GB2489603A

GB2489603A - Minimising damage to buildings due to earthquake

Info

Publication number: GB2489603A
Application number: GB1205667.7A
Authority: GB
Inventors: David Michael Reid
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2011-04-01
Filing date: 2012-03-30
Publication date: 2012-10-03
Also published as: GB2505100A; GB201318227D0; GB201205667D0; WO2012131392A2; WO2012131392A3

Abstract

An apparatus adapted to improve the integrity of a building structure comprising a plurality of connected components subject to vibrational loading, the apparatus comprising: at least one connector having holding means adapted to rigidly connect two or more components of the structure, wherein, in response to the vibrational loading exceeding a predetermined threshold value or parameter, the holding means is movable to release the rigid connection between the two or more components to inhibit damage to the building structure due to the vibrational activity. Also disclosed are: a method of measuring vibrational activity and initiating countermeasure means, a structural member comprising a plurality of longitudinal bamboo members, a structural member comprising an elongate body portion and a tension member, a joint device comprising a flexible member being a layer of curable material, for wrapping around two components to be joined and a dispensing apparatus comprising a housing and a nozzle.

Description

Methods and Apparatus for Improving the Integrity of Building Structures The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for improving or managing the integrity of building structures and components, such as buildings, bridges, road and rail ways and the like and associated components. In particular, but not exclusively, the invention relates to improving the integrity of building structures subject to vibrational loading, such as due to seismic activity; or using novel materials, material configurations or joints to improve the integrity of building structures.

An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves which can be measured using a device such as a seismometer.

The majority of earthquakes originate at depths in the order of tens of kilometres. The solid rock supports two fundamental types of seismic waves: P-waves and S-waves.

Earthquake ruptures typically propagate at velocities around the transverse secondary wave (S-wave) velocity. In solid rock, the longitudinal primary waves (P-waves) propagating towards the Earth's surface travel at about 6 to 7 kilometres per second. A seismic wave field may also contain other waves at the surface of the Earth. Rayleigh and Love waves travel along a solid-air interface at the Earth's surface and can be theoretically explained in terms of interacting P-and/or S-waves. Surface waves travel more slowly than P-waves and S-waves, but can be much larger in amplitude and can be the largest signals measured in earthquake seismograms.

Vibrations due to earthquakes affect base structural components at the foundation of a building structure. These, in turn, can adversely affect any other structural or non-structural components which are directly or indirectly rigidly connected to the base components. These types of disturbance can cause damage to, or even the collapse of, the structure. Non-structural components of buildings, such as external cladding, electrical plant, HVAC equipment, windows and ceilings are also typically rigidly connected to the building. These non-structural components typically represent around seventy per cent of a building value. In particular, cladding may be damaged during an earthquake and facade elements of the structure can be distorted and shaken free from the exterior surface of the structure which can be a hazard.

Various techniques are used for earthquake prediction, although none are capable of producing actionable event warnings. An earthquake warning system comprises accelerometers, communication networks and alarms for regional notification of an earthquake while it is in progress. Its purpose is to warn local people so they can take appropriate action. Being located on the Earth's surface, they can at best provide a few second's notice before the build up to a major seismic event, such as by sensing the P-waves in advance of the generation of the other types of waves.

Conventional earthquake engineering attempts to model the impact of seismic activity on structures and design the structures to be able to withstand the vibrations.

Therefore, the configuration of the structure does not change before, during or after the earthquake. It is not known to measure seismic activity at a structure or group of structures and, in response to seismic activity, prepare or modify the structure to better withstand the activity. A common approach in earthquake engineering is the use of dampers to dissipate vibrations or absorb resonant frequencies.

Even structures built to withstand earthquakes are constructed in the conventional manner of rigidly connecting structural components using compression fixings or welding. It is known that many types of conventional fasteners can become loose when subject to vibrational loading. The known solution is to use anti-vibrational fasteners.

An underused material for structural components is bamboo. It is widely available as there are more than 1500 species of the material growing in diverse terrains from sea level to high altitude on every continent except the poles. It grows quickly, with some species growing one and a half meters a day. Bamboo is one of the world's strongest natural building materials. It has a tensile strength superior to mild steel and a weight-to-strength ratio surpassing that of graphite. The material is strong in both tension and compression; the tensile strength remains the same throughout the age of the bamboo plant, and compressive strength actually increases as it gets older.

Bamboo has a smooth rigid outer case and an inner flexible hollow core. However, lengths of bamboo are weakest across their nodal joints which occur regularly along each length. Because of this, individual lengths of bamboo have performed inconsistently in structural tests. This has led to international controversy in determining proper testing protocols for natural bamboo, which has undermined its industrial use and applications in territories where dependable performance is necessary.

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of improving the integrity of a building structure comprising a plurality of connected components in response to vibrational loading, the method comprising: measuring vibrational activity at a lateral location at or near the building structure; in response to the measured vibrational activity exceeding a predetermined threshold value or parameter, initiating countermeasure means provided at the building structure to inhibit damage to the building structure due to vibrational loading.

The method may include measuring vibrational activity at a depth location which is spaced apart from the building structure. The method may include forming a bore in the Earth at the lateral location and locating a vibrational sensor within the bore such that it is at the depth location. Alternatively, the method may include measuring vibrational activity at the Earths surface. Alternatively, the measurement of vibrational activity may be derived from an earthquake prediction technique.

The measured vibrational activity may comprise a vibrational load, acceleration or displacement in terms of amplitude and/or frequency.

The method may include adapting the sensor to sense vibrational activity, such as P-waves, which first reach the sensor. The predetermined threshold value or parameter may be a particular component of measured vibrational activity, such as P-waves. The predetermined threshold value or parameter may be a rate of change of a value.

The method may include electrically connecting the vibrational sensor and the countermeasure means. In response to the measured vibrational activity exceeding the predetermined threshold value or parameter, the electrical signal from the vibrational sensor will be received, and the countermeasure means can be initiated, in advance of the vibrational activity at the sensor reaching the building structure.

The method may include providing the countermeasure means at a plurality of building structures. The method may include connecting each countermeasure means to the vibrational sensor. Alternatively, a building structure connected to the vibrational sensor may include transmitting means for transmitting a signal to initiate countermeasures to one or more other building structures also provided with countermeasures. In this way, a group of buildings in a region, even a whole town or city, can be protected.

The countermeasure means may comprise one or more connectors which are actuatable to cease rigidly connecting two or more of the connected components in at least one loading direction. The connector may be actuatable to flexibly connect two or more of the connected components in at least one loading direction. Therefore, the connector may have two modes of connection: rigid and flexible. Alternatively, the connector may be actuatable to cease connection of the components.

The connector may be actuatable to retract or open a holding member which holds two or more of the connected components. Alternatively, the connector may include a device, such as a motor, which is actuatable to rotate and thus unfasten the holding mem ber.

The connector may be actuatable using one or more of mechanical, electrical, magnetic or hydraulic means.

The countermeasure means may comprise one or more second connectors. The second connector may be adapted to flexibly connect the two components.

Alternatively, the second connector may be adapted to transform from rigidly to flexibly connecting the two components when a predetermined load is reached.

The second connector may comprise a first rigid portion adapted to bear a load until the load reaches the predetermined load and thereafter to have a reduced or substantially no load bearing capacity. The second connector may include a second flexible portion adapted to bear the load after the predetermined load is reached.

The countermeasure means may be adapted such that the connector is actuatable to cease connection of the components in at least one loading direction and subsequently the second connector flexibly connects the components in the loading direction.

The connector may be coupled to resilient means for returning the connector to its original position following displacement in at least one direction due to vibrational loading.

The resilient means may comprise a counterweight. A plurality of connectors may be coupled to the counterweight. The weight of the counterweight may be variable. The resilient means may include means for supporting the counterweight prior to actuation of the countermeasure means.

Alternatively or in addition, the resilient means may comprise a spring, damper, electric/hydraulic motor, electromagnet, elastic means or the like.

The two components may form part of a base unit for a building structure. The base unit may be adapted for connecting to the foundations of a building structure. A plurality of base units may be provided. One or more base units may be provided at different vertical levels of the building structure.

The method may include providing indicating means to indicate when the connector has been actuated. The indicating means may comprise a change in shape, orientation, colour or the like. Alternatively, the indicating means may comprise a transmitting device for transmitting a signal when the connector has been actuated. Alternatively, the indicating means may be adapted to release a substance when the connector has been actuated.

The method may include adapting one or both of the connector and the connected components to assist in rigidly connecting the components after the vibrational event.

The method may include providing a series or matrix of apertures at one or more of the connected components for receiving the connector after the vibrational event. The vibrational event may have caused displacement of one or more of the connected components such that the original connecting configuration cannot be used.

Alternatively, the method may include means for drawing together the connected components after the vibrational event. When the connector is actuatable to transform from rigidly connecting to flexibly connecting two or more of the connected components, the flexible connection may provide the drawing means.

The method may include forming the connector to be self-aligning to assist in rigidly connecting the components after the vibrational event. The connector may include a conical portion. Oneor both oftheconnectorandthecomponent maybeshapedor matched to promote self alignment after the vibrational event. This enables the components to default' to their original connecting configuration.

The countermeasure means may comprise a plurality of connectors and the method may include actuating each of the plurality of connectors at different values or parameters of vibrational activity. The connecters may be adapted such that they actuate in series as the vibrational loading increases. This allows a different, and more appropriate, response to different levels of vibrational activity.

The connected components may be structural or non-structural members or a combination of structural and non-structural members. The connected components may comprise a facade structure or element which is connected to a structural member.

Alternatively or in addition, the method may include applying a vibrational loading to the building structure. The countermeasure means may comprise an actuator which is actuatable to apply the vibrational loading. The method may include applying a vibrational loading which is substantially equal in one or both of frequency and amplitude but 180 degrees out of phase to the measured vibrational loading.

The method may include analysing the measured vibrational loading. The method may include identifying component frequencies and their associated amplitude. The method may include identifying one or more resonant frequencies for the building structure.

The method may include applying a vibrational loading at the resonant frequency but degrees out of phase to the resonant frequency.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus adapted to improve the integrity of a building structure comprising a plurality of connected components subject to vibrational loading, the apparatus comprising: at least one connector having holding means adapted to rigidly connect two or more components of the structure, wherein, in response to the vibrational loading exceeding a predetermined threshold value or parameter, the holding means is movable to release the rigid connection between the two or more components to inhibit damage to the building structure due to the vibrational activity.

lt is to be noted that the invention according to the second aspect does not require vibrational sensing devices. Rather, the apparatus may directly respond to vibrational loading.

The connector may be adapted such that vibrational loading exceeding the predetermined threshold value or parameter causes the holding means to move. The connector may be adapted to have a predetermined tolerance such that sustained vibrational loading at one or more frequencies causes the holding means to move.

Alternatively, the apparatus may include one or more vibrational sensors for measuring vibrational activity at a lateral location at or near the building structure.

The vibrational sensor may be adapted to sense vibrational activity, such as P-waves, which first reach the sensor. The vibrational sensor may be electrically connected to the connector.

The holding means may comprise a holding member which is movable using one or more of mechanical, electrical, magnetic or hydraulic means which is operable in response to a received signal from the vibrational sensor.

The connector may be adapted to flexibly connect two or more of the connected components following release of the rigid connection between the two or more components.

The holding member may be movable to retract or open the holding member.

Alternatively, the holding member may be rotatable to unfasten the holding member from the two or more components.

Alternatively, the connector may be coupled to resilient means for returning the connector to its original position following displacement in at least one direction due to vibrational loading.

The holding means may comprise one or more second connectors. The second connector may be adapted to rigidly connect the two components until release of the rigid connection in response to the vibrational loading exceeding the predetermined threshold value or parameter.

The second connector may be adapted to transform from rigidly to flexibly connecting the two components.

The second connector may comprise a first rigid portion adapted to bear a load until the load reaches the threshold value or parameter and thereafter to have a reduced or substantially no load bearing capacity. The second connector may include a second flexible portion adapted to bear the load after the threshold value or parameter is reached.

The connector may include indicating means to indicate when the connector has been actuated. The indicating means may comprise a change in shape, orientation, colour or the like. Alternatively, the indicating means may comprise a transmitting device for transmitting a signal when the connector has been actuated. Alternatively, the indicating means may be adapted to release a substance when the holding member has been moved.

The connector and/or the connected components may be adapted to assist in rigidly connecting the components after the vibrational event. The connector and/or the connected components may include a series or matrix of apertures at one or more of the connected components for receiving the connector after the vibrational event.

The connector may be self-aligning to assist in rigidly connecting the components after the vibrational event. The connector may include a conical portion.

The apparatus may include a plurality of connectors, the holding member of each connector being movable at different values or parameters of vibrational activity. The holding member of the connecters may be adapted such that they are movable in series as the vibrational loading increases.

According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a structural member comprising: a plurality of longitudinal bamboo members arranged in a bundle and secured relative to each other, wherein the plurality of members are arranged such that the nodes of the plurality of lengths are substantially offset from each other such that the distribution of nodes is substantially even along the length of the bundle.

The longitudinal members may comprise a length of bamboo. Alternatively, the longitudinal members may comprise strips cut from a length of bamboo. Each strip may be substantially flat.

The structural member may include a tube member and the plurality of members is provided within the tube member. The tube member may be formed from a metal such as steel. The plurality of members may be tightly packed.

Alternatively or in addition, the structural member may include a core member and the plurality of members is arranged around the core member. The core member may be solid or tubular. The core member may be flexible. The structural member may include a sleeve provided around the plurality of members.

The structural member may include a corrugated flexible material which is provided around the core member. Each of the plurality of members may be insertable in a corrugation of the flexible material.

Alternatively or in addition, the structural member may include one or more tie members wrapped around the outer circumference of the bundle to secure the plurality of members relative to each other. The tie members may be spaced by a predetermined distance to create a substantially rigid structural member. The tie members may be spaced to create one or more weakened regions or one or more flexible regions.

Each of the plurality of members may be substantially the same length. Each of the plurality of members may be cut such that, when the ends of each of the plurality of members are aligned, the nodes of the plurality of members are substantially offset from each other.

One or more of the plurality of members may be modified to improve performance in at least one of tension, compression and bending. The members may be of varying performance characteristics. The members may be be grouped to create an overall performance characteristic.

One or more of the plurality of members may include a tension member, such as a wire, provided within the core of the member. The tension member may extend between each end of the member. The tension member may be arranged substantially collinearly with the longitudinal axis of the member. Each of the nodes of the member may be provided with an aperture to allow the tension member to extend between the ends of the member.

A cap member may be provided at each end of the member and the tension member may be fixed at each end to a cap member. The tension member may be configured to be taut. The tension member may be configured to be pre-tensioned. The tensioning of the tension member may be variable.

The core member may be provided in a number of cylindrical sections serially arranged in a longitudinal direction. Each section may be hollow. Each section may be closed at at least one end and provided with a central aperture. The tension member may extend through each section via the aperture.

Each of the plurality of members may be attached to a planar or tubular material, such as a woven fabric. The plurality of members may be bonded to the planar or tubular material. The plurality of members may be spaced apart by a predetermined distance.

The structural member may include a restraining fastener having an aperture for receiving the tension member. The restraining fastener may be movable along the tension member to longitudinally restrain or compress the plurality of members. The restraining fastener may be configured so that it is only movable along the tension member in the restraining or compressing direction. The outer surface of the structural member may provide the restraining fastener.

The core member may have a corrugated outer surface and the plurality of members are inserted in the corrugations which define the predetermined spacing.

The structural member may include one or more longitudinally spaced dividers. The dividers may have an aperture for receiving the tension member. The dividers may provide the restraining fastener. The dividers may be corrugated or perforated to determine the spacing between the plurality of members.

The structural member may include a wedge profiled insert provided between adjacent members. Alternatively or in addition, the plurality of members may be formed with a wedge profile. Alternatively or in addition, the plurality of members may be formed with an interlocking profile.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a structural member comprising: an elongate body portion having two opposing ends which define an effective distance between the ends; a tension member extending between, and secured to, each end of the body portion to inhibit an increase in the effective distance due to loading on the structural mem ber.

The tension member may comprise a length of wire. The wire may be formed from steel.

The tension member may be provided within the body portion.

The body portion may be tubular and the tension member may be provided within the core of the body portion. The tubular body portion may have a circular cross section.

The tubular body portion may be provided with internal guide means at one or more cross sections of the body portion.

The body portion may be adapted to provide an enclosure, such as to prevent the ingress of debris or to contain a lubricant. The structural member may be self lubricating.

Alternatively, the body portion may be substantially solid and provided with a channel for receiving the tension member.

Alternatively or in addition, the tension member may be provided at an exterior surface of the body portion. The tension member may be fixed at one or more positions along the length of the body portion.

The tension member may be configured to be taut. The tension member may be configured to be pre-tensioned. The structural member may include tension adjustment means for varying the tension of the tension member. The structural member may include tension indicating means for indicating the tension of the tension member.

A cap member may be provided at each end of the body portion and the tension member may be fixed at each end to a cap member.

The structural member may comprise a beam, column or the like. The structural member may comprise a building component. The structural member may comprise a scaffolding component.

The body portion may be formed from bamboo. The body portion may comprise an individual length of bamboo. The internal guide means may comprise the nodes of the bamboo. Alternatively, the body portion may comprise a plurality of bamboo members arranged to form the body portion. The bamboo members may comprise lengths of bamboo or strips of bamboo. The bamboo members may be arranged around a core member. The core member may be flexible.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a joint device for joining two components comprising: a flexible member for wrapping around the two components to be joined, wherein the flexible member comprises: a layer of curable material which is activatable by a user to cure and subsequently set while the flexible member is wrapped around the two components thereby forming a rigid joint.

The curable material may comprise a liquid material including a catalyst which is activatable by the user to cure the liquid. The catalyst may be provided as particulates dispersed within the liquid.

The layer of curable material may include a mesh layer. The joint device may be configured such that, upon activation, the curable material impregnates the mesh layer before setting.

The curable material may be activatable using pressure. The layer of curable material may be crushable to activate the curable material.

The joint device may include a roller device for crushing the curable material as it is fed through the roller device.

Alternatively, the joint device may include a crushing member attached to the flexible member.

The crushing member may be fixedly attached to the flexible member. The crushing member may comprise a loop portion fixed at one end of the flexible member for receiving the other end of the flexible member. The loop portion may be configured to crush the curable material as it is fed through the loop portion.

Alternatively, the crushing member may be slidably attached to the flexible member.

The crushing member may be translatable along the length of the flexible member. The crushing member may be configured to crush the curable material as the crushing member is translated along the length of the flexible member.

Alternatively, the flexible member may be wound around a winding drum. The flexible member and winding drum may be provided within an enclosure. The enclosure may include an exit slot through which one end of the flexible member extends. The exit slot may be configured such that pulling by the user the end of the flexible member to expose a length of the flexible member causes crushing of the curable material.

Alternatively, the flexible member may be stretchable and stretching of the flexible member causes activation of the curable material.

Alternatively, the joint device may include a primer layer which activates the curable material when the primer layer and layer of curable material are brought into contact.

The joint device may include an intermediate removable strip between the primer layer and layer of curable material and removal of the intermediate strip by the user activates the curable material.

Alternatively, the plane of the flexible member may include a longitudinal fold line and the layer of curable material may be provided at one side of the fold line and the primer layer may be provided at the other side of the fold line. The curable material may be activatable by the user folding the flexible member about the fold line to bring the primer layer and layer of curable material into contact.

According to a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided an improved dispensing apparatus for dispensing a viscous medium, the apparatus comprising: a housing for housing the viscous medium; a nozzle for dispensing the viscous medium; pressure application means which is operable to cause the viscous medium to flow to the nozzle for dispensing; and a lagging contact member coupled to, and extending from, one of the housing and the nozzle to contact and work the viscous medium which has already been dispensed from the nozzle.

The term "work" is intended in a broad sense and includes one or more of smoothing, compressing, profiling, keying, and determining a thickness of the applied viscous medium.

The lagging contact member may be configured such that holding and maintaining the apparatus at a particular orientation produces a constant thickness of the applied viscous medium. The lagging contact member may be configured such that the thickness of the applied viscous medium is dependent upon the orientation of the apparatus. The apparatus may include means for maintaining the apparatus at a particular orientation.

The lagging contact member may be pivotably coupled to one of the housing and the nozzle. Biasing means, such as a spring, may be provided at the pivot for biasing the lagging contact member towards the viscous medium. Biasing means adjustment means may be provided for varying the biasing force on the lagging contact member.

Alternatively or in addition, the lagging contact member may be resilient.

The lagging contact member may be coupled to, and extend from, a collar provided around the nozzle. Alternatively, the housing may include a connecting portion allowing connection of the nozzle to the housing and the collar may be insertable at the connecting portion.

The lagging contact member may include an extending portion and an end portion for contacting the viscous medium. The end portion may be orientated at an angle to the extending portion. The end portion may be orientated such that, in use, the end portion is substantially parallel to a surface receiving the dispensed viscous medium.

The end portion may have a profile for producing a complementary profile of the applied viscous medium. The apparatus may include a plurality of interchangeable lagging contact members or end portions, each having a different profile.

The viscous medium may comprise mortar, adhesive, silicon, mastic or the like.

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is side view of a building structure including a first embodiment of an apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention; Figure 2 is a sectional side view of a connector according to the second aspect of the invention; Figure 3 is a view of measured and applied vibrational loading; Figure 4 is an exploded perspective view of two building components including a second embodiment of an apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention; Figure S is a perspective view of building components including a third embodiment of an apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention; Figure 6 is an exploded perspective view of building components including the apparatus of Figure 5; Figure 7 is a perspective view of the counterweight system of the apparatus of Figure 5; Figure 8 is a side view of a structural member according to the third aspect of the invention with the tubular casing not shown; Figure 9 is an end view of the structural member of Figure 8 and including the tubular casing; Figure 10 is a sectional side view of a structural member according to the fourth aspect of the invention; Figure 11 is a side view of the structural member of Figure 10 under severe loading; Figure 12 is a perspective view of a structural member according to the fourth aspect of the invention; Figure 13 is a perspective view of a strip material which can be wrapped around the structural member of Figure 12; Figure 14 is a perspective view of the structural member of Figure 12 with end caps; Figure 15 is an embodiment of a structural member having a corrugated outer surface; Figure 16 is an embodiment of a structural member having a corrugated outer surface and dividers; Figure 17 is a perspective view of the dividers shown in Figure 16; Figure 18 is another perspective view of the dividers shown in Figure 16; Figure 19 is an embodiment of a structural member having a corrugated inner surface; Figure 20 is an embodiment of a structural member having wedge inserts; Figure 19 is an embodiment of a structural member having a corrugated inner surface; Figures 21 and 22 show different arrangements of the strips used with the structural member; Figure 23 shows a first embodiment of a joint device according to the fifth aspect of the invention; Figure 24 is a perspective view of the joint device of Figure 12 and including rollers; Figure 25 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a joint device according to the fifth aspect of the invention; Figure 26 is a perspective view of a third embodiment of a joint device according to the fifth aspect of the invention; Figure 27 is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of a joint device according to the fifth aspect of the invention; Figure 28 is a perspective view of a fifth embodiment of a joint device according to the fifth aspect of the invention; Figure 29 is a side view of a first embodiment of a dispensing apparatus according to the sixth aspect of the invention; Figure 30 is a side view of a second embodiment a dispensing apparatus according to the sixth aspect of the invention with the collar provided at a (a) first and a (b) second position; and Figure 31 is an end view of viscous medium applied by the dispensing apparatus of Figures 18 or 19 and showing various possible profiles.

Figure 1 shows a building structure 100 which has a non-structural component (a façade system 110) which is rigidly connected to a structural component (a supporting column 102) by a number of connectors 10. In this configuration, any vibrations due to earthquakes will be transmitted from the Earth's surface 120 to structural components including the supporting column 102 and then to the façade system 110 due to the rigid connection.

In this embodiment, the apparatus of the invention includes a vibration sensor 20, such as an accelerometer, for measuring vibrational activity arising from the Earth's crust.

The vibration sensor 20 is provided at a lateral (latitude and longitude) location close to the building 100 but at a depth which is spaced apart from the building 100. A bore 122 is formed in the Earth and the vibration sensor 20 is located at the bottom of the bore 122. This allows vibrations from earthquakes to be registered by the vibration sensor 20 before they reach the building 100. The vibration sensor 20 is electrically connected by a cable 22 to countermeasures (described below) provided at the building 100 and so the countermeasures can be initiated even before the vibrations reach the building 100.

The vibration sensor 20 is adapted to sense all vibrations in any axis but particularly P-waves travelling in a vertical direction. These waves reach the sensor 20 first but are usually less destructive. This provides even more time to initiate countermeasures before the building 100 is subject to the most powerful vibrations. However, in an alternative embodiment, the vibration sensor 20 could be positioned at the Earth's surface 120 or at the building 100.

Figure 2 shows one of the connectors 10 which rigidly connects the façade system 110 to the supporting column 102. The connector 10 has a holding member in the form of a shaft 12 which passes through aligned apertures 112 provided in components of the façade system 110 and the supporting column 102. A nut 14 cooperates with a head portion 16 to tighten the two components together to form a rigid connection.

In this embodiment, the nut 14 is provided with a weakening feature such as a fracture line 15. This weakening feature is predetermined so that, in response to a particular loading exceeding a predetermined threshold value (corresponding to the failure load of the nut 14), the nut 14 will fail. This allows the connector 10 to move axially (vertically upwards in Figure 2) and this allows vertical displacement between the two components. The rigid connection between the two components is therefore lost and vibrations will not be readily transmitted between the supporting column 102 and the façade system 110. Therefore, the connector 10 provides countermeasures to inhibit damage to the building 100 due to vibrational loading.

It is to be noted that the particular loading may be entirely due to vibrational loading from the earthquake. In other words, the signal from the vibration sensor 20 is not required to initiate countermeasures.

The shaft 12 of the connector 10 extends further from the components before terminating at a second nut 16. This nut 16 does not have any weakening feature and therefore provides a stop for displacement between the two components and prevents lull separation of the two components. The extended shaft and spaced second nut 16 provide flexible connection between the two components after the nut 14 has failed.

However, in an alternative embodiment, the second nut 16 may not be provided and it may be intended that the two components fully separate.

The nut 14 can be induced to fail, such as in response to a signal from the vibration sensor 20. In Figure 2, the nuts are provided within a hydraulic chamber 30 connected by a conduit 32 to a pressure source (not shown). Pressure within the chamber 30 can be increased and the nuts will act as piston heads to push the heads vertically upwards.

The nut 14 will be compressed against one of the components and this can be arranged to promote failure.

The connector 10 can include indicating means to indicate when failure of the nut 14 has occurred. For instance, the nut 14 can contain a substance such as a dye which is released at failure. In the embodiment of Figure 2, the released dye will be present in the fluid in the chamber 30, which can also be drawn back to the source for inspection there. In will also be present at the head end of the connector 10 since fluid will pass through the apertures 112 once the nut 14 has failed (and the head portion 16 will have moved upwards such that it does not cover the apertures 112). In an alternative embodiment, the dye can simply be placed in the chamber 30, or in the fluid pumped to the chamber 30, and failure of the nut 14 will be evident from it appearing at the head end of the connector 10.

Displacement due to vibrations can cause non-alignment of the apertures 112 after the rigid connection of the components has been lost. The connector 10 and the connected components are adapted to assist in rigidly connecting the components again after the vibrational event.

Firstly, in the embodiment of Figure 2, the component of the supporting column 102 includes a series of apertures 112. The connector 10 can be inserted in the closest aligning aperture 112.

Secondly, the connector is self-aligning to assist in rigidly connecting the components.

The connector includes a conical portion 18 for this. Also, the aperture 112 of the component of the façade system 110 has a corresponding conical profile.

A number of connectors 10 are used to connect the façade system 110 to the supporting column 102. The connecters 10 can be adapted such that the associated nuts 14 fail in series as the vibrational loading increases. This allows the connection between the façade system 110 and the supporting column 102 to become increasingly flexible without necessarily removing all rigid connection. This also helps in alignment and re-establishing rigid connection after the event if some of the connectors 10 are in their original position and configuration.

The connector 10 can assist for drawing together the connected components after the event. For instance a tool can be used having a lever member which fits under the head portion 16 (easily inserted as the connector will be axially loose after failure of the nut 14). Operating the lever increases the distance between the head portion 16 and components and thus the second nut 16 and lever draw the two components back together and in alignment. It is to be noted that the façade system 110, while a substantial component of the building 100, has a low mass relative to the building mass and so is movable with appropriate equipment.

The countermeasures can also comprise a device 40 for applying a vibrational loading to the façade system 110. In Figure 1, the device 40 is positioned at the base of the façade system 110 but many other positions are possible. The device is fixed relative to the building 100 (or ground) and includes a sensor for measuring relative vibrations between the façade system 110 and the building 100 (or ground). The device 40 analyses, such as using FFT, the sensed vibrational loading 42 and identifies component frequencies and their associated amplitude as well as resonant frequencies for the building structure.

An actuator of the device 40 applies a vibrational loading 44 which is substantially equal in frequency to the measured relative vibrations but is 180 degrees out of phase. The applied vibrational loading 44 is therefore opposite to the measured relative vibrations 42 and will tend to cancel out vibrations between the façade system 110 and the supporting column 102. Figure 3 shows the measured 42 and applied 44 vibrational loading in the time domain. Preferably the amplitudes of the measured and applied vibrational loading are the same, and this is possible given the lower mass of the façade system 110. However, even an applied vibrational loading 44 of smaller amplitude can reduce the damaging effects of vibrations due to an earthquake. Also, the applied vibrational loading 44 may not exactly correspond to the actual vibrations. For example, higher frequencies may not be represented in the applied vibrational loading (compare, for instance, peaks 46 and 48 in Figure 3). However, it is known that higher frequencies involve less energy and smaller displacements and so are typically less damaging.

Figure 4 shows another embodiment of an apparatus connecting two building components. Like features are given like reference numerals.

The apparatus connects a first 104 and a second 106 structural beam. The apparatus includes a first connector 10 fixed to one end of the first structural beam 104 and having holding means in the form of two shafts 12 which pass through corresponding apertures 112 provided in the second structural beam 106.

The first connector 10 is actuatable to retract the shafts 12 (downwards in Figure 4) thus releasing the two beams. The shafts 12 are connected to a solenoid (not shown) which is electrically connected via wiring 34 (but could be mechanically connected, such as via a pull cord) to control means.

At the other end of the first structural beam 104, the holding means includes a large conical shaft 18 which passes through a corresponding large aperture 114 provided at the other end of the second structural beam 106. This conical shaft 18 is also connected to a solenoid or spring (not shown) and electrically connected via wiring 34 (but could be mechanically connected) to control means. The conical shaft and aperture can be any shape capable of locating and aligning the two structural beams.

