GB2128355A - Method of transferring information to a recording medium - Google Patents
Method of transferring information to a recording medium Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2128355A GB2128355A GB08227750A GB8227750A GB2128355A GB 2128355 A GB2128355 A GB 2128355A GB 08227750 A GB08227750 A GB 08227750A GB 8227750 A GB8227750 A GB 8227750A GB 2128355 A GB2128355 A GB 2128355A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- acoustic wave
- recording medium
- light beam
- bragg cell
- scan
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/04—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
- H04N1/12—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using the sheet-feed movement or the medium-advance or the drum-rotation movement as the slow scanning component, e.g. arrangements for the main-scanning
- H04N1/126—Arrangements for the main scanning
- H04N1/1275—Arrangements for the main scanning using a solid-state deflector, e.g. an acousto-optic deflector or a semiconductor waveguide device
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/33—Acousto-optical deflection devices
- G02F1/335—Acousto-optical deflection devices having an optical waveguide structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/04—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
- H04N1/12—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using the sheet-feed movement or the medium-advance or the drum-rotation movement as the slow scanning component, e.g. arrangements for the main-scanning
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/04—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
- H04N1/19—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays
- H04N1/195—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays the array comprising a two-dimensional array or a combination of two-dimensional arrays
- H04N1/19505—Scanning picture elements spaced apart from one another in at least one direction
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/04—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
- H04N1/19—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays
- H04N1/195—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays the array comprising a two-dimensional array or a combination of two-dimensional arrays
- H04N1/19505—Scanning picture elements spaced apart from one another in at least one direction
- H04N1/1951—Scanning picture elements spaced apart from one another in at least one direction in one direction
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/04—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
- H04N1/19—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays
- H04N1/195—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using multi-element arrays the array comprising a two-dimensional array or a combination of two-dimensional arrays
- H04N1/19505—Scanning picture elements spaced apart from one another in at least one direction
- H04N1/19521—Arrangements for moving the elements of the array relative to the scanned image or vice versa
- H04N1/19526—Optical means
- H04N1/19536—Refracting elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/04—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
- H04N1/203—Simultaneous scanning of two or more separate pictures, e.g. two sides of the same sheet
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/04—Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
- H04N1/203—Simultaneous scanning of two or more separate pictures, e.g. two sides of the same sheet
- H04N1/2032—Simultaneous scanning of two or more separate pictures, e.g. two sides of the same sheet of two pictures corresponding to two sides of a single medium
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Laser Beam Printer (AREA)
- Electronic Switches (AREA)
- Dot-Matrix Printers And Others (AREA)
- Exposure Or Original Feeding In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Fax Reproducing Arrangements (AREA)
Abstract
A method of transferring information comprising modulating a laser 2 with the information, applying the modulated output of the laser to a surface acoustic wave Bragg cell 4, applying scanning signals to the Bragg cell, and focussing 5 the scanned light beam onto a recording medium 6. The recording medium may be a rotating selenium drum on which electrostatic images are formed for subsequent transfer by conventional dry powder printing techniques. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Method of transferring information to a recording medium
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for transferring information to a recording medium.
Recent advances in telecommunications and electronics have given rise to requirements for the high speed transmittal and reproduction of information over electrical or optical communications systems and these have, in turn, provided a need for recording such information at its destination. Hitherto systems such as telex have provided both the transmission means and the recording means. However, such systems are comparatively slow by present day standards, when digital computers are capable of very high data processing rates and can send data to remote locations at speeds much higher than those which electro-mechanical printing methods can handle. There is thus currently an interest in recording information by means which are not subject to the general limitations of electromechanical devices.
In a printer there are basically two requirements. Firstly there is a requirement to transfer information in the form of characters or the like to a print position, i.e. a line across a page.
Secondly there is the requirement that the page be moved past the print position. The present invention is concerned with providing a means for meeting the first requirement at speeds which are compatible with those at which modern text and data processing equipments operate.
