GB1596883A - Latent heat storage apparatus - Google Patents
Latent heat storage apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB1596883A GB1596883A GB13956/78A GB1395678A GB1596883A GB 1596883 A GB1596883 A GB 1596883A GB 13956/78 A GB13956/78 A GB 13956/78A GB 1395678 A GB1395678 A GB 1395678A GB 1596883 A GB1596883 A GB 1596883A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- heat
- latent heat
- storer
- latent
- change phase
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 18
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000374 eutectic mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 7
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- DHZKUVDKQZJAMV-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;fluoride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[F-].[K+] DHZKUVDKQZJAMV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001828 Gelatine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001473 noxious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102200030988 rs878854420 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004781 supercooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
- F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
- F28D20/021—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material and the heat-exchanging means being enclosed in one container
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/06—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to solid or vice versa
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
- Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
Description
(54) LATENT HEAT STORAGE APPARATUS
(71) We, DORNIER SYSTEM G.m.b.H., a
German limited liability company, of postfach 1360,7990 Friedrichshafen 1, Federal Republic of Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:
This invention relates to a latent heat storage apparatus containing as the storage medium a change phase material.
Numerous change phase materials for use in latent heat storers are already known. For example crystalline low molecular weight organic substances are used as storage media.
In Patent Specification No. 1 543 336, for example, a latent heat storer is disclosed in which the storage medium is a system comprising potassium fluoride hydrate having a potassium fluoride content of between 44 and 48% weight of the total weight of water and additives present, the medium being preferably (KF.4H2 0) which melts congruently at 18.5 C.
Similar or chemically related, and as far as possible isomorphous, compounds, are added to the eutectic mixture as inoculation nuclei to encourage crystallisation of the potassium fluoride hydrate. Substances such as gelatine, silicic acid, montmorillonite, on an organic polymer consisting of a pectin or a polysaccaride.
Another latent heat storer is described in
Patent Specification No. 1 543 655. In this case a closed container holds a storage medium which is a substance susceptible to supercooling and contains a heat exchanger and a pump for circulating the storage medium in the liquid state. Hydrated salts are provided as the storage medium, preferably the system already mentioned above, consisting of potassium fluoride and water containing from 44 to 48% by weight of potassium fluoride. Na2S04.10H20 is also mentioned as an example of a suitable alternative hydrated salt for use as a storage medium. The use of crystalline, cross-linked synthetic resins, in particular epoxide resins, as storage media in latent heat storers is disclosed in German Patent Specification No. 2 523 273.
Epoxy resins, polyurethane resins, polyester resins and mixtures of these synthetic resins are mentioned as preferred substances.
A disadvantage of such storage media is that for some purposes their melting point, their heat of fusion and their storage capacity are too low and their mass too great. In addition, they tend to decompose after several changes of phase or if exposed to excessively high temperatures.
According to this invention a latent heat storage apparatus has a storage medium comprising a change phase material which has a melting temperature within the range of from 1800C to 1900C and a latent heat of fusion within the range of from 410 joules/g and 440 joules/g.
The advantage of the invention lies particularly in the fact that the change phase materials used have a high melting temperature combined with a high heat of fusion. These change phase materials are defined by the values shown below:
Change phase Melting Heat of Density material T50C fusion D g/crn3 joules/g
Boric acid (H3BO3) 185 440 1.43
Eutectic mixture
Lithium nitrate and
Lithium hydroxide 183 410 2.0 60% by weight LiNO3+ 40% by weight LiOH
The slightly lower heat of fusion of the eutectic mixture compared with that of boric acid is compensated by the higher density of the mixture.In both substances, the transition from the solid to the liquid phase is accompanied by an increase in volume of less than 10% and they form a homogeneous melt, and on cooling they solidify in a crystalline form.
In the case of boric acid, it should be noted that a water vapour pressure of 4 bar prevails at the melting point, so that the latent heat storer must be vacuum tight and designed as an excess pressure container. Owing to the corrosiveness of the melt, particularly of boric acid on copper or aluminium, the container must be made of a corrosion-resistant material.
The operation of a latent heat storer requires the use of a heat exchanger which transfers the heat produced by a source (e.g. heat of exhaust gases from a motor vehicle engine) to the latent heat storer and from this to a heat sink. The heat exchanger for the supply of heat may be identical to the one for the removal of heat, for example if the source of heat and the heat sink are in direct contact with the wall of the latent heat storer. The transfer of heat is in this case neither adjustable nor controllable.
One advantageous application of the combination of such a latent heat storer with a heat exchanger, for example, is the utilization of the heat of the exhaust gases ofinternal combustion engines (e.g. engines of motor vehicles) for preheating the cooling water and the fuel. The advantage of this arrangement is that the latent heat storer is charged up by the hot exhaust gases of the engine while the vehicle is in motion, and the heat is stored over a considerable period. When the engine is switched off, the discharge of heat from the laterit heat storer can be used for pre-heating the cooling water (thus avoiding a cold start), the fuel (improving vapourisation and combustion) and the passenger space of the car.No additional energy is required apart from a very slight consumption of electrical energy from the battery of the vehicle for driving a fan and a circulating pump, and no noxious exhaust gases are produced. The pre-heating of the fuel and consequently improved vapourisation and combustion of the fuel mixture improve the efficiency of the engine as well as reducing the emission of harmful substances. Since the preheating temperature for fuels used in carburettor engines, for example, must not exceed 2000C owing to risk of cracking, the temperature of between 180"C and 190"C obtained with the change phase materials used as a storage medium and comprising boric acid (H3BO3) or a mixture of 60% by weight of lithium nitrate (LiN03) + 40% by weight lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is suitable.The wide fluctuations in the exhaust gas temperature from the exhaust to the carburettor can be levelled out by using such a combination of latent heat storer and heat exchanger so that the critical temperature of 2000C will not be exceeded.
For such an application, it is therefore suitable to use a latent heat storer whose operating temperature (melting point) is sufficiently below the exhaust gas temperature to ensure sufficiently rapid charging of the storer. The average exhaust gas temperature in motor car engines depends on the travelling velocity, the engine revolutions, the time in operation, the extemal temperature, etc., and is much lower in diesel engines than in carburettor engines. Temperatures of between 300"C and 8000C may occur.
The choice of a change phase material having an operating temperature of from 180"C to 1 900C is suitable for the requirements exemplified above. It ensures a sufficient temperature difference between the heat sink (cooling water, fuel, air) and the source of heat (gases from the exhaust).
A latent heat storer equipped with this change phase material is very suitable for use as temperature equalization element for fuel atomization because it does not exceed the critical temperature of 200"C.
Temperatures above 2000C would entail considerable difficulties for heat transfer if the heat conductor is a heat pipe and because the fluid used in such heat pipes (e.g. water) has too high a vapour pressure at these temperatures.
Embodiments are described below by way of example, with reference to the drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows the main components of a latent heat storage apparatus; and shows an apparatus which includes a latent heat storer with heat exchangers or heat conductors for pre-heating cooling water.
In Figure 1, the other components of the apparatus which are required for operating a latent heat storer 1 are represented schematically in a row in the order in which they operate. Heat is supplied to the latent heat storer 1 from a source of heat 3 by way of a heat exchanger or heat conductor 2. If the latent heat storer 1 is charged with heat, i.e.
if the change phase material 4 contained in it as storage medium has changed from the solid to the liquid aggregate state, this stored heat is transmitted as required through another heat exchanger or heat conductor 5 to a heat sink 6 connected thereto.
Figure 2 shows a latent heat storer 1 with heat exchanger and heat conductor 2,9 which conduct the heat from its source 3 (exhaust) to the change phase material 4 (boric acid H3 B03 or mixture of 60% by weight LiNO3 + 40to by weight LiOH) used as storage medium in the container 7, this change phase material 4 being arranged round one or more than one heat pipe 9 situated at the centre of the container 7.
Additional pipes 10 designed to function as heat exchangers also extend through the change phase material 4. These pipes 10 have metal plates 11 mounted on them and liquid flowing through them. Spaces 12', 13' are provided at the ends of the container 7 for communication between the pipes 10 in said container.
When the latent heat storer 1 comes into operation, heat is removed from the source of heat 3 (exhaust pipe) by the heat exchanger 2 arranged in the stream of hot exhaust gas 14 and is transmitted to the change phase material 4 through the heat pipe 9. When installing the latent heat storer 1, it must be placed in the correct position in relation to gravity 15. If, for example, in the case of a heat pipe, the source of heat lies below the heat sink, the heat pipe will transmit very large quantities of heat (up to about 103 times more than a corresponding copper rod). If, on the other hand, the heat sink is situated below the source of heat, the heat pipe will cut off the stream of heat. The heat pipe thus acts like a diode if it is operated in the direction of gravity.
Under these conditions, heat from the exhaust gas 14 is supplied to the latent heat storer 1 when the engine is running but accidental discharge of the latent heat storer 1 through the heat pipe 9 when the engine is switched off is not possible. Auxiliary devices (e.g. electrically driven pumps) are therefore unnecessary when heat pipes are used. The pipes 10 with metal plates 11 mounted on them are provided for the removal of heat (in the direction of the heat sink 6, Figure 1). To discharge the latent heat storer 1, cold cooling liquid 8 is pumped through the pipes 10, with- draws the heat stored in the change phase material 4, and leaves the latent heat storer 1 as hot liquid through the discharge 13 for cooling liquid.
WHAT WE CLAIM IS:
1. A latent heat storage apparatus having a storage medium comprising a change phase material which has a melting temperature within the range of from 180"C to 190"C and a latent heat of fusion within the range of from 410 joules/g and 440 joules/g.
2. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein the change phase material is boric acid (H3B03).
3. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein the change phase material is a eutectic mixture containing 60% by weight of lithium nitrate (LiN03) and 40% by weight of lithium hydroxide (Lioll).
4. A latent heat storage apparatus comprising a storage device according to any preceding claim connected to a heat exchanger or heat conductor for the supply or removal of heat to or from the device.
5. An apparatus according to Claim 4 including a heat pipe connected between a source of heat and the storage device, the device being situated above the source.
6. An apparatus according to Claim 4 or
Claim 5 wherein the heat exchanger or heat conductor for the removal of heat comprises a plurality of pipes which are arranged inside the storage device and through which, in use of the apparatus, liquid flows.
7. A latent heat storage apparatus constructed and arranged substantially as herein described and shown in the drawings.
**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.
Claims (7)
1. A latent heat storage apparatus having a storage medium comprising a change phase material which has a melting temperature within the range of from 180"C to 190"C and a latent heat of fusion within the range of from 410 joules/g and 440 joules/g.
2. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein the change phase material is boric acid (H3B03).
3. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein the change phase material is a eutectic mixture containing 60% by weight of lithium nitrate (LiN03) and 40% by weight of lithium hydroxide (Lioll).
4. A latent heat storage apparatus comprising a storage device according to any preceding claim connected to a heat exchanger or heat conductor for the supply or removal of heat to or from the device.
5. An apparatus according to Claim 4 including a heat pipe connected between a source of heat and the storage device, the device being situated above the source.
6. An apparatus according to Claim 4 or
Claim 5 wherein the heat exchanger or heat conductor for the removal of heat comprises a plurality of pipes which are arranged inside the storage device and through which, in use of the apparatus, liquid flows.
7. A latent heat storage apparatus constructed and arranged substantially as herein described and shown in the drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19772717933 DE2717933A1 (en) | 1977-04-22 | 1977-04-22 | LATENTHEAT STORAGE |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB1596883A true GB1596883A (en) | 1981-09-03 |
Family
ID=6007020
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB13956/78A Expired GB1596883A (en) | 1977-04-22 | 1978-04-10 | Latent heat storage apparatus |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS53132844A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2717933A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2388241A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1596883A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1156956B (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7804253L (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1992012217A1 (en) * | 1990-12-31 | 1992-07-23 | Hoermannsdoerfer Gerd | Storage salt mixtures |
| CN110631399A (en) * | 2019-09-02 | 2019-12-31 | 严加高 | Multi-phase-change three-dimensional heating device |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5924187A (en) * | 1982-07-30 | 1984-02-07 | Hitachi Ltd | Heat accumulator |
| JPS60251392A (en) * | 1984-05-25 | 1985-12-12 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Waste heat retrieving device |
| FR2582787B1 (en) * | 1985-06-04 | 1987-09-04 | Vironneau Pierre | ACCUMULATED CALORIFIC ENERGY SOURCE |
| ATE133991T1 (en) * | 1989-06-06 | 1996-02-15 | Gerd Hoermansdoerfer | LATENT HEAT STORAGE AGENTS AND THEIR USE |
| US6264854B1 (en) * | 1995-09-07 | 2001-07-24 | Claude Q. C. Hayes | Heat absorbing temperature control devices and method |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL7405947A (en) * | 1974-05-03 | 1975-11-05 | Philips Nv | HEATING DEVICE EQUIPPED WITH A HEAT ACCUMULATOR. |
| JPS5326860B2 (en) * | 1974-08-02 | 1978-08-04 | ||
| JPS5243154A (en) * | 1975-10-03 | 1977-04-04 | Hitachi Ltd | Heat storage tank |
-
1977
- 1977-04-22 DE DE19772717933 patent/DE2717933A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1978
- 1978-04-10 GB GB13956/78A patent/GB1596883A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-04-12 IT IT67814/78A patent/IT1156956B/en active
- 1978-04-14 SE SE7804253A patent/SE7804253L/en unknown
- 1978-04-18 JP JP4581578A patent/JPS53132844A/en active Pending
- 1978-04-21 FR FR7812865A patent/FR2388241A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1992012217A1 (en) * | 1990-12-31 | 1992-07-23 | Hoermannsdoerfer Gerd | Storage salt mixtures |
| CN110631399A (en) * | 2019-09-02 | 2019-12-31 | 严加高 | Multi-phase-change three-dimensional heating device |
| CN110631399B (en) * | 2019-09-02 | 2023-10-10 | 严加高 | Multi-phase-change three-dimensional heating device |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT7867814A0 (en) | 1978-04-12 |
| JPS53132844A (en) | 1978-11-20 |
| IT1156956B (en) | 1987-02-04 |
| SE7804253L (en) | 1978-10-23 |
| FR2388241A1 (en) | 1978-11-17 |
| DE2717933A1 (en) | 1978-10-26 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| CSNS | Application of which complete specification have been accepted and published, but patent is not sealed |