The apparatus also comprises a second connector 50 which rigidly connects the two beams at a mid-point of the beams. This second connector 50 is adapted to transform from rigidly to flexibly connecting the two beams when a predetermined load is reached.

The second connector 50 comprises a first rigid portion 52 adapted to bear a load until fracturing when the load reaches the predetermined load and thereafter it has substantially no load bearing capacity. The second connector 50 also includes a second flexible portion 54 which bears the load after the predetermined load is reached.

It is to be appreciated that the locations of each of the connectors can be varied. When fractured, the first rigid portion and the second flexible portion of the connector are still connected via a tensioned element which draws the two parts together after the vibrational loading has been dissipated.

Figures 5 to 7 show another embodiment of an apparatus connecting two building components and like features are given like reference numerals.

The apparatus connects a number of structural beams, including a first 104 and a second 106 structural beam, which are arranged in a rectangular manner on a base plate 108.

Alignment guides 60 are fixed to the base plate 108 and align the beams. The apparatus includes a number of connectors 10 arranged at the corners and length mid-points of the rectangular arrangement. Each connector 10 abuts the end of two structural beams.

As seen in Figure 6, a number of second connectors 50 are provided. Each second connector 50 rigidly connects an associated first connector 10 to a pile foundation 130 via the base plate 108. This second connector 50 is the same as in the previous embodiment and can transform from a rigid to a flexible connection when a predetermined load is reached.

Each of the first connectors 10 is connected to a wire 62 which runs inwards and then passes through a central aperture 109 of the base plate 108. A counterweight 64 is suspended from the end of the wire 62 and this applies a pulling force to each connector 10 in an inwards direction. The counterweight 64 provides resilient means for returning the each of the first connectors 10 to its original position following displacement in an outwards direction due to vibrational loading.

Figure 7 shows more detail for the counterweight 64. The counterweight 64 is provided in a cavity 70 provided in a building block 72 which could form part of the construction.

The counterweight 64 can be partially or fully filled with sand, water or the like and so the weight of the counterweight is variable. A liner 74 is provided in the cavity 70.

The wire 62 passes through an entrance channel 76 of the cavity 70 and connects to the counterweight 64. Within the entrance channel 76 is provided means for supporting the counterweight 64. An inverted conical rest 80 is supported by a movable rest plate 82.

A spring or some form of hydraulic restraint or the like can be provided between the rest plate 82 and the counterweight 64. Also, means of restraining movement of the counterweight 64 can be provided in the cavity 70 such as air bags, foam and so on.

In normal conditions, the rest plate 82 is in a supporting position to support the counterweight 64. There is therefore no pulling force on the first connectors 10. This minimises stretching of the wires 62 to maximise their useful life. However, it is possible to omit the supporting means.

In response to vibrational loading reaching a threshold value, the rest plate 82 is moved, such as being retracted into slots 84, causing the counterweight 64 to exert a pulling force on the first connectors 10. Referring again to Figure 5, the vibrational loading also causes the second connectors SO to transform from a rigid to a flexible connection. In this embodiment, the structural beams and connectors 10 are restrained from inward movement due to their abutting relationship. However, the first connectors 10 are now free to move outwardly under the vibrational loading. Following their movement, the counterweight 64 exerts a pulling force to move the first connectors 10 back to their original position. This inhibits damage to the building.

A number of base units including the apparatus can be provided in a building structure.

For instance, a base unit may be provided at each vertical level of the building. The invention can be implemented in buildings formed using many different construction methods, including a modular construction. The invention can be implemented as a module of the modular construction, such as a module positioned at a predetermined central core or laterally slid within a frame. The counterweight of the invention can be provided at the central core with the wire of the counterweight running to connectors provided at the modules coupled to the central core. The invention is particularly suitable for implementing in a frame construction. The frame construction could use infill panels and/or continuous walling.

it is to be appreciated that the locations of each of the connectors can be varied. Also, the structural beams could be arranged in many configurations other than a rectangular configuration. The structural beams could be resiliently movable in more than one direction, such as including an inwards direction in Figure 5. Also, a number of counterweights 64 could be provided. Different counterweights 64 could be used to exert a pulling force on a connector 10 in different directions.

Figures 8 and 9 show a structural member 200 according to a third aspect of the invention. The structural member 200 is arranged as a column for supporting a load.

The structural member 200 comprises lengths 202 of bamboo material arranged in a bundle. The lengths 202 are secured relative to each other by tightly packing them within a rigid steel tube 210 which is shown in Figure 9. A cap 212 (Figure 8) is provided at each end of the bundle to prevent axial movement of individual lengths 202.

Each length 202 naturally has a node 204 provided at regular intervals along its length.

The node 204 represents the weakest portion of the bamboo length 202. However, the lengths 202 are arranged such that the nodes 204 are offset from each other and the distribution of nodes 204 is substantially even along the length of the bundle.

This has the effect of, firstly, producing a synergistic improvement in the structural member's ability to withstand load, an improvement greater than simply the sum of each individual length. This is because, at any given cross section, no node is present at the majority of the lengths 202. Therefore, failure will occur closer to the higher failure load of the main portion of the lengths 202, rather than at the lower failure load of the nodes.

Secondly, with the distribution of the nodes 204 being substantially even along the length of the bundle, the failure load of the bundle will be far more consistent; in other words, testing of many bundles will result in similar failure loads.

Each of the lengths 202 is substantially the same length. The lengths 202 have been cut in such a manner that, when the ends of the lengths 202 are aligned, the nodes are offset from each other.

In an alternative embodiment, the lengths 202 can be arranged around a core member which can be solid or tubular. A tie member can be wrapped around the outer circumference of the bundle to secure the lengths 202 relative to each other.

In an alternative embodiment, lengths 202 of bamboo can be processed. For instance, a length can be cut into longitudinal strips. Each strip will be relatively flat. These strips can be arranged around a core member and fixed to the outer surface of the core member, such as using an adhesive. Optionally, an outer sleeve can be fitted around the core member and strips. In an alternative embodiment, corrugated sheet material, such as paper, may be wrapped around the outer surface of the core member. The corrugations can be used as channels into which the bamboo strips are inserted.

Figure 10 shows a structural member 300 according to a fourth aspect of the invention.

The structural member 300 is cylindrical with a hollow elongate body 302 and two opposing ends 304, 306 which define an effective distance 310 at the longitudinal axis 311 of the elongate body 302 and between the ends 304, 306. A tension member in the form of a wire 320 is provided within the core of the elongate body 302 and the wire 320 extends between each end 304, 306 running collinearly with the longitudinal axis 311. A cap 330 is fixed to each end 304, 306 and the cap is also fixed to the wire 320 to restrain axial movement. The wire 320 is arranged to be taut between its fixings and can be p re-tensioned.

In this embodiment, the elongate body 302 is a length of bamboo having nodes 204 provided at intervals along the length. The nodes 204 are utilised to provide guide means for the wire 320 to inhibit lateral deviation from the longitudinal axis of the elongate body 302. However, in other embodiments, the elongate body 302 can be formed from other materials, such as steel or composite, and internal guide means can be provided. Alternatively, the guide means can be omitted if the wire 320 is sufficiently taut.

Figure 11 shows the structural member 300 under a severe compressive loading 340.

The elongate body 302 has fractured along its length and, under continued loading 340, the portions above and below the fracture attempt to pivot relative to each other.

This pivoting, since it is about an outer edge of the elongate body 302 causes an increase in the effective distance (since it is at the longitudinal axis 311) and therefore stretching of the wire 320. The tension in the wire 320 resists further pivoting and biases the two portions towards their original orientation. The wire 320 therefore inhibits an increase in the effective distance caused by loading. The wire 320 also serves to keep the two portions together.

It should be noted that the wire 320, if taut, resists pivoting from the outset, before fracture of the elongate body 302. Indeed, the wire 320 could be predetermined to prevent failure at a particular load, or it could inhibit crack propagation after an initial fracture.

However, in another embodiment, the wire 320 could be provided as slack so that it only takes up loading following failure. At this point, the rigid bearing of load will have been replaced by a more flexible bearing of load (the flexibility of the wire 320). This could be utilised in structures subject to vibrational loading such as from earthquakes.

It should also be noted that the wire 320 would also inhibit an increase in the effective distance if the structural member 300 were arranged like a beam and subject to bending. In tension, there would be a direct increase in the effective distance which When other materials are used, the structural member 300 in compression (or bending) may buckle rather than fracture. The wire 320 will still resist buckling deformation.

Tension adjustment means (not shown) can be provided for varying the tension of the tension member. For instance, one or both of the caps 330 could include a main body and a wire holder which is, say, threaded to the main body so that it is axially movable relative to the main body. The tension of the wire 320, fixed to the wire holder, would

then be adjustable.

The structural member 300 can include tension indicating means (not shown) for indicating the tension of the wire 320. A tab could be fixed to wire 320 which is axially moved during stretching of the wire 320 to a new position which indicates the degree of stretching. The tab could be colour coded so that the degree of stretching is readily apparent, such as green for normal tension and red for a high degree of stretching (and perhaps yellow for an intermediate degree of stretching).

The tension indicating means can be used to provide safety benefits. For instance, the structural member 300 could be a scaffolding component, such as a horizontal platform, and the tension indicating means would indicate overloading of the platform.

In another embodiment, it is described above how bamboo strips can be arranged around, and fixed to the outer surface of, a core member. This arrangement can also be provided with a tension member in the cavity defined by the core member. A flexible core member will add flexibility to the bamboo material and the tension member will contribute to the strength of the arrangement by inhibiting an increase in the effective distance caused by loading.

Figure 12 shows a core member provided in a number of cylindrical sections 350. Each section 350 is hollow but is closed at at least one end and provided with a central aperture. Each section 350 may have internal ribs or a strengthening structure or be filled with gas or liquid to alter the strength of the arrangement. They may be of unequal lengths and/or spaced unequally along the tension member. A wire 320 extends through each section 350 via the apertures. Multiple wires of varying mechanical properties can also be used to adjust the amount of tension required. The tension of the wire can also be adjusted by mechanical, electrical, magnetic or hydraulic means.

Wrapped around the core member are a number of bamboo or synthetic strips 360 as shown in Figure 13. These strips 360 are spaced apart by a predetermined distance 364 and bonded or mechanically fixed to a woven fabric or sheet material 362. The predetermined distance 364 can be equal or unequal.

As shown in Figure 14, the assembly can then be fitted with end caps 366 provided with a retaining edge 368. Also, a restraining fastener 370 having an aperture can be fed onto the wire 320 and directed towards the assembly to compress the assembly for increased stability. The fastener can be configured to that it only freely slides on the wire 320 in one direction which is towards the assembly. The fastener may be mechanically fixed onto the wire by clipping or wrapping around the wire enabling it to restrain the assembly.

Figure 15 shows an embodiment using a core member having a corrugated outer surface. The bamboo strips 360 are inserted in the corrugations which define the predetermined spacing. In this embodiment, the fabric 362 is provided at the outer surface of the assembly. Also, restraining ties 372 are provided around the outer surface. The restraining ties may be incorporated or pre-assembled within the fabric 362.

Figure 16 shows an embodiment similar to that of Figure 14 except that the assembly includes inner dividers 374. The one-way restraining fastener 370 is incorporated into the dividers 374. As shown in Figure 17, the dividers 374 can be arranged as (a) facing each other or (b) back to back, depending on the desired structural response of the assembly. As shown in Figure 18, the dividers 374 can be corrugated to support the strips 360 and determine the spacing between strips 360.

In another embodiment, the core member can be omitted. In the arrangement shown in Figure 19, the bamboo strips 360 are again bonded or mechanically fixed to the woven fabric 362 such that they are spaced apart by a predetermined distance 364 but the assembly is rolled to for a cylinder so that the bamboo strips 360 are located on the inner surface. A triangular gap 376 is formed between adjacent strips 360 with the innermost portion of adjacent strips 360 very close or abutting to provide stability. The strips 360 can be of different densities enabling a tailored strength to flexibility ratio.

The strips may also be interlocking.

In Figure 20, the arrangement is similar except that wedge profiled inserts 378 are provided between adjacent strips 360. The inserts 378 can be formed from bamboo or another material depending on the desired overall properties. This results in the formed cylinder having a substantially continuous outer and inner surface.

Figures 21 and 22 are different arrangements showing that the strips 360 themselves can be formed with a wedge profile 380, or they can have an interlocking profile 382.

Figure 23 shows a joint device 400 for joining two components (not shown).

The joint device 400 comprises a flexible tape 402 for wrapping around the two components to be joined. The tape 402 in this embodiment has a number of layers. In Figure 23, for ease of understanding, window 410 (not an actual window of the component) shows a mesh layer 404 while window 412 shows a layer of curable liquid resin 406 with interspersed catalyst particulates 408. The joint device 400 includes a protective outer wrapping or sleeve (not shown) which can be sealed or unsealed. This is to prevent contamination of resin, mesh or catalyst during handling or when it contacts the components and for reasons of health and safety. In one embodiment, the protective wrapping or sleeve can include or form one of the resin, mesh or catalyst.

The resin 406 is activatable by a user to cure and subsequently set while the tape 402 is wrapped around the two components, thereby forming a rigid joint. This can be useful for temporary or permanent joining; the tape 402 can also provide sealing between the two components. Cure of the resin 406 is typically performed prior to applying the tape to the components. The user will still have the curing time, which depends on the resin but a typically period is 20 minutes, to apply the tape to the components.

In this embodiment, upon activation, the resin 406 impregnates the mesh 404 before setting. In another embodiment, the mesh 404 may already be immersed in the resin 406. In either case, the mesh 404 provides reinforcement of the cured resin 406.

The resin 406 may be activatable using pressure, temperature, the adding of another material to start a chemical reaction, or a combination of these means.

In one embodiment, the user can simply crush the tape 402, by hand or using a suitable tool, to activate curing. For instance, as shown in Figure 24, the tape 402 could be fed through rollers 420.

Alternatively, as shown in the embodiments of Figures 25 and 26, the joint device 400 can include means for crushing member the tape 402. In Figure 25, the joint device 400 has a loop portion 430 fixed at one end of the tape 402 and the other end of the tape 402 can be fed into the loop portion 430, similar to a cable tie. However, the loop portion 430 is configured to crush the tape 402 as it is fed through to initiate curing.

This configuration could be the sizing of the channel of the loop portion 430, or the loop portion 430 could define a convoluted path for the tape 402.

In Figure 26, the tape 402 is wound around a winding drum, with the tape 402 and winding drum provided within an enclosure 440 having an exit slot 442. The exit slot 442 is configured such that, when the user pulls the exposed end of the tape 402 to extract a length of the tape 402, this causes crushing of the resin 406.

In the alternative embodiment of Figure 27, the joint device 400 includes a primer layer 450 which chemically activates the resin 406 when the primer layer 450 and layer of tape 402 including the resin 406 are brought into contact. An intermediate removable strip 460 is provided between the primer layer 450 and tape 402 and removal of the intermediate strip 460 by the user activates the resin 406.

In Figure 28, the plane of the tape 402 includes a longitudinal fold line 470. The resin 406 is provided on one side of this fold line 470 and the primer layer 450 is provided on the other side. The resin 406 is activated when the user folds the tape 402 about the fold line to bring the primer layer 450 and resin 406 into contact.

Figure 29 shows an improved dispensing apparatus 500 for dispensing a viscous medium 502, such as mortar, adhesive, silicon, mastic or the like.

The apparatus 500 comprises a housing 510 for housing the viscous medium 502 and a nozzle 520 attached to one end of the housing 510 for dispensing the viscous medium 502. Pressure application means (not shown), such as a piston head reciprocating from the opposing end of the housing 510, can be operated by the user to cause the viscous medium 502 to flow to the nozzle 520 for dispensing.

The pressure applied by the pressure application means can be difficult to control, especially by inexperienced users, or there can be inconsistency in the flow of the viscous medium 502. This can result in variations 504 in the quantity of thickness of the dispensed viscous medium 502.

The apparatus 500 includes a lagging contact member 530 coupled to, and extending from, the nozzle 520. The contact member 530 contacts and works viscous medium which has already been dispensed from the nozzle 530. The contact member 530 comprises an extending portion 532 and terminates in an end portion 540 for contacting the viscous medium 502. The end portion 534 is orientated at an angle to the extending portion 532 50 that, in use, the end portion is substantially parallel to a surface 506 receiving the dispensed viscous medium 502.

In this embodiment, the contact member 530 is pivotably coupled to the nozzle 520 about a pivot point 536. A spring (not shown), can be provided at the pivot point 536 to bias the contact member 530 towards the viscous medium 502. Spring adjustment means (not shown) can also be provided for varying the biasing force on the contact member and therefore on the viscous medium 502.

In the embodiment of Figure 30, the contact member 530 is pivotably coupled to a collar 540 provided around the nozzle 520. The collar 540 can translate along the nozzle 520 to a number of positions, and two of these positions are shown in Figure 30 (a) and (b) respectively. At the position of Figure 30 (b), when the collar 540 is closer to the dispensing end of the nozzle 520, the contact member 530 has been pivoted to a more obtuse angle with respect to the nozzle axis. The contact member 530 therefore applies a greater working force to the dispensed viscous medium 502. Also, the contact member 530 lags further behind the nozzle 520 during dispensing. The user can select the most desirable position of the collar 540.

The nozzle 520 is typically screw threaded to the housing 510. ln an alternative embodiment, the collar 540 can be fitted between the nozzle 520 and housing 510.

The end portion 534, or the whole contact member 530, has a profile for producing a complementary profile of the applied viscous medium. A number of interchangeable contact members 530 are provided, each having a different profile. Figure 31 (a) to (e) show the complementary profiles produced when the viscous medium 502 is applied into a void between two vertical surfaces. Figure 31 (f) to (h) show the complementary profiles produced when the viscous medium 502 is applied at the join of a vertical surface and a horizontal surface.

Whilst specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it will be appreciated that departures from the described embodiments may still fall within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

Claims 1. An apparatus adapted to improve the integrity ofa building structure comprising a plurality of connected components subject to vibrational loading, the apparatus comprising: at least one connector having holding means adapted to rigidly connect two or more components of the structure, wherein, in response to the vibrational loading exceeding a predetermined threshold value or parameter, the holding means is movable to release the rigid connection between the two or more components to inhibit damage to the building structure due to the vibrational activity.
2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connector is adapted to have a predetermined tolerance such that sustained vibrational loading at one or more frequencies causes the holding means to move.
3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the vibrational sensor is adapted to sense vibrational activity which first reaches the sensor.
4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the vibrational activity comprises P waves.
5. An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the connector is adapted to flexibly connect two or more of the connected components following release of the rigid connection between the two or more components.
6. An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the holding member is movable to retract or open the holding member.
7. An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the connector is coupled to resilient means for returning the connector to its original position following displacement in at least one direction due to vibrational loading.
8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein the resilient means comprises a counterweight.
9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the weight of the counterweight is variable.
10. An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the holding means comprises one or more second connectors adapted to rigidly connect the two components until release of the rigid connection in response to the vibrational loading exceeding the predetermined threshold value or parameter.
11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the second connector is adapted to transform from rigidly to flexibly connecting the two components.
12. An apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the second connector comprises a first rigid portion adapted to bear a load until the load reaches the threshold value or parameter and thereafter to have a reduced or substantially no load bearing capacity.
13. An apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the second connector includes a second flexible portion adapted to bear the load after the threshold value or parameter is reached.
14. An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the connector includes indicating means to indicate when the connector has been actuated.
15. An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the connector is self-aligning to assist in rigidly connecting the components alter the vibrational event.
16. An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, including a plurality of connectors, the holding member of each connector being movable at different values or parameters of vibrational activity.
17. A method of improving the integrity of a building structure comprising a plurality of connected components in response to vibrational loading, the method comprising: measuring vibrational activity at a lateral location at or near the building structure; in response to the measured vibrational activity exceeding a predetermined threshold value or parameter, initiating countermeasure means provided at the building structure to inhibit damage to the building structure due to vibrational loading.
18. A method as claimed in claim 17, including measuring vibrational activity at a depth location which is spaced apart from the building structure.
19. A method as claimed in claim 18, including forming a bore in the Earth at the lateral location and locating a vibrational sensor within the bore such that it is at the depth location.
20. A method as claimed in any of claims 17 to 19, wherein the measured vibrational activity comprises a vibrational load, acceleration or displacement in terms of amplitude and/or frequency.
21. A method as claimed in any of claims 17 to 20, including adapting the sensor to sense vibrational activity which first reach the sensor.
22. A method as claimed in any of claims 17 to 21, wherein the predetermined threshold value or parameter comprises a particular component of measured vibrational activity.
23. A method as claimed in claim 22, wherein the predetermined threshold value or parameter comprises P-waves.
24. A method as claimed in any of claims 17 to 23, including electrically connecting the vibrational sensor and the countermeasure means.
25. A method as claimed in any of claims 17 to 24, including providing the countermeasure means at a plurality of building structures, and connecting each countermeasure means to the vibrational sensor.
26. A method as claimed in any of claims 17 to 25, wherein the countermeasure means comprises one or more connectors which are actuatable to cease rigidly connecting two or more of the connected components in at least one loading direction.
27. A method as claimed in claim 26, wherein the connector is actuatable to flexibly connect two or more of the connected components in at least one loading direction.
28. A method as claimed in claim 26 or 27, wherein the connector is actuatable to retract or open a holding member which holds two or more of the connected components.
29. A method as claimed in any of claims 26 to 28, wherein the countermeasure means comprises one or more second connectors adapted to flexibly connect the two com ponents.
30. A method as claimed in claim 29, wherein the second connector comprises a first rigid portion adapted to bear a load until the load reaches the predetermined load and thereafter to have a reduced or substantially no load bearing capacity.
31. A method as claimed in claim 30, wherein the second connector includes a second flexible portion adapted to bear the load after the predetermined load is reached.
32. A method as claimed in any of claims 17 to 31, wherein the connector is coupled to resilient means for returning the connector to its original position following displacement in at least one direction due to vibrational loading.
33. A method as claimed in claim 32, wherein the resilient means comprises a counterweight.
34. A method as claimed in claim 33, wherein the weight of the counterweight is variable.
35. A method as claimed in any of claims 17 to 34, wherein the two components form part of a base unit for a building structure, the base unit being adapted for connecting to the foundations of a building structure.
36. A method as claimed in any of claims 17 to 35, including providing indicating means to indicate when the connector has been actuated.
37. A method as claimed in any of claims 17 to 36, including adapting one or both of the connector and the connected components to assist in rigidly connecting the components after the vibrational event.
38. A method as claimed in claim 37, including providing a series or matrix of apertures at one or more of the connected components for receiving the connector after the vibrational event.
39. A method as claimed in claim 37 or 38, including forming the connector to be self-aligning to assist in rigidly connecting the components after the vibrational event.
40. A method as claimed in any of claims 17 to 39, wherein the countermeasure means comprise a plurality of connectors and the method includes actuating each of the plurality of connectors at different values or parameters of vibrational activity.
41. A method as claimed in claim 39, wherein the connecters are adapted such that they actuate in series as the vibrational loading increases.
42. A method as claimed in any of claims 17 to 41, including applying a vibrational loading to the building structure, and wherein the countermeasure means comprises an actuator which is actuatable to apply the vibrational loading.
43. A method as claimed in claim 42, including applying a vibrational loading which is substantially equal in one or both of frequency and amplitude but 180 degrees out of phase to the measured vibrational loading.
44. A method as claimed in claim 42 or 43, including analysing the measured vibrational loading to identify one or more resonant frequencies for the building structure, and applying a vibrational loading 180 degrees out of phase to the resonant frequency.
45. A structural member comprising: a plurality of longitudinal bamboo members arranged in a bundle and secured relative to each other, wherein the plurality of members are arranged such that the nodes of the plurality of lengths are substantially offset from each other such that the distribution of nodes is substantially even along the length of the bundle.
46. A structural member as claimed in claim 45, wherein the longitudinal members comprise a length of bamboo.
47. A structural member as claimed in claim 45, wherein the longitudinal members comprise strips cut from a length of bamboo.
48. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 45 to 47, including a tube member, and wherein the plurality of members is provided within the tube member.
49. A structural member as claimed in claim 48, wherein the tube member is formed from a metal.
50. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 45 to 49, including a core member, and wherein the plurality of members is arranged around the core member.
51. A structural member as claimed in claim 50, including a corrugated flexible material which is provided around the core member, and wherein each of the plurality of members is insertable in a corrugation of the flexible material.
52. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 45 to 51, including one or more tie members wrapped around the outer circumference of the bundle to secure the plurality of members relative to each other.
53. A structural member as claimed in claim 52, wherein the tie members are spaced to create one or more weakened regions or one or more flexible regions.
54. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 45 to 53, wherein each of the plurality of members are substantially the same length, and wherein each of the plurality of members is cut such that, when the ends of each of the plurality of members are aligned, the nodes of the plurality of members are substantially offset from each other.
55. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 45 to 54, wherein one or more of the plurality of members is modified to improve performance in at least one of tension, compression and bending.
56. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 45 to 55, wherein the members are of varying performance characteristics, and wherein the members are grouped to create an overall performance characteristic.
57. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 45 to 56, wherein one or more of the plurality of members includes a tension member provided within the core of the mem ber.
58. A structural member as claimed in claim 57, wherein the tension member extends between each end of the member and is arranged substantially collinearly with the longitudinal axis of the member.
59. A structural member as claimed in claim 58, wherein each of the nodes of the member is provided with an aperture to allow the tension member to extend between the ends of the member.
60. A structural member as claimed in claim 58 or 59, wherein a cap member is provided at each end of the member and the tension member is fixed at each end to a cap member.
61. A structural member as claimed in claim 50 or 51, wherein the core member is provided in a number of cylindrical sections serially arranged in a longitudinal direction.
62. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 45 to 61, wherein each of the plurality of members is attached to a planar or tubular material.
63. A structural member as claimed in claim 62, wherein the plurality of members are spaced apart by a predetermined distance.
64. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 57 to 61, including a restraining fastener having an aperture for receiving the tension member.
65. A structural member as claimed in claim 64, wherein the restraining fastener is movable along the tension member to longitudinally restrain or compress the plurality of members.
66. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 57 to 65, including one or more longitudinally spaced dividers, the dividers having an aperture for receiving the tension member.
67. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 45 to 66, including a wedge profiled insert provided between adjacent members.
68. A structural member comprising: an elongate body portion having two opposing ends which define an effective distance between the ends; a tension member extending between, and secured to, each end of the body portion to inhibit an increase in the effective distance due to loading on the structural member.
69. A structural member as claimed in claim 68, wherein the tension member comprises a length of wire.
70. A structural member as claimed in claim 68 or 69, wherein the body portion is tubular and the tension member is provided within the core of the body portion.
71. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 68 to 70, wherein the tubular body portion is provided with internal guide means at one or more cross sections of the body portion.
72. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 68 to 71, wherein the body portion is adapted to provide an enclosure.
73. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 68 to 72, wherein the tension member is configured to be pre-tensioned.
74. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 68 to 73, including tension adjustment means for varying the tension of the tension member.
75. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 68 to 70, including tension indicating means for indicating the tension of the tension member.
76. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 68 to 75, wherein a cap member is provided at each end of the body portion and the tension member is fixed at each end to a cap member.
77. A structural member as claimed in any of claims 68 to 76, wherein the body portion is formed from bamboo.
78. A joint device for joining two components comprising: a flexible member for wrapping around the two components to be joined, wherein the flexible member comprises: a layer of curable material which is activatable by a user to cure and subsequently set while the flexible member is wrapped around the two components thereby forming a rigid joint.
79. A joint device as claimed in claim 78, wherein the curable material comprises a liquid material including a catalyst which is activatable by the user to cure the liquid.
80. A joint device as claimed in claim 79, wherein the catalyst is provided as particulates dispersed within the liquid.
81. A joint device as claimed in any of claims 78 to 80, wherein the layer of curable material includes a mesh layer.
82. A joint device as claimed in claim 81, wherein the joint device is configured such that, upon activation, the curable material impregnates the mesh layer before setting.
83. A joint device as claimed in any of claims 78 to 82, wherein the curable material is activatable using pressure.
84. A joint device as claimed in any of claims 78 to 82, wherein the layer of curable material is crushable to activate the curable material.
85. A joint device as claimed in any of claims 78 to 84, including a roller device for crushing the curable material as it is fed through the roller device.
86. A joint device as claimed in any of claims 78 to 84, including a crushing member attached to the flexible member.
87. A joint device as claimed in claim 86, wherein the crushing member is fixedly attached to the flexible member and comprises a loop portion fixed at one end of the flexible member for receiving the other end of the flexible member, such that the loop portion is configured to crush the curable material as it is fed through the loop portion.
88. A joint device as claimed in claim 86, wherein the crushing member is slidably attached to the flexible member and translatable along the length of the flexible member such that the crushing member is configured to crush the curable material as the crushing member is translated along the length of the flexible member.
89. A joint device as claimed in claim 86, wherein the flexible member is wound around a winding drum, and the flexible member and winding drum are provided within an enclosure which includes an exit slot through which one end of the flexible member extends, and wherein the exit slot is configured such that pulling by the user the end of the flexible member to expose a length of the flexible member causes crushing of the curable material.
90. A joint device as claimed in any of claims 78 to 89, wherein the flexible member is stretchable and stretching of the flexible member causes activation of the curable material.
91. A joint device as claimed in any of claims 78 to 90, including a primer layer which activates the curable material when the primer layer and layer of curable material are brought into contact.
92. A joint device as claimed in claim 91, including an intermediate removable strip between the primer layer and layer of curable material, and wherein removal of the intermediate strip by the user activates the curable material.
93. A joint device as claimed in claim 92, wherein the plane of the flexible member includes a longitudinal fold line and the layer of curable material is provided at one side of the fold line and the primer layer is provided at the other side of the fold line, and wherein the curable material is activatable by the user folding the flexible member about the fold line to bring the primer layer and layer of curable material into contact.
94. An improved dispensing apparatus for dispensing a viscous medium, the apparatus comprising: a housing for housing the viscous medium; a nozzle for dispensing the viscous medium; pressure application means which is operable to cause the viscous medium to flow to the nozzle for dispensing; and a lagging contact member coupled to, and extending from, one of the housing and the nozzle to contact and work the viscous medium which has already been dispensed from the nozzle.
95. An apparatus as claimed in claim 94, wherein the lagging contact member is configured such that holding and maintaining the apparatus at a particular orientation produces a constant thickness of the applied viscous medium.
96. An apparatus as claimed in claim 94 or 95, wherein the lagging contact member is configured such that the thickness of the applied viscous medium is dependent upon the orientation of the apparatus.
97. An apparatus as claimed in claim 96, including means for maintaining the apparatus at a particular orientation.
98. An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 94 to 97, wherein the lagging contact member is pivotably coupled to one of the housing and the nozzle.
99. An apparatus as claimed in claim 94, including biasing means provided at the pivot for biasing the lagging contact member towards the viscous medium.

Claims are truncated...