GB2513903A - An improved fluid flow rate measuring arrangement - Google Patents
An improved fluid flow rate measuring arrangement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2513903A GB2513903A GB201308422A GB201308422A GB2513903A GB 2513903 A GB2513903 A GB 2513903A GB 201308422 A GB201308422 A GB 201308422A GB 201308422 A GB201308422 A GB 201308422A GB 2513903 A GB2513903 A GB 2513903A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- pressure
- fluid flow
- measuring device
- upstream
- flow rate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/05—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects
- G01F1/34—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects by measuring pressure or differential pressure
- G01F1/36—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects by measuring pressure or differential pressure the pressure or differential pressure being created by the use of flow constriction
- G01F1/363—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects by measuring pressure or differential pressure the pressure or differential pressure being created by the use of flow constriction with electrical or electro-mechanical indication
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/05—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects
- G01F1/34—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects by measuring pressure or differential pressure
- G01F1/36—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects by measuring pressure or differential pressure the pressure or differential pressure being created by the use of flow constriction
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)
Abstract
A fluid flow rate measuring arrangement 100 comprising; a fluid flow path 130, a flow restriction orifice 135 in the flow path, upstream 145 and downstream 146 pressure ports located on their respective sides and a digital pressure meter 150 connected to both ports arranged to measure the difference in their pressures and communicating the pressure difference or a value derived from the pressure difference to a remote output device. The arrangement can comprise a valve casting through which the fluid flow path is provided; there can be a channel between the external and internal surfaces of the valve casting in which a digital pressure measuring device can be accommodated. The arrangement can also comprise a second upstream 141 and second downstream 143 pressure port which can be arranged to be connected to an analogue pressure measuring device e.g. a manometer. Also provided is a method of measuring a fluid flow rate.
Description
-:i. -An improved Fluid Flow Rate Measuring Arrangement This invention relates to a fluid flow rate measuring arrangement comprising a fluid flow path, a flow restr ction or f.ice n the flui.d f. Low path, an upstream pressure port on an upstream side of the flow restriction orifi cc, and a downstream pressure port on a downstream aide of the flow restriction orifice.
Such arrangements generally comprise an analogue pressure measuring device, such as a manometer, connected to both of the pressure ports. Th...is a] ows a pressure difference across the flow restriction to he read from the manometer and a mass flow rate through the flow path can then he calculated.
in particular, the mass flow rate, Q, in kilograms per second, is given by the foil owing equation: Q kv * where: kv = flow factor, generally pr vided by the supp] er/manufacturer of the flow path., and constant for a gi'en flow path. It is the volume flow.c Le of cold water in cubic metres per hour at a pressure drop of I kilogram per square centimetre (i.e. 1 bar) across the flow restriction of the flow path.
Ap is the pressure difference across the flow restriction in kPa, and 36 is a numerical factor applied in order to output Q in the required units.
As a typical example, a pressure difference of 3 kPa and a typical. kv value of 0.976 give a mass flow rate, Q, of: Q = P 97 6 * 3 = 0.047 kg/s Using an analogue pressure measuring device, such a manometer, allows an accurate pressure difference, which can be readily visualised and verified by a reader, to he read.
Alternatively, a digital pressure measuring device may he used.
The present invention seeks to mitigaLe the above-mentioned problems.AJ ternat.Ively or additional y, the present invention seeks to provide an improved fluid flow rate measuring arrangement.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention provides, according to a first aspect, a fluid flow rate measuring arrangement comprising a fluid f.l ow path, a flow restriction ori.f cc in the flu.i d flow path, an upstream pressure port on an upstream side of tine flow restr ction orifice, a downstream pressure port on a downat cam side of the flow restriction orifice, and a digital pressure measuring device connected to both the upstream pressure port and the downstream pressure port, wherein the digital pressure measuring device is arranged to measure a pressure difference between the two pressure ports, wherein the digital pressure measuring device is in communication with an output device at a location remote from the fluid flow rate measuring arrangement such that the pressure difference, or a value derived from the pressure difference, such as a fluid flow rate, can be oommunicated to that remote output device.
The dig tal pressure measuring device may simply communicate the pressure difference to the remote location and the mass f ow rate could be calculated at that rerrote location. The digital pressure measuring device may calculate the mass f ow rate and communicate thi.s to the remote location. The digital pressure device may communicate a value derived from the pressure difference to the remote locationS and the mass flow r te could be calculated from this derived value at the remote l.ocation.
-L -
Of course, any combination of the above ways could he used.
