GB2237277A

GB2237277A - Thixotropic binder system

Info

Publication number: GB2237277A
Application number: GB8924125A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Peter Francis Nicks
Original assignee: Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd
Current assignee: Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd
Priority date: 1989-10-26
Filing date: 1989-10-26
Publication date: 1991-05-01
Also published as: IE903611A1; GB2237576B; JPH03188177A; DK0435428T3; NO904621L; MY107277A; CA2028318A1; EP0435428A1; EP0435428B1; FR2653776A1; GR3007213T3; DE9014684U1; GB8924125D0; GB9022119D0; NZ235625A; US5164449A; IN177045B; FI905292A0; PT95676A; AU6551490A

Abstract

A film-forming thixotropic binder system for imparting sag resistance to coating compositions comprising the product obtained by reacting an isocyanate preferably having a molecular weight of at least 400 and comprising more than two isocyanate groups (preferably an isocyanurate trimer obtained from di-isocyanates) with a polyamine and optionally a monoamine in the presence of a film-forming carboxylic acid copolymer having an acid value of at least 25 mg KOH/g copolymer. The binder composition may be neutralised by alkali to produce a salt soluble in an aqueous coating composition. Also detailed processes for making the binder system.

Description

:2;3 -7 7 --, 1 J_ BINDER SYSTEMS This invention relates to a binder

system suitable for use in making aqueous thixotropic coating compositions.

Coatings freshly applied to vertical surfaces show a tendency to flow under gravity whilst the coatings are still wet. This tendency is known as "sag". Sag can be reduced by adding sag control agents such as particulate clays to the coating composition. However the presence of such particles reduces the ability of the coating composition to spread evenly during application and so brush marks or spray mottle may not disappear. Particles also affect the appearence of a dried coating and in particular they detract from a gloss finish.

2 European patent application EP-A-0 192 304 discloses thixotropic coating compositions comprising various non-acid copolymers and solid particulate sag control agents which are products obtainable by co-reacting isocyanurate trimers and various amines. Such sag control agents are said not to detract from the ability of the coating to spread during application but they do have a particle size of at least 10 nm and so they will detract from the appearance of gloss finishes.

An object of this invention is to provide a new binder material which can be used to make an aqueous thixotropic coating composition having good is resistance to sag without the need to contain sag-controlling particles which detract from the appearance of the dried coating.

Accordingly this invention provides a film-forming binder system suitable for use in making an aqueous thixotropic coating composition, the system comprising a film-forming copolymer and polyurea moieties obtainable by co-reacting at least one primary or secondary monoamine, at least one primary or secondary polyamine and at least one isocyanurate trimer obtainable from di-isocyanate containing 3 to 20 carbon atoms wherein a) the co-reaction is performed in the presence of from 80 to 99 wt% of a film-forming carboxylic acid copolymer having an acid value of from 25 to 60 mg KOH/g copolymer (the weight percentage being based on the combined weights of the copolymer and polyurea moieties), 3 b) from 10 to 90% of the amino groups are provided by the monoamine and c) the ratio of the number of isocyanate groups to amino groups is greater than 1:1 and preferably is 1.05 to 1.25:1.

r The word Ilpolyaminell is used in accordance with the WPAC nomenclature to mean an amine containing two or more amine groups.

The film-forming copolymer generally comprises copolymerised non-acid monomers and copolymerised acid and/or acid anhydride monomers. The preferred acid or anhydride monomers are acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic, itaconic, maleic and fumaric acids or their anhydrides. They should confer on the copolymer an acid value of from 25 to 60 mg KOH/g copolymer for if the acid value exceeds 60, no worthwhile thixotropy is obtained whereas if it falls below 25, a polyurea is obtained which is very likely to be particulate. Preferably the copolymer should have an acid value of from 30 to 50 mg KOH/g copolymer.

The non-acid monomers are preferably hydrophobic unsaturated monomers which have solubilities of less than 6 wt% in pure water. However a minor proportion of the non-acid monomers may be hydrophilic especially if it is required to adjust the solubility 30 of the copolymer in water. Examples of useful hydrophilic non-acid monomers include hydroxy ethyl acrylate, methacrylamide and the alkoxy polyethylene glycol methacrylates of various molecular weights.

