GB2260589A - Clutch release mechanism having pivotable drive member - Google Patents

Clutch release mechanism having pivotable drive member Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2260589A
GB2260589A GB9219389A GB9219389A GB2260589A GB 2260589 A GB2260589 A GB 2260589A GB 9219389 A GB9219389 A GB 9219389A GB 9219389 A GB9219389 A GB 9219389A GB 2260589 A GB2260589 A GB 2260589A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
drive member
outer ring
release
clutch
release bearing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
GB9219389A
Other versions
GB2260589B (en
GB9219389D0 (en
Inventor
Yasuo Katagiri
Hirofumi Ara
Koji Furuyama
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hitachi Unisia Automotive Ltd
Original Assignee
Atsugi Unisia Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Atsugi Unisia Corp filed Critical Atsugi Unisia Corp
Publication of GB9219389D0 publication Critical patent/GB9219389D0/en
Publication of GB2260589A publication Critical patent/GB2260589A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2260589B publication Critical patent/GB2260589B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16DCOUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D23/00Details of mechanically-actuated clutches not specific for one distinct type
    • F16D23/12Mechanical clutch-actuating mechanisms arranged outside the clutch as such
    • F16D23/14Clutch-actuating sleeves or bearings; Actuating members directly connected to clutch-actuating sleeves or bearings
    • F16D23/143Arrangements or details for the connection between the release bearing and the diaphragm
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16DCOUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D25/00Fluid-actuated clutches
    • F16D25/08Fluid-actuated clutches with fluid-actuated member not rotating with a clutching member
    • F16D25/088Fluid-actuated clutches with fluid-actuated member not rotating with a clutching member the line of action of the fluid-actuated members being distinctly separate from the axis of rotation

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Operated Clutches (AREA)

Abstract

A clutch release mechanism comprises a release bearing 24, which may slide on sleeve 21 fixed to drive shaft 22, having an inner ring 25 and outer ring 26. The outer ring has on its periphery a drive member 30, of, for example, oil impregnated sintered alloy, having a spherical contact portion 30b pressing against a clutch disk spring 29. On the inner periphery of the outer ring 26 there is provided another portion 26a formed into an arc and contacting balls 27, 28. The spherical contact portion 30b and the arc portion 26a allow the drive member 30 to be swingingly inclined allowing a uniformed pressing load thus reducing vibrations. In two other embodiments (see figs 3, 16 & 17) aspherical portion is either provided on the drive member (38a, fig 3) or on the outer rig (44, fig 16). Each fitting in corresponding spherical grooves in the outer ring (40a, fig 3) or in the drive member (45a, fig 16). The drive member may be provided with an inclined face (53a, fig 17) and the outer ring may have a diaphragm spring (58, fig 17) which along with a groove, in the drive member, engaged with a tongue, on the outer ring, allows the drive member to swing. <IMAGE>

Description

CLUTCH RELEASE MECHANISM The present invention relates to a clutch release mechanism for use in, for example, a manual transmission of an automotive vehicle.
One of prior art clutch release mechanisms is disclosed, for example, in JP 61-99727.
Referring to Fig. 18, this prior art clutch release mechanism comprises a cylindrical member 2 disposed on a main drive shaft 1 of a transmission on the outer periphery thereof, with a predetermined space, a flange 4 axially slidably disposed on the outer periphery of the cylindrical member 2 through a sleeve 3, and a release bearing 6 housed in a cover casing 5 which is fixed to the flange 4 on the outer face thereof. The release bearing 6 comprises an outer ring 9 fixed to the cover casing 5, an inner ring 10 rotatably disposed, and a plurality of balls 8 interposed between the two rings 9, 10 and held by a holder 7. Fixed to the inner ring 10 on the outer peripheral face thereof is a drive member 12 which comes in contact with an inner peripheral portion lla of a disk spring 11 for pressing a pressure plate (not shown).The disk spring 11 is connected to a flywheel (not shown) through a clutch cover (not shown).
When a clutch pedal is depressed upon shifting, a release fork 13 presses the flange 4 leftward as viewed in Fig. 18 through a release cylinder, etc.
Therefore, the release bearing 6 and the drive member 12 are slid leftward as viewed in Fig. 18 through the sleeve 3, and a point 12a of the drive member 12 presses the inner peripheral portion 11a of the disk spring 11 to produce deflection thereof. This results in release of press contact of the pressure plate with the clutch disk, and that of the clutch disk with the flywheel, disengaging connection of the flywheel with the main drive shaft 1.
With the prior art clutch release mechanism, however, the drive member 12 is rotatable through the release bearing 6, but not swingable in the bending direction, i.e., relative to the disk spring 11.
Therefore, if the inner peripheral portion 11a of the disk spring 11 has a wavy difference or dispersion of height in the circumferential direction due to machining tolerance, etc., the point 12a of the drive member 12 partly comes in press contact with a higher portion of the inner peripheral portion Ila of the disk spring 11, applying an unbalanced load thereto.
As a result, bending vibration of the flywheel due to explosion in the engine and vibration due to poor accuracy of the clutch cover, etc. are transmitted, as axial vibration or bending vibration, from the disk spring 11 to the release bearing 6 through the drive member 12. This produces relatively great vibration to the clutch pedal, giving discomfort to a driver.
Inversely, partial pressing force of the drive member 12 relative to the disk spring 11 varies with rotation of the disk spring 11, producing vibration of the vehicle.
It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide a clutch release mechanism which contributes to a reduction in vibrations of a clutch pedal and a vehicular body.
There is provided, according to the present invention, a release mechanism of a clutch for connecting and disconnecting an engine shaft from a transmission input shaft, the clutch including a release fork, a sleeve and a disk spring, the release mechanism comprising: a release bearing axially slidably disposed to the transmission input shaft on the outer periphery thereof, said release bearing including an inner ring and an outer ring; and a drive member disposed to said release bearing at one end thereof, said drive member pressing the disk spring to the engine shaft when the release fork presses said release bearing, said drive member being slidably disposed relative to the disk spring.
BRIEF DFSCRTPTTON OF TRE nRAWTNG.s Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section of a clutch to which the present invention applied; Fig. 2 is an enlarged detail of Fig. 1, showing a first preferred embodiment of a clutch release mechanism; Fig. 3 is a view similar to Fig. 2, showing a second preferred embodiment of a clutch release mechanism; Fig. 4 is a sectional view of an outer ring taken along the line IV-IV in Fig. 5; Fig. 5 is a front view showing the outer ring in Fig. 4; Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 4, showing a drive member taken along the line VI-VI in Fig. 7; Fig. 7 is a view similar to Fig. 5, showing the drive member in Fig. 6; Fig. 8 is a view similar to Fig. 6, showing the drive member engaged with the outer ring;; Fig. 9 is a view similar to Fig. 8, showing the drive member engaged with the outer ring; Fig. 10 is a view similar to Fig. 9, showing another example of the outer ring taken along the line X-X in Fig. 11; Fig. 11 is a view similar to Fig. 7, showing the outer ring in Fig. 10; Fig. 12 is a view similar to Fig. 10, showing another example of the drive member taken along the line XII-XII in Fig. 13; Fig. 13 is a view similar to Fig. 11, showing the drive member in Fig. 12; Fig. 14 is a view similar to Fig. 13, showing the drive member engaged with the outer ring; Fig. 15 is a view similar to Fig. 14, showing the drive member engaged with the outer ring; Fig. 16 is a view similar to Fig. 3, showing a third preferred embodiment of a clutch release mechanism; Fig. 17 is a view similar to Fig. 16, showing a fourth preferred embodiment of a clutch release mechanism; and Fig. 18 is a fragmentary longitudinal section of a prior art clutch release mechanism.
nF.TATT.ED DESCRTPTTON Figs. 1 and 2 show a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein 21 designates a cylindrical member disposed to a main drive shaft or input shaft 22 of a transmission 102 on the outer periphery thereof with a predetermined space. A sleeve 23 and a flange 23a integrated therewith are axially slidably disposed on the cylindrical member 21 on the outer peripheral face thereof. Disposed on the sleeve 23 on the outer periphery thereof is a hall type release bearing 24 which comprises axially extending substantially cylindrical inner and outer rings 25, 26, and a plurality of balls 27, 28 interposed between the two rings 25, 26 and disposed axially in two trains.The inner ring 25 has an inner peripheral face fixed to an outer peripheral face of the sleeve 23 to be nonrotable, and an outer peripheral face formed with orbital grooves 25a, 25b of the two trains of balls 27, 28. The outer ring 26 is rotatably disposed in the circumferential direction through the balls 27, 28, and has an inner peripheral face 26a formed axially into an arc to and disposed to be swingable on outer peripheral portions of the balls 27, 28 in the longitudinal direction in a ball joint way.
Arranged to the outer ring at the front end thereof is a substantially annular drive member 30 which is in contact with an inner peripheral portion 29a of a disk spring 29. The drive member 30 is made of oil impregnating sintered alloy, etc. for ensuring lubricity with the disk spring 29, and comprises a base portion 30a fixed to the outer ring 26 on the outer peripheral face thereof, and a contact portion 30b bent from a point of the base portion 30a along a front end face of the outer ring 26 so that an arc face of the point comes in linear contact with one side face 29b of the inner peripheral portion 29a of the disk spring 29. The drive member 30 is rotatable on an axis X of the main drive shaft 22 for unitary rotation with the outer ring 26, and swingable at a predetermined angle0. It is to be noted that, in Fig.
1, 103 designates a clutch disk, 104 designates a flywheel, 105 designates an engine shaft, 107 designates a clutch cover, and 108 designates a pressure plate.
Thus, according to this embodiment, when the clutch pedal is depressed upon gear shift so that a release fork 31 presses the release bearing 24 leftward as viewed in Fig. 1, i.e., to the flywheel 104, through the flange 23a, the sleeve 23 is moved leftward in sliding on the outer peripheral face of the cylindrical member 21. Thus, the contact portion 30b of the drive member 30 presses the one side face 29b of the inner peripheral portion 29a of the disk spring 29 to produce deflection thereof.At that time, even if the inner peripheral portion 29a of the disk spring 29 has the difference of height in the circumferential direction due to machining accuracy, etc. , the drive member 30 is swingingly inclined through the outer ring 26, i.e., the outer ring 26 is swingingly inclined by rotation of the balls 27, 28 through the inner peripheral face 26a, so that the entirety of a point edge of the contact portion 30b correspondingly comes in contact with the entirety of the one side face 29b of the inner peripheral portion 29a. This allows cancellation of a dispersion of height of the one side face 29b, and uniformity of a pressing load to the disk spring 29. As a result, vibrations from the clutch cover 107 and the disk spring 29 are effectively absorbed by rotation of the balls 27, 28 of the release bearing 24, preventing occurrence of vibration of the clutch pedal.
Inversely, variation of pressing force of the drive member 30 to the disk spring 29 is restrained, fully preventing occurrence of vibration of a vehicular body. Moreover, noises due to vibration of such a gear train can be reduced.
Fig. 3 shows a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. The release bearing 24 comprises a train of balls 35 interposed between an inner ring 32 and an outer ring 33 through a holder 34. As shown in Figs. 4 and 5, a base portion 36 of the outer ring 33 has an inner peripheral face formed with an orbital groove 36a of the balls 35, and a point 37 extending to the disk spring 29. The point 37 has an inner periphery formed with an engagement groove 38 having an arced slide face 38a of a large radius of curvature. Additionally, as shown in Figs. 4 and 5, the point 37 has a front end of a peripheral wall formed with a rectangular recess 37a.On the other hand, as shown in Figs. 3 and 6-7, a drive member 39 is annular in shape, and has a base portion 40 having an outer peripheral face 40a formed into an arc and engagedly disposed in the engagement groove 38 of the point 37, the outer peripheral face 40a being in slide contact with the slide face 38a. Thus, the drive member 39 is swingable in its entirety. Additionally, the drive member 39 has a contact portion 41 integrated with the base portion 40 and having a point formed into an arc so as to come in linear contact with the one side face 29b of the inner peripheral portion 29a of the disk spring 29. Disposed on the outer periphery of the base portion 40 is a whirl-stop protrusion 42 which is engaged with the engagement groove 38 through the recess 37a for holding the base portion 40.It is to be noted that, in Fig. 3, 43 designates a cover member for covering the outer ring 33 to hold lubricating oil such as grease therein.
When mounting the drive member 39 to the outer ring 33, first, the drive member 39 put horizontal is axially fitted into the outer drive member 33 as shown in Fig. 8, and rotated in the direction of arrows A as viewed in Fig. 8 so that the recess 37a corresponds to the protrusion 42, then, the base portion 40 is engaged with the engagement groove 38.
Thus, according to this embodiment, when the release fork 31 presses the disk spring 29 through the drive member 39 as described above, the drive member 29 is swingingly inclined, the outer peripheral face 40a being in slide contact with the slide face 38a in accordance with the difference of height of the inner peripheral portion 29a of the disk spring 29. As a result, the entirety of a point end of the contact portion 41 comes in contact with the entirety of the one side face 29b of the inner peripheral portion 29a with an uniform load so as to press same. Therefore, this embodiment not only produces the same effect as that of the first preferred embodiment, but takes on excellent swingability of the drive member 39 due to its swing motion relative to the outer ring 33.
Figs. 10-13 show another example of the outer ring 33 and the drive member 39. As shown in Figs. 10 and 11, the point 37 of the outer ring 33 has a front end wall has four recesses 43 equidistantly disposed in the circumferential direction, whereas the base portion 40 of the drive member 39 is four protrusions disposed to correspond to the recesses 43.
When engaging the drive member 39 with the outer ring 33, first, each base portion 40 is engaged with the engagement groove 38 in adjusting each base portion 40 to axially correspond to each recess 43 as shown in Fig. 14. Then, the drive member 39 is rotated so that each base portion 40 abuts on an arced front end wall 37b formed between the recesses 43, preventing the drive member 39 from being dislocated outward.
Fig. 16 shows a third preferred embodiment of the present invention. The point 37 of the outer ring 33 has an inner periphery formed with an annular protrusion 44 which in turn has an inner peripheral face 44a formed into an arc. On the other hand, the drive member 39 is substantially cylindrical in shape, and the base portion 40 has an outer periphery formed with an engagement groove 45 which is engaged with the annular protrusion 44. The engagement groove 45 has a bottom face 45a formed into an arc which is in slide contact with the inner peripheral face 44a. Thus, the drive member 39 is swingable relative to the outer ring 33 by slide motion of the annular protrusion 44 and the engagement groove 45.
Therefore, this embodiment produces not only the same effect as that of the first preferred embodiment, but takes on easy machining of the drive member 39 since the base portion 40 and the contact portion are formed horizontally, i.e., formed integrally into a cylinder.
Fig. 17 shows a fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention. A release bearing 52 is integrated with a sleeve 51 at the front end thereof which is axially slid on the outer periphery of a cylindrical member 50, whereas a drive member 52 is integrated with an inner ring 53 of the release bearing 52. Specifically, the release bearing 52 has an outer ring 55 integrated with the front end of the sleeve 51 to extend obliquely, and an inner ring 53 integrated with the drive member 54 through a cylindrical portion 56, balls 57 being interposed between the inner and outer rings 53, 55. The outer ring 55 is only axially movable through the sleeve 51, and has on the inner periphery thereof an arced diaphragm spring 58 on which the balls 57 rotate.On the other hand, the inner ring 53 is rotatable through the balls 57, and swingable by rotation of the balls 57 with an inclined outer peripheral face 53a formed into an arc. Thus, the drive member 54 is also swingably supported. Additionally, the front end of the outer ring 55 has an annular restricting portion 59 bent inward for preventing outward dislocation of the balls 57, and the sleeve 51 has on the outer periphery thereof a flange 60 engaged with the release fork 31. The drive member 54 is cylindrical in shape, and comprises a base portion 61 integrally connected to the inner ring 53 through the cylindrical portion 56, and a contact portion 62 disposed to the base portion 61 at the point thereof.
Thus, according to this embodiment, when the drive member 54 presses the disk spring 29, the difference of height of the disk spring 29 is canceled by swing motion of the drive member 54, so that the entirety of the contact portion 62 comes in uniform contact with the inner peripheral portion 29a.
Therefore, if bending vibration is input from the clutch cover 107, etc., the balls 57 are rotated to prevent transmission of vibration to the sleeve 51.
Further, if a bending load operates between the drive member 54 and the sleeve 51 when the drive member 54 is detached from the disk spring 29, the balls 57 is returned to the center portion of an arced face 58a of the diaphragm spring 58 by reaction force thereof.
Additionally, absorption effect of the diaphragm spring 58 contributes to more effective prevention of the above transmission of vibration.