For example, both the pressure difference and the mass flow rate may he communicated to the remote location.
Any one of these ways aLlows the remote location to know the mass flow rate of the arrangement and allows the arrangement to he r.orcL tored remotely. I.t also gives th.. e arrangemen.t greater flexibility as the arrangemen.t could be monitored remotely as well as also monitored in situ.
Valves associated with the arrangement coul..d he control ed (i.e. opened and closed) from the remote location. This enables maintenance and management of the arran.gemen.. t to be done at lower cost as the need for on-site visits is minimised.
in the context of this invention, the term "remote location" is used to mean a location sufficiently remote from the arrangement such that it is on a different site/building/part of the bu.il ding to the arrangemen For example, it does not mean a location n.ext to th.e arrangement or in the same room as the arrangement.
Preferably, the digital pressure measuring device is conn..e cted to a network communication device (using wires or wirelessly) and the netork.* communication device is connected over a network to (for example, a reading device at) the remote location.
Preferably, the arrangement comprises a valve casting, through which the fluid flow path is provided and wherein the valve casting comprises a channel extending from an external surface of the valve casting to an internal region of the valve casting, and wherein the upstream pressure port and the downstream pressure port are connected to the inter or req on of tt.e channel. This a) ows at least a portion of the digital. pressure to be accommodated.in the channel such that it is connected to both the upstream and downstream pressure ports.
More preferably, at least a portion of the digital pressure measuring device is accommodated in the channel such that it is connected to both the upstream pressure port and the downstream pressure port.
Even more preferably, the channel is straight and elongate and accommodates a straight and ci ongate portion of the digital pressure measuring device. This allows the d.ig.ital pressure measuring device to be easily inserted into and removed from the channel.
Preferably, the arrangement further comprises a second upstream pressure port on the upstream side of the flow restriction orifice, a second downstream pressure port on the downstream side of the flow restriction orifice, the two second pressure potts being arranged to he connected to an analogue pressure measuring device, such as a manometer.
This allows greater flexibility in the arrangement. For example, the digital pressure measurement device could be used so that a remote location can monitor the mass flow rate, whilst a person on site at the arrangement can check tIne pressure difference measured by an analogue measuring device connected to the two second pressure ports.
More preferably, the arrangement comprises an analogue pressure measuring device, such as a manometer, connected to both the second upstream pressure port and the second downstream pressure pott, wherein the analogue pressure measuring device is arranged to output a pressure difference between the two second pressure ports.
According to a second aspect of the invention there is also provided a method of measuring a fluid flow rate using the fluid flow rate measuring arrangement as described above.
20.kccording to a third aspect of tIne i.nver.tion tt.e rei s also provided a method of measuring a flow rate of a fluid, tlne method including the steps of providing a fluid flow path, providing a flow restriction orifice in the fluid f.iow path, providing an upstream pressure port on an upstream side of* the flow restriction orifice, providing a downstream pressure port on a downstream side of the flow restriction orifice, connecting a digital pressure measuring device to both the upstream pressure port and the downstream pressure poxt, using* the digital pressure measuring device to measure a pressure difference between the two pressure ports, providing communication between the digital pressure measuring device and an output device at a location remote from tt.e flu.i d flow rate measuring arrangement, and communicating the pressure difference or a value der...ived from the pressure difference, such as a fluid flow rate, calculated from the pressure difference, to that remote output device. :1.0
Preferably, the steps described in the last paragraph (i.e. on page 6, 1 inc 20 to page 7, line 9) occur during a firstt ime interval and wherein, the method further includes, during a second time interval, the steps of connecting an analogue pressure measuring device, such as a manometer, to both the upstream pressure port and the downstream pressure port, so that the analogue pressure measuring device outputs a pressure difference between the two pressure ports, wherein the second time interval. may be ear er or. later than the S rst time interval... This al ows a person on site to check Lhe pressure difference measured by an analogue pressure measuring device and ver.ify the pressure difference measured by the digital measuring device.
More preferably, the method further includes the step of disconnecting the pressure measuring device used in the earl. icr time interval., before the pressure measuring device to be used in the later time interval is connected.
Preferably, the method further includes the steps of providing a second upstream pressure port on the upstream s.ide of the flow restriction orifice, prov...d.ing a second downstream pressure port on the downstream side of the flow restr ction or f.ice, connecting an analogue pressure measur ng device, such as a manometer, to both the second upstream pssure port and the second downstream pressure port, so that the analogue pressure measur ng device outputs a pressure difference between the two second pressure ports. This allows the analogue pressure measuring dcv ice and the digital pressure measuring device to be used at the same time.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is also provided a method of controlling a valve arrangement including the method of measuring a flow rate of a fluid of as described above, the method further including the step of controlling one or more valves of the valve arrangement from the remote location, based on the pressure difference or the value der ved from the pressure difference that was communicated to the remote output device.
Certain features of the invention have been described above only with reference to the arrangement of the invention whilst other features have been described only with reference to the method of* the invention. it should he understood that a feature described in respect of the arrangement may he represented also in a feature of the method and vice versa.
Description of the Drawings
Embodiments of the present.in.vent.i..on wi..11 now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic draw...ngs of which: Figure 1 is a schemati.c view of a El uid El ow rate measuring arrangement according* to a first embodiment; and Figure 2 is a schematic view of a fluid flow rate measuring arrangement according to a second embodiment.
Deta. ed Description
Referring firstt o Figure 1, a fluid flow r te measuring arrangement 100 according to a first embodirrent is shown.
The arrangement 100 comprises a casting 110. The casting 110 has a path through the casting, through which a fluid flow 130 to he measured flows. The path comprises an upstream portion 133 through which an upstream flow 131 -10 -flows, a flow restriction orifice 135 at* *Lhe downstream end of the upstream portion 133 and a downstream portion 134 through which a downstream flow 132 flows.
Coming of.f th.. e upstream portion 133 of the path through the casting are two pressure feeds; an upstream analogue pressure feed 141 and an upstream digital. pressure feed 142. Coming off the downstream portion 134 of the path thr ugh the casting are two pressure feeds; a downstream analogue pressure feed 143 and a downstream digital pressure feed 144.. The pressure feeds are collectively referred by reference numeral 140.
The upstream analogue pressure feed 141 is connected to an upstream analogue pressure tap 141a, such that one end of an analogue pressure measuring device, such as a manometer, (not shown) can he connected. The downstream ana ogue pressure feed 143 is connected to a downstream analogue pressure tap 143a, such that an opposite end of tt.e analogue pressure measuring device (not shown) can he connected.
The upstream digital pressure feed 14.2 and the downstream digital pressure feed 144 are both connected to an elongate channel 120 extending inwards into the casting 110.
A digital pressure sensor device 1.50 is partial. ly -:i. :i. -accommodated in Lhe channel 120. The digital pressure sensor device 150 comprises an elongate portion 151 for insertion in the channel 120 and a body portion 152. The elongate portion 151. contains the pressure sensor for measuring the pressure difference between the f ui.ds in the two pressure feeds 142, 144. The body portion 152 contains electronics associated with the pressure sensor.
The digital pressure sensor device 150 is connected Lo a network communication device (not sh.own) usi.n.g wires (not shown) . The neLwork communicaLion device (noL shown) is th..e n connected over a n..e twork to a reading device (not shown) at a remoLe location (noL shown) in use, a fluid flow 130 flows through the path in the casting 110. Due to the flow restriction 135, the pressure of the fluid in the upstream portion 133 (and hence in upstream anal ogue pressure feed 141. and upstream digital.
pressure feed 142) is at a higher pressure than the fluid in the downstream portIon 134 (and hen.ce in downstream analogue pressure feed 143 and downsLream digiLal pressure feed 144) kn analogue pressure measuring device conn.ected to the two pressure taps l4la and 143a can measure Lhe pressure difference between the upstream analogue pressure feed 1.41.
and the downstream analogue pressure feed 143. The digital pressure sensor device 150 can measure the pressure -12 -difference between the upstream digital pressure feed 142 and the downstream digital pressure feed 144.
The pressure differences measured should be comparable. The pressure difIerence(s) measured can then.. be used to calculate a flow rate of the fluid, as explained above. Ti..is calculation could he done by the electronics in the body port.i.o.n 152 o** the digital. pressure sensor device 150. The flow rate and/or* *Lhe pressure difference and/or another value corresponding to the pressure difference could be outputted by the digital pressure sensor device 150, via the network cornmun cat.ion device, over the network to the remote location.
Referring to Figure 2, a fluid flow rate measuring arrangement 200 according to a second embodiment is shown.
Similar elements to the first embodiment fluid flow measuring arrangement 100 are label led with the same reference numerals hut pre-fixed by a "2." instead of a "1".
The arrangement 200 comprises a casting 210. The casting 210 has a path through the casting, through which a fluid flow 230 to he measured flows. The path comprises an upstream portion 233 through wh.ich an upstream flow 231 flows, a flow restriction orifice 235 at the downstream end of the upstream portion 233 and a downstream portion 234 thr cgh which a downstream flow 232 flows.
-13 -Coming off the upstream poxt ion 233 of the path through the casting is one pressure feed; an upstream pressure feed 245. Coming off the downstream portion 234 of the path through the casting is one pressure feed; a downstream pressure feed 246.
The upstream pressure feed 245 and the downstream pressure feed 246 are both coi.nected to a connector portion 253 of a digital pressure sensor device 250. The digital pressure sensor device 250 also comprises an elongate portion 251 insett ed in the connector portion and a body portion 25? The elongate port..on 251 contains the pressure sensor for measuring* the pressure difference between the fluids in the two pressure feeds 245, 246. The body portion 252 contains electronics associated with the pressure sensor.
The digital pressure sensor device 250 is connected to a network communication dev...ce (not shown) us..ng wires (not shown) . The network communication device (not shown) i.s then connected over a network** to a reading device (not shown) at a remote location (not shown.) En use, a.J uid flow 230 flows th.rough the path in the casting 210. Due to the flow restriction 235, the pressure of the fluid in the upstream portion 233 (and hence in upstream pressure feed 245) is at a higher pressure than the fl.uid in the downstream portion 234 (and hence in -14 -downstream pressure feed 246) The digital pressure sensor device 250 can measure the pressure difference between the upstream pressure feed 245 and th..e downstream pressure f.eed 246.
The pressure difference measured can then he used to calculate a flow rate of the fluid, as explained above.
This calculation could be done by the electronics in the body portion 252 of the di.g tal pressure sensor device 250.
The flow rate and/o* the pressure difference and/or another value correspon ing to the pressure difference could he outputted by the digital pressure sensor device 250, via the network communication device, over the network to the remote location.
in addition, the connector portion 253 of the digital pressure sensor device 250 could be disconnected and instead an analogue pressure measuring device (not shown) could he connected to the ends of the two pressure feeds 245, 246. The analogue pressure measuring device could then measure the pressure difference between the upstream pressure feed 245 and the downstream pressure feed 246.
Th s could be used to verify the pressure difference measured by the digital pressure sensor device 250.
Whilst the present invention has been described and illustrated with reference to particular embodiments, it -15 -will he appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the invention lends itself to many different variations not specifically illustrated herein.
For example, the flow restriction orifice 135/235 could be a fixed orifice flow restriction. Alternatively, it cou.l d be a variab e orif cc flow restriction. if a variable orifice flow restriction i.s used, the orl..ce would generally be kept at a set orifice opening amount and would act, in use, 3 ke a f xed orif cc f...low restri ction.
Where,.in the foregoing description, integers or
elements are mentioned which have known, obvious or foreseeable equivalents, then such equivalents are herein incorporated as if individually set forth. Reference should be made to the claims for determining the true scope of the present invention, which should be construed so as to encompass any such equivalents. It will also be appreciated by the reader that integers or features of the invention that are descr bed as preferable, advantageous, conven..ient or the like are optional and do not limit the scope of the independent claims.
Claims (12)
- -16 -Claims: 1. A fluid flow rate measuring arrangement comprising: -a fluid flow path, -a flow restriction orifice in the fluid flow path, -an upstream pressure port on an upstream side of the flow restriction orifice, -a downstream pressure port on a downstream side of the flow restriction orifice, and -a digital pressure measuring device connected to both the upstream pressure port and the downstream pressure port, wherein the digital pressure measuring device is arranged to measure a pressure difference between the two pressure ports, wherein the digital pressure measuring device is in communication with an output device at a location remote from the fluid flow rate measuring arrangement such that the pressure difference, or a value derived from the pressure difference, such as a fluid flow rate, can be communicated to that remote output device.
- 2. A fluid flow rate measuring arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the arrangement comprises a valve casting, through which the fluid flow path is provided and wherein the valve casting comprises a channel extending from an external surface of the valve casting to an internal region of the valve casting, and wherein the upstream pressure port and the downstream pressure port are connected to the interior region of the channel.-17 -
- 3. A fluid flow rate measuring arrangement according to claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the digital pressure measuring device is accommodated in the channel such that it is connected to both the upstream pressure port and the downstream pressure port.
- 4. A fluid flow rate measuring arrangement according to claim 3, wherein the channel is straight and elongate and accommodates a straight and elongate portion of the digital pressure measuring device.
- 5. A fluid flow rate measuring arrangement according to any preceding claim, wherein the arrangement further comprises: -a second upstream pressure port on the upstream side of the flow restriction orifice, -a second downstream pressure port on the downstream side of the flow restriction orifice, -the two second pressure ports being arranged to be connected to an analogue pressure measuring device, such as a manometer.
- 6. A fluid flow rate measuring arrangement according to claim 5, wherein the arrangement comprises an analogue pressure measuring device, such as a manometer, connected to both the second upstream pressure port and the second downstream pressure port, wherein the analogue pressure -18 -measuring device is arranged to output a pressure difference between the two second pressure ports.
- 7. A method of measuring a fluid flow rate using the fluid flow rate measuring arrangement of any preceding claim.
- 8. A method cf measuring a flcw rate of a fluid, the method including the steps of: -providing a fluid flow path, -providing a flow restriction orifice in the fluid flow path, -providing an upstream pressure port on an upstream side of the flow restriction orifice, -providing a downstream pressure port on a downstream side of the flow restriction orifice, -connecting a digital pressure measuring device to both the upstream pressure port and the downstream pressure port, -using the digital pressure measuring device to measure a pressure difference between the two pressure ports, -providing communication between the digital pressure measuring device and an output device at a location remote from the fluid flow rate measuring arrangement, and -communicating the pressure difference or a value derived from the pressure difference, such as a fluid flow rate, calculated from the pressure difference, to that remote output device.-19 -
- 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the steps in claim 8 occur during a first time interval and wherein, the method further includes, during a seccnd time interval, the steps of: -connecting an analogue pressure measuring device, such as a manometer, to both the upstream pressure port and the dcwnstream pressure port, sc that the analogue pressure measuring device outputs a pressure difference between the two pressure ports, wherein the second time interval may be earlier or later than the first time interval.
- 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the method further includes the step of disconnecting the pressure measuring device used in the earlier time interval, before the pressure measuring device to be used in the later time interval is connected.
- 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the method further includes the steps of: -providing a second upstream pressure port on the upstream side of the flow restriction orifice, -providing a second downstream pressure port on the downstream side of the flow restriction orifice, -connecting an analogue pressure measuring device, such as a manometer, to both the second upstream pressure port and the second downstream pressure port, so that the -20 -analogue pressure measuring device outputs a pressure difference between the two second pressure ports.
- 12. A method of controlling a valve arrangement including the method of measuring a flow rate of a fluid of any of claims 7 to 11, the method further including the step of: -controlling one or more valves of the valve arrangement from the remote location, based on the pressure difference or the value derived from the pressure difference that was communicated to the remote output device.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB201308422A GB2513903A (en) | 2013-05-10 | 2013-05-10 | An improved fluid flow rate measuring arrangement |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB201308422A GB2513903A (en) | 2013-05-10 | 2013-05-10 | An improved fluid flow rate measuring arrangement |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB201308422D0 GB201308422D0 (en) | 2013-06-19 |
| GB2513903A true GB2513903A (en) | 2014-11-12 |
Family
ID=48672110
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB201308422A Withdrawn GB2513903A (en) | 2013-05-10 | 2013-05-10 | An improved fluid flow rate measuring arrangement |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2513903A (en) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20050258959A1 (en) * | 2004-05-19 | 2005-11-24 | Rosemount Inc. | Process transmitter with a plurality of operating modes |
| US20070225934A1 (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2007-09-27 | Yokogawa Electric Corporation | Measuring apparatus |
| US20080245158A1 (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2008-10-09 | Rosemount Inc. | Flangeless differential pressure transmitter for industrial process control systems |
| US20120006119A1 (en) * | 2010-07-12 | 2012-01-12 | Broden David A | Differential pressure transmitter with complimentary dual absolute pressure sensors |
-
2013
- 2013-05-10 GB GB201308422A patent/GB2513903A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20050258959A1 (en) * | 2004-05-19 | 2005-11-24 | Rosemount Inc. | Process transmitter with a plurality of operating modes |
| US20070225934A1 (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2007-09-27 | Yokogawa Electric Corporation | Measuring apparatus |
| US20080245158A1 (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2008-10-09 | Rosemount Inc. | Flangeless differential pressure transmitter for industrial process control systems |
| US20120006119A1 (en) * | 2010-07-12 | 2012-01-12 | Broden David A | Differential pressure transmitter with complimentary dual absolute pressure sensors |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB201308422D0 (en) | 2013-06-19 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |