GB2050034A - Alphabetic Device - Google Patents

Abstract

An alphabetic device for facilitating an initial reading process provides additional discrimination cues to the letters of traditional written language. The letters are reproduced on a substrate such as paper or plastics and each is confined within a respective zone. Each zone, also reproduced on the substrate, is made up of dots, dashes or lines arranged in regular arrays. A different zone is used for each letter such that each letter is always associated with its characteristic zone.

Description

SPECIFICATION Alphabetic Device The invention relates to an alphabetic device which can be used to facilitate the initial reading process.

The conventional phonetic alphabet is usually introduced as black letters against a white background. Many learners lack the ability to discriminate the edges of the letters and thereby cannot recognize them. The problem is further complexed due to the similarities which exist between many letters of the alphabet. For example p, b, d, differ only in their rotational configuration. The learner may further have difficulties recognizing the order of combinations of letters forming words. For instance the words "eat" and "tea" differ only in the order of the letters. One solution to the problem has been to provide a cue to the letters to aid in their discrimination.

One method of providing discrimination cues to letters consists of printing the letter against a coloured figure such as a red triangle. This method fails for the percentange of the population which are colour-blind. Further the shape of the triangle still requires edge discrimination and colours are difficult and expensive to reproduce.

Another method uses ideograms, that is, symbols to represent words. These may be as simple as using drawings of objects or as complicated as the Chinese system of symbols for each word. Although ideograms are discriminable, the system requires a vast number of symbols to be learned. These are often difficult to reproduce and often do not lend themselves to the composition of sentences.

According to the invention, there is provided an alphabetic device to be used in an initial reading process comprising a substrate comprising one or more of paper, metal, plastics and wood having reproduced on it at least one letter of a traditional written language, each letter being reproduced within the confines of a zone, said zone being reproduced on the substrate and being made up of components selected from the group consisting of dots, dashes and lines arranged in regular arrays, and each zone being unique to the letter confined therein.

Further according to the invention, there is provided an alphabetic device for use in an initial reading process comprising a plurality of letters each carried by a substrate, each letter being superimposed on, and lying within the confines of, a regular pattern composed of dots and/or dashes and/or lines, each pattern being unique to each different letter.

Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the diagrammatic drawings, in which: Figures 1 a, 1 b and 1 c are examples of letters of a first embodiment of an alphabetic device; Figure 2 is a graph showing the effectiveness of the alphabetic device in terms of time taken to recognize differences between letters of the present invention and letters of a normal alphabetic: and Figures 3a, 3b, 3c show the letters of a second embodiment of the alphabetic device.

Examples of the first embodiment of the invention are shown in Figures 1 a, 1 b and 1 C and involves letters of a written language being printed on a sheet of paper within the confines of a zone. The zone is comprised of a plurality of dots printed on the paper in regularly repeated intervals to form a regular array or pattern Each letter of the alphabet of a written language is printed within the confines of a zone unique to that letter, that is, a given letter is always associated with the same zone, regardless of whether the letter is printed in upper or lower case.

Two parameters are varied to construct a plurality of different zones. Percent darkness, that is the percent of the zone covered with dots, varies between 10 and 90%. The size of the dots is varied from the fine dots, illustrated by the letter "Z" to the coarse dots shown by the letter "O". By varying these two parameters, a very large number of different zones can be constructed, however, all of these are not equally effective discrimination cues to the letters printed therein.

The alphabetic device is used during the initial reading process wherein individuals are taught to read. The alphabetic device is introduced as individual letters within their unique zones, and later as combinations of a plurality of these letters, each letter, regardless of upper or lower case, within its unique zone. As the learner gains familiarity and success with the alphabetic device, the zones can be progressively faded out, that is printed in lighter shades, until the learner is able to recognize the letter itself, without the additional discrimination cue provided by the zones.

The following examples are used to exemplify an alphabetic device effective in aiding the initial reading process.

