GB2088050A - Gamma Ray Analysis of Multi- component Material - Google Patents
Gamma Ray Analysis of Multi- component Material Download PDFInfo
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- GB2088050A GB2088050A GB8135069A GB8135069A GB2088050A GB 2088050 A GB2088050 A GB 2088050A GB 8135069 A GB8135069 A GB 8135069A GB 8135069 A GB8135069 A GB 8135069A GB 2088050 A GB2088050 A GB 2088050A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
Abstract
A method and apparatus is disclosed for analyzing a multi- component material having at least three components using gamma radiation having at least two different energies. Upon irradiation of at least a sample 12 of material, the multi- energy gamma rays which are propagated through the sample are detected. The intensity of the detected gamma rays is measured and the amount of at least one of the components of the material is determined by solving a set of simultaneous equations. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Gamma Ray Analysis of Multi-Component Material
This invention relates in general to the analysis of multi-component material and more particularly to the use of multiple energy gamma ray absorption analysis of multi-component materials to determine volume fractions, component ratios, and densities.
In situ component analysis of multi-component materials is useful in a wide variety of fields, particularly such fields as oil and gas drilling and refining, tar-sand processing, coal mining, food processing, and pulp and paper manufacturing. In addition, with the development of "multi-phase" pipelines, the measurement of the individual component flow rates and phase proportions in pipeline distribution systems has become considerably more important.
It is known that monoenergetic gamma radiation propagated through a substance is attenuated in accordance with the formula l=l1exp(-x), where I is the local intensity of the gamma rays, I' is the initial incident intensity of the gamma rays, x is the thickness of the absorbing material, and y is the linear absorption coefficient of the absorbing material. It is also known that the total mass attenuation coefficient, which is the linear attenuation coefficient divided by the material density, depends on the energy level of the incident gamma rays. Heretofore, the use of gamma ray absorption for determining void fractions and the like has been limited to single energy multiple beam gamma ray radiation and two-component materials of known overall geometrical configuration.Some of the published articles which relate to two-component systems include: G. D. Lassahn, "Two Phase Flow Velocity
Measurement Using Radiation Intensity Correlation", ISA, AC, page 745, 1 975; M. Petrick and B. S.
Swanson, "Radiation Attenuation Method of Measuring Density of a Two Phase Fluid", The Review of
Scientific Instruments, Vol. 29, No. 12, December 1958; C. L. Spiht, A. J. J. Wamsteker and H. F. van
Vlaardingen, "The Application of the Impedance Method of Transient Void Fraction Measurement and
Comparison with the Gamma Ray Attenuation Technique", presented at the Symposium on In-Core
Instrumentation, Oslo, June 1 5-20, 1 964; and V. E. Schrock, "Radiation Attenuation Techniques in
Two-Phase Flow Measurement", presented at the 11th National ASME/AICHE, Heat Transfer
Conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 3-6, 1969.
While the prior art single energy gamma ray systems have proven useful in determining the void fractions and the like of two-component materials, these system have been totally unsuited for determining void fractions and the like for three or more component materials.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a multi-component material having at least three components (n components, nk3) is analysed by irradiating at least a sample of the material with gamma radiation having m energy gamma rays, where mZn1; detecting the portion of them energy gamma rays which have propagated through the said sample of the material; measuring the intensity of the m energy gamma rays in the detected portion of the gamma radiation; and determining the amount of at least one of the material components of the said sample of the material by solving the following simultaneous equations for the or each said components:
where En denotes the amounts of the n components; Im denotes the measured intensity of the m energy gamma rays propagated by said irradiating means and detected by said detecting means in the absence of any n component; 1m denotes the measured intensity of the m energy gamma rays propagated by said irradiating means and detected by said detecting means in the presence of any n component;D denotes the thickness of the absorbing multi-component material being measured; Atmn denotes the absorption coefficient of an n component for an m energy gamma ray; and Km is as defined above for an m energy gamma ray.
In another aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for analysing a multi-component material having n components where nk3, said apparatus comprising means for irradiating at least a sample of the material with gamma radiation having m energy gamma rays, where mzn1; means for detecting the portion of the m energy gamma rays which have propagated through said sample of the material; means for measuring the intensity of the m energy gamma rays in the detected portion of the gamma radiation; and means for determining the amount of at least one of the material components of said sample of the material, said determining means comprising means for solving the following simultaneous equations for the or each said component:
where En denotes the amounts of n components; ImO denotes the measured intensity of the m energy gamma rays propagated by said irradiating means and detected by said detecting means in the absence of any n component; 1m denotes the measured intensity of the m energy gamma rays propagated by said irradiating means and detected by said detecting means in the presence of any n component;
D denotes the thickness of the absorbing multi-component material being measured;; Mmn denotes the absorption coefficient of an n component for an m energy gamma ray; and
Km is as defined above for an m energy gamma ray.
In preferred embodiments, a single collimated beam is used for determining the amount of at least one component of a multi-component material where the material sample is homogeneous or the components are stratified. In other embodiments, for use with a non-homogeneous material, the gamma radiation is propagated as a plane collimated wedge-shaped beam, as a plane collimated rectangular-shaped beam emitted from a line source, or as a series of parallel collimated beams from a linear array of collimated sources. In order to detect the multi-energy gamma rays which propagate through the non-homogeneous material, either a single large detector or a matrix of smaller detectors is used.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of embodiments of the invention, and by reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of analysis apparatus embodying the present invention;
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of an alternative embodiment of the present invention, using a differently shaped gamma ray beam;
Figure 3 is a schematic representation of still another embodiment of the present invention, using a plane collimated rectangular gamma ray beam; and
Figure 4 is a schematic representation of an alternative embodiment of the present invention, using a series of parallel collimated gamma ray beams.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is schematically depicted in Figure 1 which shows a pipe 10 in which a multi-component material 12 is fluidly conducted. Located on one side of pipe 10 is a collimated source of gamma radiation. Located on the other side of pipe 10 is a conventional gamma radiation detector and associated amplifier 1 6. Gamma radiation detector and amplifier 16 is coupled to a conventional energy discriminator 18 which in turn is connected to conventional counters 20 for measuring the intensity of each detected radiation level. A calculator 22 for performing the calculations, described in more detail hereinbelow is connected to counters 20. A conventional display 24 advantageously is provided as shown for displaying of the output of calculator 22.
In order to determine the volume fraction, component ratio, and densities of multi-component material 12 contained in pipe 10, the number of components and the composition of the components must be known. In addition, for a multi-component material having n components, gamma ray source
14 must emit gamma radition having not less than n-i energy gamma rays. In other words, gamma ray source 14 must emit m energy gamma rays where m is greater than or equal to n-i. Energy discriminator 18 must also be responsive to the m energy gamma rays.
For a multi-component material having n components, the fractional amount of each component present in pipe 10 can be determined by solving the following simultaneous equations for each of the components: Yen=1
wherein E,, E2, . . . En denotes the respective fractional amounts of the n components; ImO denotes the measured intensity of the m energy gamma rays propagated by said irradiating means and detected by said detecting means with the material being analyzed absent; 1m denotes the measured intensity of the m energy gamma rays propagated by said irradiating means and detected by said detecting means with the material being analyzed present; D denotes the thickness of the material being measured;; Itm denotes the absorption coefficient of an n component for an m energy gamma ray; and
Km is as defined above for an m energy gamma ray.
Conveniently, a conventional calculator 22 is used to solve these simultaneous equations.
Preferably, calculator 22 is a general purpose computer which is programmed or hardwired to solve the equations based on inputs corresponding to the number n of components and number m of energy gamma rays, and using predetermined values for the absorption coefficients. Advantageously, the computer can be a conventional microprocessor. The calculated values are then read from display 24.
As an example, multi-component material 12 can be an oil, water and air component mixture. In the case of this three-component material, gamma radiation source 14 must have at least two different energy gamma rays. A suitable source of gamma rays having two different energies would be to use a conventional mixed source containing cobalt-57 and barium-1 33. Other possible sources would be indium-1 1 4m which gives three distinct gamma ray peaks or radium-226 which produces n gamma ray peaks. As will be appreciated, if indium-1 1 4m is used, frequent calibration or self-calibration would be necessary due to the relatively short half-life (50 days). A suitable gamma radition detector and amplifier 16 comprises a Nal(TI) scintillation detector or a lithium-drifted germanium detector.Where a lithium-drifted germanium detector is used, an ORTEC-model 410 linear amplifier advantageously is employed. A Meda-elscinet spectrometer and amplifier-analyzer, nuclear enterprise NE 4630, advantageously constitute discriminator 18 and counters 20. Alternatively, a set of conventional
Schmitt triggers (not shown) having varying trigger levels corresponding to the energy levels of the radiation source being employed advantageously comprises discriminator 18. The output of each
Schmitt trigger is counted by a corresponding counter having a predetermined counting period in accordance with conventional Nal(TI) detectors. A counting period of 1 8-20 nanoseconds has proven adequate with a cobalt-57 and radium-226 source, so that the flow of the multi-component material in the pipe has no effect on the determination.
Where a three-component material is measured, the following simultaneous equations are solved in a conventional manner to determine the fractional amount E of each component.
E, +E2+E3=1
K,=y" (E,) +y,2(E2)+y,3(E3)
K2=82,(E,)+822(E2)+823(E3) As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, the solutions to these equations are as follows: E1=1 -E2-E3
For more than three components, the corresponding simultaneous equations yield similar, albeit more complex, expressions for the fractional amounts E.
In operation, the present invention functions in the following manner. Ordinarily, gamma ray source 14 is placed on one side of pipe 10 in which a multi-component material 12 is flowing. Gamma radiation detector amplifier 1 6 is placed on the other side of pipe 10. The detection of the gamma radiation occurs very quickly, typically in 18 to 20 nano-seconds, so that the rate of flow in pipe 10 has little effect. If a weaker source of gamma radiation is used, longer counting times can be used. After irradiation of multi-component material 12 by gamma ray source 14 and detection by gamma radiation detector and amplifier 16, energy discriminator 1 8 and counters 20 are used to measure the intensity of each energy gamma ray which was chosen to be detected.With this information, and the information relating to the constants of the system and the components to be measured, calculator 22 determines the amount of at least one of the materials and this amount is read from display 24.
As described above, it was assumed that multi-component material 12 was homogeneous throughout pipe 10. In order to ensure that multi-component material 12 is homogenous, an efficient conventional mixer can be installed upstream from the point of measurement. If multi-component material 12 flows in a stratified pattern, such as would be expected with an oil-water-gas material, gamma ray source 14 and gamma ray detector and amplifier 1 6 are positioned so that the beam of gamma rays is perpendicular to the stratified layers, i.e. up and down. The inclusion of a concentric pipe inside of pipe 10 also containing a second homogenous or stratified multi-component material could also be measured using the present invention.
Depicted in Figure 2 is a pipe 30 in which a multi-component material 32 is flowing. As depicted, multi-component material 32 contains slugs 33 of one of the components. In order to detect slugs 33 along with the rest of multi-component material 32, a gamma radiation source 34 is provided which emits a plane coilimated wedse-shaped beam 35 which causes gamma rays to propagate through the entire cross-section of pipe 30. A conventional large area gamma radiation detector and associated amplifier 36 is placed on the other side of pipe 30 to detect all of the gamma radiation from gamma ray source 34 which propagates through pipe 30 and multi-component material 32. In this manner, slugs 33 are easily detected along with the other components in multi-component material 32.It has been found that for a divergence which irradiates the whole cross-section of the pipe, an angle of three degrees gives an accuracy of plus or minus five percent, while an angle of six degrees gives an accuracy of plus or minus ten percent. Detector and amplifier 36 is connected in the same manner to energy discriminator 1 8 as are detector and amplifier 1 6 in the embodiment Figure 1 so that the amount of components in multi-component material 32 are similarly determined.
An alternative means of irradiating the entire cross-section of a pipe 30 is depicted in Figure 3. In this embodiment a gamma radition line source 44 is positioned on one side of pipe 40. The height of gamma radiation line source 44 is chosen to be approximately the same as the diameter of pipe 40. In this manner, a plane collimated rectangular-shaped beam 45 is propagated through a cross-section of pipe 40. Beam 45 is detected by a conventional large area gamma radiation detector and amplifier 46 on the other side of pipe 40.
Depicted in Figure 4 is still another alternative embodiment of the present invention in which a conveyor 50 has a multi-component material 52 such as sand, mud and bitumin, located thereon.
Located beneath conveyor 50 is a linear array of collimated gamma radition sources 54. The linear array of collimated gamma radiation sources 54 are spaced approximately equally along the width w of conveyor 50. Located on the opposite side of conveyor 50 is a matrix of gamma radiation detectors and amplifiers 56. The outputs of gamma radiation detectors and amplifiers 56 are preferably multiplexed in a conventional manner before being processed further.
It should be appreciated that the choice of the use of a source of gamma radiation which is propagated as a plane colliminated wedge-shaped beam, a plane collimated rectangular-shaped beam emitted from a line source, or a series of parallel collimated beams from a linear array of collimated sources depends upon convenience and availability as well as the needs of the systems. Therefore, these types of sources are normally interchangeable. Similarly, the use of a single large area detector or a matrix of detectors is also interchangeable. It should also be appreciated that where strong sources of gamma radiation are used, stringent safety precautions must be taken.
While the present invention has been described with respect to multi-component materials such as oil, water and air, and sand, mud and bitumin, many other multi-component materials may also be similarly analyzed. Among these other multi-component materials are the following: the fuel-air ratio in coal-fired boilers, oil-fired boilers, and the carburetors of automobiles; and the cores of tar-sand test drills and well logging.
Claims (21)
1. A method for analyzing a multi-component material having n components where nk3, comprising irradiating at least a sample of the material with gamma radiation having m energy gamma rays, where mn-- I; detecting the portion of the m energy gamma rays which have propagated through the said sample of the material; measuring the intensity of the m energy gamma rays in the detected portion of the gamma radiation; and determining the amount of at least one of the material components of the said sample of the material by solving the following simultaneous equations for the or each said component:
where En denotes the amounts of the n components;In n denotes the measured intensity of the m energy gamma rays propagated by said irradiating means and detected by said detecting means in the absence of any n component; 1m denotes the measured intensity of the m energy gamma rays propagated by said irradiating means and detected by said detecting means in the presence of any n component; D denotes the thickness of the absorbing multi-component material being measured; ,u denotes the absorption coefficient of an n component for an m energy gamma ray; and Km is as defined above for an m energy gamma ray.
2. A method for analyzing a multi-component material, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said gamma radiation is propagated as a collimated beam.
3. A method for analyzing a multi-component material, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said gamma radiation is propagated as a plane collimated wedge-shaped beam.
4. A method for analyzing a multi-component material, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said gamma radiation is propagated as a plane collimated rectangular-shaped beam emitted from a line source.
5. A method for analyzing a multi-component material, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said gamma radiation is propagated as a series of parallel collimated beams from a linear array of collimated sources.
6. An apparatus for analyzing a multi-component material having n components where n,,,,, > 3, said apparatus comprising means for irradiating at least a sample of the material with gamma radition having m energy gamma rays, where mn-- 1; means for detecting the portion of the m energy gamma rays which have propagated through said sample of the material, means for measuring the intensity of the m energy gamma rays in the detected portion of the gamma radiation; and means for determining the amount of at least one of the material components of said sample of the material, said determining means comprising means for solving the following simultaneous equations for the or each said component:
where En denotes the amounts of n components; Im Fizz denotes the measured intensity of the m energy gamma rays propagated by said irradiating means and detected by said detecting means in the absence of any n component; 1m denotes the measured intensity of the m energy gamma rays propagated by said irradiating means and detected by said detecting means in the presence of any n component; D denotes the thickness of the absorbing multi-component material being measured;; Mmn denotes the absorption coefficient of an n component for an m energy gamma ray; and
Km is as defined above for an m energy gamma ray.
7. An apparatus for analyzing a multi-component material, as claimed in claim 6, wherein said means for irradiating at least a sample of the material comprise means for projecting a collimated beam of said gamma radiation.
8. An apparatus for analyzing a multi-component material, as claimed in claim 6, wherein said means for irradiating at least a sample of the material comprise means for projecting a plane collimated wedge-shaped beam of said gamma radiation.
9. An apparatus for analyzing a multi-component material, as claimed in claim 6, wherein said means for irradiating at least a sample of the material comprise means for projecting a plane collimated rectangular-shaped beam of said gamma radiation.
1 0. An apparatus for analyzing a multi-component material, as claimed in claim 6, wherein said means for irradiating at least a sample of the material comprise a linear array of collimated sources for projecting parallel beams of said gamma radiation.
11. An apparatus for analyzing a multi-component material, as claimed in claim 8, 9 or 10, wherein said means for detecting is a single large detector.
12. An apparatus for analyzing a multi-component material, as claimed in claim 8, 9 or 10, wherein said means for detecting is a matrix of detectors.
13. A method for analyzing a multi-component material, substantially as described with reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings.
14. A method for analyzing a multi-component material, substantially as described with reference to Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings.
1 5. A method for analyzing a multi-component material, substantially as described with reference to Figure 3 of the accompanying drawings.
1 6. A method for analyzing a multi-component material, substantially as described with reference to Figure 4 of the accompanying drawings.
17. Apparatus for analyzing a multi-component material, substantially as described with reference to and as shown in Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings.
1 8. Apparatus for analyzing a multi-component material, substantially as described with reference to and as shown in Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings.
1 9. Apparatus for analyzing a multi-component material, substantially as described with reference to and as shown in Figure 3 of the accompanying drawings.
20. Apparatus for analyzing a multi-component material, substantially as described with reference to and as shown in Figure 4 of the accompanying drawings.
21. Every novel feature and every novel combination of features disclosed herein.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US21027980A | 1980-11-25 | 1980-11-25 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2088050A true GB2088050A (en) | 1982-06-03 |
Family
ID=22782292
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8135069A Withdrawn GB2088050A (en) | 1980-11-25 | 1981-11-20 | Gamma Ray Analysis of Multi- component Material |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS57116240A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8107570A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3146253A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2088050A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1193736B (en) |
Cited By (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2513761A1 (en) * | 1981-09-25 | 1983-04-01 | Geesthacht Gkss Forschung | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE ANALYSIS BY TRANSMISSION OF GAMMA RAYS OF MULTI-COMPONENT MIXTURES IN THE PRESENCE OF LARGE GRAIN COMPONENTS |
| US4618975A (en) * | 1984-12-21 | 1986-10-21 | At&T Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for analyzing a porous nonhomogeneous cylindrical object |
| EP0227246A2 (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1987-07-01 | United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority | Analysis of fluids using a source of fast neutrons |
| EP0236623A1 (en) | 1985-11-27 | 1987-09-16 | Petro-Canada Inc. | Metering choke |
| EP0341140A1 (en) * | 1988-05-03 | 1989-11-08 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Apparatus for monitoring the degree of dissolution of a nuclear residue in a solvent |
| WO1990002940A1 (en) * | 1988-09-01 | 1990-03-22 | Chr. Michelsens Institutt | Three component ratio measuring process and three component ratio measuring instrument |
| US5025160A (en) * | 1988-06-03 | 1991-06-18 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Measurement of flow velocity and mass flowrate |
| US5247559A (en) * | 1991-10-04 | 1993-09-21 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Substance quantitative analysis method |
| CN1035688C (en) * | 1993-06-16 | 1997-08-20 | 中国科学院近代物理研究所 | Automatic air/water content gauge for crude oil |
| WO1997042493A1 (en) * | 1996-05-02 | 1997-11-13 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Method and meter for measuring the composition of a multiphase fluid |
| WO1998005947A1 (en) * | 1996-08-05 | 1998-02-12 | Framo Engineering A.S | Detection of water constituents |
| GB2433315A (en) * | 2005-12-17 | 2007-06-20 | Schlumberger Holdings | Method and system for analyzing multiphase mixtures |
| WO2008107181A1 (en) * | 2007-03-05 | 2008-09-12 | Services Petroliers Schlumberger | Detection of an element in a flow |
| WO2008145449A1 (en) * | 2007-06-01 | 2008-12-04 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Method and device for measuring the composition of fibrous suspensions |
| WO2009135391A1 (en) * | 2008-05-06 | 2009-11-12 | Luo Pingan | A method and system for determining the constituent content of a multiphase fluid |
| US20100135565A1 (en) * | 2008-11-28 | 2010-06-03 | Brian William Thomsen | Apparatus and method of visualizing multi-energy imaging data |
| EP2275804A1 (en) * | 2008-05-06 | 2011-01-19 | Pingan Luo | A method and system for determining the constituent content of a multiphase fluid |
| WO2014035287A1 (en) * | 2012-08-27 | 2014-03-06 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | X-ray based multiphase flow meter with energy resolving matrix detector |
| WO2014035275A1 (en) * | 2012-08-27 | 2014-03-06 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | X-ray based multiphase flow meter with energy resolving matrix detector |
| EP2662686A4 (en) * | 2010-12-29 | 2017-07-19 | Lanzhou Haimo Technologies Co., Ltd. | Multiphase fluid positron tomography device and method |
| CN117571750A (en) * | 2023-11-29 | 2024-02-20 | 中国特种设备检测研究院 | Qualitative identification method and system for slug flow |
-
1981
- 1981-11-20 GB GB8135069A patent/GB2088050A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1981-11-20 BR BR8107570A patent/BR8107570A/en unknown
- 1981-11-21 DE DE19813146253 patent/DE3146253A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1981-11-25 JP JP56189869A patent/JPS57116240A/en active Pending
- 1981-11-25 IT IT68533/81A patent/IT1193736B/en active
Cited By (35)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2513761A1 (en) * | 1981-09-25 | 1983-04-01 | Geesthacht Gkss Forschung | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE ANALYSIS BY TRANSMISSION OF GAMMA RAYS OF MULTI-COMPONENT MIXTURES IN THE PRESENCE OF LARGE GRAIN COMPONENTS |
| US4618975A (en) * | 1984-12-21 | 1986-10-21 | At&T Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for analyzing a porous nonhomogeneous cylindrical object |
| EP0227246A2 (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1987-07-01 | United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority | Analysis of fluids using a source of fast neutrons |
| EP0227246A3 (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1989-04-05 | United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority | Analysis of fluids using a source of fast neutrons |
| EP0236623A1 (en) | 1985-11-27 | 1987-09-16 | Petro-Canada Inc. | Metering choke |
| US4788852A (en) * | 1985-11-27 | 1988-12-06 | Petro-Canada Inc. | Metering choke |
| EP0341140A1 (en) * | 1988-05-03 | 1989-11-08 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Apparatus for monitoring the degree of dissolution of a nuclear residue in a solvent |
| FR2631121A1 (en) * | 1988-05-03 | 1989-11-10 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE DISSOLUTION RATE OF A NUCLEAR RESIDUE IN A DISSOLVER SOLUTION |
| US5025160A (en) * | 1988-06-03 | 1991-06-18 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Measurement of flow velocity and mass flowrate |
| WO1990002940A1 (en) * | 1988-09-01 | 1990-03-22 | Chr. Michelsens Institutt | Three component ratio measuring process and three component ratio measuring instrument |
| WO1990002941A1 (en) * | 1988-09-01 | 1990-03-22 | Chr. Michelsens Institutt | Process and instrument for a three component measurement |
| US5247559A (en) * | 1991-10-04 | 1993-09-21 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Substance quantitative analysis method |
| CN1035688C (en) * | 1993-06-16 | 1997-08-20 | 中国科学院近代物理研究所 | Automatic air/water content gauge for crude oil |
| WO1997042493A1 (en) * | 1996-05-02 | 1997-11-13 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Method and meter for measuring the composition of a multiphase fluid |
| RU2184367C2 (en) * | 1996-05-02 | 2002-06-27 | Шелл Интернэшнл Рисерч Маатсхаппий Б.В. | Measuring device and method for determining multiphase liquid composition |
| US5854820A (en) * | 1996-05-02 | 1998-12-29 | Slijkerman; Walter Fredericus Johannes | Method and meter for measuring the composition of a multiphase fluid |
| AU719913B2 (en) * | 1996-05-02 | 2000-05-18 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Method and meter for measuring the composition of a multiphase fluid |
| AU712380B2 (en) * | 1996-08-05 | 1999-11-04 | Framo Engineering As | Detection of water constituents |
| US6332351B1 (en) | 1996-08-05 | 2001-12-25 | Framo Engineering A.S. | Detection of salt content of water through measurement of radiation attenuation |
| WO1998005947A1 (en) * | 1996-08-05 | 1998-02-12 | Framo Engineering A.S | Detection of water constituents |
| GB2433315A (en) * | 2005-12-17 | 2007-06-20 | Schlumberger Holdings | Method and system for analyzing multiphase mixtures |
| US7316166B2 (en) | 2005-12-17 | 2008-01-08 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Method and system for analyzing multi-phase mixtures |
| GB2433315B (en) * | 2005-12-17 | 2008-07-09 | Schlumberger Holdings | Method and system for analyzing multi-phase mixtures |
| WO2008107181A1 (en) * | 2007-03-05 | 2008-09-12 | Services Petroliers Schlumberger | Detection of an element in a flow |
| EP1970702A1 (en) * | 2007-03-05 | 2008-09-17 | Services Pétroliers Schlumberger | Detection of an element in a flow |
| WO2008145449A1 (en) * | 2007-06-01 | 2008-12-04 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Method and device for measuring the composition of fibrous suspensions |
| WO2009135391A1 (en) * | 2008-05-06 | 2009-11-12 | Luo Pingan | A method and system for determining the constituent content of a multiphase fluid |
| EP2275804A1 (en) * | 2008-05-06 | 2011-01-19 | Pingan Luo | A method and system for determining the constituent content of a multiphase fluid |
| EP2275804A4 (en) * | 2008-05-06 | 2012-02-01 | Pingan Luo | A method and system for determining the constituent content of a multiphase fluid |
| US20100135565A1 (en) * | 2008-11-28 | 2010-06-03 | Brian William Thomsen | Apparatus and method of visualizing multi-energy imaging data |
| US8311181B2 (en) * | 2008-11-28 | 2012-11-13 | General Electric Company | Apparatus and method of visualizing multi-energy imaging data |
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| WO2014035287A1 (en) * | 2012-08-27 | 2014-03-06 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | X-ray based multiphase flow meter with energy resolving matrix detector |
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| CN117571750A (en) * | 2023-11-29 | 2024-02-20 | 中国特种设备检测研究院 | Qualitative identification method and system for slug flow |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS57116240A (en) | 1982-07-20 |
| IT8168533A0 (en) | 1981-11-25 |
| IT1193736B (en) | 1988-08-24 |
| BR8107570A (en) | 1982-08-17 |
| DE3146253A1 (en) | 1982-10-21 |
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