1 4 It is preferred to use hydrophobic non-acid monomers of the type conventionally used in making resins for the paint trade. The carboxylic acid copolymer may comprise just one such non-acid monomer such as methyl, ethyl or butyl acrylate but in general it has been found easier to obtain a better balance of properties when a combination of at least two non-acid monomers are used, one of which would give a homopolymer of high glass transition temperature (Tg), for example Tg above 300C and one which would give a homopolymer of low Tg, for example Tg below -100C. Tg is calculated or measured according to the procedures hereinafter described. Examples of non-acid monomers which give homopolymers of high Tg include methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate and styrene. Examples of non-acid monomers which give homopolymers of low Tg include ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate and the material commercially available from the Shell Chemical Company under the trade name "Vinyl Verstatell which is beleived to be the vinyl ester of a mixture of branched chain acids which acids contain around 10 carbon atoms.

The isocyanurate trimer may be obtained from for example polymethylene diisocyanates (especially hexamethylene di-isocyanate) which contain from 2 to 6 methylene groups. Alternatively it may be obtained from diisocyanates such as cyclohexane - 1,4 - diisocyanate, dicylcolhexylmethane - 4 ' 41 diisocyanate, 1,5 - dimethyl - 2,4 - bis(isocyanatomethyl) benzene, 1,5 - dimethyl 2,4 bis( - isocyanatoethyl) benzene, 1,3,5 trimethyl 2,4; bis(isocyanatomethyl)benzene, 1,3,5 - trimethyl - 2,4 bis(isocyanatomethyl)benzene, dicyclohexyldimethyl-methane - 4,41 diisocyanate, 2,4 - toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toulene diisocyanate and diphenylmethane - 4,41 - diisocyanate. The most preferred di-isocyanate is a proprietary hetcrocyclic material sold as "Desmodur" N 3300 by available from Bayer A G of Leverkusen in West Germany. "Desmodur" N3300 is believed to consist mainly of the trimer of hexamethylene di-isocyanate and the isocyanurate trimers are believed to have structures which at least approximate to the following:

R-NCO 0 c N - c 1:,,- 0 N N 1 OM 0 NCO where R is a divalent linking moiety, for example polymethylene.

6 The purpose of the monoamine is to react rapidly with a proportion of the isocyanate groups in the trimer to prevent the formation of extensive chemical crosslinking leading to the creation of intractable solids. Accordingly the monoamine may be any monoamine which can serve this purpose, for example alkylamines or hydroxyalkylamines containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms, aromatic amines such as aniline,aralkyl amines such as benzylamine or heterocyclic amines such as piperidine. it is preferred to use secondary momoamines and in particular heterocyclic amines such as morpholine which is:

0 c N) 1 H The purpose of the polyamine is to react with moieties in different molecules so as to link the molecules together. Accordingly, the polyamine may be any polyamine which can serve this purpose although diamines are preferred because they lead to simpler macromolecules. The preferred diamines are ethylene diamine and hexamethylene diamine.

Co-reaction is brought about by introducing the coreactants and the film-forming copolymer into a suitable organic solvent (for example 1-methoxy-2hydroxy-propane) at a temperature preferably not exceeding 55"C. Preferably the monoamine is introduced before the polyamine. The 7 1 thixotropy achievable is temperatures above 550C. proceeds as follows:

found to decrease at The reaction probably OW-T + R NH T-NH-CO-NR OM-T + NH 2 RNH 2 + T-NCO-.4.T-NH-CONHRNH-CO-NH-T polyurea moiety T is the trimer nucleous.

It is not known how many trimer nuclei may be found in a polyurea moiety nor is it known if or how the polyurea moieties bond to the carboxylic acid copolymer. However the evolution of carbon dioxide and the fall in the acid value of the copolymer which accompany the co- reaction suggest a reaction between isocyanate groups of the trimer and carboxylic acid groups of the copolymer as follows:

copolymer + OW - T 1 CO 2 H c - NH - C - T H 0 Such a reaction would explain why the polyurea moieties do not exist as particles which detract from the appearence of a gloss finish.

It is preferred that after the co-reaction has been completed, the-binder system should have an acid value of from 30 to 45 mg KOH/g of the weight of the copolymer before co-reaction which in effect means 8 that a major proportion of the carboxylic acid groups still remain in the copolymer.

In order to make an aqueous thixotropic coating composition, the binder system is accommodated in water and from 0 to 70 wt% organic cosolvent (the percentage being based on the combined weights of water and cosolvent). The cosolvent should plasticise the partially esterified carboxylic acid copolymer and/or otherwise increase its compatability with water. The cosolvent preferably has a boiling point of from 75 to 2000C at 1 bar. Examples of useful cosolvents include alcohols, glycols, ester alcohols, ether alcohols and the esters of ether alcohols for example: n-butanol, 2-pentanol, ethylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, 2,2,4 trimethylpentane 1,3 diolmonoisobutyrate, ethylene glycol, and its monopropyl, -butyl and -hexyl ethers, propylene glycol and its monomethyl, -ethyl, -propyl and -butyl ethers, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and most preferably propylene glycol monomethyl ether.

Organic cosolvents are environmentally unwelcome, so it is preferred to convert the binder system at least in part to a salt by reacting it with aqueous alkali to neutralise at least some of the carboxylic acid groups in the copolymer. The salts are more easily accommodated in water and so require less (if any) cosolvent. The alkali may be nitrogen-containing such as ammonia or an amine or it may comprise a metal ion, especially a Group 1 metal 9 ion such as lithium, sodium or potassium. Nitrogen-containing bases have the advantage of giving coating compositions which dry (assuming the Tg of the copolymer is above ambient temperature and especially above 30OC) to provide a reasonably water-resistant coating when most of the nitrogen-containing cations have been lost by volatilisation. In contrast, neutralisation by Group 1 metal ions gives coating compositions which provide good temporary protective coatings easily removeable by washing with alkaline water. If however waterresistence is required, binder systems comprising metal ions should also comprise autoxidisable moieties which can crosslink to confer water-resistence on the dried coating. In most cases the presence of an autoxidation catalyst such as cobalt ion is required to ensure adequately rapid crosslinking. Such coatings have also been found to show improved resistance to discolouration on ageing.

The binder systems are particularly useful in making paints, varnishes and woodstains which dry in air at ambient termperatures. They may provide the sole binding material or they may be mixed with other film- forming polymers. In particular they may be mixed with aqueous solutions of film-forming polymers or with dispersions of particular film-forming polymers which form binding films by coalescence of the particles. The binder systems are especially useful in making gloss paints, that is to say paints which dry to produce a coating having a specular gloss at an angle of 6C of at least 30% (usually at least 65OC) where specular gloss is measured at 600 is measured according to ASTM Test D523 using light reflected at an angle of 600 to the normal to the surface of the paint.

The coating compositions may also contain components conventionally used in making for example paints, varnishes and woodstains such as pigments, dyes, extenders, thickeners, fungicides, anti-skinning agents, flow improvers and drying agents. Generally the coating composition will comprise from 20 to 60 wt% of binder material based on the total weight of the non-volatile components of the composition as determined according to the procedure of ASTM Test D 1644 - 88.

Determination of Tg:

For the purposes of this specification, the Tg of a homopolymer is taken to be that shown in Table 14 in the article "Concepts Involved in Designing Acrylic Copolymers in Solution" by D H Klein published in the "Journal of Paint Technology" Volume 42 No. 545 of June 1970, see pages 335 to 351, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference or if the homopolymer is one which is not present in Klein's Table 14, then its Tg is taken from pages 143 to 192 (the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference) of Part III of the second edition of the "Polymer Handbook" edited by J Brandrup and E H Immergut and published in 1975 by John Wiley & Sons of New York or if the homopolymer is not present in Klein's Table 14 and the "Polymer Handbook", then its Tg is determined by compenstion differential scanning calorimetry as described on 1 11 pages 4 to 9 of the book "Thermal Characteristics of Polymeric Materials" edited by E A Turi and published in 1981 by Academic Press INC (London) Ltd, the contents of which pages are herein incorporated by reference. The calorimetry should be performed on samples which have been heated isothermally at 100"C for 15 minutes. It should be mentioned however, that measurements of Tg are seldom accurate to more than +/- 5C.

The Tg of a copolymer is then calculated using the Fox equation employing the values for homopolymer Tg obtained as above.

is The invention is further illustrated by the following Examples of which Examples A to G are comparative. In the Examples, the term 11parts11 is used to denote "parts by weight", the procedure of ASTM Test D 1210-79 is used to determine whether or not the binder systems contain particles and the initials 11MHP11 denote 1-methoxy-2-hydroxy propane.

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of a Binder System:

A film-forming copolymer was made by copolymerising acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate. More pirticularly, 6.4 parts acrylic acid, 49.3 parts methyl methacrylate and 44.3 parts ethyl acrylate together with 5 parts of a free radical initiator which was tertiary butyl peroxy 2 ethyl hexanoate were added to 66.7 parts of refluxing 1-methoxy-2-hydroxy propane (MHP) over a period of 3 hours. Refluxing was continued for a further 90 12 minutes and during the last 60 minutes a further 1 part of the initiator was added to ensure optimum completion of the copolymerisation. Finally the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and was found to contain 62 wt% of a copolymer which had an acid value of 45.6 mg KOH/g copolymer and a Tg of WC as calculated using the Fox equation.

The film-forming copolymer was converted to a binder system by taking 1000 parts of the reaction mixture obtained above and heating it in a stirred vessel to 500C. Next 61 parts of an isocyanurate trimer which was I'Desmodurll N3300 were added to the vessel followed immediately by 11.9 parts of morpholine in 10 parts of MHP. Stirring was continued and ten minutes later 4.2 parts ethylene diamine in 10 parts MHP were added followed by a further 10 minutes of stirring and finally the mixture was cooled to room temperature. The ratio of isocyanate to amine moieties used was therefore 1.14:1.

A binder system was obtained which was a clear gel containing no solid particulate material when examined by the procedure of ASTM Test D 1210-79. The binder system contained 58.5 wt% of non-volatile material, had an acid value of 42 mg KOH/g of non-volatile material and contained 10 wt% of polyurea moieties (the percentage being based on the weight of the non- volatile material).

A 13 The binder system could be neutralised by aqueous sodium hydroxide and dissolved in water to produce a thixotropic aqueous temporary protective coating composition which had good sag resistance when applied to a vertical surface.

EXAMPLE 2

Preparation of an Alternative Binder System:

A filmforming copolymer was made according to the procedure of Example 1 except that 5 parts acrylic acid, 50 parts methyl methacrylate and 45 parts ethyl acrylate were used and the copolymer is obtained had an acid value of 35.7 mg KOH/9 copolymer and a Tg of 350C as calculated using the Fox equation. The copolymer was converted to abinder system using the procedure of Example 1 except that the parts of trimer, morpholine and ethylene diamine used were 34.6, 6.6 and 2.4 respectively and the trimer was I'Desmodurll N 3300 also supplied by Bayer.

The ratio of isocyanate to amine moieties was therefore 1.14 to 1 again.

A binder system was obtained which was a clear gel containing no particles when examined by the procedure of ASTM Test D 1210-79. The system contained 58.5 wt% non-volatile material. had an acid value of 32.5 mg KOH/g non-volatile material and contained 6 wt% polyurea moieties (the percentage being based on the weight of non-volatile material).

The binder system could be neutralised by aqueous sodium hydroxide and dissolved in water to 14 produce a bhixotropic'aqueous temporary protective coating composition which had a good sag resistance when applied to a vertical surface.

EXAMPLES 3 TO 6 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES A AND B Preparation of Autoxidisable Binder Systems from Varying Monoamine/Polyamine Ratios A film-forming carboxylic acid copolymer was made according to the procedure of Example 1 except that the comonomers used were 9.8 parts methacrylic acid, 30.3 parts methyl methacrylate and 9.5 parts butyl acrylate. The copolymer obtained had an acid value of 207 mg KOH/g copolymer.

The copolymer was made autoxidisable by partially esterifying it with allyl glycidyl ether.

More particularly the reaction mixture obtained above was re-heated to 1200C and then 6.6 parts of allyl glycidyl ether were stirred in over a period of 1 hour together with 1.5 parts of an oxirane ring opening catalyst which was benzyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide. The esterification reaction was continued until the mixture had an epoxide value of below 5 mg KOH. The partially esterified copolymer had an acid value of 33.8 mg KOH/g copolymer.

The autoxidisable copolymer was converted to a binder system according to the general procedure of Example 1 except that the amounts parts of I'Desmodurll N 330Q trimer, morpholine and ethylene diamine used are specified in Table 1. The isocyanate/amine 1 moiety ratio was again 1.14:1 and the system contained 6 wt% polyurea moieties.

The nature of the binder systems obtained is shown in Table 1 where the thixotropic strength of the system is assessed on a scale of from 0 to 5. Table 1 shows that increasing the amount of diamine increases the thixotropic strength. No examination for solid particles could be performed 16 TABLE 1

1 1 1 1 A 1 1 --1 1EXI Parts 1Parts 1Partsi Ratio;1 ThixO- 1 Appear-1 1 1 Des Imorph JEDA 1 Morph/ 1 tropic 1 -ence 1 1 1 1 1 1 EDA 1 Rating 1 1 i i i i i i i -1 JA 1 17.5 6.8 100:0 0 clear 1 1 soin.

i i i i i i i -1 13 1 17.8 1 6.3 1 0.3 1 90:10 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i i 1 clear 1 soin.

i i i i -1 14 1 18.4 1 5.4 1 0.6 1 75:25 1 3 clear 1 1 1 1 1 1 gel i i i i i --i 1 19.5 1 3.8 1 1.3 1 50:50 1 4 clear 1 1 1 1 1 1 gel 16 1 20.6 1 2.0 1 2.1 1 25:75 1 5 clear 1 1 1 1 1 1 gel IB 1 21.9 1 - 1 3.0 1 100:0 1 1 Macro- 1 Imoleculel Des - I'Desmodurll N3300 Morph. - morpholine EDA ethylene diamine Soln. - solution - chemically crosslinked intractable solid This ratio is the ratio of the number of amino groups provided by the morpholine to the number provided by the diamine.

17 in the case of Example B, but in all other Examples an examination according to ASTM Test D 1210 79 found no particles.

The binder systems of Examples 3 to 6 could be dissolved by aqueous sodium hydroxide and dispersed in water to produce a thixotropic aqueous coating composition which had a good sag resistance when applied to a vertical surface.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES C AND D Systems made using Only One Amino Compound A solution containing autoxidisable carboxylic acid copolymer was made according to the procedure of Examples 3 to 6 and the mixture was divided into two portions.

Polyurea moieties were made from I'Desmodurll N 3300 trimer and only one amine in the presence of one or other of the two portions. For Example C, the amine was a monoamine, namely benzylamine and for Example D it was a diamine, namely hexamethylene diamine. In both cases the isocyanate to amino moiety ratio was 1:1 and sufficient reactants were used to produce a system containing 12 wt% (by weight of the non-volatile content of the system) of polyurea moieties. It was found that the system of Example C made using a monamine alone was clear and free of particles but had virtually no thixotropic structure. In contrast the system obtained from 18 Example D using a polyamine alone produced a chemically crosslinked solid which was too intractable for use as a thixotrope.

1 COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE E Binder System made using a Non-acidic Copolymer A film-forming copolymer was made according to the general procedure of Example 1 except that the co-monomers used were 50 parts methyl methacrylate and 50 parts ethyl acrylate. The copolymer had no acid value. Polyurea moieties were made in the presence of the reaction mixture obtained above according to the procedure of Example 1. A system was obtained which was an opaque paste of particles of polyurea having a particle size much greater than 10 nm as defined by the procedure of ASTM Test D 1210 - 79.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE F Binder System made using a Non-ACidiC Copolymer containing Hydroxyl Groups.

A copolymer was made by copolymerising together 25 parts styrene, 25 parts butyl methacrylate, 25 parts ethyl hexyl acrylate and 30 parts hydroxyethyl acrylate in butyl acetate using butyl peroxy 2-ethyl hexanoate as the initiator. The copolymer obtained had a hydroxy value of 129 mg KOH/g copolymer but no acid value.

19 Polyurea moieties were made in the presence of the copolymer by reacting together I'Desmodurll N 3300 and either benzylamine or ethylene diamine in.amounts such that the ratio of isocyanate moieties to amino moieties to amino moieties was 1:1 and the system contained 6 wt% of polyurea (based on the weight of the non-volatile content of the system). In both cases the polyurea moieties were present as particles having a particle size much greater than 10 nm as defined by the procedure of ASTM Test D 1210 - 79.

is Comparative Example F shows that hydroxyl groups in the copolymer are insufficient for the avoidance of particles and indicates the need for the copolymer to contain acidic hydrogen.

EXAMPLES 7 TO 10 Importance of Temperature during Formation of Polyurea Moieties.

A film-forming copolymer was made according to the procedure of Examples 3 to 6 and then converted to a binder system using the general procedure of Example 1 but performed at different temperatures as shown in Table 2. The reactants used were I'Desmodurll N 3300, 74 parts; morpholine, 16.4 parts and ethylene diamine, 5.7 parts.

In all cases the binder system obtained was a clear gel free from any evidence of particles on examination according to the procedure of ASTM Test D 1210 - 79. However Table 1 shows that thixotropic strength (assessed on the 0 to 5 scale used for Examples 3 to 6) decreases as temperature increases.

TABLE 2

Example 1 Temperature 1 4) c Thixotropic 1 Strength 1 S! i i 1 7 8 9 10 40 50 60 4 1 1 1 1 1 EXAMPLE 11 is Preparation of a Paint containing the Lithium Salt of a Binder System according to this Invention.

A millbase was made by mixing together the following ingredients using a high speed mixer:

Ingredient I Binder System made according to 25 Example 9 II Copolymer made according to the procedure of Examples 3 to 6 III Rutile Titanium Dioxide Pigment IV Solution consisting of 10 wt% 30 Lithium hydroxide monohydrate and 90 wt% water Parts by weight 56.3 33.5 92.3 11.5 21 29.2 parts of the millbase were taken and mixed in a high speed mixer with a further 82.9 parts of Ingredient II and also 1.7 parts of a solution consisting of 10 wt% cobalt octoate in 90 wt% white spirit. The mixture obtained was diluted with water to give a paint having a viscosity of 2.5 poise measured using a cone and plate viscometer at 250C and 10 000/second.

The paint was applied to a vertical plaster board surface covered with a dried coating of a conventional brilliant white undercoat which was at least 7 days old. The paint was applied at a loading of 75g/square metre and then allowed to dry at 200C and relative humidity 50% for 16 hours. A dried coat was obtained which showed no signs of dripping or sagging.

A 100 micron thick coating of the paintwas applied to a horizontal flat gloss plate and allowed to dry for 4 hours at 200C and relative humidity 50%.

The dried coating was then found to have a specular gloss of 71% when measured according to ASTM Test D523 using light reflected at an angle of 200C to the normal to the surface of the paint.

COMPARATIVE WLE G Paint not containing any Binder System Example 11 was repeated except that the binder system (ingredient I) was omitted and instead the amount of ingredient II was increased to 89.8 parts.

22 The paint obtained was applied to a vertical wall and was found to drip and sag badly. However the paint was found to have a gloss of 73% when determned as in Example 11. This shows that the binder system used in Example 11 did not significantly detract from gloss.

23

Claims

CLAIMS is 1. A film-forming binder system suitable for.use in making an

aqueous thixotropic coating composition, the system comprising a film-forming copolymer and polyurea moieties obtainable by co-reacting at least one primary or secondary monoamine, at least one primary or secondary polyamine and at least one isocyanurate trimer obtainable from di- isocyanate containing 3 to 20 carbon atoms wherein a) the co-reaction is performed in the presence of from 80 to 99 wt% of a film-forming carboxylic acid copolymer having an acid value of from 25 to 60 ing KOH/g copolymer (the weight percentage being based on the combined weights of the copolymer and polyurea moieties), b) from 10 to 90 wt% of the amino groups are provided by the monoamine and c) the ratio of the number of isocyanate groups to amino groups is greater than 1:1.
2. A binder system according to Claim 1 wherein the ratio of isocyanate groups to amino groups is from 1.05 to 1.25:1.
3. A binder system according to Claim 1 or Claim 2 wherein the monoamine is introduced into the co-reaction before the diamine.
4. A binder system according to Claim 3 wherein the monoamine is a secondary monoamine.

v 24
5. The salt or partial salt of a binder system according to any one of Claims 1 to 4.
6. A coating composition comprising water, 0 to 70 wt% organic cosolvent (based on the weight of water and cosolvent) and a binder system or its salt as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 5.
7. A coating composition according to Claim 6 comprising a Group 1 metal salt of the binder system whereby the composition is suitable for providing temporary protective coatings removeable by washing with alkaline water.
8. A coating composition according Claim 6 comprising a binder system or a salt of the binder system with a Group 1 metal cation wherein the binder system also comprises autoxidisable moieties.
g. A coating composition according to any one of Claims 6 to 8 which additionally comprises other solid ingredients of the type conventionally included in coating compositions and the binder system comprises from 20 to 60 wt% of the total solids content of the composition.
10. A coating composition according to any one of Claims 6 to 9 wherein the composition comprises 30 additional film-forming copolymeric material.

Published 1991 at The Patent Office. State House. 66/71 High Holborn. London IVC I R4'M- Further copies may be obtained from Sales Branch. Unit 6. Nine Mile Point. Owmfielinfach. Cross Keys, Newport. NPI 7HZ. Printed by Multiplcx techniques ltd. St Mary Cray. Kent 1 t