GB2414408A - Implanted pacemaker with antenna formed on or by the device enclosure - Google Patents

Implanted pacemaker with antenna formed on or by the device enclosure Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2414408A
GB2414408A GB0412133A GB0412133A GB2414408A GB 2414408 A GB2414408 A GB 2414408A GB 0412133 A GB0412133 A GB 0412133A GB 0412133 A GB0412133 A GB 0412133A GB 2414408 A GB2414408 A GB 2414408A
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GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
enclosure
arrangement
portions
antenna
antenna arrangement
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB0412133A
Other versions
GB0412133D0 (en
Inventor
Michael Higgins
Peter E Chadwick
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Microsemi Semiconductor Ltd
Original Assignee
Zarlink Semiconductor Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Zarlink Semiconductor Ltd filed Critical Zarlink Semiconductor Ltd
Priority to GB0412133A priority Critical patent/GB2414408A/en
Publication of GB0412133D0 publication Critical patent/GB0412133D0/en
Publication of GB2414408A publication Critical patent/GB2414408A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372—Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • A61N1/37211—Means for communicating with stimulators
    • A61N1/37217—Means for communicating with stimulators characterised by the communication link, e.g. acoustic or tactile
    • A61N1/37223—Circuits for electromagnetic coupling
    • A61N1/37229—Shape or location of the implanted or external antenna

Abstract

An apparatus is provided for implantation into a living animal body, such as a human body. The apparatus comprises an electronic circuit (1), which has a radio frequency transmitter (19) and/or receiver for wireless communication with the exterior of the body. The electronic circuit (1) is housed within an enclosure (2) which provides an antenna arrangement. For example, the enclosure (2) may comprise top and bottom halves (3, 4) made of electrically conductive material and electrically connected via radio frequency feed conductors (6, 7) to receive radio frequency signals of opposite phases from the transmitter of the electronic circuit (1) (Figs 1, 2). Alternatively, the enclosure may be made from an insulating material such as a ceramic and the antenna may be formed by metallised regions that are either on the internal surface (8, 9 of fig 4) only or by metallised regions on both the internal and external 10, 11 surfaces of the enclosure 2.

Description

24 1 4408 Implantable Apparatus The present invention relates to an
apparatus which is suitable for implantation in a living animal body, such as a human body. Such an apparatus may, for example, comprise a heart pacemaker required to transmit signals wirelessly to the exterior of the body.
Electronic apparatuses, such as heart pacemakers, requiring an antenna for wireless radio communication must meet various requirements in order to be safely implantable in a human or other body. If such an antenna is provided in the form of a patch antenna attached to the outside or exterior surface of an enclosure, then the material or external surface of the enclosure and the patch antenna must be non-toxic to the body and substantially inert to the body. Thus, such materials must not release, or must not release at unacceptable rates or quantities, any chemicals which are in any way toxic to the body or interfere with bodily functions. Such materials must also be inert in that they are not degraded, or not unacceptably degraded or unacceptably rapidly degraded, by the environment within the body, such as by bodily fluids. En particular, such materials must be sufficiently immune to corrosion in the presence of bodily fluids and must not crumble unacceptably when in place.
Further, such a patch antenna has to be attached to the enclosure or case such that it does not become detached. If the shape of the antenna is rectangular, this may not match the shape of the enclosure and may have sharp edges. Enclosures for heart pacemakers generally have curved surfaces so that it is not easy to attach a patch antenna to such an enclosure. Also, it is necessary to provide a connection between the patch antenna and the electronics, such as a transmitter, within the enclosure and this generally requires some form of feed-through connection passing through the enclosure wall.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided an apparatus for implantation in a living animal body, comprising: an electronic circuit including a radio communication arrangement for communicating wirelessly by radio waves with the exterior of the body; and an enclosure containing the circuit and having an external surface which is substantially non-toxic and inert to an interior region of the body at which the apparatus is to be implanted, the enclosure comprising at least one electrically conductive portion forming at least part of an antenna arrangement electrically connected to the communication arrangement to transfer therebetween radio frequency signals of opposite phases.
The at least one portion may comprise first and second portions. The first and second portions may be electrically insulated from each other. As an alternative, the first and second portions may be electrically connected to each other. The first and second portions may comprise first and second halves of the enclosure. The first and second halves may be of substantially the same shape and size.
The enclosure may comprise at least one electrically insulating portion, on a surface of which is formed at least one metallisation forming part of the antenna arrangement.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided an apparatus for implantation in a living animal body, comprising: an electronic circuit including a radio communication arrangement for communicating wirelessly by radio waves with the exterior of the body; and an enclosure containing the circuit and having an external surface which is substantially non-toxic and inert to an interior region of the body at which the apparatus is to be implanted, the enclosure comprising an electrically insulating material, on an internal surface of which is formed at least one metallization forming at least part of an antenna arrangement electrically connected to the communication arrangement to transfer therebetween radio frequency signals of opposite phases.
The at least one metallization may comprise first and second metallizations. The first and second metallizations may be formed on opposing portions of the internal surface.
The at least one metallization may constitute the antenna arrangement.
The apparatus may comprise at least one further metallization formed on an external surface of the enclosure and capacitively coupled to the at least one metallization to form the antenna arrangement. The at least one further metallization may comprise third and fourth metallizations separated from the first and second metallizations by first and second wall portions, respectively, of the enclosure.
The enclosure may comprise a ceramic material. s
The communication arrangement may comprise a transmitter.
The communication arrangement may comprise a receiver.
The communication arrangement may comprise a signal node and a common node connected to the antenna arrangement.
The body may be a human body.
The apparatus may comprise a heart pacemaker.
It is thus possible to provide an apparatus which is suitable for implantation and which has an antenna arrangement compatible with implantation for radio communication with the exterior of the body. In particular, the antenna arrangement is such that it achieves the requirements described hereinbefore.
The invention will be further described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a pacemaker constituting a first embodiment of the invention; Figure 2 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a pacemaker constituting a second embodiment of the invention; Figure 3 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a pacemaker constituting a third embodiment of the invention; Figure 4 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a pacemaker constituting a fourth embodiment of the invention; and Figure 5 is a block schematic diagram of an electronic circuit in any of the pacemakers illustrated in Figures 1 to 4.
Like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the drawings.
The heart pacemaker shown in Figure 1 is suitable for implantation in a human body and comprises an electronic circuit 1 disposed inside a case or enclosure 2 for effectively sealing the electronic circuit 1 from the body. The enclosure 2 comprises a top half 3 and a bottom half 4 of substantially the same shape and size fixed together by an insulator 5, which seals the interior of the enclosure 2 from the exterior. The halves 3 and 4 are made of a material suitable for acting as a radio frequency antenna arrangement. For example, the halves 3 and 4 may be made of metal and may be coated if necessary or desirable to provide an acceptable degree of non-toxicity and inertness.
The electronic circuit 1 includes a radio frequency transmitter which supplies radio frequency output signals of opposite phases ("in antiphase"). An electrically conductive in-phase radio frequency feed 6 supplies the in-phase radio frequency (RF) signals to the top half 3 whereas an electrically conductive anti-phase RF feed 7 supplies antiphase RF signals to the bottom half 4 of the enclosure 2. Thus, in addition to enclosing the electronic circuit 1 in a substantially nontoxic and inert manner, the enclosure 2 also performs the function of a radio frequency antenna for wirelessly communicating signals from the electronic circuit 1 to the exterior of the body, for example for monitoring operation of the pacemaker by remote monitoring equipment.
The pacemaker shown in Figure 2 differs from that shown in Figure 1 in that the top and bottom halves 3 and 4 of the enclosure 2 are sealed together in such a way that they are not electrically insulated from each other. The enclosure 2 thus acts substantially as an inverted slot antenna or as multiple loop antennae in parallel. s
Figure 3 illustrates a pacemaker which differs from those shown in Figures 1 and 2 in that the enclosure comprises an electrically insulating case 2 and the antenna arrangement comprises internal and external metallizations 8 to 11. The case 2 may, for example, be made of a ceramic material and the metallizations 8 to l l are formed or deposited by any suitable technique, such as evaporation, sputtering or thick film printing. The internal metallizations 8 and 9 may be made, for example, of silver, gold or copper. The external metallizations 10 and 11 may be made, for example, of titanium, gold, platinum or platinum/iridium. It may be possible to use a semiconductor coating as the metallisations, for example deposited by sputtering. Thus, the term "metallisation" as used herein is defined to include any material, whether metal or not, which can be deposited and is suitable for forming an antenna or part of an antenna arrangement.
The in-phase and anti-phase feeds 6 and 7 are electrically connected to the internal metallizations 8 and 9, respectively. The radio frequency energy is coupled through the case 2 capacitively to the external metallizations 10 and 11. In particular, the metallizations 8 and 9 form the plates of a capacitor with the portion of the case 2 therebetween forming a dielectric. Similarly, the metallizations 9 and 11 form the plates of a capacitor with the portion of the case therebetween forming the dielectric.
The pacemaker shown in Figure 4 differs from that shown in Figure 3 in that the external metallizations 10 and 11 are omitted so that the internal metallizations 8 and 9 form the antenna arrangement. The material of the case 2, at least in the regions of the metallizations 8 and 9, is sufficiently non-absorbent to radio frequency energy so as to permit radio frequency communication to the exterior of the body in which the pacemaker is implanted.
Figure 5 is a diagrammatic illustration of the circuit arrangement of any of the pacemakers described hereinbefore and illustrated in Figures l to 4. The circuit comprises a power supply in the form of a battery 15, supplying power to a common supply rail 16 and an "active" supply rail 17. The pacemaker comprises a pacemaker circuit 18 and a transmitter 19, which may be replaced by or which may include a receiver. Power supply inputs of the pacemaker circuit 18 and the transmitter 19 are connected to the supply rails 17 and 18. The transmitter 19 has a radio frequency output to which the in-phase feed 6 is connected. The anti-phase feed 7 is connected to the common supply line 16. Because a body does not have an effective ground or earth as far as an implanted apparatus is concerned, this "single-ended" arrangement is sufficient to produce the opposite phase or anti-phase radio frequency signals described hereinbefore. Thus, it is not necessary to provide a balanced output configuration and this reduces complexity, cost and size.

Claims (18)

  1. CLAIMS: 1. An apparatus for implantation in a living animal body,
    comprising: an electronic circuit including a radio communication arrangement for communicating wirelessly by radio waves with the exterior of the body; and an enclosure containing the circuit and having an external surface which is substantially non-toxic and inert to an interior region of the body at which the apparatus is to be implanted, the enclosure comprising at least one electrically conductive portion forming at least part of an antenna arrangement electrically connected to the communication arrangement to transfer therebetween radio frequency signals of opposite phases.
  2. 2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the at least one portion comprises first and second portions.
  3. 3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2, in which the first and second portions are electrically insulated from each other.
  4. 4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2, in which the first and second portions are electrically connected to each other.
  5. 5. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 4, in which the first and second portions comprise first and second halves of the enclosure.
  6. 6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, in which the first and second halves are of substantially the same shape and size.
  7. 7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the enclosure comprises at least one electrically insulative portion, on a surface of which is formed at least one metallisation forming part of the antenna arrangement.
  8. 8. An apparatus for implantation in a living animal body, comprising: an electronic circuit including a radio communication arrangement for communicating wirelessly by radio waves with the exterior of the body; and an enclosure containing the circuit and having an external surface which is substantially non-toxic and inert to an interior region of the body at which the apparatus is to be implanted, the enclosure comprising an electrically insulating material, on an internal surface of which is formed at least one metallization forming at least part of an antenna arrangement electrically connected to the communication arrangement to transfer therebetween radio frequency signals of opposite phases.
  9. 9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, in which the at least one metallization comprises first and second metallizations.
  10. 10. An apparatus as claimed in claim 9, in which the first and second metallizations are formed on opposing portions of the internal surface.
  11. 11. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 8 to 10, in which the at least one 1 S metallization constitutes the antenna arrangement.
  12. 12. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 8 to 10, comprising at least one further metallization formed on an external surface of the enclosure and capacitively coupled to the at least one metallization to form the antenna arrangement.
  13. 13. An apparatus as claimed in claim 12 when dependent on claim 9 or 10, in which the at least one further metallization comprises third and fourth metallizations separated from the first and second metallizations by first and second wall portions, respectively, of the enclosure.
  14. 14. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 8 to 13, in which the enclosure comprises a ceramic material.
  15. 15. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the communication arrangement comprises a transmitter.
  16. 16. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the communication arrangement comprises a receiver.
  17. 17. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the communication arrangement comprises a signal node and a common node connected to the antenna arrangement. s
  18. 18. An apparatus as claimed n1 any one of the preceding claims, comprising a heart pacenal<er.
    18. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the body is a human body.
    19. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, comprising a heart 1 0 pacemaker.
    Amendments to the claims have been filed as follows CLAIMS: I O 1. An apparatus for Implantation In a living animal body, composing: an electronic circuit mcludmg a radio commumcaton arrangement for communicating wirelessly by radio waves with the exterior of the body; and an enclosure containing the circuit and having an external surface which is substantially non-toxic and inert to an ntenor region of the body at which the apparatus is to be implanted, the enclosure composing: at least one electrically conductive portion forming at least part of an antenna arrangement electrically connected to the communication anTangement to transfer therebctween radio frequency signals of opposite phases; and at least one electrically n1sulatve portion, on a surface of which is fonned at least one mctallisaton forming part of the antenna arrangement.
    2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the at least one portion comprises first and second portions.
    3. An apparatus as claimed In claim 2, In which the first and second portions are clectrcally insulated from each other.
    2() 4. An apparatus as claimed m clang 2, in which the first and second portions are electrically connected to each other.
    5. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 4, in which the first and second portions compose first and second halves of the enclosure.
    6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, in which the first and second halves are of substantially the same shape and size.
    7 An apparatus for implantation in a living animal body, comprising: an elcctromc 3() cn-cut mcludmg a radio communication arrangement for conmunicatmg wirelessly by radio waves wail the exterior of the body; and an enclosure containing the circuit and l' having an cxtennal surface which is substantially non-toxic and inert to an inferior region of the body at which the apparatus is to be Implanted, the enclosure comprsmg an electrically insulating material, on an n1tenlal surl'ace of which is fonned at least one metalhzation forming at least part of an antenna arrangement electrically connected to the commumcaton arrangement to transfer therebetween radio frequency signals of oppostc pleases.
    8 An apparatus as claimed in clang 7, in which the at least one metallzaton comprises first and second metalliz.atons.
    9. An apparatus as claimed n1 clam, 8, in whicl1 the first and second metallizatons are l'omled on opposing portions of the internal surface.
    1(). An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 9, in which the at least one mctallizaton constitutes the antemla arrangement.
    11. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 9, comprising at least one l;rthcr mctallization formed on an external surl'ace of the enclosure and capacitively coupled to the at least one nletallizaton to form the antenna arrangement. 2()
    12. An apparatus as claimed in claim 11 when dependent on claim 8 or 9, in whicl1 the at least one further rmetallization comprises third and fourth metallizations separated fi-om the first and second mctallizatons by pest and second wall portions, respectively, oi'thc enclosure.
    13. An apparatus as clanged in any one oi claims 7 to 12, In which the enclosure comprises a ceramic material.
    14. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the communication arrangement comprises a transmitter.
    15. An apparatus as claimed n1 any one ol' the preceding clangs, n1 which the communication arrangement comprises a rccever.
    1G. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the communication arrangement comprises a signal node and a common node connected to the antenna aTangcment.
    17. An apparatus as claimed n1 any one of the preceding claims, in which the body Is a human body.
GB0412133A 2004-05-29 2004-05-29 Implanted pacemaker with antenna formed on or by the device enclosure Withdrawn GB2414408A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0412133A GB2414408A (en) 2004-05-29 2004-05-29 Implanted pacemaker with antenna formed on or by the device enclosure

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0412133A GB2414408A (en) 2004-05-29 2004-05-29 Implanted pacemaker with antenna formed on or by the device enclosure

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GB0412133D0 GB0412133D0 (en) 2004-06-30
GB2414408A true GB2414408A (en) 2005-11-30

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010051230A1 (en) * 2008-10-31 2010-05-06 Medtronic, Inc. Antenna for implantable medical devices formed on extension of rf circuit substrate and method for forming the same
WO2011154372A1 (en) * 2010-06-08 2011-12-15 Roche Diagnostics Gmbh Analyte sensor having a slot antenna
US8512241B2 (en) 2006-09-06 2013-08-20 Innurvation, Inc. Methods and systems for acoustic data transmission
US8588887B2 (en) 2006-09-06 2013-11-19 Innurvation, Inc. Ingestible low power sensor device and system for communicating with same
US8617058B2 (en) 2008-07-09 2013-12-31 Innurvation, Inc. Displaying image data from a scanner capsule
US8647259B2 (en) 2010-03-26 2014-02-11 Innurvation, Inc. Ultrasound scanning capsule endoscope (USCE)
US9197470B2 (en) 2007-10-05 2015-11-24 Innurvation, Inc. Data transmission via multi-path channels using orthogonal multi-frequency signals with differential phase shift keying modulation
US9192353B2 (en) 2009-10-27 2015-11-24 Innurvation, Inc. Data transmission via wide band acoustic channels

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4441498A (en) * 1982-05-10 1984-04-10 Cardio-Pace Medical, Inc. Planar receiver antenna coil for programmable electromedical pulse generator
WO2002031909A1 (en) * 2000-10-11 2002-04-18 Alfred E. Mann Foundation For Scientific Research Improved antenna for miniature implanted medical device
US20020095195A1 (en) * 2001-01-16 2002-07-18 Mass William R. Split-can dipole antenna for an implantable medical device
EP1362614A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2003-11-19 St. Jude Medical AB Implantable patch antenna

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4441498A (en) * 1982-05-10 1984-04-10 Cardio-Pace Medical, Inc. Planar receiver antenna coil for programmable electromedical pulse generator
WO2002031909A1 (en) * 2000-10-11 2002-04-18 Alfred E. Mann Foundation For Scientific Research Improved antenna for miniature implanted medical device
US20020095195A1 (en) * 2001-01-16 2002-07-18 Mass William R. Split-can dipole antenna for an implantable medical device
EP1362614A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2003-11-19 St. Jude Medical AB Implantable patch antenna

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9900109B2 (en) 2006-09-06 2018-02-20 Innurvation, Inc. Methods and systems for acoustic data transmission
US10320491B2 (en) 2006-09-06 2019-06-11 Innurvation Inc. Methods and systems for acoustic data transmission
US8512241B2 (en) 2006-09-06 2013-08-20 Innurvation, Inc. Methods and systems for acoustic data transmission
US8588887B2 (en) 2006-09-06 2013-11-19 Innurvation, Inc. Ingestible low power sensor device and system for communicating with same
US8615284B2 (en) 2006-09-06 2013-12-24 Innurvation, Inc. Method for acoustic information exchange involving an ingestible low power capsule
US9769004B2 (en) 2007-10-05 2017-09-19 Innurvation, Inc. Data transmission via multi-path channels using orthogonal multi-frequency signals with differential phase shift keying modulation
US9197470B2 (en) 2007-10-05 2015-11-24 Innurvation, Inc. Data transmission via multi-path channels using orthogonal multi-frequency signals with differential phase shift keying modulation
US9351632B2 (en) 2008-07-09 2016-05-31 Innurvation, Inc. Displaying image data from a scanner capsule
US9788708B2 (en) 2008-07-09 2017-10-17 Innurvation, Inc. Displaying image data from a scanner capsule
US8617058B2 (en) 2008-07-09 2013-12-31 Innurvation, Inc. Displaying image data from a scanner capsule
US9399143B2 (en) 2008-10-31 2016-07-26 Medtronic, Inc. Antenna for implantable medical devices formed on extension of RF circuit substrate and method for forming the same
WO2010051230A1 (en) * 2008-10-31 2010-05-06 Medtronic, Inc. Antenna for implantable medical devices formed on extension of rf circuit substrate and method for forming the same
US9192353B2 (en) 2009-10-27 2015-11-24 Innurvation, Inc. Data transmission via wide band acoustic channels
US8647259B2 (en) 2010-03-26 2014-02-11 Innurvation, Inc. Ultrasound scanning capsule endoscope (USCE)
US9480459B2 (en) 2010-03-26 2016-11-01 Innurvation, Inc. Ultrasound scanning capsule endoscope
WO2011154372A1 (en) * 2010-06-08 2011-12-15 Roche Diagnostics Gmbh Analyte sensor having a slot antenna

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