GB2158267A - Method of building status analysis, particularly suitable for characterising relatively large areas - Google Patents
Method of building status analysis, particularly suitable for characterising relatively large areas Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2158267A GB2158267A GB08432634A GB8432634A GB2158267A GB 2158267 A GB2158267 A GB 2158267A GB 08432634 A GB08432634 A GB 08432634A GB 8432634 A GB8432634 A GB 8432634A GB 2158267 A GB2158267 A GB 2158267A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- areas
- building
- spectral
- status analysis
- large areas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 abstract description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000516 activation analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 humidity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011158 quantitative evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B37/00—Panoramic or wide-screen photography; Photographing extended surfaces, e.g. for surveying; Photographing internal surfaces, e.g. of pipe
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
- Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
- Testing Resistance To Weather, Investigating Materials By Mechanical Methods (AREA)
- Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
Abstract
The invention is based on the problem of ascertaining qualitative and quantitative values for determining the status of a building, by optical processes. According to the invention, spectral photographic images of the structure under investigation are recorded and, if necessary, photometric and sensitometric measurements are made in limited spectral ranges while the structure is illuminated either naturally or artificially. The resultant images are then evaluated. By the expedient choice of location of the spectral ranges and areas photographed, areas of a specific building condition emerge visually more clearly than would otherwise be normal on the structures under examination and these areas are characterised by different building material composition (e.g. concrete, mortar) or areas of differing humidity, impregnation with hydrocarbons or salts and by their surface consistency.
Description
SPECIFICATION
A method of building status analysis particularly suitable for characterising relatively large areas
The invention relates to a visual method of building status analysis based on the assessment of the surface of the structure, be this already exposed or subsequently uncovered, and suitable in particular for the simultaneous assessment of relatively large building frontages.
Numerous methods of building status analysis have been derived from and become known as the result of a series of physical active principles and practical requirements, and are based on
mechanical investigation (Schmidt hammers,
acoustic processes, in particular ultrasonic
processes and others), electrical investigations (e.g. measurement of
the electrical conductivity, dielectric values), magnetic examination, radiometric examination (using X-rays,
gamma rays or neutron rays in transmission,
reflection, with microwaves), radiographic examination (in particular with
X-rays, gamma rays and neutron rays) thermal examination (infra-red ray measure
ment and display) and
optical examination (photogrammetry, geode
tics).
Methods acording to the first four types of examination mentioned here make it possible to ascertain the building status at individual measurement points and do not permit of a simultaneous determination of the condition of relatively large areas (several metres times several metres and larger). Methods using the last three types of examination listed here ascertain physicai values which are relevant in characterising the status of the building structure, such as density, humidity, thermal remission and transmission and electrical magnitudes at a location, but in particular they make it possible to ascertain neither their lateral distribution (without making repeated measurements at other locations) nor do they directly provide any information as to the absolute or relative proportion of the area of structure surfaces which are so characterised, e.g. the proportion of a facade which has no plaster, the local distribution of variations in concentration of substances, e.g. humidity, oils, hydro-carbons, salts in areas close to the surface.
The reason for these drawbacks in the first four types of method indicated here is that individual measuring probes are used which, on physical grounds, make it possible only to gain information about the immediate vicinity (somewhat smaller than a metre), in most cases the weights, with which the measured values of substances will vary according to the distance from the probe and are not adequately known so that the premise adopted is one of homogeneous distribution within the volume measured by the probe, in other words the probes are not adequate for simultaneous coverage of large areas.
In order nevertheless to obtain such information, these methods are used at regular or irregular intervals and in sequence, which greatly increases the labour cost.
In terms of ascertaining information about an area, radiographic methods are limited by reason of the available film and cassette formats and the type of radiation sources employed, although they do provide information about the surface dimensions of the objects and thus also about any existing damage to plaster, although without providing any further information, in particular digital data.
Methods for the multispectral remote ascertainment of large areas of the earth's surface or similar geological objects are known, but they have as yet not found application in building status analysis.
The object of the invention is, as far as possible, to present in one go or in a few steps and with minimal labour cost information and documentation concerning analysis of the structural condition of relatively large areas, e.g. in order to evaluate measures (methods, technologies) of reconstructing entire building facades, lengths of roadway and parts of towns.
The invention is based on the problem of ascertaining qualitative and quantitative values in order to characterise the building status, particularly also of large areas (in the region of several metres times several metres and larger) comprising surfaces which are already exposed or which are exposed for the purpose.
According to the invention, photographs are taken and if necessary photometric and sensitometric measurements are made in expendient, well-defined and limited spectral ranges of naturally or suitably illuminated (e.g. withsodium vapour lamps, mercury high pressure lamps) objects of a building structure (e.g.
building facades, gables, bridges, chimneys) and are in particular exposed to methods of equidensitometry, photographic, optical or electronic or computerised image evaluation.
By the expediently selected and/or staggered location of the spectral ranges and the appropriate illumination of the object of investigation, areas of a specific building condition become visually clearer than is otherwise usual, for example areas of different concrete, mortar and building material composition (on bridges, chimneys and the like) and also areas of differing moisture content, impregnation by hydrocarbons or deposits of salts and also those of different surface roughness, corrosion, erosion or abrasion so that these conditions can be ascertained and documented in one operation (and no longer almost spotwise over large areas), the information then being accessible to quantitative evaluation, e.g. by determining proportions of surface area, geometrical form and location parameters).
It is intended to explain the invention hereinafter with reference to embodiments.
1. A building facade, e.g. of 10 cereal silos 40 m high and with a diameter of.. . m, is so photographed using a camera equipped with a suitable spectral filter that the areas of increased corrosion of the mortar emerge and are acessible to equidensitometric evaluation, e.g. using electronic methods, in which the proportion and location of those parts of the surface area which can be categorised under individual structural condition classes can be displayed: on photographic material, on a screen or on other computer-linked peripheral apparatus.
2. Suitably illuminated, e.g. by mercury high pressure lamps as described under 1, an object requiring examination in industrial engineering is so photographed that the lighting reveals areas of altered concentration of substances on the surface which can, if necessary, be assisted by spectral-optical measurements when the lighting method is selected.
3. A frontage of a building structure is illuminated as under 2 above and is photographed as under 1 above, so that differing concentrations and compositions of building materials are revealed, for instance variations in the concretes or mortars employed.
4. Photographs from 1 to 3 above are subjected to an equidensitometric evaluation, e.g. by photographic, optical, electronic or corresponding computerised methods and the proportions, location, size and form of individual areas ascertained and displayed on photographic material, screen or other peripheral computer equipment and associated with individual categories of building status.
5. The correlation of areas of a specific spectral emission or remission and building status analytical characteristics can be effected by means of conventional methods of building status analysis, e.g. gamma back-scatter, neutron surface probes or microwave processes, but also by chemical and element-specific methods such as X-ray fluorescence or activation analysis.
Claims (2)
1. An optical method of building status analysis based on the evaluation of surfaces which are already exposed or which are exposed for the purpose, and suitable for the relevant recognition, detection, characterisation and documentation, characterised in that 1. areas of differing remission are ascertained by the taking of photographs.
2. A method as claimed in Claim 1 and substantially as hereinbefore described.
2. Filters of suitable spectral transmissionare used.
3. photographic materials of suitable spectral sensitivity are used.
4. Convenient types of photographic camera are employed.
5. Spectrometric aids are used for the objective pre-selection of appropriate spectral ranges.
6. Areas of differing remission are photographed under natural lighting or are revealed by illumination using radiation sources of suitable spectral emission.
7. The ascertainment of quantitative values and characteristics from these photographs is carried out by methods of optical, electronic and computerised image evaluation.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DD84259086A DD232117B1 (en) | 1984-01-02 | 1984-01-02 | PROCESS FOR CONSTRUCTION STATE ANALYSIS |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8432634D0 GB8432634D0 (en) | 1985-02-06 |
| GB2158267A true GB2158267A (en) | 1985-11-06 |
| GB2158267B GB2158267B (en) | 1988-04-13 |
Family
ID=5553903
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08432634A Expired GB2158267B (en) | 1984-01-02 | 1984-12-27 | A method of building status analysis particularly suitable for characterising relatively large areas |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS60209142A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE901320A (en) |
| DD (1) | DD232117B1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3440611A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2557693B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2158267B (en) |
| GR (1) | GR82489B (en) |
| HU (1) | HUT38405A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1178342B (en) |
| LU (1) | LU85720A1 (en) |
| NL (1) | NL8403681A (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4119180A1 (en) * | 1991-06-11 | 1992-12-17 | Merkel Peter Dr | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MEASURING AND DOCUMENTING GEOMETRY, STRUCTURAL AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS, LIKE FACADES AND SPACES, AND THEIR WALLS, FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS |
| DE19816706A1 (en) * | 1998-04-15 | 1999-10-21 | Juergen Hofele | Determining dimensions of building or part of building which are needed for carrying manual craft work at building or part of building |
| FR2807603B1 (en) * | 2000-04-05 | 2002-10-11 | Freyssinet Int Stup | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PERFORMING VISIBLE CHARACTERISTICS ON WALLS |
| CN115184372B (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2023-04-18 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Intelligent detection device and method for micro-crack fluorescence permeation of inaccessible part of concrete structure |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3822098A (en) * | 1973-05-02 | 1974-07-02 | Mc Donnell Douglas Corp | Multispectral sensor means measuring depolarized radiation |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3700438A (en) * | 1971-01-12 | 1972-10-24 | Spectral Data Corp | Mulitspectral photography |
| JPS5191784A (en) * | 1974-07-17 | 1976-08-11 | ||
| JPS5179382A (en) * | 1974-12-31 | 1976-07-10 | Shimadzu Corp | SATSUZOZUKEIKAISEKISOCHI |
-
1984
- 1984-01-02 DD DD84259086A patent/DD232117B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-11-07 DE DE3440611A patent/DE3440611A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1984-12-04 NL NL8403681A patent/NL8403681A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1984-12-18 GR GR82489A patent/GR82489B/en unknown
- 1984-12-20 BE BE2/00569A patent/BE901320A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-12-26 JP JP59281899A patent/JPS60209142A/en active Pending
- 1984-12-27 GB GB08432634A patent/GB2158267B/en not_active Expired
- 1984-12-28 FR FR848420021A patent/FR2557693B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1984-12-28 IT IT49375/84A patent/IT1178342B/en active
-
1985
- 1985-01-02 LU LU85720A patent/LU85720A1/en unknown
- 1985-01-02 HU HU8510A patent/HUT38405A/en unknown
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3822098A (en) * | 1973-05-02 | 1974-07-02 | Mc Donnell Douglas Corp | Multispectral sensor means measuring depolarized radiation |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| PROC OF THE INT. JT. CONF. ON PATTERN RECOGNITION, 4TH, KYOTO, JAPAN, NOV. 7-10 1978 (IEEE CAT. NO 78 CH 1331-8C NEW YORK NY. 1979 PAGES 620-628 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS60209142A (en) | 1985-10-21 |
| FR2557693B1 (en) | 1990-03-23 |
| DD232117A1 (en) | 1986-01-15 |
| IT1178342B (en) | 1987-09-09 |
| LU85720A1 (en) | 1985-07-24 |
| DD232117B1 (en) | 1988-10-05 |
| NL8403681A (en) | 1985-08-01 |
| DE3440611A1 (en) | 1985-07-11 |
| IT8449375A0 (en) | 1984-12-28 |
| FR2557693A1 (en) | 1985-07-05 |
| GR82489B (en) | 1985-05-07 |
| GB8432634D0 (en) | 1985-02-06 |
| HUT38405A (en) | 1986-05-28 |
| BE901320A (en) | 1985-04-16 |
| GB2158267B (en) | 1988-04-13 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |