GB2400059A - A method and apparatus for grinding using liquid nitrogen coolant - Google Patents
A method and apparatus for grinding using liquid nitrogen coolant Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2400059A GB2400059A GB0319862A GB0319862A GB2400059A GB 2400059 A GB2400059 A GB 2400059A GB 0319862 A GB0319862 A GB 0319862A GB 0319862 A GB0319862 A GB 0319862A GB 2400059 A GB2400059 A GB 2400059A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- workpiece
- grinding
- wheel
- liquid nitrogen
- machine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B9/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding edges or bevels on work or for removing burrs; Accessories therefor
- B24B9/02—Machines or devices designed for grinding edges or bevels on work or for removing burrs; Accessories therefor characterised by a special design with respect to properties of materials specific to articles to be ground
- B24B9/06—Machines or devices designed for grinding edges or bevels on work or for removing burrs; Accessories therefor characterised by a special design with respect to properties of materials specific to articles to be ground of non-metallic inorganic material, e.g. stone, ceramics, porcelain
- B24B9/08—Machines or devices designed for grinding edges or bevels on work or for removing burrs; Accessories therefor characterised by a special design with respect to properties of materials specific to articles to be ground of non-metallic inorganic material, e.g. stone, ceramics, porcelain of glass
- B24B9/10—Machines or devices designed for grinding edges or bevels on work or for removing burrs; Accessories therefor characterised by a special design with respect to properties of materials specific to articles to be ground of non-metallic inorganic material, e.g. stone, ceramics, porcelain of glass of plate glass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B55/00—Safety devices for grinding or polishing machines; Accessories fitted to grinding or polishing machines for keeping tools or parts of the machine in good working condition
- B24B55/02—Equipment for cooling the grinding surfaces, e.g. devices for feeding coolant
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B7/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding plane surfaces on work, including polishing plane glass surfaces; Accessories therefor
- B24B7/20—Machines or devices designed for grinding plane surfaces on work, including polishing plane glass surfaces; Accessories therefor characterised by a special design with respect to properties of the material of non-metallic articles to be ground
- B24B7/22—Machines or devices designed for grinding plane surfaces on work, including polishing plane glass surfaces; Accessories therefor characterised by a special design with respect to properties of the material of non-metallic articles to be ground for grinding inorganic material, e.g. stone, ceramics, porcelain
- B24B7/24—Machines or devices designed for grinding plane surfaces on work, including polishing plane glass surfaces; Accessories therefor characterised by a special design with respect to properties of the material of non-metallic articles to be ground for grinding inorganic material, e.g. stone, ceramics, porcelain for grinding or polishing glass
- B24B7/241—Methods
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Grinding-Machine Dressing And Accessory Apparatuses (AREA)
Abstract
A method of cooling during grinding by applying liquid nitrogen to the contact area between a rotating grinding wheel 10 and a workpiece 58 such as a glass plate. Also apparatus which comprises a workpiece holder 60, workpiece holder drive means 38 and 62, a grinding wheel 10 mounted on a movable wheelhead, a source 48 of liquid nitrogen which feeds a pipe 52 and nozzle 14 via a valve 18 and nozzle drive means 42 and 44 for moving the nozzle 14 during grinding so that liquid nitrogen is directed onto the contact area between the grinding wheel 10 and the workpiece 58. The valve 18 is opened by means of computer control when the grinding wheel 10 is rotating and in contact with the workpiece 58 and closed when the wheel and workpiece disengage. A pressure sensor generates a warning when the amount of nitrogen in the source 48 drops below a preset amount, with an interlock preventing grinding until the source 48 is replaced or replenished.
Description
C691/W Title: Workpiece Cooling during Grinding
Field of Invention
This invention concerns methods and apparatus for grinding, especially grinding the edges of glass plates, and in particular cooling the glass and grinding wheel during the grinding process.
Background to the Invention
It is known to apply water based liquids or coolants to the grinding region between wheel and workpiece during grinding, However such liquids have a disadvantage in that the water content has been found to mark or stain the surface of some workpiece materials, particularly glass components, around the grinding area, particularly the unground regions of component surfaces, which should remain clean. Such marking can be difficult to remove.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of cooling and a coolant, apparatus for delivering same during grinding, which will not mark or stain unground workpiece surfaces and is especially applicable to the grinding of glass components, and a grinding machine for performing the method of cooling while grinding without marking or staining the unground workpiece surfaces.
Summary of the Invention
According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of cooling during grinding in which liquid nitrogen is applied to the contact region between wheel and workpiece for the purpose of cooling the wheel and workpiece without marking or staining unground regions of the workpiece surface by contact with the coolant.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided apparatus for supplying liquid nitrogen as a coolant for carrying away heat during the grinding of a workpiece by a rotating grinding wheel to enable a workpiece to be ground and the wheel and workpiece to be cooled during the grinding process without marking or staining unground regions of the workpiece surface by contact with the coolant.
The invention is of particular application to the grinding of flat or profiled surfaces or the edge of glass workplaces in which the liquid nitrogen is directed towards the surface or edge of the glass, or the wheel, or into the nip between the workpiece and the rotating grinding wheel. The absence of a water based coolant in the grinding region reduces the risk of marking or staining of unground surfaces of the workpiece/component which can occur when such liquids are employed.
The invention also lies in a grinding machine when fitted with such apparatus for the aforesaid purpose.
Thus the invention lies in a grinding machine by which a workpiece is ground by engagement with a rotating grinding wheel, comprising a workpiece support, a grinding wheel, drive means therefor, and a wheelhead and drive for moving the wheelhead and therefore the wheel relative to the workpiece, a source of liquid nitrogen under pressure, valve means for controlling the supply of liquid nitrogen therefrom to nozzle means, and adjustable support means adapted to position the nozzle means in the vicinity of the grinding wheel so as in use, when the valve means is open, to direct liquid nitrogen towards the wheel or the workpiece or directly towards the point of contact between the wheel and workpiece, to reduce the heat generated by the grinding engagement of the Where the workpiece is to be moved relative to the wheel, such as rotated, during grinding, the machine also includes drive means for moving or rotating the workpiece support to progressively present different parts of the surface for grinding.
Preferably further drive means is provided for positioning the nozzle means relative to the workpiece and the wheel, to enable the nozzle to follow any movement of the point of contact between wheel and workpiece during grinding.
Preferably the apparatus or grinding machine includes a computer based control system which is programmed to open valve means to deliver liquid nitrogen coolant to the nozzle when the wheel is rotating and is in grinding contact with the workpiece, and to stop the delivery of the coolant when the wheel and workpiece are disengaged after grinding is completed.
One embodiment of the invention comprises: 1) a machine bed, 2) a workpiece holder, 3) workpiece drive means for moving the workpiece holder and a workpiece carried thereon, 4) a grinding wheel, 5) a drive by which the grinding wheel is rotated, 6) a wheelhead carrying the wheel and drive therefor, 7) a slideway by which the wheelhead can move relative to the workpiece, 8) a drive for moving the wheelhead, 9) a source of liquid nitrogen, 10) valve means and pipeline means communicating between the source and a nozzle, 11) drive means for positioning the nozzle relative to the wheel and workpiece, and 12) a control system for controlling the operation of each of the drive means and the valve means to supply liquid nitrogen to the grinding region during grinding and to control the nozzle drive means during grinding so as to move the nozzle to direct liquid nitrogen towards the region of grinding contact between the wheel and workpiece.
Preferably the source is a pressure vessel and pressure sensing means is provided for generating a warning signal if the pressure in the vessel drops below a predetermined pressure.
Preferably the predetermined pressure is selected such that there is sufficient liquid nitrogen remaining in the vessel at that pressure, as to ensure that the grinding of a workpiece can be completed before the source is exhausted.
Preferably an interlock is provided to prevent resumption of grinding unless the source is replaced or replenished.
Preferably the control system controls the operation of the rotational drive and/or work support drive and /or the drive for rotating the wheel and/or the wheelhead drive means.
Preferably the control system also controls the operation of the further drive means so as to adjust the position of the nozzle during grinding so as to follow the movement of the wheel relative to the workpiece during the grinding.
The valve means may include pressure reducing means.
Preferably the workpiece is a plate-like component and the workpiece support positions the component so that the edge thereof is presented to the grinding wheel for grinding.
Alternatively the workpiece has a flat or profiled surface which is to be surface ground, and the workpiece support positions the workpiece so that the surface is generally horizontal and parallel to the X-axis of the machine.
In all cases the workpiece is typically formed from glass. s
The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Fig 1 is a diagrammatic view of a grinding region cooled by liquid nitrogen, Fig 2 is a diagrammatic view of a surface grinding machine incorporating liquid nitrogen cooling, and Fig 3 is a diagrammatic view of an edge grinding machine incorporating liquid nitrogen cooling.
In Fig 1 a rotating grinding wheel 10 is shown engaging a flat upper surface or upper edge of a workplace 12 and a nozzle 14 directing liquid nitrogen 16 towards the grinding region nip between wheel and workpiece. Flow of liquid nitrogen coolant is controlled by a valve 18.
In Fig 2 the wheel 10 workplace 12 and other apparatus of Fig 1 are shown mounted to a machine bed 20. A wheelhead drive is shown at 22. A slideway 24 defines the X-axis movement of the wheelhead and X-axis traverse is achieved by a drive 26. The workplace 12 may have a flat or profiled surface which is to be ground by wheel 10.
The drive 22 is carried by a two part support 28, 30 the latter being adjustable in height relative to 28 to define the Y-axis. Movement in the Y-axis is achieved by means of drive 32.
The workpiece is secured to and carried by workplace tooling 33 carried by a platform 34 which is slidable along a slideway 36 which defines the Z-axis. Movement along the Z-axis is achieved by a Z-axis drive 38.
The nozzle 14 comprises is carried by a Z-axis support 40 which includes a drive motor 42 for positioning the nozzle 14 at the required height and a motor 44 for moving the nozzle parallel to the X-axis of the machine, so that the nozzle can be positioned close to the point of contact between wheel and workpiece, and by operating the drives 42, 44 as required, can follow the movement of the wheel relative to the workpiece. The upright part of the two-part support 40 is secured to the Z-axis platform 34 by a bracket 46.
An insulated pressure vessel 48 contains liquid nitrogen and can be topped up via an inlet 56. An insulated flexible supply pipe 52 is secured to the nozzle 14 via the on/off valve 18.
A computer based control system is housed in a cabinet 54 having controls 56 by which it can be adapted to supply power to the drive motors 22, 26, 32, 42 and 44, and to operate the valve 18 to supply liquid nitrogen coolant via nozzle 14 during the surface grinding process, to the grinding wheel/workpiece interface.
Fig 3 shows the invention applied to an edge grinding machine in which a circular disc-like workpiece 58 is mounted for rotation about a vertical axis on a rotary table 60 carried by the platform 34, and rotated by a rotary drive 62. The grinding wheel 10 is now mounted for rotation about another vertical axis and the wheelhead drive 22 is now attached to the vertical face of a modified support part 30.
Drives 26 and 32 operate as before to control X and Y axis movement of the wheel 10.
All other parts are as described with reference to Fig 2, the same reference numerals have been employed and reference is made to the foregoing description of Fig 2 for a description of the other parts of the machine and how it operates, except that instead of grinding the surface of workplace 12 the wheel 10 now grinds the edge of the circular disc workplace 58 as the latter rotates in contact with the wheel 10.
Claims (4)
1. A method of cooling during grinding in which liquid nitrogen is applied to the contact region between a rotating grinding wheel and a workpiece for the purpose of cooling the wheel and workpiece without marking or staining unground regions of the workpiece surface by contact with the coolant.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the workpiece is glass and the grinding wheel acts to grind a flat or profiled surface of the workpiece, and the liquid nitrogen is directed towards the surface of the glass or the edge of the wheel or into the region immediately in the vicinity of the wheel and workpiece point of contact.
3. A method of grinding as claimed in claim 1 wherein the workpiece is a glass plate, and the grinding wheel acts to grind the edge of the plate, and the liquid nitrogen is directed towards the edge of the glass, or the edge of the wheel, or into the nip between the workpiece and the rotating grinding wheel.
4. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3 wherein the workpiece is rotated during grinding.
4. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3 wherein the workpiece is rotated during grinding.
5. A grinding machine for performing the method of any of claims 1 to 4 comprising: 1) a machine bed, 2) a workpiece holder, 3) workpiece drive means for moving the workpiece holder and a workpiece carried thereon 4) a grinding wheel, 5) a drive by which the grinding wheel is rotated, 6) a wheelhead carrying the wheel and drive therefor, 7) a slideway by which the wheelhead can move relative to the workpiece, 8) wheelhead drive means for moving the wheelhead, 9) a source of liquid nitrogen, 10) valve means and pipeline means communicating between the source and a nozzle, 11) drive means for positioning the nozzle relative to the wheel and workpiece, and 12) a control system for controlling the operation of each of the drive means and the valve means to supply liquid nitrogen to the grinding region during grinding and to control the nozzle drive means during grinding so as to move the nozzle to direct liquid nitrogen towards the region of grinding contact between the wheel and 6. A grinding machine by which a workpiece is ground by engagement with a rotating grinding wheel, comprising a workpiece support, a grinding wheel, drive means therefor, and a wheelhead and drive for moving the wheelhead and therefore the wheel relative to the workpiece, a source of liquid nitrogen under pressure, valve means for controlling the supply of liquid nitrogen therefrom to nozzle means, and adjustable support means adapted to position the nozzle means in the vicinity of the grinding wheel so as in use, when the valve means is open, to direct liquid nitrogen towards the wheel or the workpiece or directly towards the point of contact between the wheel and workpiece, to reduce the heat generated by the grinding engagement of the wheel and 7. A grinding machine as claimed in claim 6 wherein a work support drive means is provided for moving the workpiece support relative to the wheel during grinding to progressively present different parts of the surface to the wheel.
8. A grinding machine as claimed in claim 6 or 7 further comprising a rotational drive means for rotating the workpiece during grinding.
9. A grinding machine as claimed in any of claims 6 to 8 wherein further drive means is provided for positioning the nozzle means relative to the workpiece and the wheel, to enable the nozzle to follow any movement of the point of contact between wheel and 10. A grinding machine as claimed in any of claims 6 to 9 further comprising a computer based control system wherein the control system is programmed to open the valve means and deliver liquid nitrogen coolant to and through the nozzle when the wheel is rotating and is in grinding contact with the workpiece, and to stop the delivery of the coolant when the wheel and workpiece are disengaged after grinding is completed.
11.A grinding machine as claimed in any of claims 5 to 10 wherein the valve means includes pressure reducing means.
12. A machine as claimed in any of claims 5 to 11 wherein the source is a pressure vessel and pressure sensing means is provided for generating a warning signal if the pressure in the vessel drops below a predetermined pressure.
13. A machine as claimed in claim 12 wherein the predetermined pressure is selected such that there is sufficient liquid nitrogen remaining in the vessel at that pressure, as to ensure that the grinding of a workpiece can be completed before the source is exhausted.
14. A machine as claimed in claim 12 or 13 wherein an interlock is provided to prevent resumption of grinding unless the source is replaced or replenished.
15. A machine as claimed in any of claims 10 to 14 wherein the control system controls the operation of the rotational drive and/or work support drive and /or the drive for rotating the wheel and/or the wheelhead drive means.
16.A machine as claimed in any of claims 10 to 15 wherein the control system also controls the operation of the further drive means so as to adjust the position of the nozzle during grinding so as to follow the movement of the wheel relative to the 17. A machine as claimed in any of claims 6 to 16 wherein the workpiece is a plate-like component and the workpiece support positions the component so that the edge thereof is presented to the grinding wheel for grinding. I 18. A machine as claimed in any of claims 8 to 16 wherein the workpiece has a flat or profiled surface which is to be surface ground, and the workpiece support positions the workpiece so that the surface is generally horizontal and parallel to the X-axis of the machine.
19. A machine as claimed in any of claims 5 to 18 wherein the workpiece is formed from glass. ; Amendments to the claims have been filed as follows
1. A method of cooling during grinding a glass workpiece with a rotating grinding wheel, in which liquid nitrogen is directed towards the surface of the glass or the edge of the wheel or into the region immediately in the vicinity of the wheel and workpiece point of contact for the purpose of cooling the wheel and workpiece.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the grinding wheel acts to grind a flat or profiled surface of the workpiece.
3. A method of grinding as claimed in claim 1 wherein the workpiece is a glass plate, the grinding wheel acts to grind the edge of the plate, and the liquid nitrogen is directed towards the edge of the glass, or the edge of the wheel, or into the nip between the workpiece and the rotating grinding wheel.
