GB2453101A - A stretch rein - Google Patents

Abstract

A stretch rein 10 combines an elastic stretch element 14 and relatively no-stretch or solid element 15 for co-operative overall elongation upon applied tension loading between opposite ends. The no-stretch region limits the extension of the elastic region. A tension regulator such as a spring clip (30, fig 6) can be used to control the tension in the rein.

Description

Stretch Rein Diverse equestrian handling', working, exercising or training equipment has been developed with resilient or elastic (i e self-recovery or reversion after deformation) elements, from say, lungeing' harnesses to reins, either configured as demountable s add-on accessories and integrated within the structure An elastic element offers an energy-absorbent or energy-storage and release buffer cushion. A particular example is a dressage training rein.

Reins, Leads, Leashes, Restraints, Tie Downs The present invention is particularly concerned with equestrian reins, but certain 0 features may be adapted for other animals, such as dog leads or leashes, or wider retention, restraint or tie-down purposes Even, say, child safety restraint harness and reins could be adapted.

Stretch Determination Hitherto, elasticity, elastic resilience or stretch has either been unquantified, even is arbitrary, empirically determined, with no particular attention paid to quantification, or restorative action variable (increasing) with stretch. Some approaches have considered elasticity simply in terms of stretch in relation to original length The Applicant envisages a more rational, structured and purposeful approach to rein construction and operational features, such as elasticity and tension regulation with user circumstances Equestrian dressage training is a specific demanding case in point, with horse reins adapted for that purpose A direct action or solid (non-stretch) rein requires a rider to use a flexible or soft' arm action. Introducing an intermediate elastic element to create a soft' rein, such as envisaged in the prior art devices acknowledged, imparts a mechanical cushion action, but brings its own problems.

Thus, for example, a sudden release of stored energy in stretched elastic elements can lead to unexpected snap-back or snatch in a rein action upon sudden recovery jolt' or jerk' -beyond rider anticipation, determination, counter or correction. So a rider has to take account of both the rate and extent of application and release of rider applied rein tension, whilst taking account of any tension change attendant horse head movement relative to the rein.

Elastic -Terminology In common parlance, elastic' implies a readiness or susceptibility to stretch or compliant yielding', but in engineering terms the opposite applies, in that material s elasticity reflects a characteristic of recovery from deformation. So materials which are quite stiff (e.g steel) are highly elastic, or have a high modulus of elasticity' (the ratio of the applied stress to the change in shape of an elastic body, or Young's modulus -a coefficient of elasticity applicable to the stretching of a wire).

For the purposes of the invention, some degree of compliance, give' or stretch, such as offering initially only modest resistance to applied load, but with a recovery tendency preserved, is desirable to effectively pay out more material length upon tension loading and vice-versa, and so determine the tension build-up' and decay' Equestrian Rein An equestrian rein relies upon rider handling to apply restraint and guidance to a horses head. Hand hold or grip, along with use of arm, shoulder and back or trunk muscles, determines the applied tension forces. The horse may react with, or initiate its own, undirected or un-commanded head movement, to which a rider must react promptly, if not anticipate, and either counter or allow by arm and shoulder muscle action. The physiology and related mental discipline of rein deployment and control represent a considerable skill to be learned by disciplined practice and maintained by regular practice A relaxed and confident mental state is more readily achieved by s rehearsal of rein action and in turn more likely to reinforce consistency.

Albeit a superficially simple element of construction and materials, the rein thus has a subtle role in horse control -discussed in more detail in the Appendix hereto The Applicant envisages a rein refinement which reflects that control subtlety, without undue elaboration or mechanical clutter in fitment or installation. That is, a bespoke practice rein will promote confidence and demonstrated ability in the practice cycle. A simple basis for refinement and elaboration is also envisaged, not least for trial and experiment in developing training regimes The Applicant has explored rein construction with a view to stretch performance and

is aware of some limited earlier work in the field

Prior Art

Elasticated reigns have been proposed both as add-on elements, such as per GB 2 327 852 B and integrated elements, such as per US 6 349 527 Whilst superficially similar, the intended purpose or these is quite different, since GB 2 327 852 is concerned to allow robust pull, without damage to a horse's mouth, whereas US 6 349 527 envisages a yielding or compliance option to add feel for the benefit of rider GB 2 327 852 B features a demountable rein extension, intended to reduce jabbing' the mouth of the horse through a composite insert between bit and conventional rein.

An elastic stretch insert, of adjustable length, is coupled in series with a non-extensible element looped through a bit ring, to promote horse obedience US 6 349 527 features some embodiments with superficially similar training aims to the present invention, but a backstop restraint loop is regarded as an option rather than essential to achieve a solid rein action for ultimate control, such as in discipline against horse bolting or un-commanded away The Applicant believes, neither provide a completely satisfactory solution, without closer consideration of construction and the degree and variability of elasticity or stretch for particular riders, horses and activities. That is, a more subtle and complex tactile issues are involved than have been addressed hitherto This can be expressed as mapping' rein stretch or elongation vs applied tension to effect that change in overall rein span and inherent resistance to that change. A particular objective is a dressage rein, where the stance of the horse's head is of primary importance.

The Applicant envisages that analysis of rein stretch and tension in diverse riding situations allows more appropriate elasticity settings to be applied along with monitoring of rein use in rider technique. Thus, whilst a variety of elasticity characteristics might work to some degree or another, (dis)proportionately more benefit can be gleaned from a more considered elastic stretch action. Casual adoption of elastic may cause more problems that solved

Statement(s) of Invention

A stretch rein with a predetermined or prescribed elastic stretch for a given tension and/or tension range of operation, comprising a relatively non-stretch or solid element and local or distributed stretch elements conjoined for co-operative interaction. A tension regulation or control module option is envisaged, such as a constant tension device. An intelligent' or adaptive' such tension control might learn' by operational experience Thus, say, tension and range could automatically be re-set for particular rider, horse and exercise conditions, as a more bespoke starting point. Any ongoing adjustment would then be from a more appropriate starting point A stretch rein, such as an otherwise conventional solid rein fitted with an elastic stretch element reduces jerking' or jabbing' of a bit in a horses' mouth when tied to a bridle bit ring; this to promote a smooth, progressive cushion action in rider-applied rein tension, with the aim of improving rein holding technique in rider arm, shoulder and trunk action, for effortless' horse control, particularly for dressage Stretch or elongation can arise within; an elastic insert; an overall elastic rein; a mechanical tension regulator device or module; with an optional limiter restraint Composite Mode In a particular construction, the distinction between solid and stretch elements could be blurred somewhat, with adoption of transitional' or composite mode' behaviour. An example would be a braided, knitted or interwoven matrix of otherwise solid strands or strips, for modest distributed stretch A weave or braid also allows introduction of strands of differential stretch along with relative strand movement for a composite i s overall effect Similarly with an elastic fabric element itself, by adopting elastic yarns of differential elasticity In either case the relative disposition and matrix or weave pattern of elements impacts upon elasticity or resistance to stretching. Frictional interaction betwen strands is a contributory factor, and an overall outer sleeve or grip can bolster such resistance for a stiffer action The proposed stretch reins could be used as a training or practice aid by riders of diverse ability, from beginners to pre-competition rehearsal for experienced riders A facility to adapt stretch vs tension characteristics would help match a diversity of rider skills and experience The stretch reins could be used as necessary, and fitted with a traditional buckle or quick-release fastener, such as a spring clip, for ease of 2 installation and removal Alternatively, a stretch element could be disabled, disconnected, demounted, partially or fully over-ridden by say a solid bridge element. In a multiple (say, dual) rein mode, both standard reins and training reins could be fitted and deployed together, for use selectively and interchangeably by rider pick-up, with corresponding rein ends of both 3(1 sets secured to a common bridle bit ring As a training aid, for learning how to hold the reins correctly, and develop the correct contact' with the horse, it is proposed that at least an intermediate section of the reins, conveniently near the (horse's head) ends, be stretch elasticated, with the remainder solid' or relatively non-stretch. The elastic section affords some leeway to s allow the horse to move its' head naturally on its own initiative and volition, without passing all the movement to the rider, and vice versa.

The elastic stretch section can be permanently secured, say stitched, within the embrace of an otherwise standard' rein style, such that a (slack excesss) hoop or loop is formed in the profile of the leather, i e the length of the elastic is less than the distance between the joining points of either end of the elastic Alternatively, a demountable and so interchangeable elastic element could be employed.

A single elastic stretch element could suffice, or multiple elements can be juxtaposed in parallel and/or series, such as in the manner of a multi-rate spring. An element of elasticity and stretch could also be incorporated between an outer rein grip sleeve and a rein body Such sleeves are typically of synthetic rubberised or elastomeric material shrink or interference fitted upon a leather inner rein core and with a moulded surface profile for a cushioned hand grip anywhere along the sleeve length without the rein biting into a rider's hand palm or fingers. 3d

When the elastic is stretched fully, it becomes a similar length to the distance between the jointing or bridging sections, resulting in the leather restraint limit hoop or loop lying almost parallel to the elastic, as it would in a standard rein The solid bridge limits the ultimate elastic stretch.

s Rein Termination A rein termination or end fitting typically features a return loop and buckle fastener closure or a rotational snap-action fastener clip or so-called billet' at one end, as a detachable bridle connection, while the other end is held by the rider The rider has two corresponding reins, one on the left and one on the right, through which to communicate to the horse. It is common for the reins to be tied or buckled together at their ends, or formed as one continuous piece Such a mutual rein end fastening could be adapted to incorporate a tension regulator such as a leaf, coil or combination spring element The reins connect to the bridle through bit mounting rings, in turn connected directly Is to the bit'. The bit is a metal stub bar that fits transversely across the horses' mouth.

When a rider pulls or draws upon the reins, the bit is moved, so pulling on the sensitive sides of the horses' mouth Dressage -Balance, Stance & Carriage For a horse moving in-balance', as in dressage, the driving force or power is derived from its hind quarters and back legs, with the head having a rounded outline. If the horse has a head in the air' stance, the main movement is from its front legs, so the horse is not in balance'. The horse must be held' in balance during dressage, by delicacy and refinement in handling, rather than brute force' -and this also helps to develop the athletic balance and muscle tone of the horse.

Reins have an important control role to play in this Thus, for a horse to develop the self-carriage' for dressage, it needs some freedom to move; this freedom generally comes from the rider's ability to hold the reins freely and not too steady and rigid but without the rein being slack. In practice, this can take a long time to learn and is a technique that can always be improved upon. It is common for new riders to hold the reins completely steady, with no relaxation or compliance with horse movement.

Ability The proposed training reins can be used by a rider of any level or ability, for ongoing development. The reins could be used as little or as much as necessary, as they are simple to fit in place and easy to remove. Standard reins and training reins could be s interchanged, with both set of reins secured to the bridle.

In a particular construction, the proposed training reins consist of otherwise standard reins, with an in-line elastic stretch section. The elasticity allows the horse to move as necessary, even if the rider holds the reins completely steady, so giving the rider time to adjust to the feel of the horse and learn how to hold the reins correctly. The elastic is added near the clips of the reins, behind the leather of the standard reins The elastic is joined by stitching, approximately 3cm from the point of the join of the elastic and the leather. The length of elastic, between both points of join, is less than the length of the leather, between both points of join, thus forming a curve in the profile of the leather. The leather is essentially inelastic, so when the length of the elastic is equal to the length of leather, the stretch in the elastic is limited by the leather Stitching provides a permanent durable connection between elastic stretch and solid rein sections The elastic stretch section itself could be created from one single piece 4/: of elastic fabric, stitched to the reins at opposite ends, with a marginal overlap of around some 3cm Stitching can be through an over-turned or braced solid rein portions with the elastic stretch element sandwiched' in between One variant uses an elastic stretch element with a certain spring constant, either as a single element or over-folded, for an effectively doubled upon stiffness, and providing a return loop for secure local attachment to a solid rein portion.

Elastic (Stretch) Rein Variables & Variants Length or Span The absolute or relative (i e. to a solid rein portion) length of an elastic stretch element could vary from minimal tp over virtually the entire rein.

Location of Elastic Element The location, disposition and action of the elastic stretch element admit of some variation. Thus a convenient location is generally between the outboard or outlying forward bit end of the rein and an intermediate portion not conflicting with where the is reins are or might be held. It is common for reins to feature a continuous outer sleeve or grip band, such as of resilient plastics or synthetic rubber, so the elastic element might be interposed between the forward end of that grip sleeve and the bit end of the rein Interposition Indeed some elasticity might be imported between rein sheath and the rein core, i.e. the traditional leather strap. Thus an elastic interconnection, link or tie could be interposed between outer sheath and inner strap core. An outermost grip clamp could be used to vary the effective length and operative freedom of the elastic element and thus control the stretch allowed for a given applied tension.

Disposition of Elastic Element An in-line' disposition, with elastic (action) axis coincident with, or closely juxtaposed with and aligned parallel to, a non-elastic rein body, helps ensure consistent axial action, with minimal sideways pull on rein That is the overall rein action line is preserved, leaving the rider free to direct a horse's head up or down or to either side, through a severable connection with a neck (girth) bridle rein and/or mouth bit rein An offset or angled mounting can allow the elastic element apply a bias to one side of a non-stretch rein section.

Action of Elastic Element The elasticity may be modulated to emulate a target tension force vs stretch behaviour profile, or put another way from a riding command perspective, the rider hand and arm movement attendant a given tension force application by the rider.

Undue rein stretch for low applied tension could be felt or interpreted by a rider as a disconcerting lack or uncertainty or control.

Rein Tension Regulation Devices Essentially, under rider command and control, rein tension can be initiated by rider pull applied from one end and/or from the other end by movement of the horse's head. An elastic insert element provides some intermediate give' or cushion relief to the shock or abrupt tension changes The opposed tension forces at opposite ends are countered by the overall resistance to stretch Thus a jerky' action is sublimated, if not wholly suppressed That said, past rein proposals include spring-energised or recoil devices to help determine stretch or elongation vs tension or stretch resistance action s Rider tactile feel' is reflected applied tension Thus a target' relaxed stance or posture would allow some give' even with a rigid rein. However, an elastic element provides an ongoing reminder' by the compliant or yielding resistance imparted of the value of relaxed arm, shoulder, trunk, back etc hold and stance.

A backstop or fall-back of a relatively rigid rein allows ultimate control, such as to counter horse bolting or un-commanded runaway by a tight grip on the horse's head.

An intermediate device, fitted in the rein action line, could control or regulate pay-out of additional rein whilst transmitting tension This payout would counter what would otherwise be a steady build up of tension and stored energy in the stretched elastic Tension Regulation Various forms of tension or rather tension regulation, conformal control or mapping (i e. of tension vs extension) mechanisms or devices are given as supporting examples These are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Rather, broad approaches vary from a restrained delivery and retraction reservoir or spool to a variable grip or restraint bearing upon rein strap sides. A minimal configuration of an elastic insert in a rein path relies upon the characteristics of that insert.

Whilst a certain elastic behaviour can be embedded in a bespoke woven elastic construction, by say weaving, braiding, knitting, stitching patterns, this does not readily admit of variability within a given fabric structure. That said, multiple alternative elastic modules might be fitted for selective coupling.

Nevertheless, an external mechanism or device, such as one fitted in-line in the rein path at either the rein ends or some intermediate point, can more readily incorporate adjustment provision. Some devices might have an external hand grip profile for a rider. A mobile variant movable along the rein path for selective local grip at a point dictated by rider comfort and convenience, might be contemplated.

On the spot mechanical adjustment, such as by a rotary wheel or linear slider, or pre-programmable or remote control can be contemplated with such external or outboard devices External tension regulators can be contained in a compact module for ease of installation or removal and their external form need not be unduly bulky or intrusive. They are however unlikely to match the extreme low profile potential of a is bespoke or tailored elastic element for compactness In any event, a combination of external and internal' or embedded measures may be used for tension regulation Remote Signalling + Control A remote disabling or enabling control would allow a trainer to dictate to a student a rein handling mode and check whether lessons in rein holding action and in particular rider applied rein tension are being properly understood, learned and retained. Local measurement and storage, or live active feedback, can also be incorporated. These might emulate a one-to-one instructor-pupil demonstration where each in turn play the part of horse or rider at opposite rein ends.

