.

12. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, which includes catalysts selected from the platinum group metals, or transition metals, of the

20 periodic table of the elements, such as platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and iridium; and compounds thereof.

13. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, in which the reinforcing filler is precipitated silica and/or calcined silica filler.

14. A structure according to claim 13, in which the silica filler is present in the composition in an amount of from 10 to 40% wt.

15. A structure according to claim 14, in which the silica filler is present in 30 the composition in an amount of from 10 to 30% wt.

06 03 17

16. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, in which the first part of the fire resistant material includes fibres.

17. A structure according to claim 16, in which the fibres are glass, basalt 5 or ceramic, or combinations thereof.

18. A structure according to claims 16 or 17, in which the material includes between 0.1 and 10 % wt. fibres.

10

19. A structure according to claim 18, in which the material includes between 1 and 9% wt. fibres.

20. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, in which the first part includes one or more flame retardant additives.

21. A structure according to claim 20, in which the flame retardant additive is one or more of a metal hydroxide, such as magnesium hydroxide, Huntite, hydromagnesite, Mica, zinc borate, aluminium trihydrate or boric acid.

20

22. A structure according to claims 20 or 21, in which the flame retardant additive is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 15% wt.

23. A structure according to claim 22, in which the flame retardant additive is present in an amount of from 2 to 7% wt.

24. A structure according to claim 23, in which the flame retardant additive is present in an amount of from 5 to 6% wt.

25. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, in which the 30 second part includes an inhibitor to inhibit platinum catalyzed hydrosilylation reactions at ambient temperature (25°C).

06 03 17

26. A structure according to claim 25, in which the inhibitor is an acetylenic alcohol.

27. A structure according to claim 26, in which the acetylenic alcohol is any 5 of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol, 1-ethynyl-1-cyclohexanol, 3-butyn-1-ol, 3-butyn-2-ol, propargylalcohol, 2-phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyn-3-ol, 1ethynylcyclopentanol, 1-phenyl-2-propynol, 3-methyl-1-penten-4-yn-3-ol, or mixtures thereof.

10

28. A structure according to claim 25, in which the inhibitor is an olefinically substituted siloxane.

29. A structure according to claim 28, in which the olefinically substituted siloxane is a cyclic methylvinylsiloxane.

30. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, in which the structure includes a layer of foam insulating material which, in use of the structure, is located between the substrate and the layer of fire resistant material such that the layer of fire resistant material provides an outer layer

20 and the layer of foam insulating material provides an inner layer.

31. A structure according to claim 30, in which the layer of a foam insulating material has a greater thickness than the layer of fire resistant material.

32. A structure according to claims 30 or 31, in which the ratio of the thickness of the layer of foam insulating material to the layer of fire resistant material is between 1.5:1 and 50:1.

30

33. A structure according to claim 32, in which the ratio of the thickness of the layer of foam insulating material to the layer of fire resistant material is between 4:1 and 20:1.

06 03 17

34. A structure according to claim 33, in which the ratio of the thickness of the layer of foam insulating material to the layer of fire resistant material is 10:1.

35. A structure according to any of claims 30 to 34, in which the layer of a foam insulating material has a thickness between 15 and 100 mm.

36. A structure according to claim 35, in which the layer of a foam 10 insulating material has a thickness of 50 mm.

37. A structure according to any of the preceding claims, in which the layer of fire resistant material has a thickness between 2 and 10 mm.

15

38. A structure according to claim 37, in which the layer of fire resistant material has a thickness of 5 mm.

39. A structure according to claim 4 or any of claims 5 to 38 when dependent on claim 4, in which the ratio of the thickness of the layer of fire

20 resistant material to the mesh is between 30:1 and 5:1.

40. A structure according to claim 39, in which the ratio of the thickness of the layer of fire resistant material to the mesh is between 15:1 and 8:1.

25

41. A structure according to claim 40, in which the ratio of the thickness of the layer of fire resistant material to the mesh is 10:1.

42. A structure according to claim 4 or any of claims 5 to 41 when dependent on claim 4, in which the mesh has a thickness of between 0.3 and

30 1 mm.

06 03 17

43. A structure according to claim 42, in which the mesh has a thickness of 0.5 mm.

44. A structure according to claim 30 or any of claims 31 to 43 when 5 dependent on claim 30, in which the layer of foam insulating material includes a polymer.

45. A structure according to claim 44, in which the layer of foam insulating material includes a silicone polymer.

46. A structure according to claim 30 or any of claims 31 to 45 when dependent on claim 30, in which the layer of a foam insulating material includes a plurality of sub layers.

15

47. A structure according to claim 46, in which each respective sub layer includes a different polymer material.

48. A method of applying a structure onto a substrate, the method including applying a structure according to any of the preceding claims onto

20 the substrate.

49. A method according to claim 48, in which the substrate is made of metal or composite material.

25

50. A method according to claim 48 or 49, in which the substrate is a component in a hydrocarbon facility.

51. A method according to any of claims 48 to 50, in which the substrate is any of pipework, a process vessel, or accommodation modules.

52. Any novel subject matter or combination including novel subject matter disclosed herein, whether or not within the scope of or relating to the same invention as any of the preceding claims.

06 03 17

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