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03775529A EP1608486A1 (en) | 2003-04-01 | 2003-11-11 | Workpiece cooling during grinding |
| AU2003283553A AU2003283553A1 (en) | 2003-04-01 | 2003-11-11 | Workpiece cooling during grinding |
| PCT/GB2003/004885 WO2004087376A1 (en) | 2003-04-01 | 2003-11-11 | Workpiece cooling during grinding |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0307512A GB0307512D0 (en) | 2003-04-01 | 2003-04-01 | Workpiece cooling during grinding |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB0319862D0 GB0319862D0 (en) | 2003-09-24 |
| GB2400059A true GB2400059A (en) | 2004-10-06 |
| GB2400059B GB2400059B (en) | 2005-03-09 |
Family
ID=9955963
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0307512A Ceased GB0307512D0 (en) | 2003-04-01 | 2003-04-01 | Workpiece cooling during grinding |
| GB0319862A Expired - Fee Related GB2400059B (en) | 2003-04-01 | 2003-08-26 | Workpiece cooling during grinding |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0307512A Ceased GB0307512D0 (en) | 2003-04-01 | 2003-04-01 | Workpiece cooling during grinding |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (2) | GB0307512D0 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7709381B2 (en) * | 2006-12-27 | 2010-05-04 | Dongbu Hi Tek Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device fabricating method |
| CN101829938B (en) * | 2008-10-31 | 2013-05-22 | 康宁股份有限公司 | Linear pressure feed grinding using voice coil |
| CN109049101A (en) * | 2018-06-01 | 2018-12-21 | 上海航天设备制造总厂有限公司 | Aramid fiber reinforced composite low temperature process device and method |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113070804B (en) * | 2021-04-20 | 2022-08-05 | 重庆星源玻璃器皿有限责任公司 | Glass product polishing device |
| CN116587108B (en) * | 2023-06-27 | 2024-02-23 | 杭州安耐特实业有限公司 | Brake block steel backing is grinding device in batches |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2117767A1 (en) * | 1970-12-16 | 1972-07-28 | Air Liquide | Machining rubber - particularly printing cylinders at low temp produced by spray of cryogenic fluid |
| GB1297095A (en) * | 1970-05-06 | 1972-11-22 | ||
| US3750272A (en) * | 1970-01-22 | 1973-08-07 | Essilor Int | Machining contact lenses of flexible material |
| US3900975A (en) * | 1974-05-20 | 1975-08-26 | Union Carbide Corp | Cryogenic grinding of copper |
| SU1187969A1 (en) * | 1983-12-09 | 1985-10-30 | Харьковский Филиал Специального Конструкторско-Технологического Бюро По Рациональному Применению Режущего Инструмента | Method of feeding coolant to cutting zone |
| JPH09323245A (en) * | 1996-06-05 | 1997-12-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Polishing method of thin plate |
| RU2099172C1 (en) * | 1996-01-30 | 1997-12-20 | Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью "Медицинский лечебно-профилактический центр по проблеме сахарного диабета" | Apparatus for making slides of bony tissue with implanted material |
-
2003
- 2003-04-01 GB GB0307512A patent/GB0307512D0/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-08-26 GB GB0319862A patent/GB2400059B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3750272A (en) * | 1970-01-22 | 1973-08-07 | Essilor Int | Machining contact lenses of flexible material |
| GB1297095A (en) * | 1970-05-06 | 1972-11-22 | ||
| FR2117767A1 (en) * | 1970-12-16 | 1972-07-28 | Air Liquide | Machining rubber - particularly printing cylinders at low temp produced by spray of cryogenic fluid |
| US3900975A (en) * | 1974-05-20 | 1975-08-26 | Union Carbide Corp | Cryogenic grinding of copper |
| SU1187969A1 (en) * | 1983-12-09 | 1985-10-30 | Харьковский Филиал Специального Конструкторско-Технологического Бюро По Рациональному Применению Режущего Инструмента | Method of feeding coolant to cutting zone |
| RU2099172C1 (en) * | 1996-01-30 | 1997-12-20 | Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью "Медицинский лечебно-профилактический центр по проблеме сахарного диабета" | Apparatus for making slides of bony tissue with implanted material |
| JPH09323245A (en) * | 1996-06-05 | 1997-12-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Polishing method of thin plate |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7709381B2 (en) * | 2006-12-27 | 2010-05-04 | Dongbu Hi Tek Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device fabricating method |
| CN101829938B (en) * | 2008-10-31 | 2013-05-22 | 康宁股份有限公司 | Linear pressure feed grinding using voice coil |
| CN109049101A (en) * | 2018-06-01 | 2018-12-21 | 上海航天设备制造总厂有限公司 | Aramid fiber reinforced composite low temperature process device and method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB0319862D0 (en) | 2003-09-24 |
| GB2400059B (en) | 2005-03-09 |
| GB0307512D0 (en) | 2003-05-07 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 732E | Amendments to the register in respect of changes of name or changes affecting rights (sect. 32/1977) | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20200826 |