Diversity 4S Stretch rein and (elastic) stretch element variables allow great diversity in construction and operation. This diversity may be loosely categorised as follows Elastic Stretch Element Construction fabric strip -woven elastic yarn; mechanical device;

s demountable;

permanent; Location or Disposition (in relation to a Stretch Rein) localised -(single) discrete element in individual location; distributed -multiple discrete elements -serial or parallel disposition; continuous embedded or integrated; rein end; intermediate rein span; dispersed; adjunct; is permeated; Elastic Action (Tension vs Stretch) variable -unregulated; variable -regulated; mapped -programmable map;

adjustable tension;

variable-rate tension with stretch or elongation; constant tension -to an adjustable pre-set; multi-tension; mechanically regulated; controlled; feedback regulation; Dimension absolute + relative lengths of elastic and non-elastic elements Elaboration & Refinement (audio) visual tension indicator; remote signalling; adaptive -self-setting upon use; Rein Configuration split left & right hand side reins -centre join or tie; symmetrical side rein configuration + action; differential side rein configuration � action; single continuous loop rein; inter-changeable individual rein elements; multiple rein sets with individual rein selectively deployed; Material..

leather fabric canvas synthetic plastics fibre-reinforced plastics polypropylene composite rubber-backed leather Construction braided platted 1(1 woven knitted rope webbing Bridle Fitments i (metal) clip tie loop loop + clasp buckle fastener billet Special Features LED5; variable brightness and colour; Vibration; pulsed shudder or warning; Sound Warning; Remote Control, 2 Diagnostics; Memory; Temperature/Humidity Sensor; Temperature/Humidity Compensation; Conditioning; Embodiments There now follows a description of some particular embodiments of stretch reins according to the invention, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic and schematic drawings s Figures 1A and 1 B show stretch reins connected to a head bridle and attendant rein tension action; More specifically Figure 1A shows the reins fastened to a head bridle at a bit ring connector ring, with a local elastic stretch section incorporated alongside (and behind) part of a continuous lo solid rein (such as of leather or fabric); the reins being depicted relaxed and unstressed -with neither horse nor rider pulling upon them, so the elastic section remains un-stretched, with a longitudinal span shorter than the distance of the corresponding solid rein bridge section spanning between the stretch section attachment points, so creating a loop or bow in that solid section; an enlarged view of is the rein shows local a grip section; Figure 1 B shows rein of Figure 1A under tension, by rider pull on the reins from one end (remote from the head) -with the elastic section stretched, until the former loop of the solid rein bridge section is straightened or flattened out; Figures 2A and 2B reflect rein tension variation with horse's head movement; More specifically Figure 2A shows tension (change) tightening of rein by rider pull and upon downward horse head movement; Figure 2B shows a tension (change) upon upward head movement; Figures 3A through 3F show local enlargement of variant elastic stretch element mountings and free rein end configurations; More specifically Figure 3A shows a single elastic stretch band' element in a relaxed condition with a return loop and entrainment buckle rein end termination; Figure 3B shows the reins of Figure 3A in a stretched condition; Figure 3C shows a metal clip rein end termination such as for attachment to a bridle bit ring; Figure 3D shows another rein end termination to Figure 3C with a return loop and cranked fastener tang for local penetration through a purpose-made hole; Figure 3E shows another rein end termination featuring a loop to which the rein ends s are passed through to create a cow hitch knot with the bit ring; Figure 3F shows another rein end termination to Figure 3D with the rein end loop being formed of a return loop and buckle fastener; Figures 4A and 4B depict a doubled-up elastic stretch variant of Figures 3A and 3B; More specifically Figure 4A shows a local enlargement detail of a multi (in this case double) elastic stretch element rein in a relaxed condition; Figure 4B shows the double element rein of Figure 4A under applied tension; Figures 5A and 5B show an in-line mechanical rein tensioner or tension regulator s module fitted at an otherwise solid rein end and integrated with a snap-action spring clip fastener termination for a bridle mounted bit ring (not shown); More specifically Figure 5A shows a relatively relaxed rein and end tensioner element in this case a spring clip insert;; Figure 5B shows the rein of Figure 5A under tension with an extension element deployed from one end of the tensioner element; Figures 6A through 6D depict an in-line rein tension regulator module of adjustable slide action with a visual tension indicator against an elongate scale, configured as rein end termination and integrated with a bridle and bit ring fastener; scale markings depict the stretch or elongation setting, with a short stubby marking at one end for a minimal stretch graduated progressively to a longer marking at the opposite end for maximum stretch (for a given applied tension); More specifically Figure 6A shows a tension regulator module with a high tension, stiff or minimal elongation setting in a relaxed condition; Figure 6B shows the tension regulator module of Figure 6A with a rein under high tension Fl and deployment of an extendible element from one end for effective local rein extension; Figure 6C shows the slide action tension regulator of Figure 6A with a locking adjustment screw positioned at a low (minimal stretch for give applied tension) setting; but in a relaxed condition; Figure 6D shows the tension regulator of Figure 6C under tension with the same extension as Figure 6B from one end, but under a lower tension loading F2 than for Figure 6B; Figures 7A and 7B show an in-line rein tension regulator configured as a spring-biased wound coil or spool operative upon a stretch or solid payout element; juxtaposed with a restraint or limit strap; More specifically Figure 7A shows the tension regulator spooi fully-wound with a relaxed rein, with s restraint bridge section in a bow or hoop; Figure 7B shows the rein tensioner of Figure 7A under rein tension sufficient for spool unwind, until a solid restraint or limit strap becomes operative and flattened out; Figures 8A through 8C show a stretch rein variant with demountable and interchangeable elastic stretch elements; More specifically

