GB2431511A - Electricity generation by synthesis gas fuel cells - Google Patents

Electricity generation by synthesis gas fuel cells Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2431511A
GB2431511A GB0521609A GB0521609A GB2431511A GB 2431511 A GB2431511 A GB 2431511A GB 0521609 A GB0521609 A GB 0521609A GB 0521609 A GB0521609 A GB 0521609A GB 2431511 A GB2431511 A GB 2431511A
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Prior art keywords
fuel cell
fuel
synthesis gas
electricity
carbon dioxide
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GB0521609D0 (en
GB2431511B (en
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Michael David Hancock
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
    • H01M16/003—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
    • C01B3/36—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using oxygen or mixtures containing oxygen as gasifying agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
    • C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
    • C10K1/002—Removal of contaminants
    • C10K1/003—Removal of contaminants of acid contaminants, e.g. acid gas removal
    • C10K1/004—Sulfur containing contaminants, e.g. hydrogen sulfide
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
    • H01M8/0668—Removal of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/025—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
    • C01B2203/066—Integration with other chemical processes with fuel cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/31—Mobile gasifiers, e.g. for use in cars, ships or containers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0916—Biomass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/093—Coal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/164—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with conversion of synthesis gas
    • C10J2300/1643—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy
    • C10J2300/1646—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy integrated with a fuel cell
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/1671—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with the production of electricity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1884—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being synthesis gas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
    • H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
    • H01M8/0643—Gasification of solid fuel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
    • Y02P20/145—Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

Electricity is generated in a fuel cell or fuel cell stack using synthesis gas, which is itself produced by the gasification of hydrocarbon fuels using an oxygen-rich air stream. The oxygen is produced by an electrolytic process using the power produced by the fuel cell. Hydrogen which is also produced is used as a fuel for the fuel cell. Carbon dioxide is easily separated for disposal. Once started, the process requires only the hydrocarbon fuel, air and water to sustain electricity generation. Such a process can be operated on a large or small scale and can use coal or waste hydrocarbons such as motor lubricating oils, or fuel mixtures incorporating biomass. A preferred embodiment is an apparatus suitable for transportation to and operation in remote regions such as offshore oil platforms and coal-fields where it can be linked to means of disposal of carbon dioxide.

Description

1 2431511 Electricity generation by synthesis gas fuel cells Fuel Cells
can be used to produce electricity using a number of materials as fuels.
Those of primary importance use gaseous hydrogen and air, which combine to make water. Fuel cells using a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (often called synthesis gas or "syngas") have also been shown to produce electricity together with water and carbon dioxide Syngas is produced when hydrocarbons are reacted with air and steam in a reformer, or when combined with an oxygen rich gas in a process known as gasification. This invention relates to an integrated process in which the electricity produced is used in the other process steps, notably but not exclusively the electrolytic production of oxygen used for gasification.
Similar integrated processes have been patented such as US200S 123472, in which hydrogen is produced to fuel a hydrogen fuel cell. This invention simplifies the process by eliminating the gas separation stages needed to produce pure hydrogen, and by substituting a fuel cell system which works on syngas This means that an apparatus can be more easily assembled, transported and operated in a remote location Once running the system needs only the supply of a hydrocarbon fuel, water and air to sustain operation. Examples of such remote locations are an offshore oilfield and an on-shore coalfield, where the apparatus could be connected to a means of disposing of the carbon dioxide by injecting it into porous rock formations.
Preferably the process can use coal or waste hydrocarbons such as lubricating oils as fuels, wherein additional process steps are incorporated, for the pre-treatment of the fuel, and for the removal of materials in the syngas, which could damage the fuel cells Fixed installations of the apparatus can be used with Underground Coal Gasification to produce electricity on a large scale, and permit the disposal of carbon dioxide within the coal deposits A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing in which.
FiGURE 1 shows a schematic flow-scheme of an apparatus or process, which is a preferred embodiment of the invention As shown in FIGURE 1, the hydrocarbon fuel C, which can be any oil or waste oil or coal or gaseous hydrocarbon fuel is heated in a heat exchanger 6 This exchanger transfers heat generated in the solid oxide fuel cell 5 to the fuel, and may be designed as an integral part of the body of the fuel cell 5 The heated fuel is the conveyed to a reactor vessel or gasifler 2 where it reacts with an oxygen rich gas stream 3 This gas stream contains oxygen which is preferably prepared in an electrolytic cell or stack of cells 4, which is in turn powered by the electrical output from the fuel cell 5 The oxidation products emerging from the gasifier 2 consist mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, as well as ash and un-reacted or partially reacted solids, tars, waxes and numerous gases and liquids They then pass through a purification stage 7 hydrocarbon liquids and finally unwanted gases primarily sulphur containing compounds and others which could damage or adversely affect the performance of the fuel cell or other equipment downstream. The purification stage 7 also includes heat exchanges to bring the temperature to the preferred level for the operation of the fuel cell and to recover waste heat The purified syngas passes then to a solid oxide fuel cell which is also supplied with water or steam and air or oxygen where electricity is generated together with water and carbon dioxide Remaining gases such as un-reacted carbon monoxide, hydrogen and inert gases are separated Carbon monoxide and hydrogen E may be returned to the gas stream at a point before the fuel cell.
The electricity generated in the fuel cell 5 is exported to a converter to make it into a usable form. Part of the production is fed to an electrolytic cell or stack 8 which produces hydrogen and oxygen The oxygen supplies the gasifler 2 and the hydrogen is fed to the fuel cell 5 to enhance its performance.
in summary the preferred embodiment comprises the following (in which the paragraph numbers do not relate to the diagram FIGURE 1) A process for reacting hydrocarbon materials with oxygen using an oxygen enriched gas to produce a synthesis gas comprising predominantly carbon monoxide and hydrogen 2 A process for treatment of the synthesis gas mixture to remove materials which could have a damaging effect on the operation of the fuel cell to which it is being fed 3 A process for adding additional materials to the synthesis gas in order to improve the performance of the fuel cell 4 A heat exchange process to remove surplus heat generated in the reactor and to reduce the temperature of the synthesis gas to a level at which the fuel cell best operates A fuel cell or arrangement of fuel cells which convert the modified or conditioned synthesis gas mixture to an effluent stream containing predominantly carbon dioxide and water, and generates electricity 6 An electrolytic process which converts water into separate gas streams of predominantly oxygen and predominantly hydrogen respectively.
7 An apparatus which incorporates the items I to 6 which uses the electricity, oxygen and hydrogen produced within it to sustain it and to generate an exportable supply of electricity 8 An apparatus as described in items I to 7 which can be assembled in a compact and transportable form so that it can be used on offshore oil rigs or at remote locations, and can he used with a means of injecting carbon dioxide into porous rock formations below the sea bed or at coal mines.
9 An apparatus described in items I to 7 which uses waste hydrocarbon materials such as lubricating oils An apparatus as in item 7 for the production of hydrogen suitable for use in fuel cell powered vehicles or in static apparatus.

Claims (1)

  1. Claims: A process for producing oxygen and for reacting it with
    hydrocarbon materials to produce a synthesis gas comprising predominantly carbon monoxide and hydrogen which is used to generate electricity in a fuel cell 2. A process for treatment of the synthesis gas mixture to remove materials, which could have a damaging effect on the operation of the fuel cell to which it is being fed.
    3 A process for adding additional materials to the synthesis gas in order to improve the performance of the fuel cell 4 A heat exchange process to remove surplus heat generated in the reactor and to reduce the temperature of the synthesis gas to a level at which the fuel cell best operates 5. A fuel cell or arrangement of fuel cells which convert the modified or conditioned synthesis gas mixture to an effluent stream containing predominantly carbon dioxide and water, and generates electricity.
    6 An electrolytic process which preferably but not exclusively uses the power output from the fuel cell in claim 5 to convert water into separate gas streams of predominantly oxygen and predominantly hydrogen respectively 7. A process for separating the carbon dioxide from the materials emerging from the fuel cell in claim 5 8 A process for the capture of carbon dioxide in claim 7 so that it can be stored or removed to a place of long-term storage. It,
    9 An apparatus which incorporates the claims Ito 8 which uses the electricity, oxygen and hydrogen produced within it to sustain it and to generate an exportable supply of electricity.
    A system comprising a computer and a set of software for the control and stable operation of an apparatus in claim 9 which uses sensors to monitor temperature, pressure, and the content of the gases and liquids, and the electrical power produced and used, and also uses valves and flow regulators, and electricity regulators 11. An apparatus as described in claims I to 10 which can be assembled in a compact and transportable form so that it can be used on offshore oil rigs or at remote locations, and can be used with a means of injecting carbon dioxide into porous rock formations below the sea bed or at coal mines 12 An apparatus described in claims I to 10 which uses waste hydrocarbon materials such as lubricating oils.
    13 An apparatus described in claims I to 10 which uses diesel fuel 14 An apparatus described in claims I to 10 which uses coal IS An apparatus described in claims I to 10 but adapted such that the coal fuel remains in situ underground as in an underground coal gasification (UCG) system 16 An apparatus described in claims 1 to 10 which uses a mixture of a hydrocarbon fuel and biomass.
    17 An apparatus as claimed in claim 9 for the production of hydrogen suitable for use in fuel cell powered vehicles or in static apparatus
GB0521609A 2005-10-22 2005-10-22 Electricity generation by synthesis gas fuel cells Active GB2431511B (en)

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GB2431511A true GB2431511A (en) 2007-04-25
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8500868B2 (en) 2009-05-01 2013-08-06 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for the separation of carbon dioxide and water

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2133207A (en) * 1982-12-27 1984-07-18 Gen Electric Fuel cell power supply with oxidant and fuel gas switching
JPH0465066A (en) * 1990-07-05 1992-03-02 Electric Power Dev Co Ltd Fuel cell and carbon dioxide gas fixed compound power generation method

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040265158A1 (en) * 2003-06-30 2004-12-30 Boyapati Krishna Rao Co-producing hydrogen and power by biomass gasification

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2133207A (en) * 1982-12-27 1984-07-18 Gen Electric Fuel cell power supply with oxidant and fuel gas switching
CA1214512A (en) * 1982-12-27 1986-11-25 Paul J. Chludzinski Fuel cell power supply with oxidant and fuel gas switching
JPH0465066A (en) * 1990-07-05 1992-03-02 Electric Power Dev Co Ltd Fuel cell and carbon dioxide gas fixed compound power generation method

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8500868B2 (en) 2009-05-01 2013-08-06 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for the separation of carbon dioxide and water

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GB2431511B (en) 2011-08-31

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