Example 1 To arrive at an alphabetic device having the letters of an alphabet printed within distinct or different zones, pairs of the letters, each within a different zone were shown to a group of adults, and the reaction time to discriminate a difference was measured. This provided a measure of confusibility between the combination of letters within a zone. Those combinations having the lowest measures of confusibility were used to form the alphabetic device. The alphabetic device arrived at from these results represents the first embodiment of the invention examples of which are shown in Figures 1 a-c.

Example 2 The effectiveness of the alphabetic device of Figures 1 a-c was shown by an experiment conducted with fifteen cerebral palsey children who were required to discriminate between alphabetic letters. It is known that the difficulties encountered by cerebral palsey children in learning to read is attributed to the difficulty in distinguishing letter shapes.

The letters of the alphabet were divided into three groups according to their shape characteristic, these shapes being, stroke exemplified in the letters I, i; cursive exemplified by o, c; or stroke-cursive exemplified by p, d.

Within these groups the letters were combined in conditions of two, three or four letters. Each condition was represented either with the letters printed in the traditional fashion of black letters on a white background, or with the letters printed in accordance with Figures la-c.

The children were asked to respond "same" or "different" to the groups of letters presented to them in the conditions described above. The time required for a response was measured.

For all groups of letters presented, the children responded faster to the letters printed in accordance with Figures la-c. In addition, although the response time increased as the number of letters in each condition increased, the effect was less noticeable for the letters printed in the manner of Figures 1 are than for the letters printed in the traditional fashion. These differences in response time are shown in Figure 2.

Example 3 A second embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 3 and involves letters of the alphabet printed on a sheet of paper within the confines of a zone. In this case the zone is comprised of components selected from the group comprising dots, dashes and lines. The dots could assume any shape, such as stars, asterisks and triangles, however, they are printed as solid circles in Figures 3a-c. The components are printed on a sheet of paper in regular repeated intervals to form a regular array or pattern. The percent darkness of a zone is varied between 6 and 50%. The components are oriented vertically, horizontally or diagonaliy and can assume a straight or curved shape. The thickness of a component can also be varied.

By varying the above parameters, a very large number of zones can be constructed. The following example is used to exemplify an alphabetic device effective for use in an initial reading process.

To arrive at a group of thirty zones, each zone distinctive from the others, a group of four adults ranked 220 different zones as to their degree of distinctiveness from each other to form four groups of thirty zones which appeared to be most distinct. Forty adults then ranked the members of the four groups according to the following procedure. Within each group of thirty zones, each adult numerically ranked the zones as follows: the six most distinct zones were ranked 1, the next four most distinct were ranked 2, the next four most distinct were ranked 3 and the next four most distinct were ranked 4. Of these, the final thirty zones shown in Figure 3 were arrived at by taking those zones ranked with the lowest numbers.

When combining each letter of the written alphabet within a zone, attention was given to place the letters, most easily confused by a learner, such as p, b, and d, on zones most distinct from each other. Alphabetic letters having a curved shape were placed, as close as possible, on zones composed of components arranged in a straight shape, while stroke letters were placed, as close as possible, on zones composed of components in a curved shape. The upper and lower cases of a given letter were always associated with the same zone.

The second embodiment of the alphabetic device has the advantage of being reducible in size to approximately 200 mm, without losing the ability to be used as an effective discrimination cue to letters of a written alphabetic, thereby lending itself to reproduction in words and sentences in books.

The alphabetic devices described thus provide additional discrimination cues to letters of traditional written languages to facilitate the initial reading process. The alphabetic device is particularly useful in the reading process of persons having learning difficulties.

Claims (3)

Claims

1. An alphabetic device to be used in an initial reading process, comprising a substrate comprising one or more of paper, metal, plastics and wood having reproduced on it at least one letter of a traditional written language, each letter being reproduced within the confines of a zone, said zone being reproduced on the substrate and being made up components selected from the group consisting of dots, dashes and lines arranged in regular arrays, and each zone being unique to the letter confined therein.

2. An alphabetic device for use in an initial reading process comprising a plurality of letters each carried by a substrate, each letter being superimposed on, and lying within the confines of, a regular pattern composed of dots and/or dashes and/or lines, each pattern being unique to each different letter.

3. An alphabetic device substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 1 a to Ic or 3a to 3c of the accompanying drawings.