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Figure 8A shows a variety of straps with different elasticities, juxtaposed with a solid rein and end termination, Figure 8B shows the reins with a strap of elasticity a' inserted into the reins, it requires a force Fa' to stretch until the piont when t he restraint loop limits stretch; s Figure 8C shows the reins with a strap of elasticity b' inserted into the reins, it requires a force Fb', that is different from Fa', to stretch fully; Figures 9A through 90 show a composite rein construction, with a stretch elastic outer sheath and a solid non-extensible core; More specifically io Figure 9A shows a composite reins in a relaxed state, with a non-stretch inner core relaxed within an un-stretched elastic outer sheath; Figure 9B is a cross-section at X-X' on Figure 9A as a local enlargement detail, showing both elasticated outer sheath and the non-elasticated inner core in a relaxed is position, with an intervening working clearance to allow the inner core to adopt a non-linear form to accommodate its excess length over that of the outer sheath; Figure 90 is a longitudinal section at Y-Y' on Figure 9A, depicting a relaxed elastic outer sheath and a non-elastic inner core, also in a relaxed and somewhat wavy' or crinkled' state by virtue of its excess length within and compared to the outer sheath; Figures 1 OA through 1 OC show the composite rein of Figure 9A through 90 with a stretching force applied, More specifically Figure 1OA shows a stretch rein with overall distributed elastic outer band or sleeve and inner solid core elements, for elongation up to an ultimate limit or restraint stop determined by straightening of the non-stretch inner core; Figure lOB shows a cross section at X-X' on Figure 1OA as a local enlargement detail, with the non-elastic core tensed and acting as a stretch restraint and ultimate backstop limit; Fig 100 is a longitudinal section at Y-Y' Figure 1OA showing the non-elastic core o tensed, straightened out and acting as a limiter; Figures 1 lAthrough liE show an in-line tension regulator module configured as a composite coil and draw spring, with opposed end attachment points, embedded within an otherwise solid rein body; More specifically s Figure hA shows the in-line disposition of a composite spring tension regulator; Figure 11 B shows a local enlargement detail of the tension regulator spring in a relaxed condition; Figure 1 1C shows the tension regulator spring of Figure 1 lB under tension load; Figure liD shows a relaxed tension regulator spring with a segmented twin section or dual mode compression spring; Figure liE shows the tension regulator of Figure liD under tension load; 1 1 Figures 12A through 12C depict the draw-bar spring with a variable pitch tension regulator spring included; More specifically Figure 12A shows a relaxed multi-rate tension regulator spring; s Figure 12B shows a part-loaded tension regulator spring under applied force Fa; Figure 12C shows a severely loaded tension regulator spring under applied force Fb; Figures 13A through 13F shows a multi-rate stretch rein, with a multi-stage, multi-component or multi-element elasticated stretch insert of multiple juxtaposed sections, each with a different individual elasticity disposed in a serial array; in this case with 0 progressively less elastic or more readily elongated elements from left to right, so the stiffest is at the left, as illustrated; that said, other differential element permutations or combinations might be employed More specifically Figure 13 A shows a multi-rate stretch rein with local fitment of multi-component or is multi-element in-line elastic stretch insert; in this case some three elements of different (and progressively greater from left to right) elasticity are conjoined in series; Figure 13B shows a local enlargement detail of serial multi-component or multi-element stretch insert in a relaxed condition; Figure 13C shows a local enlargement detail of the multi-component or multi-element stretch insert of Figure 13B under applied tension force Fa'; with differential stretch or (longitudinal) elongation of individual components, so the stretch component with the lowest elasticity is fully stretched or elongated, with the other components only partially stretched or elongated to different extents; the cumulative overall stretch thus reflects the combined or collective individual stretch of the component elements; Figure 1 3D shows a local enlargement detail of the multi-component or multi-element stretch insert of Figure 13B under a larger applied tension force Fa + Fb' than Figure 13C; again with the section of lowest elasticity fully stretched, along with an adjoining section of the next lesser elasticity now also fully stretched, under a larger force per until stretch or elongation than the weaker section, of lower elasticity; o Figure 13E shows a local enlargement detail of the multi-component or multi-element stretch insert of Figure 13B under a still larger applied tension force Fa + Fb + Fc', so all elements are fully stretched, including the final section with the least elasticity, with maximum overall rein elongation; Figure 13F shows enlargement detail of multi-component or multi-element stretch insert of Figure 13B with (re)moveable stretch inserts to allow manipulation of stretch resistance; Figures 14A and 14B show a variable tension regulator module for a stretch rein configured as a local hand grip for in-line installation in a stretch rein; with opposed internal bowed leaf springs within a common outer deformable sleeve to which a varying compression can be applied through rider hand grip according to the tension or stretch resistance required; More specifically Figure 14A shows the tension regulator module in a relaxed condition, with opposed 1 Z internal bowed leaf springs within a common outer deformable sleeve under minimal applied compression by rider hand grip; Figure 14B shows the tension regulator module under compression, so opposed leaf springs are flattened with overall module and so stretch rein elongation; thus when a s rider grips the reins too tightly in the hand the tension regulator will counter by modest extension (of pay-out) of overall rein length, with attendant rein tension amelioration; Figures 15A and 15B show a variable tension module for a stretch rein using a local hand grip with a torsion spring to regulate the spacing of opposed limbs secured in-line with the rein; conversely, externally applied rein tension tending to splay the in spring limbs is resisted by inherent coil stiffness, but this resistance is variable according to coil hand grip within an outer resilient sleeve; More specifically Figure 15A shows a local scrap section of a variable tension module in a relaxed condition; is Figure 15B shows a local scrap section of a variable tension module in a loaded condition; with an internal coil spring compressed by hand grip and in turn splay of opposed end limbs to effect modest overall rein extension; conversely rein tension is variably resisted by inherent coil torsional stiffness; Figures 1 6A and 1 6B shows an in-line tension regulator module for a stretch rein configured as a local pneumatic or hydraulic fluid actuator set within a bellows containment; More specifically Figure 16A shows a local fluid tension regulator under external applied tension load, with containment bellows extended offering stretch resistance; Figure 16B shows the local tension regulator of Figure 16A in a relaxed condition, with fluid -filled bellows contracted; Figures 1 7A through 1 7D show a stretch rein with relatively movable inner core and outer sleeve; More specifically Figure 17A shows tension regulator in-line disposition in a stretch rein; Figure 17B shows an outer sleeve Figure 1 7C shows a longitudinal section of outer sleeve and inner core co-operative interaction for a rein in a relaxed condition; Figure 1 7D shows shows a longitudinal section of outer sleeve and inner core co-operative interaction for a rein under externally applied tension loading; Figures 18A through 18C show reins with inner elastic core, braided around by leather rein grip; More specifically...

Figure 18A shows a plaited or braided rein; Figure 18B shows an enlarged view of a plaited rein of Figure 18A, revealing inner elastic core in a relaxed position, Figure 18C shows an enlarged view of a plaited rein of Figure 18B, with an inner elastic core stretched under tension, leading to extension of the rein length The plaited outer section, accommodates the extension; s Supplementary Figures 19 though 21 B depict elaboration in rein features and construction; More specifically Figure 19 shows a stretch rein composed of multi-strand elastic elements; Figure 20A shows a woven elastic element for a stretch rein, incorporating stretch sensitive variable LEDs emitting a dim light; Figure 20B shows a woven elastic element of Figure 20A with an applied stretch tension, resulting in increased light output from LEDs; Figure 21A shows a woven elastic element, in a relaxed state with stretch sensitive LEDs in and OFF state; is Figure 21B shows shows a woven elastic element of Figure 21A, with a stretch tension applied, and LEDs in an ON state; Figures 22A through 22H show variant woven fabric elastic element and element pairs pairs, with alternating appearance dependent upon relaxed or stretched state; More specifically Figure 22A shows a bi-strand woven elastic stretch element; Figure 22B shows a tn-strand woven elastic stretch element; Figure 22C shows a multi-strand thick woven elastic stretch element; Figure 22D shows a multi-strand plaited elastic stretch element;.

Figure 22E shows a multi-strand woven elastic element in a relaxed state, resulting in the appearance of juxtaposed plaited strands of 3 elements Figure 22F shows a multi-strand element of Figure 22E under stretch tension, resulting in the alternate appearance of a lattice pattern of 2 elements; Figure 22G shows a cylindrical multi-strand twisted elastic element in a relaxed stated, showing 2 strand elements o Figure 22H show an element of 22G under stretch tension, with alternate strand elements changing appearance;

Description

Referring to the drawings, generally, a stretch rein 10 and inter-coupled neck bridle 11 and bit 12 configuration is depicted. Rein stretch is achieved by local rein elongation 3S through an elastic element 14 and/or mechanical regulator device Figure 1 shows a single-element solid' (or relatively non-or minimal stretch compared with the elastic element) rein 16 incorporating an in-line elastic stretch element 14 fitted alongside and operationally in parallel with, a solid rein bridge section, acting as a restraint loop 15 An alternative is a two-piece, left and right hand rein, one at each side of the horse and tied together at or adjacent the rider (or rider hand) position, for ease of overall s rein length adjustment In some variants (not shown) the junction between the reins or each set or pair may itself incorporate an elastic stretch element or mechanical tension regulator Whilst it is convenient to fit a single elastic stretch element, multiple stretch elements could be fitted, say at each rein end and at a rein junction Each local stretch element could offer only modest stretch, but collectively and cumulatively a larger overall stretch could be achieved. A differential handed stretch could be imported by adoption of appropriate local stretch elements.

Opposite ends of the elastic element 21 are secured to intermediate points of the solid rein 16 and towards one (the horses head and bridle 11) end, with a spacing equivalent to a full or maximum stretch of the elastic element 14; until which condition is the bridge section 15 assumes a slack bow or loop The bridge 16 serves as a backstop or restraint operative upon full elastic 14 stretch, whereupon the rein reverts to a solid rein in character and operation, for ultimate control, such as of an un-commanded runaway or bolt.

Each rein end 13 is demountably secured, say by a loop and buckle fastener 24 or snap-action swivel clip fastener 30, to one side of a head bridle 11, by a bit ring 12.

Various forms of fastening or looped fabric tie strap and buckle pin can be employed, of which several, non-limiting examples are given A swivel joint helps inhibit a tendency for rein twist and wind-up.

The overall rein tension reflects the forces applied between opposite rein ends, such as by rider pull or give' (effectively pay-out) from one end -as reflected in Figures 1A and lB -and/or pull or give by horse head movement from the opposite end -as reflected in Figures 2A and 2B. A rider can comply' with or follow a horses head movement by adopting a slack or relaxed hand grip and/or arm action, or resist, counter, or even initiate head backward movement by a hard pull, say, as part of a 3() halt command.

Figure 1 A shows the reins relaxed, with a slack non-stretch section 15 adopting a bow or loop by linkage with a shorter elastic stretch element 14. Figure lB shows the reins in a stressed, or stretched, position, by force being as a rider pulls upon the reins, with the elastic stretch element 14 elongated to draw out the loop 15.

Figure 3 is a detailed view, showing the end of the elastic stretch element 21, a local joint 20 by stitching to a non-stretch (say leather) element 22, as would feature in a standard rein, the rein being looped through the end of the swivel clip 30 or buckle Figure 3A reflects a relaxed condition and Figure 3B a stretched condition, with the loop 15 in the non-stretch section flatted to lie alongside the stretched elastic 14.

Figure 4 depicts a doubled-up' elastic stretch element, with both ends 16 stitched together, in a sandwich fashion Figure 5 is a standard non-stretch rein 16, but with an extensible end fitting. In this case, a swivel clip fastener or billet 34 incorporates an extendible section 31, biassed by an internal spring 33, operative upon a bar 31 with a metal loop attached Spring 33 is coiled up until under applied force it extends, so the bar 31 emerges externally.

