GB2253387A - Double-walled sqeeze-to-empty container - Google Patents
Double-walled sqeeze-to-empty container Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2253387A GB2253387A GB9124743A GB9124743A GB2253387A GB 2253387 A GB2253387 A GB 2253387A GB 9124743 A GB9124743 A GB 9124743A GB 9124743 A GB9124743 A GB 9124743A GB 2253387 A GB2253387 A GB 2253387A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- container
- pack
- internal container
- external
- internal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D47/00—Closures with filling and discharging, or with discharging, devices
- B65D47/04—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps
- B65D47/20—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps comprising hand-operated members for controlling discharge
- B65D47/2018—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps comprising hand-operated members for controlling discharge comprising a valve or like element which is opened or closed by deformation of the container or closure
- B65D47/2056—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps comprising hand-operated members for controlling discharge comprising a valve or like element which is opened or closed by deformation of the container or closure lift valve type
- B65D47/2081—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps comprising hand-operated members for controlling discharge comprising a valve or like element which is opened or closed by deformation of the container or closure lift valve type in which the deformation raises or lowers the valve port
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D83/00—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents
- B65D83/0055—Containers or packages provided with a flexible bag or a deformable membrane or diaphragm for expelling the contents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B11/00—Single-unit hand-held apparatus in which flow of contents is produced by the muscular force of the operator at the moment of use
- B05B11/01—Single-unit hand-held apparatus in which flow of contents is produced by the muscular force of the operator at the moment of use characterised by the means producing the flow
- B05B11/02—Membranes or pistons acting on the contents inside the container, e.g. follower pistons
- B05B11/026—Membranes separating the content remaining in the container from the atmospheric air to compensate underpressure inside the container
- B05B11/027—Membranes separating the content remaining in the container from the atmospheric air to compensate underpressure inside the container inverted during outflow of content
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D2231/00—Means for facilitating the complete expelling of the contents
- B65D2231/001—Means for facilitating the complete expelling of the contents the container being a bag
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
Description
SQUEEZE PACK - -, --- -17 BACKGRDUND OF THE INVENTION One form of squeeze
pack for containing material to be discharged therefrom by squeezing the pack has a delivery opening fr discharge of the material, and c=prises an external elastically deformable container, within which is disposed a plastically deformable internal container for receiving the f J 1 ling material. The pack further includes a closure means having a delivery valve for the filling material, the valve being operable at least substantially to prevent the equalisation of pressure between the internal container and the external atmosphere by the ingress of air into the internal container, even after the discharge of filling material, while the internal container is adapted to be deformable under the effect of a pressure difference 'between atmospheric pressure and the gas pressure in the space between the internal and external containers. The pack has a venting valve operatively disposed between the space between the external and internal containers and the external atmosphere, for camiunicating that space with the atmosphere.
In a pack of that kind, which is to be found in European patent specification No 0 190 169, for containing viscous filling materials, difficulties may be encountered in completely emptying the internal container of the material contained therein. That is to be attributed to the fact that the air which is =pressed in the space between the external and internal containers, when the external container is ccapressed by a manual squeeze -force being applied to the external container, may under some circumstances ccmpress the bag-like flexible internal container in such a way that regions thereof which still contain filling material is cut off from the delivery opening by virtue of the bag-like internal container being tightly constricted between the delivery opening and the portions of the internal container which still contain the material to be discharged therefrom. A major reason for that phencmenon is that it is not always possible to provide that the internal container is uniformly caTrpressed under the effect of
2_ the air which is cessed in the intermediate space between the internal and external containers. especially as the way in which the shape of the internal container changes under the effect of the increased pressure applied to the outside thereof may also depend on the position which the pack assumes during discharge of material therefrom, by virtue of the external container being squeezed.
In an endeavour to counteract that problem, the teaching of EP-A 0 305 003 provides that the internal container is fixed to the external container approximately in the middle region of the axial extent of the internal container and at its upper end, around its periphery. The result of that design configuration is that the portion of the internal container which is towards the delivery opening experiences no deformation or only an irmiaterial degree of deformation, under the effect of the increased pressure which occurs in the inte tiate space between the external and internal containers, when the former is squeezed. In contrast, the increased pressure in the intermediate space between the internal and external containers results in deformation of the portion of the internal container which is remote from the delivery opening, in the sense of resulting in a reduction in the volume enclosed by that portion of the internal container. As a result, firstly the filling material disposed in that portion of the internal container is displaced towards the delivery opening and a corresponding amunt of filling material flows outwardly fram the pack through the delivery opening thereof. Ultimately, further discharge of material fran the pack by suitably squeezing the external container results in more or less total emptying of the easily deformable portion of the internal container, which is remote fran the delivery opening, so that at.that time the pack reaches an interim stage at which essentially only the portion of the internal container which is towards the delivery opening is still filled with the filling material of the pack.
On the above-indicated assixnption that the internal container is fixedly joined substantially in the central region of its axial extent 3 to the external container, at that stage in the process of emptying the pack the pack is sti 11 about half full. B-nptying of thd portion of the internal container which is towards the delivery opening is effected by the portion of the internal container which is remote fran the delivery opening being pressed into the other portion which is towards the delivery opening, being turned inside out as it does so, under the effect of the increased pressure produced by squeezing of the pack in the intermediate space between the internal and external containers. When that happens, the material contained in the por-tion of the internal container which is towards the delivery opening and which is fixed to the external container is displaced towards the delivery opening. In that way, it is possible to avoid deformation of the internal container which would result in parts of the filling material therein being cut of f from having access to the delivery opening by virtue of the formation of pockets of material within the internal container, at any event when the free, easily deformable portion of the internal container is not of an excessive axial dimension.
However the usefulness of the pack disclosed in EP-A-0 305 003 is still subject to certain limitations as the fact that the internal container is fixed to the external container therewithin means that it is not possible to refill the pack by fitting a fresh full internal container into the external container, after the pack has been previously emptied. Furthermore, due to the fact that the internal container is also mounted to the'external container at the end of the internal container which is towards the delivery opening, it is necessary for the valve by way of which the intermediate space between the internal and external containers can be ccmmmicated with the extexnal atmosphere to be disposed in the region of the pack which is remote frcm the delivery opening. That restricts the design options for a pack of that kind. In addition, the fact that the internal container is fixed to the external container gives rise to the necessity for the internal container to be filled after it has been positioned in and 1q- joined to the external container. All in all, handling of the internal container which wi-11 predominantly consist of very thin foi 1 material wi-11- involve a certain degree of difficulty. Although the arrangement just described above is such that the plastically deformable bag-like internal container extends only approximtely over half the axial length of the pack and, at its open end which is towards the delivery opening, is sealingly secured to the external container aver its entire periphery in the middle region of the axial extent of the external container, that construction however also suffers from the above'indicated restrictions from the point of view of utility thereof. In addition, it is not very suitable for filling material Which'is such that the wall of the container for acccmTc&ting it must be inpervious for given gaseous substances, for example oxygen. Squeeze packs of the kind which are being discussed herein generally comprise thermoplastic materials. The materials which are predominantly used for that purpose, for example polyolefins, suffer however from the disadvantage that they are permeable in relation to certain substances. For that reason, the usual practice is for the walls of plastic containers to be of a multilayer or laminate construction, at least one of the layers thereof performing the function of a barrier layer which is impermeable to the respective substances involved, that is to say possibly for oxygen as al -eady mentioned above, but also in relation to canponents of the filling material. However, hollow bodies of thermoplastic material, with a multi-layer or laminate wall of that kind, are cariparatively expensive. In the case of a squeeze pack which has an internal container, the internal container will be provided with a barrier layer as air and thus oxygen pass into the intermediate space between the external container and the internal container, for the purposes of emptying the internal container.
SLI44ARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a squeeze pack which generally does not suffer from the above-indicated disadvantages of previous packs.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a squeeze pack which can be readily at least virtually totally eaptied, irrespective of the position which it assuTes during the discharge of material therefrcm.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a squeeze pack which is reliable in tenns of emptying procedure whi-le huivever not involving caTplications in regard to manufacture and handling thereof.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a squeeze pack which affords a wide range of design configuration options according to manufacturer and user requirements.
Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a squeeze pack which is so designed that it can be repeatedly used in a simple fashion by replacing an emptied internal container of the pack by a filled container.
The foregoing and other objects are achieved by a squeeze pack in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
It will be seen therefore that in accordance with the present invention the fact that the internal container, independently of the external container, in the region of its axial extent which is towards the delivery opening, is prevented frcm experiencing substantial deformation under the effect of the increased pressure which takes effect due to squeezing of the pack, in the intermediate space between the external container and the internal container, means that the pack affords a greater degree of flexibility in terms of manufacture, handling, packaging and filling.
- In a preferred feature of the invehtion, the wall thickness or gauge of the portion of the internal container which is towards the delivery opening and which serves as a support portion is greater than the wall thickness or gauge of the portion of the internal container, 6 which is remote from the delivery opening. The latter can preferably be - in one piece, for exaTple being such that firstly a hollow body is -produced by a blow molding process and then that portion of the hollow body which is to be easily deformable and which is to provide a baglike configuration as the internal container is subjected to a mechanical stretching effect in order in that portion to produce the small wall thickness which is re(ldired for easy defon-nability thereof. In that case the support body or means which is formed by the por-tion of the internal container which is towards the delivery opening is a constituent part of the internal container. However that my also be the case when the two portions of the internal container are produced as separate parts and are joined together at least in a peripheral region which extends substantially perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the internal container. Such an internal container would only consist of first and second portions which however have been assembled from separately produced parts. In that arrangement, the part which comprises the easily deformable bag-like portion of the internal container can extend from the end of the internal container, which is remote from the delivery opening, to the end region of the support body which is remote from the delivery opening. That means that the open end of the bag-like portion is sealingly secured to the peripheral region of the support body, which is remote from the delivery opening. It is also possible however for the bag- like part which has the easily deformable- portion of the internal container to extend as far as or closely adjacent to the delivery opening, being connected at its end region remote from the delivery opening to the support body. In that case the part having the bag-like portion and the part forming the support body would overlap each other aver a large part of the support body, normally the greatest part thereof. That configuration may be desirable when, for the reasons already referred to above, the pack must include a barrier layer in order to ensure that the internal container is not permeable in relation to -7 certain substances. It will be appreciated that it is possible for the support body also to be provided with a barrier layer. Generally speaking however that option would be more expensive than the production of a bag- like and thus correspondingly thin-wall part which in the asseTbled condition of the internal container has on the one hand the easily deformable portion and in addition in the region of the support body provides non-permeability in relation to the respective substances involved.
Normally the support body will be arranged within the bag-like part because that is the sinplest way of preventing the portion.of the internal container, which is towards the delivery opening, from experiencing a considerable degree of deformation, under the effect of the pressurised gas in the intermediate space between the internal and external containers. It will be noted that in that case it is desirable for the support body and the part cising the ccopressible bag to be sealingly connected together along the periphery of both parts, at the end of the support body which is remote fran the delivery opening. That is intended to ensure that material such as toothpaste, skin cream and the like cannot pass between the support body and the part of the internal container which comprises the ccnpressible bag-like portion.
Another preferred configuration is one which involves the production of a bag-like part which extends to or closely adjacent to the delivery opening, wherein in the portion which is towards the delivery opening, the support body is arranged outside that first part. With that arrangement, in order to achieve the desired support function, it would of course be necessary for the support body and the bag to be joined together in such a way that substantial deformation of the portion of the bag, which is towards the delivery opening, is prevented, under the effect of an increased pressure in the inter med iate space between the internal and external containers.
In accordance with a further preferred feature of the invention, at its end which is towards the delivery opening, the internal container may be sealingly secured to an annular holding mans which is arranged in the region of the opening of the external container, so that the interior of the internal container is can-nunicated with the delivery valve of the closure arrangement, through the opening in the holding means. In that configuration, the holding means which is disposed in the region of the opening of the external container may be part of the support body. A design configuration which has been found to be particularly advantageous is one in which the venting valve, by way of which a cannunication can be made between the external atmosphere and the intermediate space between the internal and external containers, is disposed in the closure arrangenent which also has the delivery valve. That configuration results in the external container being easier to produce as then there is no need for a separate venting valve to be mounted thereon. More specifically, that arrangement may be such that there is at least one passage means between the holding means and the wall of the region of the opening of the external container, said passage means canTunicating the intermediate space between the internal and external containers with the venting valve disposed in the closure arrangement.
It will be appreciated that the squeeze pack according to the invention also affords the possibility of the venting valve being disposed in a region of the external container which is away frcm the delivery opening, for example possibly in the bottcm. thereof.
It is possible and, depending on the respective considerations involved, also advantageous, for the external container to be made in one. piece, for exarple by a blow molding process, fran plastic material. However it may also be desirable for the external container to caTprise at least two parts which can be releasably and sealingly connected together, in such a way that, after release of the at least 01 two parts of the external container from each other and possibly the closure arrangement, a filled internal container can be inserted into the pack. That would also give the advantage that the internal container can be filled independently of the external container, that is to say outside saTie.
Furthermore, such an arrangement would afford the possibility of the internal container, after having been emptied, being replaced by a filled internal container, so that the external container with closure arrangement thereon can be repeatedly used.
In another preferred feature of the invention, the wall of the internal container my comprise at least first and second layers of different materials.
Further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in the following description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a diagramiatic perspective view of a pack in accordance with the invention, Figure 2 is a view in longitudinal section through the pack according to the invention without closure arrangement, Figure 3 is a view in longitudinal section through an internal container of the pack according to the invention, which still contains the major part of the filling material therein, Figure 4 is a view in longitudinal section through the internal container shown in Figure 3, in an emptied condition, Figure 5 is a view in longitudinal section through another preferred embodiment of the pack according to the invention, Figure 6 is a view in section taken along line VI-VI in Figure 5, Figure 7 is a perspective view of a detail of the pack, and Figure 8 is a view in longitudinal section of a portion of a further embodiment of a pack according to the invention.
1 () DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring firstly now to Figures 1 and 2, shown therein is a pack whichis in the form of a squeeze bottle, ccmprising an internal container 10, an external container 12 and a closure arrangement 14 which can be screwed or fitted, as by a push fit, on to the neck 16 of the external container 12. The external container 12 is substantially dinvansionally stable but elastically deformable under the effect of manually applied forces. The actual body as indicated at 18 of the external container 12 and a shoulder portion 20 thereof, which bears the neck 16, are produced separately and joined together subsequently, after the filled internal container 10 has been introduced into the external container 12. The connection 25 between the two parts 18 and 20 may be releasable but it must be air-tight. The external container 12 and the internal container 10 and- possibly also the closure arrangement 14 are made from suitable plastic material.
The internal container 10 comprises first and second portions 22 and 24 of approximately equal volume while being of different wall thicknesses. The portion 22 which is remote from the neck 16 of the external container 12 is of smaller wall thickness or gauge and is of a bag-like configuration so that it can be easily permanently deformed. The portion 22 generally comprises a thin film. The portion 24 which acts as a support body is of greater wall thickness and is such that, under the effect of external manually applied forces it is elastically deformable but in other respects is such that, when the external forces applied thereto to cause it to be squeezed together are released, it returns to its original shape and in so doing also returns the portion 22 to the original container cross-section, at any event in the region of the connection formed between the first and second portions 22 and 24 by the overlapping parts 26 and 28 thereof. The two portions 22 and 24 therefore present substantial differences in regard to deformability thereof. As the two portions 22 and 24 are produced separately, it is possible for those differences to be taken into account by virtue of 11 suitable choice of the materials for making the two portions 22 and 24. The -two portions 22 and 24 are sealingly joined together by any suitable procedure, for example by glueing, welding and the like, in such a way that, in the wtodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2, the easily deformable bag-like portion 22 which is closed at its end 44 remote fran the neck 16 is fixed at its opposite open end by way of its abovementioned edge part 26, to the above -ment ioned edge part 28, which is remote fran the neck 16, of the portion 24. That configuration can be clearly seen, in various shapes, in Figures 2 through 4. Figures 2 through 4 also show that the cross-sectional dimensions of the two portions 22 and 24 of the containers correspond to each other in the region of the connection formed by the mutually overlapping parts 26, 28 thereof.
The portion 24 of the internal container 10 is extended into a neck-like extension portion 30 which serves as a holding means and the outside diameter of which is such that it can be suitably fitted into the neck 16 of the external container 16..At its free end region, which is at the upward end in for example Figure 2, the holding mans 30 is provided with a rib 32 which extends therearound and which is supported against the end face of the neck 16 and which thus provides a formlocking or positive connection between the two parts, nwely the extension portion 30 and the neck 16, thereby to fix the position of the internal container 10 relative to the external container 12, at least in the region of the neck -of the pack. Thus, when the closure arrangement indicated at 14 in Figure 1 is fitted into position, the rib 32 is pressed firmly against the neck 16 in order there also to provide an air-tight closure effect with an axial and/or radial sealing action.
Looking now at Figure 2, arranged at the bottcrn 34 of the external container 12 is a one-way valve 36 which only permits air to flow from the external atmosphere into the intermediate space indicated at 38 between the external container 12 and the internal container 10.
12 The closure arrangement 14 (see Figure 1) is provided with a delivery opening which is adapted to be closed by the action of a valve 40. The valve'40 opens under the effect of an increased pressure produced in the internal container 10 and/or in the intermediate space 38. The valve 40 closes autcmatically as soon as a condition of pressure equilibrium. obtains. Further detai-Is in this respect will be set forth in the description hereinafter with reference to Figures 5 through 7.
For the purposes of discharging material fran the pack, it is manually canpressed to a greater or lesser degree, in a manner which is conventional procedure in relation to squeeze packs. In the first phase of the emptying operation, that is to say when the internal container 10 is still ccrrpletely full or almost ccrrpletely full, it nay happen under some circunstances that the forces which are manually applied by compressing or squeezing the external container also act directly on the internal container so that the latter is also subjected to a manual squeezing effect. Whether that occurs and if so to what extent will also depend on the ratio of the volune of the external container when in a nonloaded condition, to the volurrie of the filled internal container, thus depending on the volume of the intermediate space 38 between the internal container 10 and the external container 12. At any event, when the external container is squeezed, as a result of the resulting reduction in volLrm of the external container 12, the air in the intermediate space 38 experiences an increase in pressure as the intermediate space 38 is airtightly closed off relative to the external atmosphere by virtue of the above-described sealed connections between the carponents parts of the pack and the valve 36 only opens when there is a reduced pressure in the intermediate space 38, that is to say the valve 36 only opens to provide for a direction of flow of gas from the external atrnosphere into the intermediate space 38. The increase in pressure produced in the intenTediate space 38 by virtue of the external container 12 being squeezed acts on the internal container 10, the 13 portion 22 of which thereby also experiences deformation in the sense of a-reduction in the voluTe of the portion 22.
As the external container 12 is elastically deformable, after the squeezeforces cease to be applied thereto, it returns to its original shape as shown in Figures 1, 2 and 5, which results in an increase in its voluTe and an increase in the intermediate space 38, in comparison with the previous condition in which the pack was squeezed. That increase in the volune of the external container 12 causes a reduction in the pressure in the intermediate space 38, such that that pressure falls below atmospheric pressure if material had been discharged fran the internal container 10 of the pack during the squeezing procedure which bad just taken place. The result of that reduced pressure in the intermediate space 38 is that the valve 36 opens and thus air flows into the intermediate space 38 until there is approximately a condition of pressure equilibrium between the atmospheric pressure and the pressure in the intermediate space 38.
The forces resulting fran the pressure difference between the internal container 10 on the one hand and the intermediate space 38 on the other hand are relatively low, with the result that only the baglike portion 32 which is of a thin-wall structure and thus easily plastically deformable is deformed thereby, whereas the portion 24 is not deformed by that pressure difference. Admittedly, depending on where the forces which produce the squeeze effect on the pack act thereon, it is possible for the portion 24 of the internal container 10 also to experience deformation' during the pack-squeezing process, but as the portion 24 is elastically deformable, after the squeezing process is concluded it will return to its original shape, similarly to the behaviour of the external container 12, and will thereby also return the cro.5s-section of the pack in the region of the connection at 26, 28 between the two portions 22, 24 to the original dimensions, that is to say the non-defonTed condition, the result thereof being that the portion 22 experiences a corresponding reduction in its 4 volu-ne and thus the total volume of the internal container remains unchanged.
- Reference will now be made to Figures 3 and 4 which only show an internal container 10 of the pack, to describe the deformation to which the internal container is subjected during the procedure for emptying material from the pack.
Looking firstly at Figure 3., shown therein is the internal container in a condition in which a small part of the filling material contained therein has already been removed and consequently the portion 22 of the internal container, the contour of which in the completely filled condition is shown in dash-dotted lines, has already experienced a certain reduction in its volLue, which resulted in material in the internal container 10 being displaced into the portion 24 and from there through the holding means 30 to the delivery valve indicated at 40 in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a somewhat diagrammatic view showing that, in that intermediate condition, the easily deformable portion 22 is somewhat compressed axially and radially. Figure 3 also shows that, in particular when the axial extent of the easi-ly deformable portion 22 is of a suitable dimension in relation to the cross-sectional dimension in the edge region 28, there is no fear of deformation of the portion 22 in such a way that regions thereof are cut off from the delivery opening of the pack, with the possibility in thatcase of parts of the material in the internal container being enclosed in pockets in such a waythat they can no longer be displaced towards the delivery opening for-discharge therefrom. In actual fact the reduction in volu-ne of the portion 22 occurs in any case in such a way that the filling material contained therein is more or less completely urged towards the portion 24. Ccapression of the por-tion 22, with a simultaneous reduction in its volume, can also be additionally controlled by the wall of the portion 22 being provided with regions of different thicknesses or being of such a configuration in sane other fashion that deformation of the portion 22, which f G produces the reduction in volume, takes place in a controlled manner. Suitable configurations for achieving that purpose are to be found for example in EU-A-0 182 094 to which reference is therefore specifically directed in this respect.
After emptying of the bag-like portion 22 which constitutes approximately half of the voluTe of the internal container 10, further squeezing of the pack to provide for further discharge of filling material therefrom causes the bag-like portion 22 to enter into the portion 24 which serves as a support body until, at the end of the emptying procedure, the component parts of the internal container occupy approximately the position shown in Figure 4. In other words, during the emptying of the portion 24 which serves as a support body for the internal container 10, the bag-like portion 22 acts as a kind of material-displacement member by penetrating into the portion 24, turning itself inside out as it does so, thus displacing the filling material in the portion 24 towards the delivery opening of the pack. Figure 4 further shows that, in the last phase of the emptying operation, the lower edge of the support body 24 limits the extent by which the easily deformable portion 22 can be displaced. Figure 4 additionally shows that very substantial emptying of the pack can be achieved if the co-operating components thereof are of a suitable configuration, that is to say, as shown in Figure 4, the portion 22 is such as very closely to match the internal configuration of the portion 24 when the portion 22 is fully within the portion 24 in the condition shown in Figure 4. It should be noted at this point that any arreunt of filling material which may still remain in the neck region at least approximately corresponds to the amount which usually inevitably - remains in that way in other previous packs. That also depends on the shape of the co-operating cnents.
Reference will now be made to Figures 5 through 7 in which parts which are the same as those to be found in the embodiment shown in Figures 1 through 4 are identified by the same reference numerals but /G increased by 100. The ent)odimnt of Figures 5 through 7 differs from that shown in Figures 1 through 4 in that the internal container 110 is of a scmewhat different configuration. The internal container 110 has an easily deformble portion 122 which is remote fran the holding means 130 and wflich forms the portion of a larger, bag-like part 142 which extends from the bottom end 144 to the necklike holding means 130. The part 142 is also sealingly mounted on its outside at least at the edge region 128 of the portion 124 which acts as a support body for the internal container 110, in order thereby to prevent filling material in the internal container 110 from passing into the region between the part 142 and the support body or portion 124. In addition the bag-like part 142 which in the region of the support body -124 is adapted to the contour thereof is sealingly mounted with its end having the opening to the periphery of the holding means 130 so that the internal container -110 is of a double-wall configuration in the region of the support body 124. As already mentioned above, that will be desirable when the internal container 110 is to be impermeable in relation to certain substances. For that purpose, the part 142 is made from a different material frcm the support body 124 or may be additionally provided with a barrier layer to give the desired impern-eable nature for the internal container. A short region which possibly remains on the neck-like holding means and which is not covered over by the part 142 can be disregarded in that respect as the holding means 130 is normally of. a scmewhat greater wall thickness, thus affording a corresponding reduction in the possibly inherent permeability of the material forming the holding means 130.
However the above-described structural differences are generally immaterial in regard to the progress of a pack-emptying procedure which here too takes place in the manner described hereinbefore with reference to Figures 3 and 4. In all cases, that is to say also in the other embodiments herein, the important consideration is that the portion of the internal container which is remote fran the delivery opening is easily deformable so that the above-mentioned pressure difference is sufficient to cause deformation thereof.
A further structural difference in the embodiment of Figures 5 through 7 is that venting of the intermediate space 138 between the internal container 110 and the external container 112 takes place by way of the closure arrangement 114. In regard to its external dimensions, the holding means 130 which carries the internal container 110 also corresponds in this eiment to those of the neck 116 of the external container 112. In contrast to the embodimients shown in Figures 1 through 4, the holding mans 130 whose external diameter is adapted to the internal diameter of the neck 116 in order to provide a satisfactory fit is provided with longitudinally extending groove-like recesses 148 which extend into groove-like recesses 150. The latter are provided at the side of the rib 132, which is towards the end face of the neck 116. The rib 132 provides a positive connection between the internal and external containers, in the manner already described above with reference to Figures 2 throtgh 4. The recesses 148, 150 define with the neck 116 passages by way of which the intermediate space 138 between the external container 112 and the internal container 110 can be ccmTunicated with the external atmosphere. For that purpose the substantially radially extending recesses 150 each open into a respective longitudinal passage 152 in the body of the closure arrangement 114. All the passages 152 open into an annular passage 154. They are also connected by way of passages 156 to a further annular passage 158.
The closure body 114 is providedMith a diaphragm 160 which has a sealing lip 162 extending along its outer periphery and co-operating with the wall region 163 of the closure body 114, to close the annular passage 158. In that respect the sealing lip 162 is of such a configuration and arrangement that it is only displaced saTt towards the containers when there is a reduced pressure in the intermediate space 138, and thus affords air access to the IS intermediate space 138. In other words, the sealing lip 162 and the wall region 163 of the closure body 1-14, which co-operates with the sealing lip 162, constitute the venting valve 136 for the intermediate space 138. The venting valve 136 is closed when there is an increased pressure in the intermediate space 138.
The diaphragm 160 which has an extension portion 164 extending therearound, which is held in a groove 166 in the closure body 114, also has a sealing lip 168 which defines a substantially circular opening 170 and by co-operating with a projection 172 on the closure body 174 forms the delivery valve 140. The sealing lip 168 represents the extension of an annular region 174 of the diaphragm 160. It closes an annular passage 176 which is arranged coaxially with respect to the projection 172 and which is ccmmunicated by way of longitudinal passages 178 in the closure body 114 with the internal space of the internal container, in which the filling material of the pack is to be found. The closure body -114 is provided with a plug-like projection 180 whose cross-section corresponds to the internal cross-section of the holding mans 130. In the assembled condition of the cnent parts, the projection 180 completely fills the region 146 of the holding means 130 so that it sealingly closes off the internal container 110, apart from the longitudinal passages 178. In particular no air can pass from the longitudinal passages 152 into the internal container 110. The projection 180 is defined by a step 182, the shoulder configuration of which sits on the peripherally extending rib 132 of the holding means 130 and thus cl the holding mans 130 between the neck -116 of the external container 112 and the closure body 1-14. That arrangement provides an additional sealing effect for the internal space of the internal container 110. In order to seal off the annular passage 176 for the filling material, relative to the annular passage 154 which is designed to carry a flow of air, the diaphragm 160 carries an annular extension or projection portion 184 which extends inwardly of the pack and is arranged coaxially with 19 respect to the projection 172. The free edge 186 at the lower end of the projection portion 184 bears sealingly against the wall 187 of the projection 172, which thus defines the recess in the closure body 114 which is partly formed by the annular passage 154. The extension portion 184 follows the movements of the part of the diaphragn 160 which carries it, with a sufficient degree of sealing integrity being ensured between the annular passages 194 and 176 in any position of the assembly.
In the case of the embodiment shown in Figures 5 through 7, a pressure or squeeze loading applied to the pack, which results in elastic deformation of the external container 112, causes an increase in the pressure in the intermediate space 138 which, as the intermediate space 138 ccmmunicates with the annular passage 154 in the above-described manner, in turn results in a corresponding pressure being applied to the region of the diaphragn 160, which lies within the projection portion 164 thereof. The force applied to the above-mentioned region of the diaphragTi 160 is in the direction of opening of the sealing lip 168. At the same time, the filling material in the internal container 110 is subjected to the effect of a pressure which is produced by a directly applied manual force and/or by the increased pressure produced in the intermediate space 138 by virtue of the external container being squeezed. That also results in the sealing lip 168 being urged in the direction of opening thereof, so that the delivery valve 140 opens and material can issue fran the interior of the internal container 110. An important consideration in that respect is that termination of the application of pressure to the pack imnediately results in closure of the delivery valve 140 as the elastically defoiniable sealing lip 168 has corresponding return forces which readily return it to its closed position. That rapid closure of the delivery valve 140 n-eans that no or only a small a-nount of air can pass by way of the delivery valve into the internal container 110 or -? C) A_ the regions of the closure body 114 which are in camunication therewith. That has the above-described consequence that the intermediate space 138 between the internal container 110 and the external container 112, after termination of the application of pressure to the pack and the increase in volume caused by the resilient return forces of the external container 112, remains in camunication with the atmosphere through the venting valve formed by the sealing lip 162, until atmospheric pressure obtains again in the intermediate space 138.
As the embodiment described above with reference to and illustrated in Figures 5 through 7 provides that venting 'of the intermediate space 138 occurs by way of the closure arrangement 114, there is no need for the external container 112 also to be provided with a separate venting valve, as is the case in the embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Referring now to Figure 8 in which parts which are identical to those shown in Figures 1 through 4 are identified by the saTe reference numerals but increased by 200, it will be noted that the embodiment of which part is shown in Figure 8 differs from the other embodiments of the invention as described above only in that the internal container 210 is of an integral configuration. In other words, the portion 224 which serves as the support body and the ea ily deformble bag-like portion 222 are admittedly of different wall thicknesses but they are not produced separately. To achieve that aim, the manufacturing procedure may take as its starting point for exwple a molded blank which is subjected to an additional stretching effect only over the region thereof which is to form the easily deformable -portion 222 of the internal container. Manufacturing procedures of that kind are known to the man skilled in the art and do not therefore need to be described in full detail herein. The external container 212 may also be produced in the usual manner in the Figure 8 embodiment. Advantageously, that kind of internal container is used when it is to be of a multi-layer or laninate structure as all the layers occur over the entire axial extent of the internal container. As noted above, internal containers of this kind are advantageously produced by blow molding.
It will be appreciated that the above-described sTbodiments of the invention have been set forth solely by way of example and. illustration of the principles thereof and that various modifications and alterations way be made without thereby departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
22
Claims (18)
1. In a squeeze pack comprising an elastically deformable external container; an internal container for receiving the filling material disposed within the external container and defining therewith an intermediate space which is closed off from the external atmosphere and adapted to be readily deformable under the action of a pressure difference between atmospheric pressure and the pressure in the intermediate space between the internal and external containers, a closure means having a delivery opening with delivery valve for discharge of the filling material, the delivery valve being operable at least substantially to prevent equalisation of pressure between the internal container and the external atmosphere by the ingress of air into the internal container after the discharge of filling material therefrom, and a venting valve for communicating said intermediate space with the external atmosphere, the improvement that the internal container in the middle region of its longitudinal extent is divided substantially transversely to its longitudinal axis into first and second portions, the portion which is towards said delivery opening comprisinga support means which is elastically deformable such that when a squeeze force applied to the pack ceases it returns to its original shape but does not experience a noticeable deformation under the effect of said pressure difference between atmospheric pressure and said pressure in said intermediate space, and at least the portion of the internal container which is remote fran the delivery opening being of a flexible baga-like configuration and easily plastically deformable under the effect of said pressure difference between atmospheric pressure and said pressure in said intermediate space, thereby displacing the filling material contained in the internal container towards the delivery opening.
2. A pack as set forth in claim 1 wherein the wall thickness of said portion towards said delivery opening is greater than the wall 23 thickness of the portion of the internal container which is remote therefrom.
3. A pack as set forth in claim 1 wherein the internal container is in one piece.
4. A pack as set forth in claim 1 wherein the support means is a component part of the internal container.
5. A pack as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first and. second portions of the internal container are produced in the form of separate parts and are joined together at least in a peripheral region extending at least substantially perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the internal container.
6. A pack as set forth in claim 1 wherein the part which has the deformable portion of the internal container extends from the end of the internal container which is remote from the delivery opening as far as an end region of the support mcans which is remote from said delivery opening.
7. A pack as set forth in claim 1 wherein the part having the deformable portion of the internal container extends at least to close to said delivery opening and is also connected to said support means at the end region of said part, which is towards the delivery opening.
8. A pack as set forth in claim 1 including an annular holding means arranged. in the region of the opening of the external container wherein at its end towards the delivery opening theinternal container is sealingly secured to said holding weans.
9. A pack as set forth in claim 8 wherein the holding weans is part of the support body.
24
10. A pack as set forth in claim 8 wherein the holding mans is connected to said support body.
11. A pack as set forth in claim 1 wherein said venting valve adapted to cam=icate said intermediate space with the atmosphere is disposed in the closurE mans.
12. A pack as set forth in claim 8 and further including at least one passage means between the holding ffeaw and the wall of said opening region, adapted to cem=icate said intermediate space with the venting valve.
1 R. A pack as set forth in claim 1 wherein the venting valve is disposed in a region of the external container which is remote from said delivery valve.
14. A pack as set forth in claim 1 wherein the venting valve is disposed at the bottom of the external container.
15. A pack as set forth in claim 1 wherein the external container cises at least first and second portions, and further including mans for releasably and sealingly joining said first and second portions together, such that after release of said at least first and second portions of the external container a filled internal container can be inserted into the external container.
16. A pack as set forth in claim 1 wherein the wall of the internal container cmprises at least first and second layers of different materials.
17.A squeeze pack ccmprising: an elastically deformable external container having an opening for discharge of filling material from the pack; an internal container for receiving the filling material, disposed within the external container and defining therewith an intermediate space which is closed off from the external atmosphere, the internal container being adapted to be readily deformable under the effect of a pressure difference between atmospheric pressure and the gas pressure in said intermediate space, the internal container substantially in the middle region of its longitudinal extent being divided substantially transversely to its longitudinal axis into first and second portions, the portion of the internal container which is towards said external container opening involving a support means which is elastically deformable such that when an applied squeeze force ceases the support mans returns to its original shape but it does not experience a noticeable deformation under the effect of said pressure difference between atmospheric pressure and said pressure in said intermediate space, and at least the portion of the internal container which is remote from said external container opening being of a flexible bag-like configuration easily plastically deformable under the effect of said pressure difference between atmospheric pressure and said pressure in said intermediate space, thereby displacing the filling material in the internal container towards said external container opening; a closure means having a delivery opening _ with delivery valve for said filling material, ccniTunicating with the interior of said internal container, the delivery valve being operable at least substantially to prevent equalisation of pressure between the internal container and the atmosphere by the ingress of air into the internal container af ter the discharge of filling material therefrom; and a venting valve for communicating said intermediate space with the external atmosphere.
18. A squeeze pack having an elastically deformable external container, substantially as described herein with reference tot and as illustrated in, Figures 1 to 8 of the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4106919A DE4106919A1 (en) | 1991-03-05 | 1991-03-05 | CRUSH BOTTLE WITH INNER CONTAINER |
| CA002071322A CA2071322A1 (en) | 1991-03-05 | 1992-06-16 | Squeeze pack |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9124743D0 GB9124743D0 (en) | 1992-01-15 |
| GB2253387A true GB2253387A (en) | 1992-09-09 |
Family
ID=25675226
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9124743A Withdrawn GB2253387A (en) | 1991-03-05 | 1991-11-21 | Double-walled sqeeze-to-empty container |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0505611A3 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2071322A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE4106919A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2253387A (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2264997A (en) * | 1992-02-24 | 1993-09-15 | Canon Kk | Pressure control valve |
| GB2317600A (en) * | 1996-09-27 | 1998-04-01 | Unilever Plc | Dual compartmented bottle and chambers therefor |
| GB2408036A (en) * | 2003-11-15 | 2005-05-18 | Barry Curtis | Dispensing container for fluids |
| CN102395346A (en) * | 2009-04-21 | 2012-03-28 | 泰尔茂株式会社 | Medical container and syringe |
| WO2012136932A1 (en) | 2011-04-05 | 2012-10-11 | Pumpart System | Device for packaging a viscous product, and method of implementing same |
| KR20140138924A (en) * | 2012-03-15 | 2014-12-04 | 프로멍스 에스아 | Container, in particular a wide-mouthed jar, for containing a liquid or pasty material and combined with a system for collecting and dispensing without taking in air |
| WO2020053439A1 (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2020-03-19 | Oreilly Alan | A dispenser |
Families Citing this family (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1993010014A1 (en) * | 1991-11-20 | 1993-05-27 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Resilient squeeze bottle with an inner receptacle which inverts upon emptying |
| US5305920A (en) * | 1991-11-20 | 1994-04-26 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Bag-in-bottle package with reusable resilient squeeze bottle and disposable inner receptacle which inverts upon emptying without attachment near its midpoint to squeeze bottle |
| DE4410745A1 (en) * | 1993-04-02 | 1994-10-06 | Regenbogen S R L | Method, combination and device for the partial emptying of a liquid and/or pasty product having at least one bag with which the preservation is ensured and maintained |
| DE4316302C2 (en) * | 1993-05-14 | 1995-11-23 | Zeller Plastik Koehn Graebner | Refill pack |
| DE4421174A1 (en) * | 1994-06-20 | 1995-02-23 | Raimund Dr Schmitz | Reusable dispenser package for thin liquid and viscous contents |
| US5950880A (en) * | 1997-04-14 | 1999-09-14 | Valois S.A. | Set of components for assembly as a dispensing package of the non-vented type having a take-up piston |
| US5873491A (en) * | 1997-04-14 | 1999-02-23 | Valois S.A. | Set of components for assembly as a dispensing package of the non-vented type having an internal, collapsible bag |
| US6050451A (en) | 1998-11-19 | 2000-04-18 | Aptargroup, Inc. | Dispensing structure incorporating a valve-containing fitment for mounting to a container and a package with a dispensing structure |
| EP1118550A3 (en) * | 2000-01-19 | 2002-10-23 | Riso Kagaku Corporation | Container for liquid products |
| FR2844773B1 (en) | 2002-09-24 | 2005-01-28 | Jerome Boumnso | DEVICE FORMING A PACKAGING OF VISCOUS PRODUCTS WITH COMPLETE VIDAGE THROUGH MANUAL PUMPING |
| EP2065084B1 (en) * | 2007-11-30 | 2010-03-17 | GLORIA Haus- und Gartengeräte GmbH | Cartridge for a mixing device for spraying water mixed with an additive |
| DE102010009102B4 (en) * | 2010-02-24 | 2014-08-28 | Gaplast Gmbh | Double-walled squeeze bottle with valve in the airless system |
| DE102010009101A1 (en) * | 2010-02-24 | 2011-08-25 | GAPLAST GmbH, 82442 | packaging |
| FR2973785B1 (en) | 2011-04-07 | 2014-07-18 | Valois Sas | FLUID PRODUCT DISPENSER AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SUCH A DISPENSER. |
| CN103796624B (en) * | 2011-09-07 | 2016-05-18 | 泰尔茂株式会社 | The manufacture method of container for medical use and container for medical use |
| JPWO2014069150A1 (en) * | 2012-11-01 | 2016-09-08 | 大塚テクノ株式会社 | Drug container storage device, drug container storage system, and drug suction method |
| EP2832658A1 (en) | 2013-07-30 | 2015-02-04 | ainia | Dispensing container and method of filling the container |
| CN103723349B (en) * | 2013-12-27 | 2016-03-30 | 宁波瑞成包装材料有限公司 | A kind of wine bag |
| CN103723350B (en) * | 2013-12-27 | 2016-02-10 | 宁波瑞成包装材料有限公司 | A kind of sealing wine bag |
| FR3048914B1 (en) | 2016-03-21 | 2018-09-14 | Aptar France Sas | PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING A CONTAINER COMPRISING A FLEXIBLE POUCH AND A RIGID SHELL |
| DE102017121702B4 (en) * | 2017-09-19 | 2019-07-11 | Inotech Kunststofftechnik Gmbh | Dispenser container and device for producing the dispenser container |
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| GB1561781A (en) * | 1975-11-08 | 1980-03-05 | Telehoist Ltd | Dispensing containers |
| EP0305003A1 (en) * | 1987-08-28 | 1989-03-01 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Resilient squeeze bottle package for dispensing viscous products without belching |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL128149C (en) * | 1963-02-11 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| FR2081244A1 (en) * | 1970-03-23 | 1971-12-03 | Bouet Bernard | |
| AU4543085A (en) * | 1984-08-23 | 1986-03-24 | Hafina Treufinanz A.G. | Behalter mit einem verschluss |
-
1991
- 1991-03-05 DE DE4106919A patent/DE4106919A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-11-16 EP EP19910119574 patent/EP0505611A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-11-21 GB GB9124743A patent/GB2253387A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1992
- 1992-06-16 CA CA002071322A patent/CA2071322A1/en not_active Abandoned
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| GB1561781A (en) * | 1975-11-08 | 1980-03-05 | Telehoist Ltd | Dispensing containers |
| EP0305003A1 (en) * | 1987-08-28 | 1989-03-01 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Resilient squeeze bottle package for dispensing viscous products without belching |
Cited By (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2264997A (en) * | 1992-02-24 | 1993-09-15 | Canon Kk | Pressure control valve |
| GB2264997B (en) * | 1992-02-24 | 1995-11-29 | Canon Kk | Valve,liquid container using same,recording head cartridge having liquid container and recording apparatus using liquid container |
| US5500663A (en) * | 1992-02-24 | 1996-03-19 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Recording ink container with an air vent valve |
| GB2317600A (en) * | 1996-09-27 | 1998-04-01 | Unilever Plc | Dual compartmented bottle and chambers therefor |
| GB2317600B (en) * | 1996-09-27 | 2000-06-14 | Unilever Plc | Dual container |
| GB2408036A (en) * | 2003-11-15 | 2005-05-18 | Barry Curtis | Dispensing container for fluids |
| CN102395346B (en) * | 2009-04-21 | 2014-01-29 | 泰尔茂株式会社 | Medical container |
| CN102395346A (en) * | 2009-04-21 | 2012-03-28 | 泰尔茂株式会社 | Medical container and syringe |
| US9155679B2 (en) | 2009-04-21 | 2015-10-13 | Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha | Medical container and syringe |
| WO2012136932A1 (en) | 2011-04-05 | 2012-10-11 | Pumpart System | Device for packaging a viscous product, and method of implementing same |
| US9828142B2 (en) | 2011-04-05 | 2017-11-28 | Pumpart System | Device for packaging a viscous product, and method of implementing same |
| KR20140138924A (en) * | 2012-03-15 | 2014-12-04 | 프로멍스 에스아 | Container, in particular a wide-mouthed jar, for containing a liquid or pasty material and combined with a system for collecting and dispensing without taking in air |
| JP2015509895A (en) * | 2012-03-15 | 2015-04-02 | プロメンズ エス アー | Containers for storing liquid or pasty substances, especially wide-mouth jars, combined with a system for sorting and dispensing without taking in air |
| US9365319B2 (en) | 2012-03-15 | 2016-06-14 | Promens Sa | Container, in particular a wide-mouthed jar, for containing a liquid or pasty material and combined with a system for collecting and dispensing without taking in air |
| KR101908762B1 (en) | 2012-03-15 | 2018-10-16 | 프로멍스 에스아 | Container, in particular a wide-mouthed jar, for containing a liquid or pasty material and combined with a system for collecting and dispensing without taking in air |
| WO2020053439A1 (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2020-03-19 | Oreilly Alan | A dispenser |
| US11471901B2 (en) | 2018-09-13 | 2022-10-18 | Allan O'REILLY | Dispenser |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0505611A3 (en) | 1992-12-09 |
| CA2071322A1 (en) | 1993-12-17 |
| GB9124743D0 (en) | 1992-01-15 |
| DE4106919A1 (en) | 1992-09-10 |
| EP0505611A2 (en) | 1992-09-30 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |