GB1460863A - Preparation of polyurethane foams and articles made therefrom - Google Patents
Preparation of polyurethane foams and articles made therefromInfo
- Publication number
- GB1460863A GB1460863A GB1123774A GB1123774A GB1460863A GB 1460863 A GB1460863 A GB 1460863A GB 1123774 A GB1123774 A GB 1123774A GB 1123774 A GB1123774 A GB 1123774A GB 1460863 A GB1460863 A GB 1460863A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- active hydrogen
- frothing
- nco
- moles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/30—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by mixing gases into liquid compositions or plastisols, e.g. frothing with air
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/08—Processes
- C08G18/10—Prepolymer processes involving reaction of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen in a first reaction step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/48—Polyethers
- C08G18/4833—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units
- C08G18/4837—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units and other oxyalkylene units
- C08G18/4841—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units and other oxyalkylene units containing oxyethylene end groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/48—Polyethers
- C08G18/4833—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units
- C08G18/4837—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units and other oxyalkylene units
- C08G18/4845—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units and other oxyalkylene units containing oxypropylene or higher oxyalkylene end groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/65—Low-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen with high-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/66—Compounds of groups C08G18/42, C08G18/48, or C08G18/52
- C08G18/6666—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52
- C08G18/667—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
- C08G18/76—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2110/00—Foam properties
- C08G2110/0008—Foam properties flexible
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2110/00—Foam properties
- C08G2110/0041—Foam properties having specified density
- C08G2110/0058—≥50 and <150kg/m3
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2110/00—Foam properties
- C08G2110/0041—Foam properties having specified density
- C08G2110/0066—≥ 150kg/m3
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2110/00—Foam properties
- C08G2110/0083—Foam properties prepared using water as the sole blowing agent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2150/00—Compositions for coatings
- C08G2150/60—Compositions for foaming; Foamed or intumescent coatings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2375/00—Characterised by the use of polyureas or polyurethanes; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2375/04—Polyurethanes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2375/00—Characterised by the use of polyureas or polyurethanes; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2375/04—Polyurethanes
- C08J2375/08—Polyurethanes from polyethers
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
Abstract
1460863 Flexible polyurethane foams DOW CHEMICAL CO 13 March 1974 11237/74 Heading C3R Flexible polyurethane foam having a density of less than 15 lb./cu.ft. are prepared by frothing a mixture comprising (1) an active hydrogen containing composition containing (1a) from 50 to 100 p.b.w. of a polyether polyol having an OH functionality of 2 to 3 and containing an internal block of at least 3 moles of ethylene oxide per active hydrogen atom and/or an end-cap of at least 2 moles of ethylene oxide per active hydrogen atom and having an OH equivalent weight of 1000 to 2500 and (1b) from 0 to 50 p.b.w. of an aromatic diamine and/ or glycol and (2) a polyisocyanate which is (2a) an NCO-terminated prepolymer having a functionality of from 2 to 4À5 resulting from the reaction of an organic diisocyanate with one or more hydroxy compounds having 2 to 8 hydroxyl groups per molecule and an OH equivalent weight of 53 to 1000, (2b) polymeric polyisocyanates, (2c) crude aromatic diisocyanates or a mixture of two or more of (2a), (2b) or (2c), the mixture not containing a silicone cell control agent, the frothing being accomplished by mixing an inert gas with the mixture and components (1) and (2) being used so as to provide an NCO : OH ratio of from 0À85 : 1 to 2À0 : 1. The inert gas is preferably air. Curing of the frothed compositions takes place at room temperature or elevated temperatures, if desired with the composition coated on a substrate.
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US36167473 US3862879A (en) | 1973-03-12 | 1973-05-18 | Articles coated with air frothed polyurethane foams |
US00361689A US3821130A (en) | 1972-04-26 | 1973-05-18 | Air frothed polyurethane foams |
CA194,345A CA1023098A (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-03-07 | Air frothed polyurethane foams |
SE7403297A SE402301B (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-03-12 | PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAM WITH MECHANICAL MIXTURE OF AN INERT GAS IN THE ABSENCE OF SILICONE OIL CELL CONTROLS |
GB1123774A GB1460863A (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-03-13 | Preparation of polyurethane foams and articles made therefrom |
AU66757/74A AU480164B2 (en) | 1974-03-18 | Air frothed polyurethane foams, process for making and articles made therefrom | |
NL7403729.A NL166701C (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-03-20 | Process for preparing flexible polyurethane foams and all or part of them. |
FR7411354A FR2265787B1 (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-03-29 | |
BE142639A BE813052A (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-03-29 | POLYURETHANE FOAMS AND THEIR MANUFACTURE. |
DE2415733A DE2415733C2 (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-04-01 | Process for the production of flexible polyurethane foams |
Applications Claiming Priority (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US36167473 US3862879A (en) | 1973-03-12 | 1973-05-18 | Articles coated with air frothed polyurethane foams |
US00361689A US3821130A (en) | 1972-04-26 | 1973-05-18 | Air frothed polyurethane foams |
CA194,345A CA1023098A (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-03-07 | Air frothed polyurethane foams |
SE7403297A SE402301B (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-03-12 | PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAM WITH MECHANICAL MIXTURE OF AN INERT GAS IN THE ABSENCE OF SILICONE OIL CELL CONTROLS |
GB1123774A GB1460863A (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-03-13 | Preparation of polyurethane foams and articles made therefrom |
AU66757/74A AU480164B2 (en) | 1974-03-18 | Air frothed polyurethane foams, process for making and articles made therefrom | |
NL7403729.A NL166701C (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-03-20 | Process for preparing flexible polyurethane foams and all or part of them. |
FR7411354A FR2265787B1 (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-03-29 | |
BE142639A BE813052A (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-03-29 | POLYURETHANE FOAMS AND THEIR MANUFACTURE. |
DE2415733A DE2415733C2 (en) | 1973-05-18 | 1974-04-01 | Process for the production of flexible polyurethane foams |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB1460863A true GB1460863A (en) | 1977-01-06 |
Family
ID=27578975
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB1123774A Expired GB1460863A (en) | 1972-04-26 | 1974-03-13 | Preparation of polyurethane foams and articles made therefrom |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
BE (1) | BE813052A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1023098A (en) |
DE (1) | DE2415733C2 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2265787B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1460863A (en) |
NL (1) | NL166701C (en) |
SE (1) | SE402301B (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0078445A1 (en) * | 1981-10-22 | 1983-05-11 | Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Polyurethane foam and its production |
US4421872A (en) | 1981-09-18 | 1983-12-20 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the preparation of elastic flexible polyurethane foams |
EP0196364A2 (en) * | 1985-03-04 | 1986-10-08 | Norwood Industries, Inc. | Hydrophilic foam |
EP0269346A2 (en) * | 1986-11-19 | 1988-06-01 | Polyol International B.V. | Polyurethane froth foam |
GB2244714A (en) * | 1990-05-31 | 1991-12-11 | Sanyo Chemical Ind Ltd | Foamed polyurethane-forming composition, foamed polyurethane, and process making the same |
EP0480342A2 (en) * | 1990-10-11 | 1992-04-15 | Tbs Engineering F. W. Mumenthaler | Single component composition for the production of polyurethane foam |
WO2000002940A2 (en) * | 1998-07-09 | 2000-01-20 | Bayer Antwerpen N.V. | Permanent gas blown microcellular polyurethane elastomers |
CN113480708A (en) * | 2021-06-16 | 2021-10-08 | 深圳市聚奥特科技有限公司 | Sponge environment-friendly bio-based material and manufacturing method thereof |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4226756A (en) | 1976-07-06 | 1980-10-07 | Union Carbide Corporation | Mixtures of extenders and polyols or polymer/polyols useful in polyurethane production |
FR2427347A1 (en) * | 1978-06-02 | 1979-12-28 | Naphtachimie Sa | MANUFACTURING OF HIGH ELASTICITY POLYURETHANE FOAMS |
US4312973A (en) | 1978-08-10 | 1982-01-26 | Union Carbide Corporation | Polyurethane elastomers prepared from polyol or polymer/polyol-chain extender mixtures |
DE3126517A1 (en) * | 1981-07-04 | 1983-01-20 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF POLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS WHICH MAY CONTAIN CELLS |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3108976A (en) * | 1960-06-10 | 1963-10-29 | Du Pont | Preparation of a cured polyurethane cellular material |
DE2204036A1 (en) * | 1971-11-03 | 1973-05-17 | Textile Rubber & Chem Co | POLYURETHANE FOAM |
-
1974
- 1974-03-07 CA CA194,345A patent/CA1023098A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-03-12 SE SE7403297A patent/SE402301B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-03-13 GB GB1123774A patent/GB1460863A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-03-20 NL NL7403729.A patent/NL166701C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-03-29 BE BE142639A patent/BE813052A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-03-29 FR FR7411354A patent/FR2265787B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-04-01 DE DE2415733A patent/DE2415733C2/en not_active Expired
Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4421872A (en) | 1981-09-18 | 1983-12-20 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the preparation of elastic flexible polyurethane foams |
EP0078445A1 (en) * | 1981-10-22 | 1983-05-11 | Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Polyurethane foam and its production |
EP0196364A2 (en) * | 1985-03-04 | 1986-10-08 | Norwood Industries, Inc. | Hydrophilic foam |
EP0196364A3 (en) * | 1985-03-04 | 1987-04-22 | Norwood Industries, Inc. | Hydrophilic foam |
EP0269346A2 (en) * | 1986-11-19 | 1988-06-01 | Polyol International B.V. | Polyurethane froth foam |
EP0269346A3 (en) * | 1986-11-19 | 1988-10-12 | Bp Chemicals Limited | Polyurethane froth foam |
EP0317040A2 (en) * | 1986-11-19 | 1989-05-24 | Polyol International B.V. | Polyurethane froth foams |
EP0317040A3 (en) * | 1986-11-19 | 1989-07-12 | Bp Chemicals Limited | Polyurethane froth foams |
GB2244714A (en) * | 1990-05-31 | 1991-12-11 | Sanyo Chemical Ind Ltd | Foamed polyurethane-forming composition, foamed polyurethane, and process making the same |
GB2244714B (en) * | 1990-05-31 | 1993-10-06 | Sanyo Chemical Ind Ltd | Foamed polyurethane-forming composition,foamed polyurethane and process for making the same |
US5401785A (en) * | 1990-05-31 | 1995-03-28 | Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Foamed polyurethane-forming composition, foamed polyurethane and process making the same |
EP0480342A2 (en) * | 1990-10-11 | 1992-04-15 | Tbs Engineering F. W. Mumenthaler | Single component composition for the production of polyurethane foam |
EP0480342A3 (en) * | 1990-10-11 | 1992-11-25 | Tbs Engineering F. W. Mumenthaler | Single component composition for the production of polyurethane foam |
WO2000002940A2 (en) * | 1998-07-09 | 2000-01-20 | Bayer Antwerpen N.V. | Permanent gas blown microcellular polyurethane elastomers |
WO2000002940A3 (en) * | 1998-07-09 | 2000-04-27 | Arco Chem Tech | Permanent gas blown microcellular polyurethane elastomers |
AU742876B2 (en) * | 1998-07-09 | 2002-01-17 | Bayer Antwerpen N.V. | Permanent gas blown microcellular polyurethane elastomers |
CN113480708A (en) * | 2021-06-16 | 2021-10-08 | 深圳市聚奥特科技有限公司 | Sponge environment-friendly bio-based material and manufacturing method thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
SE7403297L (en) | 1975-09-15 |
FR2265787B1 (en) | 1976-12-17 |
FR2265787A1 (en) | 1975-10-24 |
DE2415733A1 (en) | 1975-10-09 |
SE402301B (en) | 1978-06-26 |
AU480164A (en) | 1975-09-18 |
DE2415733C2 (en) | 1982-05-06 |
NL7403729A (en) | 1975-09-23 |
NL166701B (en) | 1981-04-15 |
CA1023098A (en) | 1977-12-20 |
BE813052A (en) | 1974-09-30 |
NL166701C (en) | 1981-09-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US3821130A (en) | Air frothed polyurethane foams | |
US3862879A (en) | Articles coated with air frothed polyurethane foams | |
US4374209A (en) | Polymer-modified polyols useful in polyurethane manufacture | |
US3523918A (en) | Method of fabrication of molded parts of polyurethane foam having a non-cellular surface layer | |
US3405077A (en) | Process for making soft polyurethane foams and product | |
GB1460863A (en) | Preparation of polyurethane foams and articles made therefrom | |
GB930501A (en) | Foamed polyurethanes made with powdered fibrous materials | |
GB2072204A (en) | Polymer-modified polyols useful in polyurethane manufacture | |
GB1092958A (en) | Rigid polyurethane foams | |
GB1048312A (en) | A process for making polyether polyurethane foams | |
GB1406511A (en) | Cellular polyurethanes | |
GB954793A (en) | Improvements in and relating to urethane polymers | |
GB1241080A (en) | Polyurethane compositions | |
GB1277218A (en) | Microcellular foams having a low glass transition temperature | |
US5098937A (en) | Flexible polyurethane foams and process for preparing them | |
US5182314A (en) | Flexible polyurethane foams and process for producing same | |
US3036022A (en) | Process for the production of polyurethane foams | |
GB1242780A (en) | Polyurethanes | |
JPS5825691B2 (en) | Polyurethane foam polyurethane foam | |
US4692476A (en) | Complex block multipolymer surfactants | |
US5714562A (en) | Light stable elastomers having good dynamic properties | |
US3139410A (en) | Manufacture of polyurethane foams | |
US3007883A (en) | Cellular polyurethanes resembling natural sponge and method of preparing same | |
US3637536A (en) | Highly elastic polyurethane foams based on a quasi-prepolymer of two diisocyanates | |
GB1480392A (en) | Flame resistant polyurethane foam and process for producing the same |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PS | Patent sealed | ||
PE20 | Patent expired after termination of 20 years |
Effective date: 19940312 |