The spring 33 stretch is limited by a block 32 larger than an aperture or sleeve through which the bar 31 extends Figure 6 shows a stretch rein fitted with an extensible clip, itself incorporating a manually adjustable limit(er) 37 bearing upon the spring 32. Sliding a bolt 36 towards the minus' symbol reduces the spring tension, making it easier to pull; conversely, moving the bolt towards the plus' symbol increases the tension so it becomes harder to pull. A graduated adjustment transition can be provided, along with more precise adjustment, such as a rotary screw vernier scale Figure 7 shows a stretch rein with tension limit(er) configured as a spool or reel As a tension force is exerted upon the reins 10, an internal tape, band or strip 42 is unreeled and emerges The tape 42 is secured by a stitched join 20. A return spring 41 ensures that upon a drop in tension applied to the tape, excess tape 42 is reeled io back inside a housing.

Figure 8 shows a stretch rein adjustable to various settings or tension levels' Rather than (or to supplement) a permanent elastic stretch section, a tape 51 with known spring rate is envisaged. The tape 51 is interchangeable with tapes of different characteristics i Figures 9 and 10 show the majority, if not the entirety, of a rein 60 configured as stretch elasticated This as opposed to the localised elastic stretch elements of other embodiments. More specifically, a stretch elastic outer sheath or shroud 61 sheath or shroud has a (relatively) non-stretch, but flexible, inner core 62.

More specifically Figure 9A shows the rein 60 in a relaxed state or unloaded' condition; Figure 9B is a cross-section at X-X' in Figure 9A showing both the elasticated outer sheath 61 and the non-stretch inner 62 in a relaxed condition; Figure 9C is a longitudinal section at Y-Y' on Figure 9A depicting the relaxed elastic outer sheath 61 and inner core 62; 2S Figure 1OA shows the rein 60 in a stretched condition; Figure lOB shows a cross-section at X-X' with the non-elastic core 62, under tension, and acting as an overall elongation stop or travel limit; Figure 1OC is a longitudinal section at Y-Y'showing elongation limit.

io Variable I Multi-Rate Elasticity A variable or rather multi-ate elastic performance could be achieved by arranging elements of different elasticity in series, so as the weaker element undergoes full stretch to its elastic limit, stiffer elements come into play To that end, different elastic stretch elements could be arranged in series, parallel or some combination s Provision might be made to vary the relative interconnections and interactions of such different elastic stretch elements, in turn to adjust the collective multi-rate performance

APPENDIX

Background

The following background section is presented as a fusion of horsemanship review, allied to the technicalities or rein construction and past attempts at importing rein elasticity, for command and control authority Natural Aids for Command Cues The so-called natural aids' are the physical aids which a rider possesses through their body, and are used to convey the majority of (physical) command cues' to the horse. These may be used on their own account, or allied to orally (softly) articulated voice commands or encouragements. Both actions and the voice are complementary forms of communication, with a volume and tone of voice complementing rather than contradicting a firmness or rein action The natural (physical) aids include the Leg, Hand, Seat and Voice. Such aids are used in a spectrum, from very light' to very powerful' (decisive, authoritarian or imperative), depending on the response desired. Over or mis-use of any aid can be detrimental to a horse training regime, but in general harsh or rough hands is considered the worst fault a rider can commit using the natural aids.

The Hands The hands communicate to the horse through the reins to the bit or mouth piece.

They thus have the most control over the horse's head and shoulders, and relatively little control over the animal's hindquarters. In general, the legs and, in some cases (such as dressage) the seat, should be more prevalent in giving cues to the horse.

Beginners or novices tend to over-use their hands, before learning more subtle and sophisticated methods of using seat and leg to ask' or invite the horse to turn or slow 2 down. The best riders on very well-trained horses can sometimes ride bridle-less, using only their seat and legs to communicate with the horse.

The hands are used for two main purposes * as a restraining aid' (an aid that blocks or contains the forward energy of the horse); or * as a guiding aid, encouraging the horse to go in a certain direction.

Both hands, pulling backwards and used together, act as a restraining aid Depending on the amount of restraint the rider uses, this may ask the horse to halt, perform a downward transition, rein back, or bring his hind legs further under his body, increasing impulsion or collection. As a restraining aid, the hands should be used in is conjunction with the legs. If the rider slows all in the hands' (without any use of leg), he creates an unbalanced transition, with the horse on the forehand. This balance of leg and hand is something that must be learned by the rider, and most beginners will halt simply by pulling backwards on the reins {One rein used more than the other can create a guiding effect. }There are three main turning aids using the hands, in which the inside rein directs the horse in the direction of the turn. However, all should be used with an outside supporting rein, to keep the horse's shoulders straight, and to contain' the energy.

Direct Rein * one rein pulls straight back, encouraging the horse to turn in the direction of pressure.

Indirect Rein * pulls back inward toward the neck (without crossing over), rather than straight back This is usually used to correct straightness problems in the horse's neck and shoulders s Opening rein * does not pull back, but rather the rider moves her hands away from the horse's neck in the direction of the turn. This is especially useful if the rider wants to turn in the air when jumping a fence.

Raising the hands causes the pressure of the bit to act more on the horse's lips (as io opposed to bars of his mouth). Although this is not the usual position, it can be used occasionally as a training tool.

A harsh jerk upward with one hand (with the other firmly planted on the neck) is used in a technique called the one rein stop'. This is an emergency technique, when the horse is running away with his rider and no other method will stop him IS Western-style' riding employs the use of the neck rein. The rider, holding the reins in one hand, moves that hand one way or the other, so that the reins put pressure on the neck of the horse to ask it to turn The bit does not come into play. This technique is also used occasionally by English-style' riders.

Like the leg aids, the severity of the hands can communicate different things So a slight resistance backed up with the leg can act as a half-halt', where as a larger resistance will communicate to the horse to halt.

Reins -Construction & Disposition It follows from the primacy of reins in horsemanship that rein construction and disposition is important Essentially, reins are a type of horse tack attached to a bridle. A bridle is itself an arrangement of straps around a horse's head, used for riding and driving the animal.

A bridle contains a bit (a piece of metal placed in the horse's mouth) attached to reins.

Reins are leather or fabric (such as canvas) straps or rope attached to the outer ends of a bit that extend to the rider's or driver's hands for direction and guidance.

In horse riding the reins are used to slow and steer the horse Reins are used to communicate to the horse With the reins a rider can bend the neck and encourage turning But a rider must also use leg cues and body weight. When a rider squeezes her/his leg, the horse responds by moving away from the pressure.

The reins can be used to warn the horse that the rider is about to turn. The sides of a horse's mouth are sensitive, so pulling on the reins pulls the bit (a solid mouth piece, usually in metal), which then draws the horse's head in relation to the pulled side.

Reins are also used to stop a horse By gently applying pressure to the reins in a backward motion and sitting against the horse's movement for a short time, a rider can stop a horse completely or cause the horse to walk backward A standard rein is formed of a continuous piece of flexible, but essentially non-extensible, leather with (fully rotational) swivel mounting clips, one at each end. r

Neck Rein A neck rein is a type of rein aid The horse responds to neck rein techniques when it has learnt that a light pressure of the right rein against its neck on that side means a command for the horse to turn left, and a light pressure of the other rein against its s neck on the left side means for the horse to turn right This reflects a less aggressive direction than, say, through the bit Generally, a horse should look in the direction of travel. Head tossing and turning the head to the outside of the turn are clear signs of bad training and/or faulty rider technique. When riders neck rein, they hold both reins in the left hand (if they are right-handed), and hold their lariat or other needed tool in their right hand Moving the left hand slightly to the left tells the horse to turn left, and moving the left hand to the right means for the horse to turn right The reins should never become so tight as to take the slack out of the reins when neck-reining, the only exception being the young horse in training who may need a reminder to look where he's going.

Is The correct way to teach neck reining relies on perfecting the horse's responses to weight and leg aids while slowly introducing the feel of the rein against the neck as a cue A horse that has been well-trained to neck rein becomes so responsive to legs and seat that it is very easy to simply take the bridle off completely -a move sometime seen in reining competition when the riders attempt to gain extra points by demonstrating that skill Occasionally trainers use inappropriate methods, such as crossing the reins under the neck or using reins with tacks or pins in them, but this reflects a poor level of horsemanship in western riding tradition.

In English riding and other systems where the primary means of communication is light pressure between the rider's hands and the horse's mouth, light pressure is always maintained on the bit. However, in neck reining, the reins are left slack, unless the rider needs to tell the horse to stop.

Problem & Challenge Reins are thus a prime, but by no means the only means of control.

An ultimate discipline of so-called dressage' is the guiding of a horse through a series of complex manoeuvres in response to body signals by the rider, specifically by slight movements of the rider's hands, legs, and weight So-called eventing' also includes a dressage task element along with cross-country and jumping A fundamental purpose is to develop, through standardized progressive training methods, a horse's natural athletic ability and willingness to perform, thereby maximizing its potential as a riding horse. At the peak of a dressage horse's gymnastic development, it can smoothly respond to a skilled rider's minimal aids by performing a requested movement while remaining relaxed and appearing effortless Dressage horses are shown in minima tack' or equipment. They are not permitted to wear boots (including hoof or bell boots) or wraps (including tail bandages) during the test. Nor are they allowed to wear martingales or training devices, such as draw or running reins or the gouge, anywhere on the show grounds during the competition.

For a horse moving in-balance', as in dressage, the driving or motive power is from the back legs, the head has a rounded outline If the horse has its' head in the air, the main movement is from it's front legs, the horse is not in balance There is a need to hold the horse in (front-to-rear) balance during dressage, which also helps to develop athletic balance and muscle For the horse to develop the self-carriage for dressage, it needs some freedom to move, it needs an elasticity of control from the reins Usually this elasticity come from the relaxed, yet disciplined, way a rider holds the reins to convey direction -without fierce tugging or pulling However the necessary relaxed, compliant yielding, even elastic arm technique is not easily achieved Any movement made by the horse's head is passed along the reins and can be felt by the rider, as such the rider must learn to allow their arms to move freely with the reins and not to hold the reins steady. It is common in new riders to hold the reins steady; however, this means that any movement the horse would naturally make is restricted and the horse will feel a pressure through the metal or rubber bit within its' mouth 2O Component list: stretch rein 11 bridle 12 bit ring s 13 snap fastener 14 elastic stretch element solid rein bridge section / restraint loop 16 solid rein length joint (elastic element to solid rein) 21 end of elastic element 22 stitching leather element 23 guiding strap 24 buckle Tensioner regulator module is 31 Bar 32 Limiting block 33 Spring 34 Snap Clip/Hook Scale

36 Adjustable bolt

37 Adjustable limiter 41 Tension regulation spool 42 Webbing 51 Known tension insert 52 Fastener on rein 53 Fastener on insert Composite elasticated rein 61 Elastic outer 62 Flexible, non-stretchy inner core o 70 Coil & Draw-bar spring 71 Large U 72 Thin U 73 Compression spring 74 Multi-rate tension regulator spring 80 Whole insert 81 Elastic 1 82 Elastic 2 83 Elastic 3 Hand grip 91 Leaf spring 92 Torsion spring 93 Elasticated outer Bellows 21 /

Claims (2)

1. Claims A stretch rein, lead, tie or restraint (10) with an elastic stretch element (14) combined with a relatively solid or non-stretch element (15), for co-operative interaction and regulated overall rein stretch or elongation.
2. 2.

   A stretch rein of Claim 1, with a restraint, check or limit element, to regulate and/or limit elastic stretch, with a tension regulator or pre-set tension elements