Claims (7)

Claims:
1. A release mechanism of a clutch for connecting and disconnecting an engine shaft from a transmission input shaft, the clutch including a release fork, a sleeve, and a disk spring, the release mechanism comprising: a release bearing axially slidably disposed on the transmission input shaft on the outer periphery thereof, the release bearing including an inner ring and an outer ring; and a drive member disposed on the release bearing at one end thereof, the drive member pressing the disk spring to the engine shaft when the release fork presses the release bearing, the drive member being slidably disposed relative to the disk spring.
2. A release mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the release bearing includes a train of balls interposed between the inner and outer rings.
3. A release mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the release bearing includes two trains of balls interposed between the inner and outer rings.
4. A release mechanism as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the drive member is disposed on the outer ring of the release bearing on the outer periphery thereof.
5. A release mechanism as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the drive member is slidably disposed on the outer ring of the release bearing on the inner periphery thereof.
6. A release member as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the drive member is integrally formed with the inner ring of the release bearing, and the outer ring of the release bearing is integrally formed with the sleeve of the clutch.
7. A release mechanism of a clutch, substantially as described with reference to any of the embodiments illustrated in Figures 1 to 17 of the accompanying drawings.
GB9219389A 1991-09-13 1992-09-14 Clutch release mechanism Expired - Fee Related GB2260589B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP1991073951U JP2596615Y2 (en) 1991-09-13 1991-09-13 Clutch release device

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB9219389D0 GB9219389D0 (en) 1992-10-28
GB2260589A true GB2260589A (en) 1993-04-21
GB2260589B GB2260589B (en) 1995-06-21

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB9219389A Expired - Fee Related GB2260589B (en) 1991-09-13 1992-09-14 Clutch release mechanism

Country Status (3)

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JP (1) JP2596615Y2 (en)
DE (1) DE4230324C2 (en)
GB (1) GB2260589B (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1243804A1 (en) * 2001-03-24 2002-09-25 INA- Schaeffler KG Self-adjusting clutch release bearing
DE102007054290A1 (en) 2007-11-14 2009-05-20 Schaeffler Kg Throw-out bearing for clutch comprises conical roller bearing with spherical inner and outer raceways, rollers being barrel-shaped
EP2256357A1 (en) * 2009-05-28 2010-12-01 ZF Friedrichshafen AG Extraction device for a motor vehicle friction coupling with an oscillating ball bearing
FR3068406A1 (en) * 2017-06-28 2019-01-04 Valeo Embrayages BEARINGS AND CLUTCH MODULE FOR MOTOR VEHICLE

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JP2557644Y2 (en) * 1992-04-02 1997-12-10 能美防災株式会社 Fire detector
DE19645878B4 (en) * 1995-11-18 2004-07-22 Volkswagen Ag Clutch actuator
WO2006120944A1 (en) * 2005-05-09 2006-11-16 Exedy Corporation Clutch device for motorcycle
DE102006024486A1 (en) * 2006-05-26 2007-11-29 Schaeffler Kg Clutch disengagement bearing has rotating ring pivotably supported on first joint section that turns about rotation axis in common with adjustment ring; contact has sliding coating between joint sections formed on sinter material
FR2944843B1 (en) * 2009-04-27 2013-11-29 Skf Ab BALL BEARING, CLUTCH-CLUTCH BODY COMPRISING SUCH BEARING AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPPED WITH SUCH BEARING.
JP5411775B2 (en) * 2010-03-30 2014-02-12 株式会社クボタ Work vehicle swivel transmission
DE102010021035B4 (en) * 2010-05-19 2018-06-07 Audi Ag Release or engagement device for friction clutches
JP5625678B2 (en) * 2010-09-27 2014-11-19 日本精工株式会社 Clutch release bearing device

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GB350089A (en) * 1930-03-24 1931-06-11 Arnold Seidel Friction clutch for motor cars for starting in direct speed and for the obtention ofsynchronic speed changing
GB1574039A (en) * 1976-05-28 1980-09-03 Borg Warner Automatic clutch wear adjuster
GB2156472A (en) * 1984-03-29 1985-10-09 Skf Svenska Kullagerfab Ab Clutch release bearing
JPH1099727A (en) * 1996-09-25 1998-04-21 Daiko Kennetsu Kk Jetting nozzle device

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GB474112A (en) * 1936-11-16 1937-10-26 Rover Co Ltd Clutch-operating mechanism
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Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB350089A (en) * 1930-03-24 1931-06-11 Arnold Seidel Friction clutch for motor cars for starting in direct speed and for the obtention ofsynchronic speed changing
GB1574039A (en) * 1976-05-28 1980-09-03 Borg Warner Automatic clutch wear adjuster
GB2156472A (en) * 1984-03-29 1985-10-09 Skf Svenska Kullagerfab Ab Clutch release bearing
JPH1099727A (en) * 1996-09-25 1998-04-21 Daiko Kennetsu Kk Jetting nozzle device

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1243804A1 (en) * 2001-03-24 2002-09-25 INA- Schaeffler KG Self-adjusting clutch release bearing
DE102007054290A1 (en) 2007-11-14 2009-05-20 Schaeffler Kg Throw-out bearing for clutch comprises conical roller bearing with spherical inner and outer raceways, rollers being barrel-shaped
EP2256357A1 (en) * 2009-05-28 2010-12-01 ZF Friedrichshafen AG Extraction device for a motor vehicle friction coupling with an oscillating ball bearing
FR3068406A1 (en) * 2017-06-28 2019-01-04 Valeo Embrayages BEARINGS AND CLUTCH MODULE FOR MOTOR VEHICLE

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2596615Y2 (en) 1999-06-21
DE4230324C2 (en) 1998-06-04
GB2260589B (en) 1995-06-21
DE4230324A1 (en) 1993-03-25
GB9219389D0 (en) 1992-10-28
JPH0525034U (en) 1993-04-02

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Effective date: 20000914