GB2226061A - Permanent formwork panels and structures - Google Patents

Description

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REINFORCED CONCRETE SUPPORTING STRUCTURE MADE OF SLABS, A PROCESS FOR REALISING IT, AND A REINFORCED CONCRETE PANEL, A FORMWORK TRAY AS WELL AS A PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DOUBLE-SLAB GROINED PANELS The invention concerns a reinforced concrete supporting structure made of slabs, particularly for the modular constructional elements, mainly wall and floor panels, of engineering artefacts carrying dynamic and/or large loads, e.g. slotted walls, catchwater drains, gullies, basins, tunnels, retaining walls, and footings, which supporting structure comprises prefabricated elements, connecting profiles and, optionally, filler material, e.g. monolithic parts and/or supplementary reinforcing inserts and/or stiffener plates and/or insulating layers and/or insert elements cooperating with the prefabricated elements.

The invention also concerns a process for achieving a reinforced concrete supporting structure made of slabs, in the course of which the supporting structure is realised as a combination of prefabricated elements, connecting profiles and, optionally, filler material, e.g. monolithic parts ahd/or supplementary reinforcing inserts and/or stiffener plates and/or insulating layers and/or insert elements cooperating with or combined with the prefabricated elements.

Another aspect of the invention is a reinforced concrete panel suitable for producing the reinforced concrete supporting structure with slabs which has at least two reinforced concrete slabs which encompass an internal cavity, the internal cavity is expediently continuous and adjoins the external space or surroundings along the alignment edges of the slabs while the slabs contain reinforcements, as well as, optionally, stiffeners and/or spacers and/or insert elements.

According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a formwork tray or board for the manufacture of reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels which comprises a supporting structure 2.

and casting bodies, expediently a production plate, a framework for bounding the lateral edges, in given cases a shut-out insert and/or a formwork rim or edge forming an opening, the supporting structure including two latticed longitudinal main bars which extend into mutually parallel planes and, optionally, a transverse brace or strut for connecting the longitudinal bars adjacent the ends of the longitudinal bars.

In yet another aspect of the invention there is provided a process for the manufacture of reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels in the course of which a formwork tray or board is assembled from a supporting structure and casting bodies, reinforcing inserts and, optionally, stiffeners and/or spacers are suspended or laid into the cast-in cavity or space of the formwork tray or board, one of the slabs of the reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels is cast or concreted in, the cast-in and hardened or cured slab is turned over, thereafter the inverted slab is placed into the cast-in cavity, optionally a shut-out insert and/or slotforming formwork rim is or are also placed into the cast-in cavity and finally the next slab is cast or concreted in.

Engineering artefacts carrying large loads, such as principally underground structures, are in general of monolithic or prefabricated reinforced concrete structure. The dimensional accuracy, quality of material and surface appearance of structural elements manufactured in an established factory are better than that of concrete cast in situ, may be assembled together with relatively little on-site labour but their use is limited by the limitations on size and weight or mass in transportation. In certain cases prefabricated structures have a poor tolerance towards displacements or movements at the point of support and also have a low tolerance to dynamic loads.

The justification for the continued existence of monolithic structures has remained mainly in their application to one-Off large artefacts where the dimensions are difficult to organise into a systematic or modular configuration as a result of the technological 3.

demands and moreover the use of innumerable insert elements and/or openings would make prefabrication completely uneconomic. It is, however, disadvantageous that monolithic structures are very labour6 intensive and their erection times are very long.

Structures produced by combining the two types of constructional methods are also known, such as for instance buildings made from prefabricated elements possessing monolithic in situ connections, or supporting structure elements prefabricated for cooperation with monolithic concrete. One may consider as a modern solution one where a prefabricated formwork is filled with monolithic concrete to become a load-bearing structural element of the final building. Some of these, such as is described in Hungarian Patent Number 191 470 are suitable only for communal and residential buildings.

Structures are known which have been made from a combination of prefabricated and monolithic constructional elements, which satisfy a predetermined aim.

For instance, in Hungarian Patent Number 177 284 there is described a high- load- bearing wall structure serving for bounding the hermetically sealed spaces of atomic or nuclear power plants subjected to high pressures and temperatures. The essence of this construction is that on site prefabricated reinforcement units provided with a plate or slab cladding are welded together and then filled with concrete.

Hungarian Patent Number 184 470 describes a three-dimensional formwork assembled from reinforced concrete slabs. The three-dimens- ional formwork is permanent, i.e. not subjected to striking, and bounds the cast-in space of a monolithic core. It contains the spacer inserts, with a row of inserts disposed in the direction of the main load is welded thereto while being embedded in the monolithic core. A drawback of this structure is that because of the unfavourable disposition of the main reinforcement the thickness of the structure is not exploited.

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Hungarian Patent Number 192 074 describes a reinforced concrete wall panel and its method of construction which consists of a lattice girder or stay structure and two concrete shel-1s, together with apparatus required for this.

The lattice girder is placed between two formwork trays, the panel is concreted by concrete- shell after shell and is turned over in between. Of its own kind this process is a pioneering one and as such contains within it the initial errors and not fully elaborated details.

The process described in Hungarian Patent Number 189 850 was developed especially for underground artefacts built from ground level and having a closed section, e.g. tunnels. The process consists in that the reinforcement of the structure in the form of a prefabricated armature is fixed to a transporting formwork tray and is cast in situ. The permanent tray does not take part in the play of forces and thus is not exploited or utilised.

The slab-like horizontal structure described in Hungarian Patent No. 194 349 is suitable for realizing -simpler structures. It contains reinforced concrete formwork elements, which are of varying thickness, steel inserts and a monolithic layer. It may only be used for floors.

The process described in Hungarian Patent No. 190 208 differs from those before it only insofar as the prefabricated reinforced concrete pattern receives the visible surface-forming layer in advance. This is primarily for use in the aesthetic formation of space-bounding elements of underground railway stations.

The wall structure described in Hungarian Patent No. 187 892 was developed for supporting large masses of earth or soil. The retaining wall consists of two prefabricated concrete layers and ribs which have also been prefabricated, these elements are then lined up or aligned together and then subsequently filled with 3 5.

e.g. soil or other filler material.

The gravity wall described in Hungarian Patent Number 189 766 is similar to the latter although it is somewhat more complicated. It is a drawback of both structures that the artefact realised from them serves only a single purpose and cannot be used generally.

From this point of view an advance is represented by the socalled layer panel described in Hungarian Patent Number 187 455 as well as the combined reinforced concrete structure that can be made from it. This is a further developed variant of the structure consisting of two reinforced concrete shells filled with a monolithic core. The prefabricated reinforced concrete layer participates in the load-bearing as a part of the final structure and therefore the finished structure is capable of carrying comparatively large loads.

The layered panel structure may be used widely for a variety of aims as a structural element for a variety of artefacts. Its single serious disadvantage is that the realisation of joints or junctions is very difficult, especially in unconventional or special situations. Then the assembly becomes very complicated and the high labour requirement makes this otherwise versatile and useful structure uneconomic.

An aim of the invention is to develop a reinforced concrete slab-type supporting structure which is suitable, by causing prefabricated and monolithic construction elements to cooperate together, for bearing especially large and/or dynamic loads, wherein force transfer or transmission can take place at the boundary between the prefabricated and monolithic bodies, and wherein the connections may be made simply and on site rapidly, easily and without errors. It is also an aim for the structure to be versatile so that many different engineering artefacts, e. g. slotted walls, water basins, tunnels, gullies, retaining walls and floors should be available.

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It is also an aim of the invention to provide a prefabricated element for realising the structure which contains the bulk of the reinforcement of the final structure, while its structural thickness should be variable as the loads vary or as is required by the contours of the structure; and also that there should be available a formwork tray or board as well as a manufacturing process for making the prefabricated element.

The basis of the invention is the recognition that the reinforced concrete panel having two reinforced concrete slabs limiting an internal cavity can be rendered suitable for following the varying loads along its length and/or width if at least one of the slabs is broken in one direction or in both directions and is formed as a groined structure. This construction also makes it possible for the prefabricated element to contain all the necessary main reinforcements and spacer bars required in the vicinity of the interconnections of the panels.

In accordance with the aims set, the invention consists in a reinforced concrete supporting structure made of slabs, particularly for the modular constructional elements, mainly wall and floor panels, of engineering artefacts carrying dynamic and/or large loads, e.g. slotted walls, catchwater drains, gullies, basins, tunnels, retaining walls, footings, which supporting structure comprises prefabricated elements, connecting profiles and, optionally, filler material, e.g. monolithic parts and/or supplementary reinforcing inserts and/or stiffener plates and/or insulating layers and/or insert elements cooperating with the prefabricated elements, characterised in that the prefabricated reinforced concrete elements are reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels, the panels are lined up with each other horizontally and, in given cases, also in the sense of their height; the panels are coupled together expediently by way of connecting bodies, e.g. steel inserts, lattice inserts or cages bent from the latter; the supplementary reinforcing inserts generally protrude into the internal cavity of adjacent panels; the panels, and in given cases their combination with a post-hardening mixture disposed in the internal cavity and 7.

and fulfilling the role of a filler material, are assembled into a threedimensional structure which has at least in part rigid couplings, which have a thickness matching the magnitude of the load and which in given cases is tensioned.

In a preferred embodiment of the reinforced concrete supporting structure made of slabs, reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels of fillerfree internal cavity are connected together to form a slot support in the trench of the slotted wall.

Also in accordance with the aim of the invention another aspect of the invention consists in a process for constructing a reinforced concrete supporting structure made of slabs, especially for the modular constructional elements, such as its wall and/or floor constructions, of engineering artefacts subjected to dynamic and/or large loads, e.g. slotted walls, catchwater drains, gullies, basins, tunnels, retaining walls, footings, in the course of which the supporting structure is erected as a combination of prefabricated elements, connecting bodies and in given cases filler material, e.g. monolithic parts and/or supplementary reinforcing inserts and/or stiffener plates and/or insulating layers and/or insert elements, characterised in that following the contour of the artefact reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels are coordinated to each other, the coordination is performed by juxtaposition and/or superposition along edges fitted to a concrete floor slab or base, the coordinated panels are stiffened e.g. by anchoring and/or tensioning and/or temporary strutting; supplementary reinforcing inserts and/or stiffener plates and/or insulating layers and/or insert elements are placed into the internal spaces between the slabs of the panels; the internal space is at least partially filled without working gaps e.g. from below by means of an over pressurised post-hardening mixture and expediently without formwork.

and in given cases the artefact is subsequently subjected to tension.

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In one possible embodiment of the process the coordinated or juxtaposed reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels are secured together with the aid of their own reinforcing inserts without connecting elements.

In another embodiment, a stiffening core is assembled from the reinforced concrete double-.slab groined panels ' the wall and/or floor of the artefact made from reinforced double-slab groined panels is/are secured to the stiffening core by temporary strutting, whereby the artefact is rendered stable during the construction work, and in given cases the stiffening core is made part of the finished artefact.

In accordance with a further aim the invention concerns a reinforced concrete panel for modular wall and floor constructions of monolithic reinforced concrete engineering artefacts containing both prefabricated and monolithic parts, e.g. slotted walls, catchwater drains, gullies, basins, tunnels, retaining walls, footings etcetera, which panel has at least two reinforced concrete slabs encompassing an internal space which is expediently continuous and which adjoins the external space along the alignment edges of the slabs, the slabs containing reinforcing inserts and in given cases stiffeners and/or spacers and/or insert elements, characterised in that at least one of the slabs has a broken surface suitable for groining, optionally tensioning rods are cast in situ into the said one slab having a broken surface; those reinforcing inserts which are disposed in the principal direction of load-bearing are embedded into the slabs by casting-in; wherein the reinforcing inserts, the stiffeners, e.g. the concrete plates cast-in essentially perpendicularly to one of the slabs, and the spacers form a loadbearing three-dimensional lattice structure; optionally, the slabs are arcuate and/or of different orientation relative to each other, are of varying and/or of unequal thickness and/or quality, and th are formed along their edges with a thickened part and/or wi a toothed and/or stepped configuration.

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According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a formwork tray or board for the manufacture of reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels, comprising a supporting structure and casting bodies, expediently a production plate, a frame for bounding the lateral edges, in given cases a shut-out insert and/or a slotforming formwork rim, the supporting structure including two latticed longitudinal main bars extending in two mutually parallel planes and, optionally, a transverse brace for connecting the longitudinal bars together adjacent their ends, characterised in that at least two satellite girders are laid across the upper flanges of the longitudinal supports, the axis of the satellite girders being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the upper flanges and being provided with lifting stays adjacent their ends, the height of the lifting stays differing from each other in accordance with a modular dimensional system; at least one suspension rail or batten is connected by way of a sliding connection to the satellite girder which in turn is connected to the upper flanges of the longitudinal lattice bars while the suspension rail or batten is connected to the satellite girder; the lower flanges of the longitudinal lattice bars are connected together by a loadbearing frame as well as by a production plate which is optionally noncoplanar and which is connected to the frame, the lateral edgebounding frame is secured to the production plate; the shut-out insert and the slot-forming formwork rim are secured to the production plate or to the lateral edge-bounding frame.

According to another aspect of the invention a process is provided for the manufacture of reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels, wherein in the course of which a formwork tray is assembled or board from a supporting structure and casting bodies, reinforcing inserts and, optionally, stiffeners and/or spacers are suspended or laid into the casting cavity or space of the formwork tray, one of the slabs of reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels is cast in, the cast-in and hardened slab is turned over, then the inverted slab is placed into the casting cavity, optionally a shut-out insert and/or slot-forming formwork rim is or are also placed into the casting cavity, finally the next slab is cast in, A k 10.

characterised in that the hardened or cured slab is held suspended until the next slab has hardened or cured, the hardened or cured slab is then optionally turned over together with the formwork tray or the casting bodies.

Preferably the already cast-in slab is tensioned before castingin the next slab.

In given cases the stiffeners or spacers of the separately hardened slabs are coupled together.

After the concrete sets, the reinforced concrete doubleslab groined panels may be cut to the desired size.

The invention has numerous advantages. The reinforced concrete slab-type supporting structure functions as a monolithic structure containing both prefabricated and monolithic structural elements which can form the wall and/or floor structure of various engineering artefacts, e.g. slotted walls, water basins, tunnels, gullies etcetera The connections may be rigid.

The reinforced concrete structure is capable of bearing large and/or dynamic loads. In the course of the building process there is no need for formwork or scaffolding. The in situ connections may be formed extremely simply with little labour input.

Thanks to their construction and configuration, the reinforced concrete double-siab groined panel fully satisfy the demands made on them, 4.

such as the accommodation of the loads within a single panel. The steel reinforcements disposed in the main direction of loadbearing are included in the slabs and thus the full construction or cross-section is utilised and therefore the construction is very economical.

The insert plates and the shut-out inserts for the openings can be placed into the panel during manufacture with the accuracy that can be obtained in a factory and any subsequent chiselling 1 0 X.

11.

of the structure is obviated.

As a consequence of this property the modular panels can be used to construct single large artefacts of any desired shape, dimension and purpose.

In the final structure the panel can fulfil the role of any constructional element. The stiffening core of the reinforced concrete supporting structure formed from reinforced concrete doubleslab panels is in itself stable and in the course of construction stabilises the artefact of similar structure or construction, and in given cases may take part in the final force-play by becoming a part of the finished structure.

By providing the panels along the alignment edges with loop-like splice bars the supplementary reinforcement at right-angles to these edges can be obviated and as a result during assembly of the panels the difficult and labour-intensive in situ reinforcement work is eliminated.

Within the limits of manufacturing dimensions, reinforced concrete doubleslab groined panels of any desired contour and height can be manufactured on the formwork tray or board and the disposition of the formwork rims and insert elements may be carried out with a reliable accuracy.

The invention is described merely by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:

Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 1 is a perspective view of the characteristic constructional and junction solutions of the reinforced concrete slab-type supporting structure; illustrates the assembly of a wall and floor structure; is a cross-section of a reinforced concrete slab-type supporting structure; Figure 4 illustrates a slotted wall and catchwater drain; 9 k 12.

Figure 5 illustrates a retaining wall; Figure 6 is a vertical section of a basin of slab construction; Figure 7 is a plan view of one-half of the basin; Figure 8 is a characteristic formation or configuration of Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 the reinforced concrete double-slab groined panel; is a section of a detail of the slab; is a perspective view of a part of the open ended or articulated slab; is a perspective view of an embodiment of the formwork tray; is a detail of the formwork tray or board; Figure 13 is a cross-section of the end of a satellite beam or girder; Figure 14 is a perspective view of the end of the satellite beam or girden and Figure 15 shows the phases a) to e) of the manufacture of the reinforced concrete double-slab groined panel.

Figure 1 illustrates a reinforced concrete slab-type supporting structure during construction, being constructed for the purpose of a multi-level, partially divided tunnel integrated with a duct or canal. In this supporting structure the roles of load-bearing walls 212 and load-bearing floors 211 as well as partition walls 213 are fulfilled by reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels 1. The load-bearing walls 212 are placed on a monolithic reinforced concrete base plate or slab 217.

The internal cavity 12 between the slabs 11 of the reinforced concrete double-slab groined panel 1 is filled with a post-hardening mixture 241. The finished structure has rigid connections 214. The reinforced concrete double-slab groined panel 1 built in as an intermediate floor 211 is provided with tensile bars 134 to accor-modate tensile stress loads.

Figure 2 illustrates the connection of the floors 211 and walls 212 made from the reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels 1 wherein the upper slab 11 of one of the panels 1 is removed 13.

to improve the comprehensibility of the illustration.

The reinforcement lattice of the panels 1 is made from a welded and bent lattice 13 and is supplemented by the in situ assembled and also welded and bent lattice-forming connection bodies 243. The internal cavity 12 between the slabs 11 is filled in the assembled and finished structure by means of a post-hardening mixture 241.

Figure 3 illustrates the connection of like floors 211. The internal cavity--12 -between the slabs 11 of the reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels 1 receives connecting bodies 243 which are placed along the alignment edge 14 and which also fulfill the role of the supplementary reinforcing inserts 244. In this connection the compressed zone of the cross-section is provided by the posthardening mixture 241.

Figure 4 illustrates a reinforced concrete double-slab groined panel 1 wherein the internal space 12 between the slabs 11 is filled with a hardenable mixture 241, e.g. concrete, while the air gap between the panel 1 and the slotted trench 221 is filled with either a swelling mixture 246 closed at the top to prevent water ingress or by, again, a hardenable mixture 241, e.g. a hardenable mortar. Without the filler the panel 1 can play the role of a slotted support, either during construction in a temporary way or in a final state.

At the right-hand side of Figure 4 as viewed the slabs 11 of the panel I placed in the trench 221 contain a cavity 117. A pipe 248 is disposed between the slabs 11 and is covered by a particulate material 247 while in the space between the panel I and the side surface 222 of the trench 221 a particulate material 245 is disposed. The finished construction functions as a catchwater drain.

The slotted wall, slotted support and catchwater drain according to figure 4 can be built continuously without the usual intermittent operation.

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The superposed reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels 1 shown in Figure 5 constitute a retaining wall. Their shape is determined in accordance with the pressure of the soil exerted on them.

The construction of a wat er basin shown in Figures 6 and 7 is started by placing central reinforced concrete double-slab panels 1 on a footing 215 and the base 216. After casting with a hardenable mixture 241 the central core becomes stable in itself.

This is followed by the placement of the reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels 1 of the wall 212 and the floor 211. The stability of the panels 1 is provided by the anchoring 251 and the temporary strutting 252. The internal cavity 12 between the plates 11 is filled with a waterimpermeable concrete 242.

In Figure 8 there is shown a characteristic configuration of the reinforced concrete double-slab groined panel 1, while in Figure 9 there is shown a possible embodiment of the internal surface 111 of the plate 11 bounding the internal space or cavity 12 wherein ribs 112 are provided while in Figure 10 the detail of the edge of the plate 11 shows that it is formed with toothing 115.

The upper face of the panel 1 shown in Figure 8 is bounded by a slab 11A of broken or discontinuous surface. Tensile rods 134 are embedded into this surface. One end of the discontinuous slab 11A is formed with teeth 115. The lower plate or slab 11 of panel I has a thickened portion 114 near its edge or rim 113. Reinforcing inserts 131, stiffeners 132 and spacers 133 are cast into the slab 11, the spacers passing through the internal cavity.12.

The formwork tray or board according to Figure 11 contains a supporting structure of frame 31 and a production plate 322 as well as a frame 323 which delimits the lateral edges. Supporting structure 31 is made up of longitudinal lattice girders 311 and 15.

transverse lattice girders 315.

Satellite beams 33 are laid across the upper flanges 312 of the lattice girder 311, having an axis 331 which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 313. The satellite beams 33 are provided with suspension battens or stays 334. These contain threaded spindles 335.

The satellite beam 33 is connected to the upper flange 312 while the suspension stay 334 is connected via a sliding connection 336 to the satellite beam 33. The lower flanges or rails 314 are connected together by a load-bearing frame 316 to which the production plate 322 is secured. The side-edge-defining frame 323 is fastened to the production plate 322.

The connecting body may for instance be a bolt 325 as shown in Figure 12. The distribution of the bolt 325 folloyr. the configuration of theproduction plate 322.

A shut-out insert 324 is disposed on the production plate 322 which may be planar, arcuate or of discontinuous surface, as desired. Generally it consists of a plurality of plate units, expediently from the members or pieces of a plate unit set.

The frame 316 is made up of a row of ribs 317 and the production plate 322 which are rigidly connected together. Although this is not shown in Figure 12 in other cases the production plate 322 is laid between the rods of the lattice structure interconnecting the lower rails or flanges 314.

In Figures 13 and 14 the satellite beam 33 is laid on the upper rail. or flange 312 by way of a lifting stay 332. The lifting stays 332 have different heights 333 and are fixed to the satellite beam 33 adjacent the ends of the supporting bar 337. The heights 333 differ from each other by a modular unit and thus a single rotation of the satellite beam 33 causes a change by one modular unit of the height of the production.

16.

The steps or phases of manufacture or the production process may be seen in Figure 15. As shown first in Figure 15a the formwork tray 3 is assembled from a supporting structure 31 and the casting bodies 32. The reinforcing inserts 131, the stiffeners 132 and the spacers 133 are placed into and fixed in the casting space 321 and then the first slab 11 is cast.

Then the formwork tray 3 with the slab 11 is rotated to the position shown in Figure 15b. After _hardening of the slab 11 it is suspended in the casting space 321 as shown in Figure 15c. Then, as shown in Figure 15d, the casting bodies 32 are placed into the casting space 321 and, optionally, the non-illustrated shut-out inserts as well as slot-forming formwork rims as well as the next slab 11 are concreted in. This lastmentioned condition is shown in Figure 15e.

These operational steps are repeated until the end of the process.

The reinforced concrete slab-type supporting structure and the reinforced concrete double-slab groined panel according to the invention may be used in the field of engineering artefacts, practically without limit. It has a particular significance for dynamically loaded construction subjected to high loads. Due to its variability it is suitable for the realisation of any one of artefact, e.g. water basin, slotted wall, tunnel, gully etcetera.

In the annexed claims reference numbers have been used purely by way of example in order to facilitate comprehension, but it Is hereby declared that absolutely no limitation of scope whatsoever is intended thereby.

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Claims (16)

1. Reinforced concrete supporting structure made of slabs, particularly for the modular constructional elements, mainly wall and floor panels, of engineering artefacts carrying dynamic and/or large loads, e.g. slotted walls, catebwater drains, gullies, basins, tunnels, retaining walls, footings, which supporting structure comprises prefabricated elements, connecting profiles and, optionally, filler material, e.g. monolithic parts and/or supplementary reinforcing inserts and/or stiffener plates and/or insulating layers and/or insert elements cooperating with the prefabricated elements, characterised in that the prefabricated reinforced concrete elements are reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels (1), the panels (1) are lined up with each other horizontally and, in given cases, also in the sense of their height; the panels (1) are coupled together expediently by way of connecting bodies (243), e.g. steel inserts, lattice inserts or cages bent from the latter; the supplementary reinforcing inserts (244) generally protrude into the internal cavity (12) of adjacent panels (1); the panels (1), and in given cases their combination with a post-hardening mixture (241) disposed' in the internal cavity (12) and fulfilling the role of a filler material, are assembled into a three-dimensional structure which has at least in part rigid couplings (214), which has a thickness matching the magnitude of the load and which in given cases is tensioned.

2. Reinforced concrete supporting structure made of slabs according to claim 1, characterised in that reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels (1) of filler-free internal cavity (12) are connected together to form a slot-support in the trench (221) of the slotted wall (22).

3. A process for constructing a reinforced concrete supporting structure made of slabs, especially for the modular constructional elements, such as its wall and/or floor constructions, of engineering artefacts subjected to dynamic and/or large loads, e.g. slotted walls, c7atchwater drains, gullies, basins, tunnels, retaining walls, 18.

footings, in the course of which the supporting structure is erected as a combination of prefabricated elements, connecting bodies and in given cases filler material, e.g. monolithic parts and/or supple mentary reinforcing inserts and/or stiffener plates and/or insulating layers and/or insert elements, characterised in that following the contour of the artefact (2) reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels (1) are coordinated to each other, the coordination is performed by juxtaposition and/or superposi tion along edges (14) fitted to a concrete floor slab (215) or base (216), the coordinated panels (1) are stiffened e.g. by anchoring (251) and/or tensioning and/or temporary strutting (252); supplementary reinforcing inserts (244) and/or stiffener plates and/or insulating layers and/or insert elements are placed into the internal spaces (12) between the slabs (11) of the panels (1); the internal space (12) is at least partially filled without working gaps e.g. from below by means of an overpressurised post-hardening mixture (241) and expediently without formwork, and in given cases the artefact (2) is subsequently subjected to tension.

4. A process according to claim 3, characterised in that the coordinated reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels (1) are secured together with the aid of their own reinforcing inserts (131) without connecting elements (243).

5. A process according to claim 3 or 4, characterised in that a stiffening core (23) is assembled from the reinforced concrete double- slab groined panels (1), the wall (212) and/or floor (211) of the artefact (2) made from reinforced double-slab groined panels (1) is/are secured to the stiffening core (23) by temporary strutting (252), whereby the artefact is rendered stable during the construction work, and in given cases the stiffening core (23) is made part of the finished artefact (2).

6. Reinforced concrete panel for modular wall and floor constructions of monolithic reinforced concrete engineering artefacts containing both prefabricated and monolithic parts, slotted walls, catchwater drains, gullies, basins, tunnels retaining walls, footings etcetera, which panel has at least two reinforced concrete slabs 19. encompassing an internal space which is expediently continuous and which adjoins the external space along the alignment edges of the slabs, the slabs containing reinforcing inserts and in given cases stiffeners and/or spacers and/or insert elements, characterised in that at least one of the slabs (11) has a broken surface suitable for groining, optionally tensioning rods (134) are cast in situ into the said one slab having a broken surface; those reinforcing inserts (131) which are disposed in the principal direction of load-bearing are embedded into the slabs (11) by casting-in; wherein the reinforcing inserts (131), the stiffeners (132), e.g. the concrete plates cast-in essentially perpendicularly to one of the slabs (11), and the spacers (133) form a load-bearing three- dimensional lattice structure; optionally, the slabs (11) are arcuate and/or of different orientation relative to each other, are of varying and/or unequal thickness and/or quality, and are formed along their edges (113) with a thickened part (114) and/or with a toothed and/or stepped configuration.

7. Formwork tray or board for the manufacture of reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels, comprising a supporting structure and casting bodies, expediently a production plate, a frame for bounding the lateral edges in given cases a shut-out insert and/or a slotforming formwork rim, the supporting structure including two latticed longitudinal main bars extending in two mutually parallel planes and, optionally, a transverse brace for connecting the longitudinal bars together adjacent their ends, characterised in that at least two satellite girders (33) are laid across the upper flanges (312) of the longitudinal supports (311), the axis (331) of the satellite girders being generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (313) of the upper flanges (312) and being provided with lifting stays (332) adjacent their ends, the height (333) of the lifting stays (332) differing from each other in accordance with a modular dimensional system; at least one suspension rail or batten (334) is connected by way of a sliding connection (336) to the satellite girder (33) which in turn is connected to the upper flanges (312) of the longitudinal lattice bars (311) while the suspension rail or batten (334) is connected to the satellite girder (33); the f k 20. lower flanges (314) of the longitudinal lattice bars (311) are connected together by a load-bearing frame (316) as well as by a production plate (322) which is optionally non-coplanar and which is connected to the frame (316), the lateral edge-bounding frame (323) is secured to the production plate (322); the shut-out insert (324) and the slot-forming formwork rim are secured to the production plate (322) or to the lateral edge-bounding frame (323).

8. A process for the manufacture of reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels (1), wherein in the course of which a formwork tray or board is assembled from a supporting structure and casting bodies, reinforcing inserts and, optionally, stiffeners and/or spacers are suspended or laid into the casting cavity or space of the formwork tray, one of the slabs of reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels (1) is cast in, the cast-in and hardened slab is turned over, then the inverted slab is placed into the casting cavity, optionally a shut-out insert and/or slot-forming formwork rim is or are also placed into the casting cavity, finally the next slab is cast-in, characterised in that the hardened or cured slab (11) is held suspended until the next slab has hardened or cured, the hardened or cured slab (11) is then optionally turned over together with the formwork tray (3) or the casting bodies (32).

9. A process according to claim 8, characterised in that the already castin slab (11) is tensioned before casting-in the next slab (11).

10. A process according to claim 8 or 9, characterised in that the stiffeners (132) or spacers (133) of the separately hardened slabs (11) are coupled together.

11. A process according to any of claims 8 to 10 characterised in that after the concrete sets the reinforced concrete double-slab groined panels (1) are cut to the desired size.

12. A structure according to claim 1 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

1 21.

13. A process according to claim 3 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

14. A panel according to claim 6 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

15. A formwork tray or board according to claim 7 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

16. A process according to claim 8 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Published 1990 atThe Patent Office. State House, 86.171 High Holborn. London WClR4TP. Further copies maybe obtained from The Patent Office Sales Branch, St Mary Cray, Orpington, Kent BRS 3RD. Printed by Multplex techniques ltd, St Mary Cray, Kent. Con. IJ87