GB2508577A - DC power system including DC alternator and renewable energy sources - Google Patents

Abstract

A DC power system includes a DC generator/alternator, other energy sources and storage devices. The DC generator may be powered by diesel, gas or bio-fuel, the energy sources may be renewable such as solar or wind, or may be a fuel cell or an electricity grid, the energy storage may be a battery bank. The generator may be controlled solely according to the charging requirements of the battery. The arrangement is intended to ensure continuous power supply and maximum renewable energy utilisation. A thermal management system may be provided where the equipment is segregated into different temperature zones. A secure enclosure may be provided to house the system.

Description

Title: HYbrid Energy Station Prepared for: Intellectual Property Office, United Kingdom C') Prepared by: Mr Alan Smyth Engineering Manager (\J Hybrid Energy Solutions Kilkenny, Ireland Document Prepared: Tuesday, 29 January 2013

1. Background

Li. Objective

2. Statement of Invention

2.1. Advantages

3. Detailed Description

4. State oftheArt 4.1. General Motors 4.2. NEC Corporation 4.3. Tsarev, et al. 4.4. Tulie, Cheasley.

S. Inventive Step 5.1. Identification of Cut-off Point 5.2. Secure enclosure 5.3. DC Distribution Bus CYD 5.4. DC Hybrid System; optimised and advanced state of the art 5.5. Thermal Segregation of equipment in Telecoms Application 5.6. Adaptation of Battery Management System 0 5.7. Performance Monitoring System

6. Field of Application

(\J 6.1. Community power 6.2. Stationary equipment power supply 6.3. Peak demand reduction

6.4. Field Hospital

7. Claims

8. Summary

9. Photos 10. Abstract

1. Background

Hybrid Energy have developed a novel system combining renewable power generation, dispatchable power generation, energy storage and load management to provide a stable power source which can operate in harsh conditions to supply efficient, low voltage power to a consumer on a continuous basis.

Demand for continuous supply of efficient, renewable energy is widespread, but some examples of typical small consumers are off grid cell towers and remote communities without access to mains power.

This invention meets their needs where demand is relatively low and conventional mains power is not available.

Utilising the specific properties of photovoltaic cells and Lithium Ion batteries to efficiently and cost effectively capture solar energy and store as electrical charge, energy costs and C) environmental impact are reduced. Specific challenges overcome in unique ways and novel uses for this technology are described here. r

0 1.1 Objective Q') This document sets out the current state of the art in this field and examines Hybrid's further (4 development of the state of the art with a view to describing and defining exactly what technological developments have been achieved for the purposes of securing a patent on these developments.

2. Statement of Invention

The invention comprises: * One or more renewable power sources o Solar o wind o Bio fuel powered generator * One or more dispatchable power source o Diesel/gas/bio fuel generator o Electrical utility o Fuel cell o Hydroelectric * One or more energy Storage device o Lithium Ion battery o Lead acid battery o Flywheel * A robust and secure enclosure, resistant to extreme environments, vandalism, theft.

* Control system * Power distribution system The entire system is easily scalable to cater for a wide variety of load/supply scenarios.

* Micro: 5 kw for small remote telecoms consumers * Mini: 10-100kw will supply a remote village including hospital, water pump/treatment etc * Macro: 1,000kw will cater for large machinery, power supply to large public gatherings/performances etc. C') One embodiment of the Invention, generally called a Hybrid Energy Station (HES), consists of the 0 controls, power distribution, Lion battery and DC generator on a secure enclosure. Renewable Q') power is fed in from a locally mounted PV array, whose maximum power point is matched to the battery pack's operating voltage. This results in maximum charging efficiency.

This allows the PV array to charge the batteries unregulated, with the max charge monitored by the control system and simply disconnecting the power supply when maximum battery pack state of charge is reached. If PV power availability is insufficient to keep battery SOC above the minimum SOC setpoint, the DC generator will cut in to charge the battery. This ensures fuel is only used to replenish energy stores when there is no solar alternative, making the most of renewable energy where available. Other com peting systems use only diesel engines for power, or use solar power through inefficient regulator/chargers, reducing the energy available for storage and use by the load.

The power distribution system consists of a 48V DC bus at battery voltage. All loads and supplies are fed onto this bus, with the balance of power flowing to or from the battery pack.

This way, depending on conditions and availability of renewable power, DC generator power may rarely be called upon. This has great cost advantages over traditional methods of supplying power to consumers in remote locations where standard diesel generators would usually be used, operating on a continuous basis.

AC loads can be fed from an inverter connected to the DC bus.

2.1 Advantages C') This invention offers the following advantages over currently known equipment: * Reliable; battery system provides power reserve in case of low solar output or malfunction of diesel engine * Efficient; reduced fuel consumption over traditional AC generator * Secure; theft of components or fuel is reduced due to secure construction * Safe; low voltage levels reduces risk of injury during installation/maintenance/operation * Renewable; if sufficient renewable power is available from solar or wind

3. Detailed Description

One embodiment of the invention comprises a diesel generator fitted with a permanent magnet alternator charging a battery pack through a diode bridge rectifier. Solar panels also feed into the battery pack, while the load is connected in parallel. A control system supervises the engine and battery pack operation to ensure optimal functionality.

Refer to Figure 1 See also photos in Section 9 See below HES4 technical specification for further description: The DC Hybrid Energy Station isa self contained, self charging UPS system providing 48-57 Volts DC and 220 -240 Volts AC. The Hybrid Energy Station is delivered in a safe and Iughly secure ste& enclosure. Coniprising an engine and alternator conibination, and a sophisticated controls system, the Hybrid Energy Station also has options for Solar and Wind power generation to re-charge the Energy Station through various charge cycle options. The highly efficient HES 4 offers significant fuel savings, lower maintenance costs and lower Carbon Emissions. Higher overall reliability due to a balanced design to meet the Telecoms Systems load profiles. The HES 4 has integrated state of the art technologies with a modular design enabling the Hybrid Energy Station to offer unprecedented flexibility, operational savings and reduction in Carbon Emissions.

1.1 Output minimum (Load) KWs 1.2 Output niaxinium (Load) KWs 8KW Co ____________________ 1.3 DC Voltage Range DC Volts 46-ôOVolts DC r 1.4 AC Voltage Range Vots AC 220-240 Volts AC Refer fuel data 1.5 Fuel Consuniption iArs.ilr aI) sheet 04 IIIE.NtL*.IOW.: High security steel contsructed 2.1 Standard enclosure Compartmenlalized battery & engine 2.1.1 Standard compartments 2.1.2 Integral fuel tank Standard Ltrs 600Ltrs 2.1.3 Fork Lift pockets Standard 2.1.4 Accoustics (Sound Levels) Standard dba <75 @ 1 mtr 2.1.5 Thermally insulated Standard Modular construction to allow for 2.1.6. . . Standard additional capacity up to 30KW Other sizes available for housing BTS 2.1.7. Optional and telecoms equipment 2.1.8 Battery Compartment air conditioned Optional 2.1.9 Brackets for Solar array Optional 3.1 Engine Type 3.1.1 Isuzu 3CA1 Standard 1KW 8kw 3.1.2 Optinmm engine speed Standard rpm 1800 rpm 3.1.3 Engine speed range Standard 1500-1800 rpm 3.1.4 Number of cylinders Standard Type 3 Cylinder Diesel 0.9 Litre Cubic 3.1.5 Engine capacity CC Standard Capacity Capacity Temperature 3.1.6 Battery charge cycle Standard Charging Compensated 3.1.7 Prequencyofoilchanges Standard Di SOOHours Change C') . Oil 3.1.8 Total engine oil capacity Standard Capacity 3 Litres 3.2 Alternator Permanent 3.2.1 8000 Series Permanent Magnet Standard Q') magnet 3.2.2 Alternator output range Standard KW 2-8 1KW 32 pole high 3.2.3 Quantityofpoleswithinthealternator Standard QtyPoles Direct engine 3.2.4 Alternator mounting type Standard mounted Integral slip rings 3.2.5 Slip rings and diodes configuration Standard -and diodes Efficiency up to 94% 3.2.6 Alternator efficiency Standard % efficiency 3.3 Radiator Standard 3.3.1 High efficient all Aluminium radiator Standard 3.4 S000 W pure sine wave power Standard inverter 3.4.1 5kw continous -10kW peak Standard Low/over voltage, short circuit, 3.4.2 overload, over temperature, short Standard circuit protection 3.4.3 Operating temperatures Standard Range (-5°to ÷60°C) 3.4.4 Soft Start Function Standard 4.1 Integral series 250 controller Standard 4.1.1 Complete engine, alternator and Standard battery controls 4.1.2 Temperature compensated battery Standard charging 4.1.3 System logs for each charge cycle Standard 4.1.4 Maintenance scheduling Standard Alarms and fault conditions for the 4.1.5. Standard engine, alternator & battery bank Smartbox remote communications r-4.2. Standard device.

4.2.1 50/90O/t80O/t90O Mhz) Standard 4.2.2 DS card reader Standard 4.2.3 2 serial ports including RS485 support Standard 4.2.4 Full Modbus slave support Standard 4.2.5 Full Modhus master Standard 4.2.6 1-wire bus connection Standard 4.2.7 Full support for FTP and SMTP (Email Standard with attachment) 4.2.8 66-channels super GPS receiver Standard 4.2.9 On board high capacity Lithium Ion Standard battery (1900 mAH) Temperature sensor, piezo buzzer, 4.2.10 vibration sensor with adjustable Standard sensitivity Highly expandable: Bluetooth smart 4.2.11 antenna) VGA camera module, Mobile Standard data terminal WIFi and ethernet : 48 Volt deep cycle VRLA battery bank 400-600 amp 5.1 Standard (Pure lead battery) hour Technical data 5.2 Lithium Ion Battery Optional provided seperately UL & CE 5.3 Advanced AGM technology Standard Approved 5.4 Certified for air transportation Standard 5.5 20 year design life Standard 5.6 Battery safety valve Standard 5.7 Fully re-cycleable Standard -Technical data -i-Hybrid battery management system 5.8 Optional provided for the Lithium Ion battery seperately r 0 f:.I11st1rftftft 6.1 Standard with silencer FAT -Factory acceptance test will be 7.1. Optional provided as per an agreed schedule Training can be provided on all aspects 7.2 of the Hybrid Energy Solution on Optional agreed terms Documentation to be included with the 8.1 purchase of the Hybrid Energy Standard Solution User manual and erection manual 8.1.1. Standard

specifications.

Maintenance manual / documentation.

8.1.2 (lO&M) Standard 8.1.3 Test results (FAT, SAT) Standard 8.1.4 Spare parts list. Standard Refer to Figure 2 4. State of the Art A literature search reveals work has been carried out in this area by: 4.1. General Motors 1U52011297204A1] * GM used PV arrays with maximum power point matched to the Lithium Ion pack voltage to provide a self-regulating effect.

C') * Charge current drops quickly once battery pack voltage rises, indicating fully charged.

* Refer to Figure 3 * Refer to Figure 4 * They also incorporated a cut-off relay to stop charging the cells once the voltage rose 0) above a set value.

* The Hybrid Energy Station described here uses some of these features, but has more advanced control of the battery pack state through the integration of the battery management system.

4.2. NEC Corporation [US2009266397411 * Multiple distributed storage batteries * Soc identification and control * Refer to Figure 5 * The Hybrid Energy Station uses SOC as an indicator for controlling the charging, but uses two separate cutoff points. One for charging via dispatchable power and a higher value for solar charging. This ensures maximum utilisation of solar energy.

4.3. Tsarev, et al. [EP2187048A1] * Wind and solar (thermal) storage * Refer to Figure 6 * This concept combines various energy sources, but stores it thermally.

4.4. Tulie, Cheasley. [c3B2482114A] * DC micro grid * Central power management * Refer to Figure 7 * This system manages power centrally, where the Hybrid Energy Station has a distributed control system.

4.5. Ascot[CN1020645901 * Hybrid DC generator * Self-excited alternator * Batteries (lead acid), control unit, generator * Reduced fuel consumption over AC genset C') * Recharges at regular time intervals * This system uses a different alternator technology, reducing efficiency. r

o * Charging is based on a schedule, where the Hybrid Energy Station uses battery state of charge to control charging of batteries.

* There is no facility to include renewable power sources.

Sum ma ry: The Hybrid Energy Station takes developments in matching solar panels to batteries and takes the concept further, with more sophisticated identification of the charge cut-off point. It takes the concepts of minimum and maximum state of charge, but implements it in a more complex system with separate cut-off points for different charge sources. Other hybrid systems use less efficient battery charging methods and electrical generators.

5. Inventive Step Hybrid Energy have implemented the state of the art technique, and developed it further to offer significant advantages.

5.1. Identification of cut-off point * Pack voltage alone is not a good indication of state of charge for a Lithium Ion battery pack. This can be influenced by temperature, cyclic history, age and other factors.

* Incorrect identification of cut-off point will reduce battery life.

* The Hybrid System uses a complex algorithm which considers all the above factors on an individual cell basis to compute the optimum charge cut-off point.

* State of charge drift points contribute to this calculation.

* This is a further development of the art as given by General Motors in the literature review.

* This gives longer battery life and therefore reduces the operational cost of the system.

* The minimum and maximum setpoints implemented are very different to those commonly used in other applications, such as automotive.

* Most work with Li Ion batteries and charging has focussed on automotive applications.

5.2. Secure enclosure C) * Operates in Harsh Environment o Desert o vandalism 0 o Fuel and battery theft Q') o Air conditioned compartment * Applies security features of a Standard Intermodal Freight Container to the HYbrid Energy Station. New features developed for this application such as secure engine access hatch and rear access door for battery compartment.

* Advanced cooling system and layout * Insulated against heat gain and loss.

* Quiet 5.3 DC Distribution Bus * Distributed -one piece of equipment is simply linked to the next, no need to wire everything back to one point * Uncontrolled -no losses in power conversion * Expandable -more power consumers or sources can be added * Capable of large distance by increasing voltage level 5.4 DC Hybrid System; optimised and advanced state of the art * Engine works at most fuel efficient rev range, independent of battery state of charge.

This is different from other hybrid manufacturers who adjust engine speed during charging.

* Permanent magnet alternator increases electrical efficiency over other known hybrid generators.

* Renewable energy sources integrated into Hybrid system * Batteries do not constrain engine from operating at maximum efficiency * Secure enclosure * Lithium Ion Batteries o Sealed, no dangerous acid top up required and potential for leakage/pollution avoided o Longer life o Can accept high charge currents, allow the DC generator to run at the most fuel CD efficient output level without damaging the battery i-'-0 Can accept input from PV source without control systems o Ability to utilise more capacity without reducing battery life 0 o Ability to operate at higher temperature compared with lead acid Q') o Yttrium chemistry stabilises battery voltage at higher levels at partial SOC.

* Charging current triggered by battery state of charge, not time schedule like Ascot's patent 5.5 Thermal Segregation of equipment in Telecoms Application The standard power supply solution for telecoms BTS applications involves large air conditioned shelters containing backup batteries, BTS, AC generator, rectifier. Compact outdoor shelters are frequently being adapted as they can be more effectively insulated and air conditioned.

This can save 40% energy consumption on standard shelters. By utilising a Hybrid DC energy supply, batteries are removed from BTS shelter and brought into the insulated compartment on the Hybrid unit, allowing air conditioning temperature to be raised in the shelter. More efficient DC air conditioning units can then be used in the Hybrid unit and the shelter, reducing energy consumption further. Sometimes A/C can be deleted from the shelter all together, saving further energy.

Example A/C setpoints for various equipment: o BTS equipment only need to be maintained at 35-45 C o Lead acid batteries need to be maintained at 25 C o Power electronics need to be maintained 40-SOC o Lithium Ion Batteries need to be maintained 35 C As can be seen, by removing existing lead acid batteries from hut, air conditioning setpoint can be raised from 25t to 35'C. Using lithium ion batteries in Hybrid unit means setpoint can be as high as 35'C. Therefore the overall cooling capacity required is greatly reduced. This can be provided very efficiently by a hybrid thermo syphon and DC air conditioner.

Also) the shelter rectifier is no longer required, reducing power losses and heat build-up.

Within the hybrid unit, the equipment is laid out to optimise air conditioning efficiency. Batteries are located in the Refer to Figure 8 coldest zone of the air conditioned compartment, with r C less temperature sensitive control systems in the warmer' zone.

This system leads to _______________________________________________________________ a novel design of combined Hybrid Energy Station and BTS cabinet; the Hybrid Cabinet. The BTS cabinet is built as another module on the side of the HES electrical cabinet, connected to the same air circulation system, with airflow managed and routed in such a way as to pass cold air over the batteries, BTS equipment and electrical controls in that order, with increasing temperature.

The controls will maintain the temperature setpoint in the battery compartment, as this is most critical. Downstream equipment can withstand wider temperature tolerances.

Thermal segregation, combined with the reduction of fuel consumption associated with the Hybrid Energy Station, greatly reduce the energy demands, and therefore operating costs of a BTS station.

Other additional factors which enable and influence this cooling mode are: * AT, the difference between the cold air out and warm air returning to the air conditioner is an indication of cooling load at any time, once volumetric flow remains constant. Flow is kept low, in order to raise T, thus using the minimum of fan power to circulate the cooling fluid (air).

* Eliminate leaks, brush grommets at penetration. Air leaks or shortcuts' between cold areas to warmer ones reduces the effectiveness of the system at cooling the equipment.

Therefore efforts are taken to seal all apertures or penetrations within the enclosure.

* Insulation reduces the heat gain from the external environment. The air conditioned spaces in the HES are insulated using similar materials to an industrial fridge. Doors and access panels are also sealed with rubber profile seals.

* Where the cooling pathway is long and/or has substantial pressure drop, an additional fan is used to reduce the system pressure drop experienced by the air conditioner fan and maintain the desired air flow.

* In keeping with the modular system, special vent kits have been designed to allow installation of ventilation openings between compartments at specially designed locations, to enable controlled coolant flow. C')

Innovative cooling hardware solutions are used to cool the air within the air conditioned zone: o Free air cooling utilising a thermo syphon allows reduced energy consumption where ambient temperature is low. This has many advantages over cooling using external fresh air as there is no danger of introducing dust, dirt and humidity into the compartment.

o Energy efficient DC air conditioning. No inrush current from AC motor start, requiring larger, less efficient engine and alternator to supply. Output is variable to maintain desired temperature under varying conditions.

o Hybrid thermo syphon and DC air conditioning option allows advantages of thermo syphon when ambient temperature is low (eg at night) with the efficient heat rejection ability of DC air conditioning at high ambient temperature.

Built in redundancy in the event of failure of either system. Even if A/C fails, thermo syphon can ensure temperature never exceeds critical values.

5.6 Adaptation of Battery Management System for use in Critical Stationary Power Systems A battery management system monitors individual cells to ensure optimum charging and cell balancing. It protects the battery pack and controls how it is charged. All commercially available systems are designed for electric vehicles, so we had to adapt one to our stationary application. In this application, the BMS runs all the time, not just during charging or discharging. This allows cell balancing to take place continuously, as the charge/discharge cycle gives a high potential for cell imbalance.

Cells are monitored and state of charge determined as per an automotive application.

However, the Hybrid application does not have separate identifiable charging and discharging modes, as both can occur simultaneously. Therefore the wiring had to be modified so that the functionality of both modes was available simultaneously. However, in this application, the load cannot be controlled as in an automotive application, as the load is mission critical' and takes priority over battery protection. The only load control available is a load cut-off, used only when the battery is completely discharged, to prevent catastrophic battery damage.

Charge current limitation is eliminated, as this would have a negative impact on fuel efficiency C') and the maximum current in our application is within safe limits for the battery.

The software has been modified to optimise it for the Hybrid application, and calibrate the C analogue outputs to match the engine management system used.

0') The function of the Charge Safety Relay is different to the standard automotive application.

We have introduced a second cut-off setting whereby the Charge Safety Relay, which controls the solar input, remains on when the DC generator stops charging, and will not cut out unless the Soc rises further. As standard, this relay shuts off all charge once the pre-set level is reached. This modification increases the energy available from the solar system while still protecting the battery from over charging.

5.7 Performance Monitoring System With battery management and engine management functions carried out by two separate systems, it is advantageous to have a supervisory monitoring system to enable remote monitoring of the entire system's functions and adjustment of settings from a single software tool. Therefore we use a small computer connected simultaneously to the Canbus and Modbus networks to monitor all system running parameters and report through a web based portal.

This relays the following information: * Location * Acceleration * Battery parameters * Engine parameters * Fuel parameters * Service person ID * Video Using this tool, we are able to read data from the Canbus and Modbus networks and communicate with battery and engine management systems. Alarms can be relayed to a monitoring station, and settings changed remotely to resolve any issues flagged.

6. Field of Application

C') This invention forms a key component of Hybrid Energy Solutions business proposition. Hybrid Energy aim to reduce client's fuel consumption and emissions through the following actions: r 1. Make load as low and efficient as possible in order to downsize generation system and invest in green technology reducing LCC dramatically.

2. Increase asset life Swap; 3 year equipment with 10-15 year equipment.

3. Design system for new lower load with following objective ranking: * Reliability.

* Flexibility. Modular expandable.

* Integration of renewables * Storage * Minimal generator run time.

* Flexible output independent of battery system The invention described herein addresses points 2 and 3 above.

The charge identification system can be applied in any mobile or stationary battery charging application. It was specifically developed for stationary hybrid power supply units using PV cells to store energy in a battery pack, supplemented by other forms of dispatchable energy. Eg DC generator.

In this situation, the same algorithm will identify the optimum charging cycle for the DC generator, or any other power source.

Equally, this could be applied to charging electric vehicles.

Some examples of possible applications are given below: 61. Community power We can generate DC Power at medium / high voltages from centralized PV farms and deliver over long distances very efficiently, without the use of solar controllers. We can install local hubs of Li Ion storage with small embedded DC generation (Energy Station) and push through an inverter to deliver cost effective community power. The storage allows us to generate from PV during low demand daytime periods when PV input is high and deliver when demand is high for CYD community power applications at night. We can easily incorporate DC power from other sources, wind, hydro, biogas etc. The novelty is embedding storage and efficient DC generation locally to level out the profile and offer the high reliability that local embedded generation / C storage offers. Using 48 VDC voltage also has safety advantages in communities without experience and safe practices working on and operating higher voltage systems.

Refer to Figure 9 6.2 Stationary equipment power supply Hybrid Energy Station for construction. Utilizing the battery to level out the peaky demand profile when powering motors for water pumping or for tower crane operation allows you to utilize a suitably sized engine and not oversize the engine to cater for motor starts. This results in greater fuel efficiency.

Hybrid Energy Station for telecommunication industry. The HES is ideally suited to supply a small continuous load to a mobile phone transmitter located away from reliable grid power.

Renewable energy is the primary power source with balance supplied by dispatchable power where needed.

Refer to Figure 10 6.3. Peak demand reduction Hybrid Energy station for applications such as entertainment events where load is extremely low for several days during rigging of stages with high peaks covering the short high demand period.

Energy produced during off peak is stored ad delivered during the peak demand, thus flattening' the demand profile. This allows the utility grid to operate more efficiently if it is connected, or more modest sized power generation equipment to be utilised, resulting in higher operational efficiency.

Inversely, the same equipment can be used to minimise noise creation due to engine running during certain times, i.e. at night, during performances.

Refer to Figure 11 C')

6.4 Field Hospital r

C Stable power supply, including secure air conditioned compartment for storage of temperature sensitive medicines etc. C" RefertoFigurel2

Claims (1)

1. 7. Claims 1 A DC hybrid power system consisting a DC alternator along with other energy sources and storage devices.

   2 An integrated system which increases energy efficiency by combining power from renewable and dispatchable sources to ensure continuous power supply and maximum renewable energy utilisation.

   3 An integrated system as above characterised by the generator dispatch regime being determined solely by the charging requirements of the battery.

   4 A process for identifying the correct charge cutoff points independently for different charge sources.

   A battery management system for a DC hybrid system with separate charge cut-off points for renewable and non-renewable charge sources.

   6 A thermal management system for a DC hybrid system characterised by segregation of equipment into different temperature zones and optimised cooling equipment.

   7 An integrated system as above characterised the inclusion of a thermal management system rC according to the description in this document.

   8 An integrated system as above characterised by the use of a permanent magnet alternator.

   (\J 9 An integrated system as above characterised by the use of a fuel cell as a power source.

   An integrated system as above characterised by the integration with PV cells to be used to supply power without a dedicated solar controller.

   11 An integrated system as above characterised by a highly secure specialist enclosure including air conditioned compartment.

   12 Efficient use of an energy storage device to harness renewable energy without the use of inefficient controllers or power electronics.13 Design of a secure enclosure to house a Hybrid Energy Station and enable itto operate reliably in hostile environments.3. SummaryThe existing state-of-the-art has been progressed by combining the advantages of the existing systems, improving many areas and packaging the system in a format which is deployable in harsh environments where power is critically needed.This invention is flexible by design, adaptable to provide efficient reliable power in every environment.9. Photos Refer to Figure 13 Hybrid Energy Station fitted with a solar array, provising zero emission power and reducing solar gain to Hybrid Energy Station. Thus air conditioning load is reduced.Refer to Figure 14 HYbrid Energy Station is fitted beside a typical outdoor BTS cabinet, to which it supplied power. C')Refer to Figure 15 r 0 Hybrid Energy Station secure enclosure, viewed from outside. 0)Refer to Figure 16 Functional parts of the Hybrid Energy Station.