According to one aspect of the present inventlon-there is provided a method of transferring information to a recording medium comprising modulating a light beam with the information, applying the modulated light beam to an acoustic wave device having transducers for causing acoustic waves, applying a deflection control signal to the transducers so as to scan the modulated light beam applying the scanning modulated light beam to the surface of the recording medium, and moving said surface in a direction transverse the direction of scan said surface being sensitive to the modulated light beam to record the information thereon.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided apparatus for transferring information to a recording medium comprising a source of light, means for modulating the light with the information, an acoustic wave device having transducers for causing acoustic waves, means for applying the modulated light in the form of a beam to the acoustic wave device whereby the beam can be scanned, means for applying scanning deflection signals to the transducers to scan the light beam, a recording having a surface scannable by said beam, and means for moving the recording medium surface in a direction transverse the direction of scan, the recording surface being sensitive to the modulated light beam to record the information thereon.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided an optical scanning device comprising a laser, means for modulating the laser, a surface acoustic wave Bragg cell, means for coupling the laser output into and out of the
Bragg cell, focussing optics for focussing the output of the Bragg cell, and means for generating scanning deflection signals to effect scanning of the modulated light in the Bragg cell.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 illustrates schematically the basic elements of an information transfer apparatus according to the invention,
Figure 2 illustrates in block schematic form a print station,
Figure 3-5 illustrates principles of scan expansion optics applicable to the print station of
Figure 2, and
Figure 6 illustrates a method of coupling a light beam to a surface acoustic wave Bragg cell.
The invention concerns the use of acoustooptic scanning techniques to achieve a quiet, versatile font high speed, high resolution print station capability. In the arrangement shown in
Figure 1 information to be transferred to a recording medium is received in the form of electrical signals representing either digital encoded information or tone coded signals at control circuitry 1. The incoming signals are used to generate modulation signals which are applied to a laser 2. The output from the laser is passed, via optics 3, to a surface acoustic wave Bragg cell 4. The control circuitry also generates a deflection signal which is applied to the transducers on the
Bragg cell to cause a horizontal line scan deflection of the modulated light beam.The scanning beam is then focussed by optics 5 onto a moving recording medium, e.g. a selenium drum 6 which is rotating under the control of circuit 1 to provide a vertical scan. The electrostatic images formed on the drum 6 can then be transferred to paper using conventional copier techniques.
The essential feature of this approach is the surface acoustic wave device comprising a
Lithium Niobate or similar substrate suitably processed by diffusion of ion implantation techniques to produce a surface layer of higher refractive index than the body of the substrate and in which the optical beam can subsequently be guided. Light is coupled to and from this layer by separate prism or other suitable coupling assemblies which, with the appropriate optics, interface to the light source and photosensitive medium. Transducers generate an acoustic wave in this layer at right angles to the light beam causing the refractive index of the layer to be modulated and so producing a diffraction grating.
Optimization of the drive power to these transducers, and therfore the depth of index modulation achieved, together with the interaction length of the grating region enables diffraction of the light energy into the first grating order which can then be scanned by controlling the drive frequency and, hence, the grating period. The device can operate with either a gas or semiconductor laser source, utilizing selenium drum technology for plain paper operation, otherwise writing onto suitable photosensitive paper for direct application.
Figure 2 illustrates in more practical detail a print station based on the elements of Figure 1.
The incoming signals, e.g. a digital input, are fed to a central processor unit (CPU) 21. The CPU provides the interfaces with the external equipment and the functional controls of the printer. Combining the flexibility of a microprocessor with programmable peripheral devices gives a selection of interfaces. As weil as a parallel interface, both synchronous and asynchronous serial interfaces can be provided with a variety of transmission rates. The CPU recognises control codes in print data to ensure correct storage of the text and start of printing.
The text is sent to a text store 22, which allows a full page of text to be transferred to the printer at the full transmission rate. One or more copies of the text can then be printed at high speed. For high speed printing of similar documents, updating of part of the page would be possible to reduce transmission time. A direct memory access (DMA) 23 provides high speed data retrieval of text codes from the text store for rapid printing, these being converted by a character generator 24 into patterns defining the character shapes. The interface circuits 25 convert the character shape patterns into a serial data stream with end of line and end of page blanking. A line scan voltage ramp is generated in synchronism with the serial data stream and a page synchronisation pulse is generated to start the printer mechanisms.A line scan frequency ramp is generated from the voltage ramp by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 26 and this frequency ramp is applied via RF amplifier 27 to the deflection cell D in the optics sub-assembly 28.
The optical sub-assembly contains a laser L, a line scan laser deflector D and optics to focus the laser beam onto a photosensitive surface. The laser L is powered from a supply 29. The laser modulator drive circuits 30 convert the logic pulses in the serial data stream to suitable voltage and current levels for driving a modulator M for a CW laser (or driving the modulation of a semiconductor laser directly). A selenium drum and paper handling mechanism 31 is used to provide the hard copy printing facility. The laser is focussed to write on to the drum, producing an electrostatic pattern of the text or graphics characters. the drum picks up powder ink on the electrostatic pattern and deposits it on to plain paper. The ink is set in e.g. a pressure process to produce the printed copy.
An apparatus such as that of Figure 2 is that the laser may be required to scan a line typically 200mm wide. An inherent characteristic of acousto-optic scanning techniques is the relatively small angular deflection of the scanning beam which is restricted to within a few degrees of its centre point. Thus, an optical system with a focal length of several metres has to be used in order to form a scan of the correct size. Clearly, it is not practicable to accommodate this distance between the deflector and the image plane and expansion optics can be designed which will form a line scan of the required length within a "practical" distance of the deflector.
There are several methods of reducing this distance from the deflector to the image plane.
One simple method is to reflect the beam several times between two parallel mirrors. It is also possible to use prisms to expand the angular scan and, therefore, shorten the focal length.
Alternatively, it is possible to design an optical system which has a long focal length but a relatively short distance from the deflector to the image. The latter method is preferably employed for the present system, although prisms and mirrors may also be used if it is desirable to do so.
The effective focal length of a lens system is measured from the system's secondary principal point, a point where the secondary principle plane intersects the axis of the system. If the secondary principal plane is positioned some distance before the first element of the system, the distance from the first lens element to the image plane (the throw) will be less than the focal length (Figure 3).
Figures 4 and 5 show two systems where this is true. In Figure 4, lenses A, B and C have positive focal lengths and A and B are positioned so that their focal planes coincide. The collimated input beam is focussed by lens A and recollimated by lens B, producing an angular magnification of fA/f8 (the ratio of the focal lengths of lenses A and B).
Lens C focusses the output. Figure 5 shows a similar system but where lens B has a negative focal length. In both cases lens C could be omitted and its operation performed by lens B.
In practice, the system may use several lenses to correct aberrations and the operation of each element may not be clear cut. The expansion optics also need to be anamorphic because acousto-optic deflectors have rectangular apertures and, therefore, the system may include cylindrical elements, prisms or other anamorphic elements.
Coupling of a light beam to a surface acoustic wave Bragg cell can be accomplished as shown in
Figure 6. The incident light beam is directed at an angle to the surface plane of the Bragg cell where it falls onto a first prism 32. The Bragg cell is constructed as described earlier, with an interdigitated transducer electrode pattern 33 from which surface acoustic waves may be launched across the light path. An acoustic wave energy absorbent wax 34 may be placed on the far side of the substrate to absorb the wave energy once it has traversed the light path. The light beam is coupled out of the guiding layer by a second prism 35. Regular line scanning of the beam is effected by applying a ramp waveform to the transducer 33. The number of resolvable spots N is given by t-T N=Af
T where acoustic transit time
T=scan time
Af=acoustic bandwidth
Alternatively methods of coupling the light beam with the surface acoustic wave device include edge coupling, or coupling by means of an optical grating.
Claims (14)
1. A method of transferring information to a recording medium comprising modulating a light beam with the information, applying the modulated light beam to an acoustic wave device having transducers for causing acoustic waves, applying a deflection control signal to the transducers so as to scan the modulated light beam applying the scanning modulated light beam to the surface of the recording medium, and moving said surface in a direction transverse the direction of scan said surface being sensitive to the modulated light beam to record the information thereon.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the acoustic wave device comprises a surface acoustic wave Bragg cell.
3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the light beam is coupled into and out of the surface acoustic wave Bragg cell by prism couplers.
4. A method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, including ihterposing between the acoustic wave device and the recording medium scan expansion optics.
5. Apparatus for transferring information to a recording medium comprising a source of light, means for modulating the light with the information, an acoustic wave device having transducers for causing acoustic waves, means for applying the modulated light in the form of a beam to the acoustic wave device whereby the beam can be scanned, means for applying scanning deflection signals to the transducers to scan the light beam, a recording having a surface scannable by said beam, and means for moving the recording medium surface in a direction transverse the direction of scan, the recording surface being sensitive to the modulated light beam to record the information thereon.
6. Apparatus according to claim 5 wherein the acoustic wave device comprises a surface acoustic wave Bragg cell.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 including prism means for coupling the light beam into and out of the surface acoustic wave Bragg cell.
8. Apparatus according to claim 5, 6 or 7 including scan expansion optics between the acoustic wave device and the recording medium.
9. Appartus according to any one of claims 58 wherein said recording medium comprises a selenium drum on which electrostatic images can be formed and subsequently transferred in permanent visuai form to a sheet recording medium.
10. Apparatus according to any one of claims 5-9 wherein said light source comprises a laser with means for modulating the laser output in accordance with the modulating signals.
11. Apparatus according to any one of claims 5-8 wherein said recording medium comprises a sheet of photosensitive paper.
1 2. A method of transferring information substantially as described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
1 3. Apparatus for transferring information substantiaily as described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
14. An optical scanning device comprising a laser, means for modulating the laser, a surface acoustic wave Bragg cell, means for coupling the laser output into and out of the Bragg cell, focussing optics for focussing the output of the
Bragg cell, and means for generating scanning deflection signals to effect scanning of the modulated light in the Bragg cell.
1 5. An optical scanning device according to claim 14 further including scanning expansion optics to increase the scanning angle of the modulated light output of the Bragg cell.
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08227750A GB2128355A (en) | 1982-09-29 | 1982-09-29 | Method of transferring information to a recording medium |
| EP83109752A EP0104662A3 (en) | 1982-09-29 | 1983-09-29 | Method and apparatus for transferring information signals to and/or off a recording medium |
| JP58179483A JPS5990824A (en) | 1982-09-29 | 1983-09-29 | Method and apparatus for transferring information in the form of electrical signal to recording medium at high speed |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08227750A GB2128355A (en) | 1982-09-29 | 1982-09-29 | Method of transferring information to a recording medium |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2128355A true GB2128355A (en) | 1984-04-26 |
Family
ID=10533243
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08227750A Withdrawn GB2128355A (en) | 1982-09-29 | 1982-09-29 | Method of transferring information to a recording medium |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5990824A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2128355A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2167202A (en) * | 1984-11-16 | 1986-05-21 | Stc Plc | Data storage systems |
| US4591260A (en) * | 1984-09-04 | 1986-05-27 | Xerox Corporation | Imaging system utilizing an electro-optic device |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1180878A (en) * | 1967-10-04 | 1970-02-11 | United Aircraft Corp | Laser-Acoustic Signal Processor. |
| GB1369114A (en) * | 1971-02-25 | 1974-10-02 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Facsimile device |
| GB1369909A (en) * | 1971-03-05 | 1974-10-09 | Thomson Csf | Acousto-optical deflection system |
| GB1388925A (en) * | 1971-03-05 | 1975-03-26 | Thomson Csf | Electrically-controlled graphic reproduction system |
| GB1408838A (en) * | 1972-06-02 | 1975-10-08 | Thomson Csf | Optical deflector arrangement for use in holographic data storage devices |
| GB1466542A (en) * | 1974-02-28 | 1977-03-09 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Two-dimensional light deflection system |
| GB1580364A (en) * | 1976-03-26 | 1980-12-03 | Eastman Kodak Co | Acoustooptic diffraction |
| GB1581922A (en) * | 1976-03-30 | 1980-12-31 | Canon Kk | System for modulating a light beam and scanning optical system incorporating it |
| GB2075704A (en) * | 1980-04-10 | 1981-11-18 | Dainippon Screen Mfg | Controlling light in a picture reprocucing machine |
-
1982
- 1982-09-29 GB GB08227750A patent/GB2128355A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1983
- 1983-09-29 JP JP58179483A patent/JPS5990824A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1180878A (en) * | 1967-10-04 | 1970-02-11 | United Aircraft Corp | Laser-Acoustic Signal Processor. |
| GB1369114A (en) * | 1971-02-25 | 1974-10-02 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Facsimile device |
| GB1369909A (en) * | 1971-03-05 | 1974-10-09 | Thomson Csf | Acousto-optical deflection system |
| GB1388925A (en) * | 1971-03-05 | 1975-03-26 | Thomson Csf | Electrically-controlled graphic reproduction system |
| GB1408838A (en) * | 1972-06-02 | 1975-10-08 | Thomson Csf | Optical deflector arrangement for use in holographic data storage devices |
| GB1466542A (en) * | 1974-02-28 | 1977-03-09 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Two-dimensional light deflection system |
| GB1580364A (en) * | 1976-03-26 | 1980-12-03 | Eastman Kodak Co | Acoustooptic diffraction |
| GB1581922A (en) * | 1976-03-30 | 1980-12-31 | Canon Kk | System for modulating a light beam and scanning optical system incorporating it |
| GB2075704A (en) * | 1980-04-10 | 1981-11-18 | Dainippon Screen Mfg | Controlling light in a picture reprocucing machine |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4591260A (en) * | 1984-09-04 | 1986-05-27 | Xerox Corporation | Imaging system utilizing an electro-optic device |
| GB2167202A (en) * | 1984-11-16 | 1986-05-21 | Stc Plc | Data storage systems |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5990824A (en) | 1984-05-25 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |